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2016-01-11 Mon

#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ [alphabet][spelling][orthography][causation][minim]

Ѹֻˤˤơ<u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) Ǿ줿ɸŪʸˤȡ첻ɽ <u> ϥåΤǤϽ (minim) 2ܤ¤٤ <<ıı>> Τ褦˽񤫤줿Ʊ鹽 <m>, <n>, <u>, <v>, <w> ʤɤʸ¤־ˤϡʸɤζ̤񤷤ʤ롥Ѥ路򤱤뤿ˡѸμ̻첻ɽ <u> <o> ִơ<sume> <some> ء<sun> ©ҡˤ <son> ء<luue> <loue> ؤִ졤줬ɸಽΤȤJespersen (88--89) ΰʲΰѤŵͿƤ롥

In ME texts of a more recent date (Chaucer, etc.) we find o used still more extensively for /u/, namely in the neighbourhood of any of the letters m, n, and u (v, w). The reason is that the strokes of these letters were identical, and that a multiplication of these strokes, especially at a time when no dot or stroke was written over i, rendered the reading extremely ambiguous and difficult (five strokes might be read as uni, nui, uui (uni or wi), iuu (ivu or iw), mii, imi, etc.). This accounts for the present spelling of won, wonder, worry, woman, monk, monkey, sponge, ton, tongue, some, Somerset, honey, cover, above, love (ME loue for luue) and many others.


Carney (148) ˤСߤɸŪֻˤơ츻Ū <u> ԤȤǡ<m> <n> ֤ˤ <o> ȤƸñϳΤ¿ (ex. become, come, comfort, company, compass, somersault; conjure, front, frontier, ironmonger, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, son, sponge, ton, tongue, wonder) ޤѸ <<uu>> ֤줿 <w> θ֤ <u> ĶˤƤ⡤ֻϤҤɤɤߤˤʤ顤Ѹ wolf <uuulf> <uuolf> ֤뤳ȤˤʤäΤΤǤ롥ʤűѸǤ <<uu>> <ƿ> Ѥ줿Τǽ <ƿulf> ֤줿Upward and Davidson (59) ˤ wolf ֻ˴ؤ뤳ϡΤϤäƤ롥

. . . the U [is] replaced by O in ƿulf 'wolf' and by OO in ƿul 'wool', ƿudu 'wood'. The purpose of this change from U to O was not to reflect any change in pronunciation, but to clarify scribal writing in ME . . . . OE, like ModE, used four distinct letters to spell ƿulf 'wolf', but when in ME the letter wyn (ƿ) was replaced by UU (the early form of W), the effect was that such a word would have appeared as uuulf, with U three times in succession. When, furthermore, one takes into account that the 'Gothic' style of scribal writing reduced many non-capital letters more or less to short vertical strokes ('minims'), one can see how difficult the reading of uuulf could be. If, on the other hand, the vowel is respelt O, then the form uuolf is less likely to confuse readers.


Τ褦 <u> <o> ˤִ˴ؤ "minim avoidance" βϤ٤ϤäƤ褦˸뤬ǡ<o> ִ줺Ԥ <u> Τޤ <m> <n> ֤˸ñ¤Ͼʤʤ (ex. drum, jump, lumber, mumble, mumps, munch, mundane, number, pump, slum, sum, thump, trumpet; fun, fund, gun, hundred, hunt, lunch, punch, run, sun) ˡϢ³򤱤뤿Ȥͳ˵뤳ȤΤǤʤ <u> <o> ִ⤢ (ex. brother, colour, colander, thorough, borough, other, dozen) äơ"minim avoidance" ϡִΰȤʤäƤǽǧˤ衤줬٤ƤǤϤʤȤդɬפ롥βˤĤƤ "multiple causation" Ȥۤ褤
Ϣơ"minim avoidance" ˤĤƤϡ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤 ([2009-07-27-1]) ⻲ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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