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2023-03-31 Fri

#5086. 30ǯۤɤαѸֻĬή [spelling][orthography][sociolinguistics][historical_pragmatics][history_of_linguistics][emode][standardisation][variation]

Cordorelli (5) ˤȡľ30ǯۤɤαѸֻ˴ؤŪʸϡ̣ "sociolinguistic" ʤΤä礵Ƥ롥ǰƬ֤Ƥ濴ŪʻϡѸ줫ѸˤƤȻפ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

The first studies to investigate orthographic developments in English within a diachronic sociolinguistic framework appeared especially from the late 1990s and the early 2000s . . . . The main focus of these studies was on the diffusion of early standard spelling practices in late fifteenth-century correspondence, the development of standard spelling practices, and the influence of authors' age, gender, style, social status and social networks on orthographic variation. Over the past few decades, book-length contributions with a relatively strong sociolinguistic stance were also published . . . . These titles have touched upon different aspects of spelling patterns and change, providing useful frameworks of analysis and ideas for new angles of research in English orthography.


ǤСֻɸಽ (standardisation) βϡ褦ʤΤǤϤʤ˼ҲŪʥѥ᡼ˤѰۤȼʤ顤ʣŪ˿ʹԤƤȤȤơΤȤ30ǯۤɤθǷ֤ǧƤȤȤˤʤ
ѸˤˤƸ츽ݤѰۤȼäʣŪ˿ܤƤȤϡֻ˸¤äȤǤϤʤǯαѸ˸Ǥϡȯ֡졤äΤ٤Ƥ¦̤ˤơƱݤΤȤ֤ĥƤسǤϤΥ󥻥󥵥äȷ졤ܴۤ夷ƤȤäƤ褤سΰ̤μҲˤϡְαѸˡפȤϤޤĤäƤѸ˸ԤˤϡοѸ˴Ѥ򹭤̤˼Ƥ̳ȹͤ롥
30ǯۤɤαѸֻ򿶤֤äƤߤǤϺϤɤΤ褦ŸƤΤCordorelli ϥԥ塼ѤŪοʼˡ󼨤Ƥ롥1ĤȤܤ٤ߤȻפ

Cordorelli, Marco. Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments. Cambridge: CUP, 2022.

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2023-03-30 Thu

#5085. ޽¤Ȥ Voicy ̤ǡ־ɸءפƳƤޤ [trademark][heldio][voicy][terminology][sociolinguistics][youtube][onomastics][semantic_change][sociolinguistics][goshosan]

ؤΩ줫ɸ (trademark) 򸦵椷Ƥؤ޽ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̤ޤͻҤϡȤƤİޤ#667. ޽¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲǤ



hellog ȤƤΤ褦ˡ#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1])#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ񤷤 ([2023-03-24-1]) ǴϢ夲ξǺ̤פȤǤ
̤Υѡ1ȤȤǡ޽ꤵ󼫿ȤΤҲ𡤾ɸμҲˤ¸ߴɸϸͭ̾ʤΤǤʤΤɸϱѸDzȤΤȤäƳŪȤʤޤơǸϡ־ɸΰ㤤ϲפȤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ塤ѡ2ѡ3³ƤɸˤĤƤεɤɤ󿼤ޤäƤޤΤǡɤڤߤˤƤƤ
޽ꤵˤϡ轵 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפˤ⤴б餤ƤޤǤ⾦ɸ (trademark linguistics) ˴Ϣ˸ڤƤޤΤǡҤİYouTube Ǥ⤹Ǥ2ʬƤޤ轵3󤬸ͽǤ

#112. ɸθ --- ޽¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ޽¤μȡ329

⤳򵡤˾ɸȤȶоݤŪ˹ͤƤߤޤ󤫡ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȸϤȤޤ̣Ѳ (semantics) ȤϢΤǽʬ˱Ѹ˥ޥȤʤΰǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-09-1]

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2023-03-29 Wed

#5084. ѸֻϽѸλʪǤ [spelling][orthography][emode][standardisation][link]

ѸɸֻϤΩѸɸಽ (standardisation) λԥݥȤǻŦ뤳Ȥ񤷤ɸಽβϡ¿쾯ʤ˿ʹԤƤΤcf. #2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]
Ϥ褽γΩ1650ǯդȹͤƤ뤬ԤˤäƤϥץ饹ޥʥɴǯȤͽۤĤ#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ󥹴 ([2020-07-11-1]) Ǹ褦ˡˤѹͥ󥹴 (renaissance)뤤Ϥ˴ˤѸ (emode) ȽҤ٤ƤΤǤ̵
ºݡCordorelli ˤѸֻɸಽ˴ؤǿθƬǤ "the Early Modern Era" ȸڤƤ (1)

English spelling is in some ways a product of the Early Modern Era. The spelling forms that we use today are the result of a long process of conscious development and change, most of which occurred between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. This portion of history is marked by a number of momentous events in England and the Continent, which had an immediate effect on English culture and language.


ѸȤ͡ŪҲŪĬή«ˤʤäơѸֻɸಽ䤷ʤ᤿ȤäƤ褤ˤĤʤˡϡλˡװʣ߹礤ΤʤΩƤΤʤΤǤ롥ʲ˴Ϣ뵭ؤΥ󥯤󤲤Ƥ

#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])
#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1])
#3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ ([2018-03-14-1])
#3564. 17ؼԤˤֻɸಽؤι׸ ([2019-01-29-1])
#4628. 16Ⱦ17ˤƤؼԤ --- Ѹ˾ܳŪֻ׼Ԥ ([2021-12-28-1])

Cordorelli, Marco. Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments. Cambridge: CUP, 2022.

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2023-03-28 Tue

#5083. YouTube Ǹְ㤤1 spoonerism Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ [youtube][spoonerism][word_play]

YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ󤬸ޤ#113. סʥꥺࡪʴѡ˲å---Ҳ𡦰ƣرʸؼԤĤ֤䤯 Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ꤷơspoonerism ܤƤޤcar park par carkKing Richard Ring Kichard Τ褦˸ְ㤨ƤޤݤΤȤǤ



ưǤñƤޤspoonerism ȤѸϡOxford New College γĹ Rev. William Archibald Spooner (1844--1930) μθְ㤤ã͡ʡˤäȤˤʤߤޤOED ˤȡФ1900ǯǤOxford Ǥ1885ǯȤƻѤƤ褦ǤOED ͿƤʸƤߤޤ礦

An accidental transposition of the initial sounds, or other parts, of two or more words.
      Known in colloquial use in Oxford from about 1885.

   1900 Globe 5 Feb. To one unacquainted with technical terms it sounds as if the speaker were guilty of a spoonerism.
   1923 Notes & Queries 27 Oct. 331/2 In my childhood..an old cousin used to entertain me with what we now call spoonerisms, but which she termed morowskis...Her mother (who dated from the eighteenth century) had taught her the game, stating that the original perpetrator of these strange transpositions was a Polish Count, who was well known in London society of that period.
   1976 Oxf. Diocesan Mag. July 15/1 I am not going to put on any weight until I'm fifty, when I shall allow myself to become matronly, ready to be a follower of 'soda and gobbly matrons', as enjoined by the marriage service. (A good Spoonerism that, created quite involuntarily by my mother some years ago.)


2Ĥʸˤ⤢̤ꡤѸ줬ꡤĤޤ Spooner оꡤμθְ㤤Τϡ̤̾ǸƤФƤȤ⤢ä褦ǡդ줿ݤäȤʬ롥
3Ĥʸβ spoonerism ʬǤ礦 soda and gobbly matrons sober and godly matrons θְ㤤äȤȤǤ͡
Ϣơ#5035. 1900ǯʹߤ -ism ([2023-02-08-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ƣ رʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿ޼ҡ2022ǯ

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2023-03-27 Mon

#5082. 츻Ūֻ1ʸϿβ䤹ᡩ [etymological_respelling][emode][printing]

Cordorelli ˤѸֻ˴ؤ뿷θɤǤ롥Ǥϸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ܤƤΤ̣⤬󼨤Ƥ롥츻Ūֻ¿ϡdout Ф doubtreceit Ф receipt Τ褦1ʸĹʤ뤳Ȥ¿ϫƯ֤ǤϤʤʸʤΤˤʸ̡ˤ¶ʧ褦ˤʤä16οϡʸʤԤ䤹ˡĹʤ꤬ʸ츻ŪֻΤۤΤǤϤʤȤʸˡ¾ˤ⤤äȻפ뤬츻Ūֻ⤽Τ1ĤäΤǤϤʤȤCordorelli (184--85) Ѥ롥

With regard to remuneration, large-scale etymological developments were initially prompted, I suggest, by a change in the economic organisation of the printing labour. From the turn of the sixteenth century, the mode of remuneration changed in accordance with the pressures exerted by modernisation: printers no longer received time-based wages, but were generally paid according to their output . . . . For typesetters, wages were set taking into account the kind of printing form, the publication format, the typefaces and the languages that were used in the texts . . . . As a result of a first move towards a performance-based pay, compositors' output also began to be measured, rather roughly, by the page or by the sheet; later, a more accurate measurement by ens was adopted. One en corresponded to half an em of any size of type, and the number of ens in a setting of type was proportional to the number of pieces of type used in it . . . . With compositors' output being measured by page first, and by ens later, typesetters became increasingly more prone to using as many types as possible when composing a book, while also having to make sure that the overall meaning of the text would not be corrupted by this practice. As a rule, the more types were used on a given page, the more ens were likely to result, which in turn meant that compositors would be paid a higher rate for a given project. Making the most of each typesetting project was more important than one might think, especially during the first half of the sixteenth century, when the English printing industry was still growing on unstable economic ground . . . . The flow of jobs that characterised most staff roles in the EModE printing industry was variable and often irregular for everyone, especially for compositors. The irregularity of the market could keep compositors short of work for long periods of time, and forced them either into part-time employment with another printer or even into joining the vast reservoir of employed labour . . . .


ѤȯλȲθѤȤäѡкѾװѸθ츻ŪֻζδȴؤäƤȤʤСϤؤ󤪤⤷ȥԥåǤ롥β¾ڤˤϡμҲֻܺ٤Ĵɬפ
Cordorelli (185) ȤˤȤʤ1ʸѤƤ

From this point of view, etymological spelling would have worked as a convenient means to increase average pay, to such an extent that printers evidently compromised linguistic correctness with personal profit, accepting or perhaps even enforcing the diffusion of 'false' etymological spellings like phantasy and aunswar.


Cordorelli, Marco. Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments. Cambridge: CUP, 2022.

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2023-03-26 Sun

#5081. ɸΰ̣Ф3ĤΥץ [discourse_marker][pragmatics][prototype][semantics][polysemy][homonymy]

#5074. Ѹɸ43 ([2023-03-19-1])#5075. ɸθŪħ ([2023-03-20-1]) ɸ () ŪˤȤ館ƤΤ褤ȤǤ롥
¤Ϥ3ĤΥץϡɸΰ̣ˤȤɤޤ餺̤θΰ̣ʬϤݤˤ⤽ΤޤޱѤǤ롥פˡƱ۵ (homonymy) ʤΤ뤤¿ (polysemy) ʤΤȤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1])
#815. polysemic clash? ([2011-07-21-1])
#1801. homonymy polysemy ζ ([2014-04-02-1])
#2823. homonymy polysemy ζ (2) ([2017-01-18-1])

ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ

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2023-03-25 Sat

#5080. ջʵءˤΡ֡KOTOBA-ʡۥ֥פҲ𤷤ޤ [link][voicy][heldio][bunkengaku][notice]

ǯ1ȾФ˰ȯȤʤäʸؤȱѸ˸ʳҡˤζԤǤջʵءˤ֡KOTOBA-ʡۥ֥Ҳ𤷤ޤ
ϤĤΥȤ򱿱ĤƤޤΤ1֥ȥФʸΥե - CastlecliffeΤʤǡ֥ȥФʸơޤ˹פ֡KOTOBA-ʡۥ֥򱿱ĤƤޤҤξҲ𡤱ѸˤؤŪʵܤʸ¿ƤƤޤƤ줿ǿ9򿷤˵󤲤Ƥߤޤ

ܿͤ2023ǯ323
ƥ꡼ե2023ǯ314
ˤĤƤιͤ2023ǯ310
Ѹ깽ʸˤĤƤʸ2023ǯ36
ѲΤ2023ǯ35
ѸؤȱѸ춵2023ǯ34
˼Ҳء˸Ȥʬ2023ǯ34
ʬĤʤ̤Υơ2023ǯ34
˴ؤ뤳2023ǯ31

ĤƤ¾Υ⡤⤷ޤ֥ȥФʸΥե - Castlecliffeȹ碌ơѸˤľܡܤ˴ؤɼʾѤƤޤ

⤦1ĤHP Yoko IyeiriʲջҡˤΥۡڡꡤȤ櫓ָ桦ȴϢƥڡˤϤΰǺܤƤޤϢѸˤؤּԤˤȤäƤؤͭѤǤ
ˤѸƳ YouTube ư⤢ޤֱֵѸˡȤФѲ³뤳Ȥΰ̣סɤ
ɽ̳ƤѸ˸Ҳ𤷤ޤǯ1ٳŤƤޤ32褿48ڡˤ˥饤󳫺ͽǤ

Ĥ̷ǿʸؤȱѸ˸ʳҡˤҲ𤷤 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ2⡤Ҥİʤī heldio Chapter 2 Ǥ⡤ξ嵭֥ñ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ

#609. ջȤ̡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡˤҲ𤷤ޤ


#611. ջȤ̤2ơʸؤȱѸ˸٤Ѹ˥ѥˤĤƸޤ



ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-11-1]

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2023-03-24 Fri

#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ񤷤 [trademark][onomastics][eponym][semantic_change][prototype]

εǾҲ𤷤#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1]) Ϲˡȸפ򰷤ʬȤȤ館Ƥ褤1Ĥ˾ɸ (trademark) 롥ɸˤϥԡ饤ȤͿ졤ˡŪ˼뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬б뾦ʤޤ˿͵ȡɸŪ (generic) ̾졤Ĥޤ̾˶ŤƤ롥ˡŪ˼ƤȤϤҲ¿ˤ̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤСˡΧȤƼҲδѤ˹碌ѲƤʤɸŪˡҲŪˤɤΤ褦˰֤Ť뤫ϼºŪǤ롥
McArthur Ѹ켭ŵ򻲾Ȥȡtrademark ŪǤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥

TRADEMARK, also trade mark, trade-mark, [16c]. . . . A sign or name that is secured by legal registration or (in some countries) by established use, and serves to distinguish one product from similar brands sold by competitors: for example, the shell logo for Shell, the petroleum company, and the brand name Jacuzzi for one kind of whirlpool bath. Legal injunctions are often sought when companies consider that their sole right to such marks has been infringed; the makers of Coke, Jeep, Jell-O, Kleenex, Scotch Tape, and Xerox have all gone to court in defence of their brand (or proprietary) names . . . . Although companies complain when their trademarks begin to be used as generic terms in the media or elsewhere, their own marketing has often, paradoxically, caused the problem: 'Most marketing people will try hard to get their brand names accepted by the public as a generic. It's the hallmark of success. But then the trademarks people have to defend the brand from becoming a generic saying it is unique and owned by the company' (trademark manager, quoted in Journalist's Week, 7 Dec. 1990).
   There is in practice a vague area between generic terms proper, trademarks that have become somewhat generic, and trademarks that are recognized as such. The situation is complicated by different usages in different countries: for example, Monopoly and Thermos are trademarks in the UK but generics in the US. Product wrappers and business documents often indicate that a trademark is registered by adding TM (for 'trademark') or R (for 'registered') in a superscript circle after the term, as with English TodayTM, Sellotape®. The term usually differs from trade name [first used c.1860s] by designating a specific product and not a business, service, or class of goods, articles, or substances: but some trademarks and trade names may happen to be the same. Everyday words of English that were once trademarks (some now universal, some more common in one variety of English than another, some dated, all commonly written without an initial capital) include aspirin, bandaid, cellophane, celluloid, cornflakes, dictaphone, escalator, granola, hoover, kerosene, lanolin, mimeograph, nylon, phonograph, shredded wheat, zipper. Trademarks facing difficulties include Astroturf, Dacron, Formica, Frisbee, Hovercract, Jacuzzi, Laundromat, Mace, Muzak, Q-Tips, Scotch Tape, Styrofoam, Teflon, Vaseline, Xerox. The inclusion of such names in dictionaries, even when marked 'trademark' or 'proprietary term', indicates that their status has begun to shift. Trademark names used as verbs are a further area of difficulty, both generally and in lexicography. One solution adopted by publishers of dictionaries is to regard the verb forms as generic, with a small initial letter: that is, Xerox (noun), but xerox (verb).


ɸΰ֤ŤŪѰۤŪѲȤʤСѲ˸ؤȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ־ɸαѸˡפȤΤʤʤ⤷ʥơޤǤϤʤ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-03-1] [2023-03-30-1]

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2023-03-23 Thu

#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) [terminology][sociolinguistics][linguistics][voicy][heldio][youtube][forensic_linguistics][goshosan]

Ѹؤ1ʬȤˡ (forensic linguistics) ޤī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#660. ˡء (forensic linguistics) ȤϡȤƾҲ𤷤ޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#112. ɸθ --- ޽¤оȤơϢˤĤưᤪӸ޽Ȼ̤Ƥޤİ衦İƤС




ĤѸ켭ŵ "forensic (socio)linguistics" Ƥߤޤʲ3ۤɰѤޤƱʬμϰϤ褽ʬäƤ뤫Ȼפޤ

forensic linguistics In Linguistics, the use of linguistic techniques to investigate crimes in which language data forms part of the evidence, such as in the use of grammatical or lexical criteria to authenticate police statements. The field of forensic phonetics is often distinguished as a separate domain, dealing with such matters as speaker identification, voice line-ups, speaker profiling, tape enhancement, tape authentification, and the decoding of disputed utterances. (Crystal, Dictionary)


forensic sociolinguistics The use of sociolinguistic knowledge and techniques in the investigation of crime, and in the prosecution and defence of people accused of crimes. Sociolinguists have been employed, for instance, to demonstrate that a defendant could not have made a telephone call recorded by police because his dialect did not tally with that on the recording; and to decode recordings of communication between criminal speaking in an antilanguage such as Pig Latin. (Trudgill)


FORENSIC LINGUISTICS
Most stylostatistical studies are of literary works; but the same techniques can be applied to any spoken or written sample, regardless of the 'standing' of the user. In everyday life, of course, there is usually no reason to carry out a stylistic analysis of someone's usage. But when someone is alleged to have broken the law, stylisticians might well be involved, in an application of their subject sometimes referred to as 'forensic' linguistics.
   Typical situations involve the prosecution arguing that incriminating utterances heard on a tape recording have the same stylistic features as those used by the defendant---or, conversely, the defence arguing that the differences are too great to support this contention. A common defence strategy is to maintain that the official statement to the police, written down and used in evidence, is a misrepresentation, containing language that would not be part of the defendant's normal usage.
   Arguments based on stylistic evidence are usually very weak, because the sample size is small, and the linguistic features examined are often not very discriminating. (Crystal, Encyclopedia)


Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003. 3rd ed. 2019.

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2023-03-22 Wed

#5077. publish ֽǤפϯʸȷӤĤƤ [printing][manuscript][latin][french][etymology]

ε#5076. ꥹȶڤȴܤܤ --- ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ ([2023-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ꡤ publish ʸˤϤ롥
publish ϥƥηƻ pūblicus (public) ư pūblicāre ͳ褷ե󥹸ˤѷФ14˱ѸäƤ̣ϸ츻˽äơָˤפǤꡤ줬ֽʪȤƸˤפФơŪʡֽǤפؤȯŸ
䤿ϡpublish ʹȤޤʪפ⤫٤ñϼºݤˤϰѤȯˤѤƤȤȤϡष˽ФʸϤɤ߾夲ϯʸȷӤĤƤ髙 (75--76) Ѥ롥

Υ衼åѼҲˤäƤϡͤȤˤ뿷ϯɤϡֽǡפȤǰȷӤĤƤǤˤѸư publish Ǥ뤬ϤȤȰոʪ (public) ˤȤ̣ǤꡤѤѤƱʤ¿ǰ٤˽Ǥ¸ߤԤ򸶹Ƥϯɤˤѥȥ󤫤ž̤εĺפ뤳ȤνǷ֤äȤäƤ褤㤨СΥ󥰥ɲإ꡼˻Ť˲Ȥλʺץɥ֥󥷥ʥ륺Υɡˤϡ󲦻Ҥ˿ԤθȤˡȬȬǯˡإϻ١ڼҡϻˤޤʤϡ٤β꤬лϤ᤿եɤǡ֤䤷ƥƥ츶Ƥɤ³¸ܤˤϡʸϯˡפȤʸȡ֥إ꡼ŲؤΤפȤνʸդƤ롥


Ĥޤꡤpublish ϡֽǤפȤ֤Ϫܤפ˶ᤫäȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϼƥĤ͡Τ publish Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤ뤬ñΤȤȤθ츻طʤ򲡤Ƥ̣襤

髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-21 Tue

#5076. ꥹȶڤȴܤܤ --- ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ [christianity][bible][manuscript][writing][history][medium][review]

2髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ȿǤƤޤΤˤܤˤ¿μ̿䥨ԥɤȤȤ˥ѥȤˤޤȤƤޤʸƤꡤΰ˿ʤΤͭѤǤ

 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ



ܤˤˤϿޤܡʤ󤹤ܤvolumeˤ (codex) ؤܤη֤եȤˤĤơֺܤоפꤹϤǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
ܤϺܤ٤ƸˤäȤȤФиޤեȤطʤˤϤΤ褦ʼŪװ⤢äȤϳΤȻפޤꥹȶڤȴطҲŪװ⤢äȹͤƤޤ
髙 (pp. 45--45) Ǥϡ1--5˺줿¸륮ꥷŵʤܤˤĤơܤȺܤΨ٤ĴҲ𤵤Ƥޤˤȡ1ˤϺܤϤۤȤɤʤäΤΡ2ˤ2%3ˤ17%4ˤ70%5Ƭˤ90%Ȳ®ŪƤޤꥹȶϢܤˤĤĴȡäᤤʳܤϰϤǺѤƤꡤ2ޤǤ100%ãƤޤĤޤꡤꥹȶϢܤȺܤŪ̩ܤʴطˤäȤȤǤ
ˤĤ髙 (pp. 46--48) ϼΤ褦Ƥޤ

ƤܤȯƤΤϥץȤǤ롥ͤƤꡤܤȤ֤νиȥꥹȶŤ¹ԤƵäƤ뤳ȤϻŦƤܤϻá˻ŪȤʤꡤƱͤ˥ꥹȶ⻰˵®ڤ컰ǯǧƤ
ܤܤؤηŪžϡ줬ѤȤäŪкŪȽǤ鵯äΤǤϤʤҼܤϡܤѤƤ䶵դ¸ߤƤ۶Фơϥꥹȶ䶵ʬɤΩȤ򼨤ħŪʷ֤ȤơФ줿ΤǤ롥ꥹȶζ⤭ڤη֤Ȥơꥹȶμ̻۶̤ν񵭤̤뤿ˡܤϺѤ줿ΤǤä䶵ŵߤǤʤ洬ܤη֤ǺƤܤСޤʤꥹȶطԤˡ񤪤ӤδϢμܤܤη֤ž٤ϤפʿʪǤȤ⤫Ӿ夬롥


ܤη֤ͿƤȤϡޤ˶äǤ

髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-20 Mon

#5075. ɸθŪħ [discourse_marker][pragmatics][prototype][category]

ε#5074. Ѹɸ43 ([2023-03-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ۤΡرѸɸˡŵ٤Ǥϡɸ (discourse_marker) ˤĤƤν¤⤬ͿƤ롥äˡɸˤĤƤδŪʹͤפεͭѤǤ롥
ɸʻʹ⤤٥Υƥ꡼ǤꡤĤΥƥ꡼ϥץȥ (prototype) ȤƲᤵ٤ΤǤ롤ȤϤޤ롥ɸΤΤȤ⡤ɸŪˡ롤Ȥª˶ᤤθˡɸΰŪħפꤹ륳ब³ (333--34) ȤƤ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡ˰ѤƤ

ɸ˶̤ǤŪħϡäβ餫ȯðտޤޤõǽƤפȤǤ롥á (discourse) ϹˤȤ館ơɸʸ̮䡤ƥȤȤƶ񸽲ʸ̮Τߤʤ餺ȯþ (utterance situation) ΤޤΤȤ롥ˡȯþ˻Ϳäꡦʹμ䥳ߥ˥νǤɸεǽ˴Ϳ롥ʲĤδɸħޤȤ롥

ڸŪŪħ
(a) 줫ʤΤ¿٥롤٥ΤΤޤޤ롥
(b) ŪñθˤϽǤʤ
(c) ݡȼΩĴ뤳Ȥ¿
(d) õǽ˱ޤޤʲĴȼ
Ūħ
(a) ʸƬ˸뤳Ȥ¿ʸ桤ʸΤ⤢롥
(b) ̿ιǤγ¦롤뤤칽¤ˤ䤫ղä롥
(c) ŪǤ롥
(d) ʣɸ뤳Ȥ롥
(e) ñȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥
ڰ̣Ūħ
(a) 켫Τǡʸοͤ˴ؤ복ǰỤ̄ۤȤɡ뤤ʤΤ¿
(b) ʸοͤ˴ؤ복ǰỤ̄ľˤ⡤ʸ̤ΰ̣ɽ礬¿
ڵǽŪħ
¿ǽŪǡĤå٥ǵǽΤ¿
ڼҲŪʸŪħ
(a) 񤭸դäդѤ礬¿
(b) ʸΤѤΤ¿
(c) ϰŪװ̡ǯ𡤼Ҳء̤ʤɤˤħ롥


͡ʳ٤ʬϤ뤳ȤΤǤοƥ꡼Ǥ뤳Ȥʬε ([2023-03-19-1]) 43ɸפ⤫٤ʤ顤ħǧ줿

ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-26-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-19 Sun

#5074. Ѹɸ43 [discourse_marker][pragmatics][review]

ǯ (pragmatics) θˤʤäƤƤʬ1Ĥˡɸ (discourse_marker) 롥#2041. ɸ졤 ([2014-11-28-1])#3267. ɸȤηϩ ([2018-04-07-1])#3268. ɸΥ饤եû ([2018-04-08-1]) ϤȤ뤤ĤεǼ夲Ƥ
ѸɸλϤˡ ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ʸҡ2015ǯˤҲ𤷤Ƥ

 ʸҡע  ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ



ˤ̤ꡤ43ζŪɸ夲졤ơˡܽҤƤޤܽˤϡɸˤĤƤν¤ޤޤƤޤʡɸߡסɸˤĤƤδŪʹͤסɸεǽŪʬסˡ
43ɸϰʲ5ĤΥƥ꡼ʬƤޤäˤäѤ򤹤ɽǤ뤳ȤȻפޤ줳ɸפǤ

ΡŪɽ

actually
anyway
besides
first(ly) [last(ly)]
however [nevertheless, nonetheless, still]
kind [sort] of
like
now
please
then
though
whatever

Ρֻɽ

according to
after all
at last
at least
by the way
in fact
in other words
of course
on the other hand [on [to] the contrary]

Ρ³Ūɽ

and
but [yet]
plus
so

ΡŪɽ

ah
huh
look
oh
okay
say
uh
well
why
yes/no

Ρ쥭ե쥤

I mean
if anything
if you don't mind
if you like
mind (you)
you know
you know what?
you see

ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-26-1] [2023-03-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-18 Sat

#5073. 15 Chancery Standard ܤ٤3ñΰ֤Ҳ --- England, merchant, notwithstanding [spelling][me][chancery_standard][me_dialect][standardisation]

#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤѸ⽪˶Ť15θŪʸǤ顤ֻˤϤޤѰۤɤ줬ä14˻Ϥޤ꤫ƤֻɸಽϡޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥An Anthology of Chancery English Υå꡼įƤȡthrough ʳˤ⡤֤δ餪⤷ñϤĤ⤢롥ܤˤĤ3ñ (England, merchant, notwithstanding) 夲֤վޤƤߤ褦ο٤Ǥ롥

England (35), Englande (10), Engeland (7), Englond (28), Englonde (3), Engelond (1), Inglond (6), Ingelond (3), Ingland (1), Yngelond (2), Ynglond (1)


merchant (1), marchant (8), marchaunt (6), merchaunt (4); (pl.) marchauntȝ (10), merchauntȝ (6), marchaunts (4), merchauntes (3), marchantes (3), merchantes (2), marchantȝ (2), merchandes (1), marchandes (1), marchauntes (1), merchantȝ (1)


notwithstanding (3), notwithstondyng(e) (16), natwiþstandyng (6), notwiþstandyng(e) (3), notwiþstanding (2), notwithstonding (1), notwyþstandyng (1), notwythstondyng (1), notwistanding (1), natwithstandyng (1), naughtwithstandinge (1), nogthwithstondyng (1), nottewithstondyng (1), notwythstondyng (1)


Ǥ餳ɤƤȤΤ̣󤳤3ɹΰѤǤ롥¾䤷Τ٤
Ϣ England ˤĤƤϡ#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1]) ȡ#2250. English θƬ첻ʻˡ ([2015-06-25-1]) notwithstanding ˤĤƤϡ#5064. notwithstanding ([2023-03-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-17 Fri

#5072. ʹ̵֤¤Ƥäؽ³Ƥ [social_media][vocabulary][nlp][complex_system][dynamic_equilibrium]

2֤ε#5070. ǥѸֻΥꥨϹƤ ([2023-03-15-1]) ȡ#5071. ǥϼǡκȯǤ ([2023-03-16-1]) ˰³ǥθˤĤơƱǥˤäΨ夲롥
Vajjala ¾ (296) ˡ³áפȤ1᤬ʰοޤκƷǤϾάˡ

ۤȤɤθǤϡǯñ줬뤳ȤϤۤȤɤޤ󡥤֥θפǤϡᤤԡɤǸäƤޤΤ褦˿ñ줬ΤǤĤޤꡤǥΥƥȤ NLP ƥϡؽǡθä˴ޤޤƤʤ̤ο򰷤Ȥˤʤޤ
ο蘆Τ뤿ˡ8-5򸫤Ƥߤޤ礦Ͽǯ˹Ԥä¸ǡ絬ϤʥĥȤΥѥ򽸤ᡤȤ˿οĻ벽ΤǤοޤϡ1֤˸줿γΥǡӤƤޤ狼褦ˡοӤȡ10~15%οñ줬Ƥޤ


ƬΡ֤ۤȤɤθǤϡǯñ줬뤳ȤϤۤȤɤޤפΤǤϤʤǥǤθΨȤ󼨤Ƥ10~15%פ򿮤ʤСӤΤȤĥȤƤϼ줽
ΥƥϡΤ褦θȯб뤿ˡñҤؽηϤǿ֤ݤʤФʤʤΤ餺εȤϤΨݻˤꡤ礭٤ˤʤäƤȤΥƥϡ⤽ưŪ˹ʤФʤʤ̿ʤΤǤ롥
ƥưŪʤˤĤơVajjala ¾̤βսǼΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ (398)

NLP ΥǥϡŪʤΤǤϤޤִĶǤˤ˥ǥιޤˤĤƤϤĤͳޤִĶǤϡγؽǡȤϰۤʤ롤¿ΡʤƤ꿷˥ǡޤѲ˹碌ƥǥ򹹿ʤСǥϤ岽Ƥޤͽ¬ǽ㲼Ǥ礦ޤǥͽ¬ְäƤˤĤơ桼եɥХå뤳ȤޤκݤˤϡǥȤħȿǤŬäɬפޤξ⡤ԥǥŪ˺Ƴؽƹǥ֤˥ǥץץۤɬפޤ


ޤǹͻơϵˤ뼫Υƥ˸¤ääǤϤʤޤ˿ʹ֤θˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤ뤳ȤȵŤʹ֤⡤ϤƤĶѲ˹碌ƾ˸ηϤǿ֤˹ƤΤǤꡤǤä˵ȰۤʤȤϤʤʣ (complex_system) ưŪƥǤꡤưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ݤʤ鵡ǽ³ƤΤǤ롥
ʹ֤θμƸ褦ȤƤ뼫ʬθषʹ֤θμȤϲȤ䤤˼ͿƤ1ǤϤʤ

Vajjala, Sowmya, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana ˡ滳 ˡؼ --- NLP ץꥱȯΥ٥ȥץ饯ƥ١饤꡼ѥ2022ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-16 Thu

#5071. ǥϼǡκȯǤ [social_media][media][nlp]

Vajjala ¾μ (nlp) ˴ؤܤɤ߽ؽǥץ顼˥󥰤ޤळȯŸʬˤĤơ褦䤯פĤ᤿롥ϷиŪǵǼŪʼˡ˴ŤƤ뤬ʤμˤȤϲȤˡѤδ鿷ʸƤƤꡤ˥ƥ󥰤ΰǤ롥
εѤ͡˱ѤƤ뤬ǥθʬϤܤޤäƤʬ1ĤVajjala ¾ (289) ˤȡǥθμ̤򳵴Ѥܰ¤Ȥơʲ2020ǯפȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥


Twitter η֥ƥ桼15,200͡Facebook 25
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6,000ĥȡá57,000ơ (Facebook)
¿
ȥԥå졤ʸΡʸη


ˡ2019ǯפȤơ͡ʥץåȥե1ʬ֤Ƥǡ̤ͿƤ (290) פʤΤȴФƲվ񤭤롥

Google: 380
facebook: 100
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Google Play/App Store: 390,030 ɤ줿ץ
Instagram: 347,222
Twitter: 87,500 ĥȤƤͿ
Żҥ᡼: 18,800 줿᡼
NETFLIX: 694,444 İ
饤󥷥å: 996,956ɥ 饤Ǥ㤤ʪ

ΥǡΤ٤ƤǡǤϤʤˤ衤ʬפΤʤ̤θǡԤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥󤳤Τ褦ʥǥγ㤨ŪäʤɤˤƤ⡤蘆Ƥǡ̤ϷפΤʤۤɤ뤳Ȥưפ뤬ŪŪ˥ǡꤷȤθС֥ץåȥեϼǡκȯǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ (290)
ѸˤѸ˸ؤʬǤϡ츦μȤʤǥϸ¸˹ޤ줿񤭸դäǤϡζŪʱѸʸ˸ʬǤϡȤʤǥϲˤʤΤǥäդ񤭸դͭϸ1ĤˤʤäƤȤϳΤǤ롥

Vajjala, Sowmya, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana ˡ滳 ˡؼ --- NLP ץꥱȯΥ٥ȥץ饯ƥ١饤꡼ѥ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-15 Wed

#5070. ǥѸֻΥꥨϹƤ [spelling][me][nlp][med][social_media][media]

ǥν񤭸դϡά䥿ݤ¿ѸǤñξάλϰ̤ǤϤʤξάֻѤ뤫ͽ¬Ǥʤ (nlp) ˤƤϡΤ褦ʾάֻʤɤɬפȤʤꡤʤʤΤ褦
ѸֻΥꥨ˭٤Ǥ롥֤ϰ̤ǤϤʤֻѤ뤫ϡȤ˴ˤϤΤΡˤͽ¬ǤʤѸɤʬϤݤˤϡ¿ֻͤפɬפꡤʤ
ξԤϡΤ褦ˤȤƤƤ롥"tomorrow" Ȥñֻꥨ˼ꡤӤƤߤ褦ǥ Vajjala ¾ (p. 295) 顤Ѹ MED ä

Ρǥ "tomorrow" ֻ

tmw, tomarrow, 2mrw, tommorw, 2moz, tomorro, tommarrow, tomarro, 2m, tomorrw, tmmrw, tomoz, tommorow, tmrrw, tommarow, 2maro, tmrow, tommoro, tomolo, 2mor, 2moro, 2mara, 2mw, tomaro, tomarow, tomoro, 2morr, 2mro, tmoz, tomo, 2morro, 2mar, 2marrow, tmr, tomz, tmorrow, 2mr, tmo, tmro, tommorrow, tmrw, tmrrow, 2mora, tommrow, tmoro, 2ma, 2morrow, tomrw, tomm, tmrww, 2morow, 2mrrw, tomorow

ΡMED "tomorrow" ֻ

tōmōrn, tomorne, -moroun(e, -morwen, -morwin, -morewen, -morgen, tomor3en, -moregan, -moreuin, -marewene, -marwen, -marhen, -mar3an, -mar3en, -mær3en, temarwen; tōmōrwe, tomorewe, -moreu, -mor(r)owe, -mor(r)ou, -morou, -moru(e, -mor3e, -marewe, temorwe, tomoruwe, -more3e, -mar3e, -mær3e

⤦ݤϤʬǥоݤȤ뼫ѤȯŸϡѸ츦ˤͭѤˤʤФäΤ褦Ǥʤ顤䡤ʤʤ⤷ӤǤϤʤ

Vajjala, Sowmya, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana ˡ滳 ˡؼ --- NLP ץꥱȯΥ٥ȥץ饯ƥ١饤꡼ѥ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-14 Tue

#5069. ƣ رʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿ޼ҡ --- ɾ񤫤Ƥޤ [review]

ȯΡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ4ˡɸܤˤĤƻ䤬ɮɾǺܤƤޤ (p. 69) ǯ10˽Ǥ줿ƣ رʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿ޼ҡǤ2,400ߡǡˡѸʸˤ濴Ȥڤɤ륨åǤ

ƣ رʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿ޼ҡ2022ǯ



ܽϡȤԤ˽񤭤᤿ʸϤ١ˤʤäƤꡤ˽񤭲ԤäƥåȤΤǤ1ϡִ̯ʥꥹѸס2ϡְǤϹԤʤȯáס3ϡֱѸιѹס4ϡֱѹʸϱѸɽ˳ؤ١פȤΩƤǡȹ碌28ԤΥåϿƤޤܤܼꤴǧǤޤ
ѸλŪ꤬ܤǤԤؤ꤯äƥȥ˴ޤ᤿褦ʡ̵̡äǤϷ褷Ƥޤͽ̤ۤѸˤ˴Ϣ˭٤ޤƤΤǡܥ֥ɤߤγˤ⡤ڤɤȤʤäƤȻפޤ
Ҳ𤷤ܤȴϢơ1Ⱦˡ#5025. Ĺαñᤰä --- رʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á٤ ([2023-01-29-1]) Ȥ񤤤ƤޤФɤ

ƣ رʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿ޼ҡ2022ǯ
δ졡ֽɾƣ ˡرʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿ޼ҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2023ǯ4桤2023ǯ69ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-13 Mon

#5068. Ѹˤμҷä AI 餱ʤ [academic_conference][heldio][voicy][ai][hel_education]

311ڡˤθˡJACET2022ǯ2㸦ʥ饤ˤˤƹֱ餵Ƥޤ40̾ĶΤäꡤ꤬ȤޤޤĹκδءˤϤᡤˤϤ̳ɤ˴դޤ
ֱμΤʤǡѸ춵ˤ AI ȤդäƤ٤Ȥ礭꤬󼨤ޤDeepL ChatGPT ʤɺ򺣤 AI μŪȯŸˡضϰͻĤ餺ƬǺޤƤ뤳ȤȻפޤ⤽ΰͤǤ
ιֱǤϡˤƱѸˤѸ춵˹׸Ǥ뤫ȤܤƤΤǡμФƤˤδ餪ޤѸˤμҷä AI 餱뤳ȤϤʤΤưɤͤʤȤΤβǤ
ֱǤΤμˤĤơ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤƼ夲ޤ#650. Ѹˤηä AI 餱ʤ3Ĥͳꤷ23ʬۤɤäƤޤΤǡҤİФȻפޤ



ֱǤǤҤ٤ޤʱѸ˶ˤѸ˳Ѥˤ3ĤΥ٥뤬ȹͤƤޤ⤦ǫɬפޤ̤ΤΤ򤳤˼ޤ

1. intra-disciplinary: 츻ѤóؽֻȯδطʸˡѲʤ
2. inter-disciplinary: Ѹ춵ѸؤȤζϡ¾βܡˡ졤¾γˤȤϢưʤ
3. extra-disciplinary: դ˸¤餺ʪ̻ŪܤѲѰۡ¿졦ҡ̱² inclusion ʤ

Ūˤϡ3ĤΥ٥뤹٤Ƥ˴ؤ褦ʱѸˤӡѤƱѸʻˡ˶ԤʤäƤΤ褤ȹͤƤޤ
heldio ξ嵭ˤ¿ΥȤ󤻤ƤƤޤΥڡβ򻲾ȡˡʵŸƤꡤ伫Ȥ׹ͤ¥Ƥޤƥ󥰤ʵǤΤǡ hellog ɼԤγ⡤Υ̤Ƥε˲ääƤФȻפޤ

#650. Ѹˤηä AI 餱ʤ3ĤͳפؤΥ


[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-12 Sun

#5067. [nlp][corpus]

(nlp) оݤȤʤۤȤɤ٤ƤΥƥȤΥϡΤޤ޼˥եɤ櫓ˤϤʤŬڤʡפܤϤǥեɤ뤳Ȥ롥ŵŪȤƤϡVajjala (52ff) ˤмΤ褦ʤΤ롥줾쥿Ȥ٤κꡤƥȥħܤŪ˱ơɬפʥפʥ뤳Ȥդ

ʸʬ
ñؤʬ
ȥåץ (stop word) ν
ƥߥ
Ф첽
ν
ʸ
ƥȤ (text normalization)

ɥߥ
ݻ (transliteration)
ʻ쥿դ
ʸ
Ȳ (coreference resolution)
ط (relation extraction)
ͭɽǧ (named entity recognition)

򺣤ϡ¿ñʥץȤˤꡤʤټưǤ褦ˤʤäƤƤΤǤ꤬μưץȤѤϥ֥åܥåȤʤ꤬ʤΤǡ㤨ХѥμԻʤɤ򤷤褦ȻפΤǤСδŪʹͤΤäƤۤ褤

Vajjala, Sowmya, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana ˡ滳 ˡؼ --- NLP ץꥱȯΥ٥ȥץ饯ƥ١饤꡼ѥ2022ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-11 Sat

#5066. ѸֻȤƤ sans [french][loan_word][preposition][shakespeare][connotation][idiom]

1֤ hellog Ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥֻ (preposition) ܤ뵡񤬤ޤ¿椫ֻ쥦פȸƤȯƤޤֻˤؿΤϡҤο֤ε򿶤֤äƤФȻפޤ
ƱήǡճΤֻȤ sans Ҳ𤷤ޤwithout ե󥹸ֻǥե󥹸Ǥ sans /sɑ̃/ ȯޤѸȤƤֻ̤ /sænz/ ȯޤե󥹸줫餽Τޤ޼줿ɽֻϡ㤨 sans doute ֵʤ /sɑ̃ duːt/ Τ褦ˡե󥹸ȯޤǤʤˤϱѸ첽 /sænz/ ȯޤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤ뤤Ͼ̤ᤫ connotation Ѥޤʸ󤲤Ƥߤޤ礦

Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. ֡Ϸܤơ˻ʤܤʤ̣ʤвʤסShakespeare, As You Like It II. vii)
a wallet sans cash
There were no potatoes so we had fish and chips sans the chips.
He came to the door sans shirt.
She went to the party sans her husband.
She would not be happy with people seeing her sans makeup.
He was wearing running shoes, sans socks.


ƤߤȡʤʤȤäƤߤʤֻǤ͡
OED sans, prep. ˤȡѸǤνФϽѸ Kyng Alisaunder Ǥ

c1300 K. Alis. 134 Of gold he made a table Al ful of steorren, saun fable.


Shakespeare ˡϤŪȤƥեñȼäƤꡤХե󥹸δɽ򤽤ΤޤޱѸ˼ΤΤ褦Ǥ (ex. sans delay, sans doubt, sans fable, sans pity, sans return)ѸˤŪֻȤȯãΤϡθͷӤŷͤ桼⥢򤨤ƺƳȤäƤ褵Ǥ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-10 Fri

#5065. (NLP) δܥ [nlp][corpus][history_of_linguistics]

ľܤ礫Ϥۤɱ󤤤Ȥ᤯˴ؤʬ1Ĥ˼ (Natural Language Processing) 롥켫ΤȤƤĤʤΰ򰷤褿٤AIˤäƤϱϰϤ̵ԥ塼󥹡AIؽǥס顼˥󥰤ʤɤȤϢġʬܤɤ߽ФƤ롥
칶Ѹˤ˸ؤʬǤϡɤΤ褦꤬ȴطƤ䤦Ƥߤȡ褽ѥεѤ޲ʻ쥿դ󥳡󥹤ʤɼΥΤʤǤϺǤŪ륿ľŪˤϡѸλΥڥ󥰤ɸಽʤɤ˴ؿ롥
ˤСδܥˤ͡ʤΤ롥Vajjala ¾ pp. 6--7 ˤϡפʤΤ󤵤Ƥ롥

ǥ
ǥϡñ˴Ťơñͽ¬륿ǤΥɸϡˤñνиΨؽ뤳ȤǤǥϡǧؼʸǧʸǧڥ뽤ʤɡΥ塼ۤΤΩޤ

ƥʬ
ƥʬϡƥȤ򤽤Ƥ˴Ťơƥʬह륿Ǥƥʬ NLP ǤäȤŪʥǤꡤŻҥ᡼Υѥ༱̤饻ʬϤޤǡޤޤʥġǻȤƤޤ


Фϡ̾褦ˡƥȤϢФ륿ǤȤСŻҥ᡼뤫ͽФꡤǥƤǸڤƤ̾ʤɤФ˻Ȥޤ

󸡺
󸡺ϡ桼Υ˴Ϣʸ絬Ϥʸ񽸹礫鸡륿Ǥ褯Τ줿桼ȤơGoogle ޤ

å
åȤϡǤβäǽåƥۤ륿Ǥ褯Τ줿ץꥱȤơAlexa Siri ޤ

ƥ
ƥϡƥȤμʻŪʰ̣ݻʤ顤ΥƥȤû륿Ǥ


ϡǿҤͤ줿˼ưŪ˲Ǥ륷ƥۤ륿Ǥ


ϡƥȤ򤢤줫̤θѴ륿Ǥ褯Τ줿ץꥱȤơGoogle ޤ

ȥԥåǥ
ȥԥåǥϡ絬Ϥʸ񽸹Υȥԥå¤餫ˤ륿Ǥȥԥåǥϥƥȥޥ˥󥰥ġȤƤ褯ȤƤꡤʸؤХեޥƥޤǡʬǻȤƤޤ


ϼŪʥ򤳤ʤεѤΥ١ˤʤؤθ¿ޤޤƤ롥ƽȯơεѤˤäƲǽȤʤäμˡˤƱѸˤ˸ؤγؽŪŬѤΤդͻƤȤ奨ƥ󥰤ʲȤʤꤽ

Vajjala, Sowmya, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana ˡ滳 ˡؼ --- NLP ץꥱȯΥ٥ȥץ饯ƥ١饤꡼ѥ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-03-09 Thu

#5064. notwithstanding [preposition][participle][grammaticalisation][conjunction][adverb][loan_translation][french][latin]

ε#5063. ֻ̾ʳʸ뤷ָֻפˤʤ ([2023-03-08-1]) Ǽ夲ֻ notwithstanding ~ˤ⤫餺פˤĤơ⤦겼Ƥߤֻ (preposition) ǤʤŪθ֤뤳Ȥ⤢ȤѤnotwithstanding + NP NP + notwithstanding ʸơ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.
Notwithstanding his love of luxury, his house was simple inside.
They started notwithstanding the bad weather.
His relations with colleagues, differences of opinion notwithstanding, were unfailingly friendly.
Injuries notwithstanding, he won the semi-final match.
She is an intolerable person, her excellent work notwithstanding.

̣ȤƤϡin spite of despite ѶŪǶȿФްդΤФnotwithstanding Ͼ㳲뤳Ȥż٤Ǽ夤ޤʼĥäġ
Ȥ Notwithstanding, the problem is a significant one. Τ褦ñΤѤۤ³Ȥ I went notwithstanding (that) he told me not to. Τ褦ʻȤ⤢롥
OED ˤȡñ1400ǯ˽Ф󥰥Υޥťե󥹸 non obstant뤤ϸŵʹߤΥƥ non obstante ΤʤȤ롥פˡʬΩʬ칽ʸȤơ֡㳲Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤפۤɤ̣ɽʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ֻȤȤΩȤаޤǤ롥ֻŪϡͳȤƤϤȤʬ칽ʸμ뤿ˡ֤뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥ櫓
ֻΤۤ졤³ȤƤˡ餫鸽Ƥ롥Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 113 (MED) And ȝut notwiþstondinge al þis..religiouse men and wommen trauelen..to make hem semliche to cursed proude folk.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos vi. 23 This notwystondyng, alwaye they be in awayte.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 5474 Not-wiþstondynge þat he trouþe ment, ȝit for a worde he to exile went.
?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 22 (MED) Which synne worþily askide and disceruede a peyne þat schulde haue noon eende, notwiþstondynge þe deede of synne had eende.
1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 274/1 Which proves notwithstondyng, yat hie and myghti Prince my Lord of Glouc'..and your oyer Lordes..will not take upon hem declaration for my said place.

ʤֻΤȤȤʤư withstand Ƭ with ϡ̤Ρ~Ȥäˡפΰ̣ǤϤʤŤ~йơפۤɤΰ̣ɽ路Ƥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-18-1]

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2023-03-08 Wed

#5063. ֻ̾ʳʸ뤷ָֻפˤʤ [preposition][terminology][pos][word_order][syntax]

ε#5062. ֻŪפˤСֻ (preposition) ̾줢뤤̾ۤΤȤ롥Τˤϡ̾ (noun phrase) ۤȤäƤΤ褤ºݤˤŵŪֻȤߤθˡ츫Ȥ̾ǤϤʤ̤ΤΤ³⾯ʤʤ㤨СHuddleston and Pullum (599) 4Ĥ󤲤褦

i The magician emerged [from behind the curtain]. [PP]
ii I didn't know about it [until recently]. [AdvP]
iii We can't agree [on whether we should call in the police]. [interrogative clause]
iv They took me [for dead]. [AdjP]


줾ֻθˡֻ̤硤, ᡤƻ礬³ƤȤʤäƤ뤬Τ褦ʤֻ줬̤ˤΰۤʤʸȤ櫓ǤϤʤֻ줴ȤˡɤΤ褦ʸ뤫ޤäƤ롤ȤȤǤ롥㤨 until ۤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ϻۤǤʤդ on ۤǤʤϼ롥礦ɸġưˤäƻۤǤʸΥפޤäƤΤƱȤǤ롥
ޤŪˤСֻʸ֤ΤǤʤ餳֡׻ȸƤФˡֻˤĤƤʸθ֤뤳Ȥꡤθ¤ˤƤϡָ֡׻ȤƤ٤ΤǤ롥Huddleston and Pullum (631) ꡤnotwithstanding apart/aside (from) ۤʤѤƤʸ󤲤褦

i a. [Notwithstanding these objections,] they passed ahead with their proposal.
i b. [These objections notwithstanding,] they passed ahead with their proposal.
ii a. [Apart/Aside from this,] he performed very creditably.
ii b. [This apart/aside,] he performed very creditably.


ֻˤϡ󤲤褦ʡ餷ʤ񤤤򤹤ֻʤˡˤˤդɬפ롥Ϣ heldio #133. ֻʤ̸ֻ¸ߡ⻲ȡ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-09-1]

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2023-03-07 Tue

#5062. ֻŪ [preposition][terminology][youtube][pos]

˸줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿ#107. ѸֻϤʤʤ¿ΤǤѸˤֻ줬194⤢ΤǤűѸǤ30ۤɤǤѸˤ˲ꡤֻ줬ޤƤޤäΤǤ礦12ʬۤɤưǤɤİ



ưȴϢơʲδϢ hellog heldio ⤴Ȥ

hellog #30. űѸֻȳʡ ([2009-05-28-1])
hellog #947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1])
hellog #1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1])
hellog #4190. ǤޤֻϾʤʤ ([2020-10-16-1])

heldio #133. ֻʤ̸ֻ¸ߡ
heldio #260. Ѹˤֻ̤ϤɤɤƤ
heldio #343. ֻȤϲʤʤˤΡ
heldio #374. ƥ줫Ѥ줿ֻ per, plus, via

⤽ֻ (preposition) ȤϲʤΤǤ礦ѸֻŪ Huddleston and Pullum (598) Ѥޤ礦

The general definition of a preposition in traditional grammar is that it is a word that governs, and normally precedes, a noun or pronoun and which expresses the latter's relation to another word. 'Govern' here indicates that the preposition determines the case of the noun or pronoun (in some languages, certain prepositions govern an accusative, others a dative, and so on). In English, those pronouns that have different (non-genitive) case forms almost invariably appear in the accusative after prepositions, so the issue of case government is of less importance, and many definitions omit it.


Ū⹭ֻȤ館Ω⤢ꡤֻȤϲȤ䤤ϻפΤۤưפǤϤޤ194ढȤϤޤǾʸǤϤޤʤʤοʻǤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

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2023-03-06 Mon

#5061. 2022ǯ٤Ф줿´ʸȽʸ [hel_education][sotsuron][shuron][khelf]

ǯ١αѸ˥ߤ7ܤ´ʸ1ܤνʸФޤʸܤʸȯɽεޤ̤˴Ť¤ΤǥåڤळȤǤޤʲ˳ơܤҲ𤷤ޤߤʷϵĤ뤫Ȼפޤ

Ρ´ʸ

How Dialects are Used in Disney Movies: Trends of the Dialect Application in Disney Movies from 1940s--2020s
Belonging and Representation of LGBTQ People
The Transition of British Standard English --- The Shifting Status of Received Pronunciation and the Rise of Estuary English
"Make America Great Again" and Its Extended Use: A Corpus-Based Study of Donald Trump's Presidential Election Slogan and Its Parodies
The Lexical Erosion of American English on British English in Note Value Expressions
if it were not for or were it not for?: A Corpus-Based Study on Subjective Inversions
The Meaning Shift of "better" as a Colloquial Expression Compared with "had better": A Study Based on Both Corpus and Video Productions

Ρʸ

Variation between OV and VO in Subordinate Clauses in The Peterborough Chronicle

Ѹ˥ߤȤäƤ⡤ѸΥơޤ¿Τǯ̤ǤŤѸ򰷤Ф꤬ѸˤǤϤʤषݥȤŪ̻ŪʻޤޤƤ뤫ɤǤߤȤƤϼҲؤλŻ뤷Ƥޤǯ٤ˤĤƤϡ¿θ椬ѸˤҲؤλ񤷤ƤȻפޤ򺣤αѸ˸ΥȥɤȿǤƼҲΥơޤ¿äǤŪʸäʸˡΥơޤߤǤǯ٤Ϥɤ´ФƤǤ礦
ǯ٤Υ´ʸܤˤĤƤεåsotsuron ɤѸʬΥơõΥҥȤˤʤϤǤkhelf ۡڡָơ޾ҲΩĤȻפޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-05 Sun

#5060. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼λޤ [asacul][world_englishes][elf][lingua_franca][link][voicy][heldio]

34ī㡼󥿡ɶˤơ꡼ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸפκǽȤʤ21αѸΤ椯פ̡饤Ǥäޤˤơǯ6˻Ϥޤä4ˤ錄륷꡼λȤʤޤ󤻵夲Ƥäʤˤϡտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ƥ꡼Τμݤ򿶤֤ޤʲǤƤޤ

ѸϸˤƺǤͭϤʸǤѸŪη̡̾䤿ؤǤɸѸװʳˤ͡ʱѸ줬ȯãƤꡤǯϤΤʽ˱Ѹ "World Englishes" ȸƤ֤ȤƤޤ
4Υ꡼ǤϡѸȤϲѸϤˤƤޤdz礷ΤѸεϤɤˤΤƺαѸϤɤʤäƤΤȤä˱ѸˤȤޤ


ܲϵ®ѲƤޤΤ褦ʸˤƿͤȿͤĤʤ󥬡ե󥫤ǤѸȡ䤿ϺɤΤ褦դäƤФ褤ΤѸˤδѸäΥ꡼ֺ¤ϡͤȤȤʤäϤǤ
Ѹ (world_englishes) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤϢ¿ϤƤƤޤʲǤϡȤ櫓ֺ¤ʻĤ󶡤Ƥ󤷤ޤʤɤΩƤƤйǤ
ʤǯ٤Ʊī㡼󥿡ɶˤƿ꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ򳫻ϤޤˤĤƤξܺ٤϶˲Ƥפޤɤڤߤˡ

Ρ1Ѹ硡2022ǯ611ˡ

hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ򳫹֤ޤ

Ρ2󡡤ˤƱѸϳ礷Τ2022ǯ86ˡ

hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס

Ρ3󡡱ƤαѸ2022ǯ101ˡ

hellog #4875. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸפΤ ([2022-09-01-1])
heldio #454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸס

Ρ421αѸΤ椯2022ǯ34ˡ

hellog #4954. īֺ¤4ʺǽˡֱѸˤѸ --- 21αѸΤ椯פΤ ([2022-11-19-1])
hellog #5048. heldio īֺ¤4ʺǽˡֱѸˤѸ --- 21αѸΤ椯פͽԤϤƤޤ ([2023-02-21-1])
heldio #630. Ѹ ENL, ESL, EFL ǥϤ⤦Ť --- 34ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼뤷ޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-04 Sat

#5059. heldio ΡֱѸ˥ [voicy][heldio][notice][masanyan][khelf][helquiz][helfest]

33θֱѸ˥פ򳫺ŤޤꤪΤ餻Ƥ褦 heldio ȤƤϤͽǤϿԶʤɤˤ겿ٻߤƤ⤦ޤǰޤԤƤꥹʡγˤϡǤ򤪤ޤ
ֱѸ˥פμϿΤޤΤǡī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̾ȤۿƤޤ#642. heldio ΡֱѸ˥סꤪİ1֤ۤɤĹǤΤǡ֤ΤȤ˳ڤǤФȡ



ΡֱѸ˥ץ٥Ȥϡ콤ءܳرءkhelfʷѸ˥եˤ3عƱδ衦ŤǤīͼޤ40̾ۤɤ̡饤ˤƽֱѸ˥եסʽդαѸ˹ɡˤ򳫤ƤޤΤ1åǤֱѸ˥פ򡤺̸ȤǤ
Ѹ˥νꡦˤϡheldio ΡܥΥå (senbonknock) Ǥߤ콤ءڹʷܳرءkhelf Ĺޤˤ3̾˲äⶶͤ̾Ųءˤ⤴ϤޤơԤγˤ⤪夲Ƥ餤ޤ
츫ȱѸˤ餷̡ɽͤ⤢ޤ٤ƱѸˤ˴ؤǤѸˤ̥Ϥ륤٥ȤȤʤäȻפޤޤΥСDZѸ˥2ơ뤤Υ٥ȤǤФȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-03-03 Fri

#5058. because Ūɽ魯Ūˡ [conjunction][expletive][auxiliary_verb][lowth][prescriptive_grammar]

ε#5057. because θ츻Ūˡ ([2023-03-02-1]) ǡŪ³Ū˷겼ȤȤƳ that λ٤ɬפǤꡤbecause that ȤѤ줿14ޤǤˤ that ά졤 because ñΤ³ȤѤФƤθѸޤ because that ¹ԤƤȤդפ롥
ơbecause ϰ̣ǽȤƤϡͳפɽ魯Ȳ򤵤Ƥ뤬Ūפɽ魯ŪˤϤäεκǸˡbecause + to פι¤˿줿ΰ̣ǽϡŪפäͳŪϰ̣Ū˴Ϣ㤨ֻ for ξɽ魯ȤǤ櫓ʤΤǡbecause ξˡ뤳ȼΤϤۤɶä٤ȤǤϤʤbecause ξˤϡǽäŪˡˤβѤ줿Ȥ̣ʤˤϻĤäƤˡ
OED ˤȡbecause, adv., conj., n. ³ȤƤ2βˡѤȤʤäŪɽ魯15--17ʸ4ĵ󤲤Ƥ롥

2. With the purpose that, to the end that, in order that, so that, that. Obsolete. (Common dialect.)
   1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 31 Tolde to hys fader..by cause he shold..doo that, whyche he wold requyre hym.
   1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xii. f. xvv They axed hym..because [other versions 'that'] they myght acuse him.
   1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) iii. ii. iii. 482 Annointing the doores and hinges with oile, because they shall not creake.
   1656 H. More Antidote Atheism (1712) ii. ix. 67 The reason why Birds are Oviparous is because there might be more plenty of them.


because ˤϤˡư줬ѤƤꡤŪɤߤ¥Ƥ뤳Ȥʬ롥
˻ because ͳΤߤɽ魯ȤˤʤꡤŪ¾ˡ㤨 (so) that ʤɤɽ蘆뤳ȤŪȤʤäƬǽҤ٤褦ˡȤȷȤƤ because that ϤޤäȤȡthat because ͳòbecause that ŪòȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤߤ18εʸˡ Lowth Ūˡ because λѤդ¥Ƥ롥#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2023-03-02 Thu

#5057. because θ츻Ūˡ [conjunction][etymology][french][loan_word][phrase][hybrid][expletive][infinitive][syntax]

ͳɽ魯Ƴ because ϱѸؽᤤʳdzؤ֡Ūǹ٤θǤ롥ȶ̤᤹ʴͯƤʤɽˤ⤷ˤƤ뤳Ȥʤʤ
because ʬ򤹤 by + cause Ȥʤ롥ԤϸűѸ줫³ŤֻǤꡤԤϥե󥹸줫μѸǤ롥ȤȤ2줫ʤֻä줬ŪˤⵡǽŪˤ줷ΤñǤ롥δ餹ȡ1κ (blend) ȤߤƤ褤
ʲ OED 򻲾Ȥơbecause Ҳ𤷤褦θαѸǤνФ14ΤȤǤ롥Bi cause whi (= "because why") Τ褦ѤƤΤ⤷

c1305 Deo Gratias 37 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 125 Þou hast herd al my deuyse, Bi cause whi, hit is clerkes wise.


ۤ because that Τ褦 that ³ޡȤ;ŪѤ⡤Ѹ줫Ѹˤƿ¿ߤʡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1])ˡ⤽ cause ̾ˤʤΤǡƳˤƱʤ that λ٤ɬפʤΤǤ롥because that 3ĵ󤲤褦

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 253 By cause that he was hir neghebour.
1611 Bible (King James) John vii. 39 The Holy Ghost was not yet giuen; because that Iesus was not yet glorified.
1822 Ld. Byron Heaven & Earth i. iii, in Liberal 1 190 I abhor death, because that thou must die.


³ȤƤ because ᤬³ˤĤ because of ȤƶƳˡ᤯14ȾФʸڤ롥 Wyclif Ǥ롥

1356 J. Wyclif Last Age Ch. (1840) 31 Þe synnes bi cause of whiche suche persecucioun schal be in Goddis Chirche.


⤦1Ķ̣Τϡbecause θ to 줬³¤Ǥ롥ǤϻĤäƤʤ¤162㤬󤲤Ƥ롥̣ͳפǤϤʤŪפäȤΤ⤪⤷

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxix. 346 Bycause to gyue ensample to his subgettes..he caused the..erle of Auser to be putte in prison.
1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke i. xv. 28 a Arithmetike was imagyned by the Phenicians, because to vtter theyr Merchaundyse.


because ϤŪ˿ꤷƤñǤ롥ޤǤʲεǤñ˿ƤΤǡȤ

#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1])
#1744. 2013ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2014-02-04-1])
#2314. °³Ū that ([2015-08-28-1])
#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-03-1]

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2023-03-01 Wed

#5056. heldio ֱѸ˥פΤΤ餻 --- 33ʶ15:40--16:40 [voicy][heldio][notice][masanyan][khelf][helquiz]

3Ǥ͡ͲǤ֤դᤤƤޤhelפϤƤȻפޤ (cf. #5054. helפƤޤ --- Voicy heldio, note, 󥹥YouTubeرѸ˿ʹ, Mond ([2023-02-27-1]))
3hel1Ƥϡ33ʶˤ15:40--16:40ˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤϤͽΡֱѸ˥ (helquiz) ǤȤȤǡɤȤˤʤ뤫äƤߤʤʬʤΤǤǤͽ󤷤ޤͽ郎Ťޤꤪİ

helq_20230303.png



ΡֱѸ˥״ϡ콤ءܳرءkhelfʷѸ˥եˤ3عƱˤŤȤʤޤheldio ΡܥΥå (senbonknock) Ǥߤ콤ءڹʷܳرءkhelf Ĺޤˤ¾αѸ˸ԤԤȤʤꡤξ˵碌ƤͽΡ˿̾γȤȤ˥磻磻ڤѸˤ롤Ȥ٥ȤǤ碌ȲդƤޤҲۿ̤ơȥ٥ȤʷϵͭǤФȻפޤ
Ρ֥٥ȡפʷϵΤäƤˡܥΥåפ䤽¾β󤬤Ǥ#5050. 2022ǯ٤ khelf ưο֤ ([2023-02-23-1]) Υ󥯤ꤪİФȻפޤ
ʤͤīȤƤۿͽǤΤǡ饤֤ˤԹ礬ĤʤİӤ줿Ȥ⤴¿
Ǥϳ3¤ꤢѸ˥饤դ

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