˥塼ɤϥȥꥢȤȤŪ˥ꥹȤηӤĤäƤѸѼˤĤƤ⡤餫˥ꥹѼ狼ǤꡤꥫѼ٤Ⱥ롥ˤƹʤαѸˤΰŪʱƶϤΤȡ˥塼ɱѸ⤴¿ʬϳ줺˸äʤɤ americanisation ε̣ߤ롥
˥塼ɿͤˤȤäơѸΥꥫϸ¤ȤƤϼ줶ʤȤȤƤϤޤ깥ޤפäƤʤ⤢ꤽꥫѸؤη䡤뤤ϵդƴϡˤäƤۤʤBauer ϡ˥塼ɿͤХꥫѸ촶ˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . there exists in New Zealand (as in Britain) an anti-American linguistic chauvinism which is entirely surprising in the light of the general use in the community of a number of forms which are American in origin. It is not clear how widespread these attitudes are in the community, but the fact that they exist is shown by the following extracts from Letters to the Editor of New Zealand periodicals:
Most of our worst grammatical or pronunciatory [sic] errors stem from America. (The Listener, 10 November 1973)
Why don't we improve our English instead of adopting a worse speech from a culture which branched off from England several centuries ago? (The Listener, 25 November 1978)
We are not Americans, and I know I for one do not like the way this country is trying to carbon copy itself with American influence. (The Otago Daily Times, 12 September 1984)
Bauer ˥塼ɱѸŪ˵ҤΤ30ǯʾΤȤǤ⤢ꡤɤʤäƤΤܤʬʤȤ櫓ǯۤο͡ԤΥꥫʸոò路פäƤ롤ȤϺǤѤ餺褦Ǥ롥Ϣơheldio ۿ#1631. ꥫѸϷԡɤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
"mandative subjunctive" 뤤ϲˡߤȸƤФˡˤĤơ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) ʤɤǰäƤ
ޤοࡤˤϡ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤ礭ĬήǰƬˤȡΥꥫѸʤ٤ƥꥹѸǤˤˤ벾ˡߤοĥϡʵήȤƤȤ館롥ä͡ʸ椬ԤʤƤŪʲͿƤʤޤŪ˥ꥫѸǤλѤϡꥫѸݼŪʷʤ colonial_lag 1ĤȤФвᤵƤβˤ⵿褦ˤʤäƤʤŸˡλ¸ȤϡѸ˰٤ѤȤʤ꤫ŸˡθѸˤη̤ǤϤʤȡ
ԸȤʤ顤Mondorf (853) Τ褦Ƥ롥
[R]ecent empirical studies concur that the subjunctive had virtually become extinct in both varieties; rather than witnessing its delayed demise in AmE, we are observing its revival in AmE and --- though at a slower pace --- also in BrE . . . .
The trajectory of change takes the form of a successive decline from Old English to Early Modern English, ranging from a relatively wide distribution in Old English, with competition between indicatives and modal periphrases (e.g. scolde + infinitive), via a reduction of formal marking in Middle English (when the indicative preterit plural -on and subjunctive preterit plural and past participle of strong verbs -en were fused and final unstressed -e was lost), to rare instances in Early Modern English. It is only at the end of the LModE period that the subjunctive re-established itself and "nothing less than a revolution took place" . . . .
ʤѸΥꥫ³ˡѤ褷ƤΤȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡĤε롥ޤ#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʸˡαƶϤҲŪװŻ뤹븫롥ǽŪʴ顤 (irrealis) ɽȤˡΤΤѤäƤ餺ηˡư줫³ˡ߶ޤإեȤˤʤȤ븫⤢롥ԤθǤϡꥫѸˤƤĤˡưλѤȤȤδϢͤ (Mondorf 853--54)
ꥹѸǤ⥢ꥫѸ٤Фʤ顤³ˡߤλѤƤƤ褦ϰ̤ˤϥꥫѸαƶ (americanisation) ȹͤƤ롥⤷ȾʤȤʬŪˤϡĤƤΥꥫѸǵäΤƱͤˡꥹѸǤΩŪȯãȤǽΤƤʤȤ (Mondorf 854) ޤ;Ϥʬ˻ĤäƤΰǤ롥
ĤǶδϢ븦νƤ
Crawford, William J. "The Mandative Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 257--276.
Hundt, Marianne. "Colonial Lag, Colonial Innovation or Simply Language Change?" One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 13--37.
Kjellmer, Göran. "The Revived Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 246--256.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1995.
Schlüuter, Julia. "The Conditional Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 277--305.
Mondorf, Britta. "Late Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 53 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 843--69.
ܤαѸ춵ǤϡꥫѸ줬ήȤʤäƤ롥20ȾϥꥫιϤطʤˡŪˤ⥢ꥫѸαƶϤꥫѸ첽 (americanisation) ʹԤƤȤϵʤʡ#851. ꥹѸФ륢ꥫѸαƶ2狼 ([2011-08-26-1]) ȡˡŪݤƤˤ륤ꥹѸ⺬#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ϿޤǤߤ褦ˡθ̤ϤޤϤˤƸߤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡƱ2ѼϤФΩƼ뤬ȯŸƤꤵѸɸࡤ "World Standard (Spoken) English" (wsse) Ʊ2ѼΤ줫˰פȤȤϤʤΤ륢ꥫѸ줬濴ȤʤäƤȤͽۤ뤬ޤǤδפȤʤȤȤǤꡤξ͡ΩѼ濫뤤ϺѼǤä졤ΤȤƺ¤ѼؤȯŸƤͽۤʴϢơ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1])#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ ([2012-02-01-1]) ʤɤεȡˡ
Τ褦ʾͤȡǤ⥢ꥫѸޥȤ뤤ϥꥹѸˤȤѸؽˤϤɬפϤʤʤäƤƤȸİɤȤưŪʱѸǽϤδ餤СͭϤѼͭɽʤɤˤĤơ褯ؽƤ˱ۤȤϤʤäȤǽưŪǽϤ˴ؤƤϡۤɡ֡ѸǤθפˤɬפϤʤʤȤ⤽ɬƤƤΤǤϤʤ
ƤȽǤΤˡˤѸѤŸ˾ Baugh and Cable (394) ʸϤͤˤʤ롥
The global context of English . . . makes the traditional categories [= American English and British English] more problematic and the choices more complex than they were previously perceived to be. American English may be the most prominent source of emerging global English, and yet it will be American English derancinated and adapted in a utilitarian way to the needs of speakers whose geography and culture are quite different. To the extent that Americans think about the global use of English at all, it is often as a possession that is lent on sufferance to foreigners, who often fail to get it right. Such a parochial attitude will change as more Americans become involved in the global economy and as they become more familiar with the high quality of literature being produced in post colonial settings. Many earlier attacks on American English were prompted by the slang, colloquialisms, and linguistic novelties of popular fiction and journalism, just as recent criticism has been directed at jargon in the speech and writings of American government officials, journalists, and social scientists. Along with the good use of English there is always much that is indifferent or frankly bad, but the language of a whole country should not be judged by its least graceful examples. Generalizations about the use of English throughout a region or a culture are more likely to mislead than to inform, and questions that lead to such generalizations are among the least helpful to ask. In the United States, as in Britain, India, Ghana, and the Philippines, in Australia and Jamaica, one can find plentiful samples of English that deserve a low estimate, but one will find a language that has adapted to the local conditions, usually without looking over its shoulder to the standards of a far-away country, and in so adapting has become the rich medium for writers and speakers of great talent and some of genius.
ƽѼΤݤؤ֤ȤȤΤ̯ʤΤʤΤǡˤ䤫˳ؽΥåȤȤʤѼƤǡ¾Ѽ狼κ⼫ͳ˼Ȥ٤ɤʤΤ⤷ʤơΤ褦ʱѸؽη̤ȤơŪdzĴ⤤ѸѼλȤˤʤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤȹͤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ưοΰפˤĤƤϡ#930. a large number of people οΰס ([2011-11-13-1]) #1144. Ѹˤפ ([2012-06-14-1]) #1334. Ѹˤ̾ưοס ([2012-12-21-1]) εǰäƤ̤ˡѸˤ government team ʤɤν̾οΰפϡꥫѸǤϤäѤñǰפ뤬ꥹѸǤϤȤ館˱ñǤʣǤפȤ롥ΰ̲ϳͭΰפ˴ؤѰۤꥹѸˤĤƤߤȡ20̤ñפηޤäƤƤΤǤϤʤȤŦ롥Bauer (61--66) The Times μоݤȤѥҲ𤷤褦
Bauer ϡ1900--1985ǯ The Times corpus μ⤫ʤ륳ѥоݤˡ̾줬ñǰפΨBauer ϡĴ The Times μȤ˷ĥäʸΤˤĴǤꡤ줬ɬ⥤ꥹѸΤɽƤȤϤʤǤäạ̇̄դͿƤ롥ʲϡBauer (63) ΥդܸƤǿͤɤ߽ФƺΤǤ롥

ľȤƤʤ餻Сǯ0.3178%γǤȤʤäƤ롥ͤꤷʤȤ䥳ѥФʤɤͳˤꤳη̤ɤޤǿǤΤȤʤ뤬Bauer Ϻ٤ͿƤ餺ȽǤǤʤΤǤ롥
Bauer ϤˡѥǺǤ٤ι⤤̾ government üʿ뤳Ȥܤθ̾ˤĤơñפγƷΥդƱΤǡBauer (66) Υդ˴ŤƲΥդƺʤ餹ǯ0.1877%γǤǤ롥

η̤¿Dzη̤ˤȤɤޤ餶ʤ褦˻פ뤬ʤȤ⤵ĴʤƤ椯ΥˤϤʤ
ʤBauer 1930ǯˤη֤äȤ¤ˡꥫѸ줬ƶͿȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤƤ[2011-08-26-1]ε#851. ꥹѸФ륢ꥫѸαƶ2狼פȡˡ
government οΰפ˴ؤ뤪⤷ˤĤƤϡεǾҲ𤹤롥
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
ε[2012-10-14-1]³ԡGörlach ϡФ "colonial lag" λʪǤȻŦ륢ꥫˡϡºݤˤ "colonial lag" ʤɤǤϤʤƤ롥ͻܤϲáˤ錄ꡤ¿ˤ錄뤬äϤȻ䤬ȽǤ3Ҳ𤹤롥
(1) ꥫѸŵŪʲħȤơglass ʤɤ첻 /æ/bar ʤɤ postvocalic r /w/ /wh/ ͻʤɤŦƤ뤬ȯϸŤꥹѸȯñʡ¸פǤϤʤ"All three features above have a very complex history in the U.S., a history that shows alternating phases of retention, copying of British norms, and independent development" (46)
(2) "colonial lag" ǤϥꥫѸǤʤȥꥢѸʤɤӤƤ褵ʤΤ첻ѲˤߤȡȥꥢѸǤϥꥹѸ٤ƤɤषʤǤ (48) ꥹѸ줳 "lag" ƤΤǤ롥"lag" ˤŪʳǰˤʤȤ狼롥
(3) äʸˡ˴ؤƱƺɽ魯ȤΥڥϡñʻѤ̵ͭˤäƤǤϤʤ̣١ʸΡɾˤäƶ̤٤ΤۤȤɤǤ (48, 54) ξˡ"lag" ؤǤ롥
ˡĩȯŪǤϤ뤬Görlach ϡΥꥹѸΥꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ǰƬ˵ĤġꥫѸǵäƤѲФƥꥹѸ줬ٱ䤷Ƥ뤳ȤŦʸĤƤ롥
For those who have been convinced that Great Britain has become a colony of the United States, these linguistic facts could well be interpretatble as features illustraing 'colonial lag' of a new type. (57)
2ĤŪ˴ϢѼθܤˤĤơ¾ؤδط "lag" ʤΤ "lead" ʤΤ¿ʬŪǤꡤŪʻ¤˴ŤȤϥǥ˴ŤȽǤǤǽ礭ȤȤ⤷ʤ
ϢơMontgomery ξ⻲ȡ
Görlach, Manfred. "Colonial Lag? The Alleged Conservative Character of American English and Other 'Colonial' Varieties." English World-Wide 8 (1987): 41--60.
Montgomery, Michael. "In the Appalachians They Speak like Shakespeare." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 66--76.
ؤδŪʹܤ˴Ϣܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥեι¤ؼ André Martinet (1908--99) ѸαƺˤĤͤ1995ǯʸȯΤɤǤߤ (see André Martinet)
衼åѤǤŪ˱ѸγؽȤХꥹѼ郎ǤꥢꥫѸȤƤŪŪʸŪˤ̩Ǥ륤ꥹػظΤϼȤмǤ롥Ѹ˸¤餺衼åѤ˵ꥫΦؤ礷衼åѤμˤĤƤƱǧ롥衼åѿͤˤȤäơڥȤѼǤϤʤڥѼݥȥȤХ֥饸ѼǤϤʤݥȥѼեȤХ٥åѼǤϤʤեѼ
Ѹۤ lingua franca ȤƤ䤬礭ʤäƤȡѼκ⤿餹礭ʤäƤ롥ȤФˤĤƤϡ¾塤ʤȤäƤ褤äȤФˤĤƤȯϻ˸ˤʤ롥Martinet ϡȤηиȤơꥫǽпϤʹ줿Ȥ France [frɑːns] ȥꥹȯȤFlorence ʹְ㤨줿Τǡʹߤ [fræns] ȯ褦ȤԥɤҤ٤Ƥ (124)
Martinet ϡ餷ˤĤƳڴŪǤ롥Ѥ˴ؤƺѤƤĴǽȲ褷ƤȤͤߤΥߥ˥̩ˤʤäƤƤ븽ߡۤʤˡФ봲ƤȤμ« (convergence) μ¤˿ʹԤƤꡤ餺Ŭڤʲߤȡ
Comme toutes les langues évoluent à chaque instant pour satisfaire aux besoins changeants de ceux qui les emploient, nous sommes tous, sans nous en douter, dressés à comprendre et à accepter des formes et des valeurs que nous ne pratiquons plus ou que nous n'avons jamais pratiquées, mais que nous avons entendues et identifiées depuis notre enfance. (126)
٤ƤθϡλѼԤѤ椯˱٤˿ʲƤ椯Τ顤䤿Ϥߤʡ˵դȤ⡤Ϥʤäꡤ٤ȤΤʤ֤ͤǤϤʤҶκʹƤǧƤ֤ͤǤƤ롥
Crystal ͽ WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ϡꥫѸäȤФߤȤʤäơαѸüԤĴäƤ椯ȤȯŸƤ椯ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ뤬 Martinet ΰѤϤŪʻͿƤȤ뤫⤷ʤ (see wsse )
Ѽ convergence 뤤 conversion ˤĤƤϡ[2010-10-09-1]ε#530. ꥫѸ conversion / diversionפȡ
Martinet, André. "Quelle sorte d'anglais pour les plurilingues à venir?" International Journal of the Sociology of Language 109 (1994): 121--27.
ε#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) κǸ˿줿ñ (flat adverb) 夲롥б -ly ¸Ƥ硤flat adverb ϰ̤άŪ뤤ϸŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ롥Ūʴϡ-ly ȼɸǤꡤflat adverb оݤȤΤǻѤ٤Ȥ뤬LGSWE (Section 7.12.2) ˤСʲΤ褦ϲåѥǤ̤˸Ȥ
The big one went so slow. (CONV)
Well it was hot but it didn't come out quick. (CONV)
They want to make sure it runs smooth first. (CONV)
ä good real ȤѤˡϡAmE θǹʹ롥LGSWE (Section 7.12.2.1) εҤˤСgood well ΰ̣ѤϡAmE βäǰŪˤ褯졤ǽդ BrE ǤϵǤ롥really ѤȤƤ real ˤĤƤϡAmE βäǤ really Ⱦʬۤɤ٤ǻѤƤȤ顤٤ѥ٤ǤС BrE βäˤ really ٤ɤŨȤʤBrE Ǥ real Τˡϳ̵ǤϤʤǤ롥ξԤ LGSWE 餤Ĥ褦
It just worked out good, didn't it? (AmE CONV)
Bruce Jackson, In Excess' trainer said, "He ran good, but he runs good all the time. It was easy." (AmE NEWS)
It would have been real [bad] news. (AmE CONV)
I have a really [good] video with a real [good] soundtrack. (AmE CONV)
Τ褦ˡgood ưȹ¤ʤƽˡreal ϷƻĴˡ̤Ǥ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡѸˤ flat adverb ϥꥫѸθѤ뷹Ȥѥ餫ȤʤäƤ뤬ηȴϢ[2011-01-12-1]ε#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פǿ줿ꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ȸ첽 (colloquialisation) Ĭή۵ˤʤ塤good 뤤 real ˸¤餺ѸΤȤ flat adverb λѤ礷Ƥ椯ȤǽȤȤ碌ơ[2010-03-05-1]ε#312. ʸˡαƺפ (5) ⻲Ȥ줿
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ꥹѸޤαѸѼ郎ǯꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ƤƤ뤳ȤϤˤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ americanisation γƵǼ夲ƤꥹѸ (BrE) Americanisation ʤȡϤĺܳŪ˻ϤޤäΤ
[2009-10-02-1]ε֥ꥫѸλʬפǥꥫѸˤѤ褦ˡꥫѸ (AmE) ꥹѸ (BrE) ̤ѼȤȯŸƤΤϥꥫΩʹߤΤȤǤ롥Ωʹߤξ϶̩ʴطݤäƤƤꡤŪ߾ϤäMencken ˤȡΤȤ BrE AmE ؤήϽȤФ̤Ƥʤ줿ΤФAmE BrE ؤή¯줬濴ä
Americanisms get into English use on the lower levels and then work their way upward, but nearly all the Briticisms that reach the United States first appear on the levels of cultural pretension, and most of them stay there, for the common people will have none of them. (Mencken 272)
ߤǤϱƶϰŪ AmE BrE ؤǤ롥ܳŪ BrE Americanisation ϤޤäΤϡճ٤2椫Ǥ롥Bauer (65--66) Ѥ롥
Many American servicemen were stationed in Britain during the Second World War, and from that period on there was considerable influence from films and, later, television. Before 1939, very few people could afford to cross the Atlantic. At the start of the war, the 'talkies' were only about ten years old. While the printed word and popular music clearly did have an effect in terms of vocabulary before that time, reactions to the speech of American servicemen in Britain during the war suggests that the effect had not been all that great in other areas, and even in the area of vocabulary had not been all-pervasive.
ꥫˡ (Americanism) ܳŪήΤäޥǥǤϤʤ߱ƷȤľܤܿǤäȤ̣ФơߤαѸѼ Americanisation ϼȤƥͥåȡDz衤ƥӤʤɤΥޥǥDzݥåץʤɤ罰ڤ̤Ƥ
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
ε[2011-01-14-1]ǡThe Brown family of corpora λѤǰƬˡ2Ѽ2ΥӤˤäƴѻ롤ܤٺ˴ؤ Mair (109--12) ˵äƳ⤷ŪʷǤޤȤ褦ȤΤLeech et al. (43) Ǥ롥ǤǰƬˤΤ The Brown family of corpora 4ѥ ( Brown, Frown, LOB, F-LOB ) Ūʥ٥ǤĤͭѤѸƳƤ롥
(a) regionally specific change: Ѽˤ̻Ѳ뤬¾Ѽˤϸʤ硥դˡʤɤΤ褦ѲǤξѼ̻Ѳ regionally general change ȸƤФ롥
(b) convergent change: ξѼǼ«̻ѲƤ硥դˡʬѲƤ divergent change ȸƤФ롥
(c) parallel change: ξѼʿŪ̻ѲƤ硥˵Ƥ contrary change ȸƤФ롥
(d) different rates of change: ξѼƱ̻ѲƤȤƤ⡤Ѳ®٤ۤʤäƤ礬롥®٤褽ƱǤСsimilar rates of change ȸƤФ롥
(e) different starting/ending points: ξѼ̻Ѳγϻ뤤ϽλۤʤäƤ硥褽ƱߥǤСsimilar staring/ending points ȸƤФ.
(f) the follow-my-leader pattern: ξѼʿŪ̻ѲƤ뤬¾ɤƤȹͤ硥(c) β̶ʬȹͤ롥
ȳݤ碌ʣ褹1Ѽ˸ꤷƤ̻Ѳ桤뤤2Ѽ夲ƶŪӤ븦Ǥ齽ʬʣ꤬ΤǤ뤫顤2Ѽ2ΥӤθ椬ʣˤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫Ǥ
ѸѼ Americanization 1ĤĬήǤȤȡѼ郎 AmE ȤŪˤɤΤ褦̻ѲФƤ뤫ûŪ˴ѻ븦ϤɤɤƤ뤫⤷ʤޤAmE ǤȤΤΤȤ⤷줺塤WSSE ( World Standard Spoken English ) 䥤ɱѸʤ̤Ѽ郎ˤʤäƤ椯Ȥǽ⡤ʤȤʬŪˤǤʤѼαƶϤˤ뤿ˡ"diachronic comparative corpus linguistics"2Ѽ2Ӹ椬ϤäܤƤΤǤϤʤ
Mair, Christian. "Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics 6 (2002): 105--31.
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Svartvik and Leech ˤȡѸνʸˡѲϰʲ3ĤηƤȤ (206)
Grammaticalization --- Items of vocabulary are gradually getting subsumed into grammatical forms, a well-known process of language change.
Colloquialization --- The use of written grammar is tending to become more colloquial or informal, more like speech.
Americanization --- The use of grammar in other countries (such as the UK) is tending to follow US usage.
1ܤ grammaticalization ( see [2010-06-18-1] ) ϸѸͭѲʤΥᥫ˥ˤȤ櫓ǤϤʤSvartvik and Leech ϸѸ˸ȹͤƤΤԤǰƬˤϡ㤨[2010-05-31-1]ε[2011-01-11-1]ǿ줿 semi-auxiliaries extension of the progressive Τ
2ܤ colloquialization ϸä̱粽 ( democratization ) ȤϢ뤬ñ˽դäդƱĤĤȤȤ̣櫓ǤϤʤƱͤˡ3ܤ Americanization ñ BrE AmE ĤĤȤȤ̣櫓ǤϤʤ2ĤηϳΤʬŪ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ줾켫Ȥñ˵ҤǤʤʣʲǤ롥
ҤԤ1ͤǤ Leech ̤ζԤ路 Leech et al. ΤʤǤϡ⤦1ĤηȤ "densification" (50) 뤤 "the effects of 'information explosion'" (22) ŦƤ롥ˤȡ礷³ǤѥȤ˸Ψ褯첽褦ȤߵޤäƤȤζŪ줬brunch, smog ʤɤ Ф ( blend ) AIDS, NATO ʤɤ Ƭ ( acronym ) New York City Ballet School instructor ʤɤ̾Ϣ
˸ѸνʸˡѲ˴ؤ colloquialization, Americanization, densification ʤɤȤäȤȡʸˡѲȼҲѲشط虜ʤ⤷ҲѲʸˡѲƤȤСϼ¤˶̣衤Τ˼ҲѲѲͶȯȤȤϸξǤäܿܿν¦̤Ѳη⤿餹ȤǤäʼºݤ Americanization ϸԤˡʳμҲѲŪ˸ "the broader changes in the communicative climate of the age" Ūʤ⡤ΤʤǤȤ櫓ŪǤʸˡ˱ƶڤܤȤΤϡ褷ƼΤȤǤϤʤä
Leech et al. ϡҲѲʸˡѲ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
More often than not there are links between grammatical changes, on the one hand, and social and cultural changes, on the other. Such links may not be as obvious as the links between social change and lexical change, and they are certainly more indirect. Again and again, however, the authors have discovered that, especially when it comes to explaining the spread of innovations through different styles and genres, apparently disparate grammatical 'symptoms' can be traced back to common 'causes' at the discourse level. Exploring the connections between the observed shifts in grammatical usage (the nuts and bolts of the system, as it were) and the broader changes in the communicative climate of the age, which are reflected in the performance data that the corpora are made up of, is a fascinating challenge not only for the linguist. (Leech et al. 22)
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
106ʿˡ7ڡˤʸؤȶ߷ؤǡ̾ Manfred Görlach ιֱ줿߷ؤǤܤ "English in America: the US, Canada and the Caribbean" ǡAmE ˴ؤ diversion conversion 줿
Υ֥Ǥ BrE 椷 AmE ˤĤ͡˽Ƥ褽괬ѸĬή Americanisation ǤȤݤǰոҤ٤Ƥ㤨[2010-04-21-1]εȡˡGörlachˤˤĤƼ䤷Ƥߤ顤衼åѤǤϤޤޤ BrE ήǤȤβäΤˡ衼åѤϤȤƥꥹ̱ϤŪطʤä¿ϰ褬ꥹѸɤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŪطʤΰۤʤ¾¿ιäܤޤ EFL ȸƤФǤϡѸȤХꥫѸȤȯۤ㤤͡δ֤ˤΤ褦¸ߤ롥Ѹ Americanisation 露ˤߤ錄äƤƤΤϵ褦ʤ
Americanisation ȤɽϡꥫѸȤ1Ĥؤδʼ«̣ΤǤϤʤޤǡȤ AmE αѸѼ˱ƶڤܤƤȤȤǤ롥Ǥ⡤ conversion äƤ褤ǡαѸѼ diversion ⼨Ƥ롥ϰ٥Ǥ ESL Ѽ EFL Ѽ郎ȸƤΤȻפ롥conversion diversion Ʊ˵äƤȤΤϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ褦ɬ⤽ǤϤʤˤϤĤꤦ뤬Görlach ֱǼˤȡäȯȤǤϡָפۤʤȤȤǤ롥¿Ѽ֤ǡäϼ« ( conversion ) ȯȯ ( diversion ) ΤȤΤˡ㤨 BrE Ǹä Americanise ƤƤ뤳Ȥ礤ˤäƤ⡤ȯޤǤ⤬Ʊ٤ AmE ˱ƶ뤳ȤϤʤȤΰ֤ʤɤؤαƶ controversy harass ʤɤ˸Ϥ뤬BrE βηϤŪɤ뤬櫓ǤϤʤȤϸѸǤܸǤ⡤äʸˡϤۤɸѼ˽äƤʤ顤ɤƤ⤪¤꤬ȴʤüԤϤ롥ȯϤФ䤹ȤȤ
ơŪGörlachϡ轵ˤƴ̤ǹֱȥߥʡͽǤʾܺ٤ˡǰʤɤäǤʤΤܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤӻȡѤƤäƤʤΤǺܤƤ椭
ε[2010-08-16-1]ǿ줿 gorgeous ³ԡϡŨʡפθγꥹѸɽ BNC ǸꥫѸǤϤɤȻפCorpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ˤĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤȤΤϡإӥͥѼѱѸ缭ŵ4ǡ٤ "My son is an extremely gorgeous baby." ˤ gorgeous λȤϥꥫѸȤäǤ롥ꥹѸǤˡϥꥫˡ ( Americanism ) ȵڤȤǽȤȤ
ޤϡCOCA äե֥ѥ˸ꤷĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣Ȥˤ20ǯ֤dzμ¤ gorgeous λѤƤ롥

ˡäդ˸¤餺դޤĴ٤ȡϤꤳ20ǯ֤ǷŪƤ롥fiction, magazine, newspaper ȤդΥǤ⤫ʤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥgorgeous ŪʪäƤ롥

äդ˸¤äƤ¤ʤƤ⡤15ǯ gorgeous ٤Ȥˤʤ롥θ̤ϡθֲʡڤʡפȿŨʡפȤ̤ƤʤKWIC ( Keyword in Context ) äįƤߤ¤ꡤԤθΤۤ¿褦Ǥ롥ˡγȤΤϲФĤȤˤϰ쵤˲ФĤΤʤȤȤ´Ǥ
ñĴǤϡꥹѸǤλä Americanisation ˤΤɤȽǤǤʤäʤȤѼǺȤŪƻȤäƤ褵
World Englishes εǥꥹѸ ( BrE ) θҤˤʤȤˡ㡼륺ҤαѸѤӤӰѤΤܤˤ롥ʲϡThe Times 1995ǯ324ʶˤε "Prince says Americans are ruining the language" 顤̣սĤȴФΤǤ롥
He [The Prince of Wales] described American English as "very corrupting" and emphasised the need to maintain the quality of language . . . .
. . . increasing competition from America and Australia is threatening Britain's leading position in the lucrative language-teaching market.
The Prince said: "We must act now to ensure that English, and that to my way of thinking means English English, maintains its position as the world language well into the next century."
"Speaking after the launch [of the British Council's English 2000 project], Prince Charles elaborated on his view of the American influence. "People tend to invent all sorts of nouns and verbs, and make words that shouldn't be. I think we have to be a bit careful, otherwise the whole thing can get rather a mess."
In the long term, the British Council fears that instantaneous translation could see English replaced as the main international language by Chinese within three generations.
Other areas of increasing competition between British and American English include India, Eastern Europe and parts of Latin America. More than 30,000 Indian students now study in American colleges and universities, compared with 2,000 in Britain.
㡼륺ҤαѸѤꥹ͡Τˤ English English speakers ΰŪʹͤɤΤ餤ɽƤ뤫ҴŪ˼ȤϤǤʤ丫Ǥ AmE "corrupting" ȤߤʤEngE ǤȤƥ EngE speakers ŪԤϤäƤȸƤ롥AmE speakers Τʤˤ EngE Ȥߤʤͤ⾯ʤʤȻפ졤֥ɤȤƤ EngE Ϥޤ¸ߤƤȤäƤ[2010-04-21-1]Ǥߤ褦˼ϤȤƤ AmE Americanization ˤäαѸʴĤĤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥ΰѤΰĤˤ褦ˡǯ Australian English γӤޤѸѼȤζȤ̤ˡʤɤγȤζƤꡤEngE μԤȤƤ Prince Charles British Council ξǤ꤬롥
ꥹˤȤäƤϡEngE 뤤 BrE ֥ɤβͤݤƤϹŪñ˹ΰҿäƤǤʤαѸӥͥԤ5ݥɤηкѡʵˤ⤫äƤΤ顥
ELF ( English as a Lingua Franca ) äƤܤˤϤ褯ǺܤƤ뤬ˤѸιϿޤ롥ǽ Strevens ˤäƺ줿˲Ѥ줿Τ Crystal (70) ˸줿Crystal ǤΥȥ "A family tree representation (based on a model by Peter Strevens) of the way English has spread around the world, showing the influence of the two main branches of American and British English"
Crystal ϿޤΤޤޥ֥˷Ǻܤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǡϤȤ˺֤äȲǡפǤ롥ELF Ȥʸ̮ʤΤǡƤǤϤʤܤ濴ˤϿޤξ˱ѼŸƤߤ

ϿޤϡǤʤƤʱѸϰѼĤꥹѼȥꥫѼΤ줫̤餻Ƥꡤ̤ȤŪŸŪŸƱɽ뤳ȤƤ롥ѼαƶϤǤꡤǰޤȤƤˤ褯ǤƤȻפ
Ĥ English ؼȻʬ줷ƤͤϤ礦ɰ²η ( see [2009-06-17-1] ) ۵뤬[2010-05-03-1]εˤַȱƶɬ̤ǤʤפȤƱ۵롥ȤΤϡĤȥԥ˿ʬ줿ܤޤŪʡַפΤΡǤξԴ֤Ρֱƶסä˥ꥫѼ狼ΡֱƶפŪˤĤȥԥƤ뤫Ǥ롥[2010-04-21-1]εǿ줿Ѹ Americanization ϡϿޤǤФԥȤȤˤʤ
Strevens, P. "English as an International Language." The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Ed. B. B. Kachru. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1992.
Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ʸ嵭2010/05/23(Sun)Strevens ΥꥸʥȤƵ Strevens νϸäƤޤϡʲΤΤǤޤʾǺƷǤƤ褦Ǥ
Strevens, Peter. Teaching English as an International Language. Oxford: Pergamon P, 1980.
Strevens, Peter. "English as an International Language: Directions in the 1990s." The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. 2nd ed. Ed. B. B. Kachru. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1992.
McArthur, Tom. "Models of English." English Today 32 (October 1992). 12--21.
McArthur, Tom. The English Languages. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 94.
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