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2024-10-31 Thu

#5666. ˸ء෿ [historical_linguistics][dialectology][typology][universal][history_of_linguistics]

ε#5665. ෿ηȸĬή ([2024-10-30-1]) ෿ (typology) γػˤ򿶤֤äϢ
ؤǤϡźνȶõߤʤƤ˸ؤؤϡȤ櫓ʬ˴ؿΤǡܤǤ롥븦ϡ塤õ롥̣Ǥϡ֤ˤäƽ֤ȶۤŪŪ뤤ϳΨŪõȤΤ෿Ȥ⤤롥3ԤδطˤĤơCrystal (84) üŪʲɤǤߤ褦

The languages of the world present us with a vast array of structural similarities and differences. Why should this be so? One way of answering this question is to adopt a historical perspective, investigating the origins of language, and pointing to the importance of linguistic change . . . . An alternative approach is to make a detailed description of the similarities or differences, regardless of their historical antecedents, and proceed from there to generalize about the structure and function of human language.
   There are two main ways of approaching this latter task. We might look for the structural features that all or most language have in common; or we might focus our attention on the features that differentiate them. In the former case, we are searching for language universals; in the latter case, we are involving ourselves in language typology. In principle, the two approaches are complementary, but sometimes they are associated with different theoretical conceptions of the nature of linguistic enquiry.


ɡȤΥȥͥۤʤ鷡ʤƤȤ㤤ˤʤΩ֤ΰ㤤Ϥ󤢤뤬ߤθήϤΤȻפ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-01-1]

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2024-10-30 Wed

#5665. ෿ηȸĬή [typology][history_of_linguistics][morphology]

Jankowsky "The Rise of Language Typology" ꤹ (651--54) Ǹ෿ (typology) ηάҤƤ롥
ʥϡճˤӸؤ˸ؤ˷ȤäƤ Friedrich von Schlegel (1772--1829) äŪʴθӤˤؿ󤻡෿ؤƻ򳫤ή򡤷 August von Schlegel (1767--1845) Ϥ˿ʤ˹Τ뤳ȤˤʤָΩססֶ޸פȤ˴Ť෿󾧤Τ⡤η Schlegel Ǥ롥
ζʬˡʣפäƲΤWilhelm von Humboldt (1767--1835) Ǥ롥ˡ1920ȾˤƤ⡤ηϺѾƤͼԤ Edward Sapir (1884--1939) ä
20ȾаʹߤϡJoseph Greenberg (1915--2001) ˤ븽Ū෿졤ػ˾忷ʳäοϡWinfred P. Lehmann (1916--2007), Elizabeth C. Traugott (b. 1939), Bernd Heine (b. 1939), Bernard Comrie (b. 1947) ˤäƷѾȯŸ졤˻롥θĬήˤĤơJankowsky (653--64) βɤäƤߤ褦

   The typological work of Joseph Greenberg (1915--2001) constituted a remarkable turning point. He initially dwelled on the 'classical' morphological approach, and started out with a diachronic framework in which language genealogy and historical language development captured his interest. Early in his career he was engaged in fieldwork in Africa, which led him to experiment with classifying the languages he encountered that seemed to him to possess particularly striking and unusual typological features. In later years his attention was directed to Native American languages and, last but not least, also to the Indo-European language family. Greenberg was on the whole appreciative of the early nineteenth-century approach to language typology, which had mainly focused on the individual nature of languages and progressed from there to search for common characteristics. His extensive acquaintance with a great variety of vastly different languages was a determining factor for him to go one decisive step further. Since the large number of existing languages makes it virtually impossible to devise an evaluative system with characteristics that uniformly pertain to all natural languages, he embraced as a way out a 'general' typology, in which he discards the emphasis on holistic grammatical description in favor of a selective characterization process. As a result he succeeded in documenting the fact that there is not, and cannot be, a set of descriptive values which could be meaningfully employed as a measuring rod of all languages.
   Utilizing typology confirms the existence of language types; it cannot establish proof for the existence of one single type that would adequately describe key features shared by all languages. In choosing his strategy, Greenberg had implicitly raised the question of language universals, a topic which became a prominent item on his agenda as early as 1961 . . . .


Greenberg ˸ؤؤδؿʤ顤ηŪ෿ȴФư෿ؤȿʤߡ˸ؤδؿ򿼤᤿Ȥ櫓ؤδؿϡ츫˸ؤΤĸθؤδ㺹ȤȿФΤ褦ˤפ뤬Greenberg ΤʤǤξΩƤȤȤ
ȴϢ hellog 󤲤Ƥ

#522. ˤ෿ ([2010-10-01-1])
#2125. 르󡤥ͥ륲 ([2015-02-20-1])
#4692. ෿3Ĥꡤ෿ȸѲδطˤĤơ ([2022-03-02-1])

Jankowsky, Kurt R. "Comparative, Historical, and Typological Linguistics since the Eighteenth Century." Chapter 28 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 635--54.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-31-1]

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2024-10-29 Tue

#5664. Υ㡼ؤδؿιޤ [gesture][emode][gesture][paralinguistics][history_of_linguistics][latin][lingua_franca][vernacular]

ΤνǤ׸ʸؤδؿޤäƱͤμݤȤƥ㡼 (gesture) ؤؿ󤻤褦ˤʤäKendon (73) ˤСطʤϰʲ̤ꡥ

The expansion of contacts between Europeans and peoples of other lands, especially in the New World, led to an enhanced awareness of the diversity of spoken languages, and because explorers and missionaries had reported successful communication by gesture, the idea rose that gesture could form the basis of a universal language. The idea of a universal language that could overcome the divisions between peoples brought about by differences in spoken languages was longstanding. However, interest in it became widespread, especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in part because, as Latin began to be replaced with vernaculars, the need for a new lingua franca was felt. There were philosophical and political reasons as well, and there developed the idea that a language should be created whose meanings were fixed, which could be written or expressed in forms that would be comprehensible, regardless of a person's spoken language. The idea that humans share a 'universal language of the hands,' mentioned by Quintilian, was taken up afresh by Bonifaccio. In his L'arte dei cenni ('The art of signs') of 1616 (perhaps the first book ever published to be devoted entirely to bodily expression) . . . , he hoped that his promotion of the 'mute eloquence' of bodily signs would contribute to the restoration of the natural language of the body, given to all mankind by God, and so overcome the divisions created by the artificialities of spoken languages.


Τνˤ른㡼ؤδؿϡǤθΤ̽Ȥܿ󥬥ե󥫤ȤƤΥƥοࡤůŪŪʴ׸ؤδؿּθפκɾʤɤ΢դƤȤϢơ#5128. 17ʸؤδؿϥƥΰҿοब ([2023-05-12-1]) εפФ롥

Kendon, Adam. "History of the Study of Gesture." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 71--89.

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2024-10-28 Mon

#5663. Ȥϲ [syllable][mora][terminology][phonology][prosody][phonetics][sobokunagimon]

ɸѤʵ¤ϸŪˤϴñˤʤ (syllable) ϲؤǤŪʳǰ¤ϰŪͿΤ񤷤ΤBussmann θѸ콸ɤǤߤ褦

syllable
Basic phonetic-phonological unit of the word or of speech that can be identified intuitively, but for which there is no uniform linguistic definition. Articulatory criteria include increased pressure in the airstream . . . , a change in the quality of individual sounds . . . , a change in the degree to which the mouth is opened. Regarding syllable structure, a distinction is drawn between the nucleus (= 'crest,' 'peak,' ie. the point of greatest volume of sound which, as a rule, is formed by vowels) and the marginal phonemes of the surrounding sounds that are known as the head (= 'onset,' i.e. the beginning of the syllable) and the coda (end of the syllable). Syllable boundaries are, in part, phonologically characterized by boundary markers. If a syllable ends in a vowel, it is an open syllable; if it ends in a consonant, a closed syllable. Sounds, or sequences of sounds that cannot be interpreted phonologically as syllabic (like [p] in supper, which is phonologically one phone, but belongs to two syllables), are known as 'interludes.'


̸βüԤˤȤäľŪ򤵤ñ̤̤ǰƬˤƵҴŪ꼰褦ȻߤƤ⡤ޤʤĴؤİвؤ¦ޤϲŪʲʤɤΤΡɬ⤭줤ˤǤʤǤüԤϲȤñ̤ΤäƤפ餷ȤΤ顤Ի׵Ĥ
ᤰäƤϡhellog ǤϢ夲Ƥʲεʤɤ򻲾ȡ

#347. ñʿѲϤɤΤ餤 ([2010-04-09-1])
#1440. ٥󥭥󥰡 ([2013-04-06-1])
#1513. ʹ١ ([2013-06-18-1])
#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])
#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 ([2019-06-29-1])
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι׸ ([2021-12-21-1])
#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1])

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-10-27 Sun

#5662. Ѹδɽˤߤե󥹸α --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ8 [hakusuisha][french][loan_translation][idiom][rensai][furansu_rensai][phrase][phraseology][norman_conquest]


furansu_202411.png

  *

1025Ҥηؤդ󤹡11Ԥޤǯ١ϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פƤƤޤϢ8ϡֱѸδɽˤߤե󥹸αơפǤե󥹸αƶϡѸñΤߤʤ餺ɽ뤤ϥǥ (idiom) ˤޤǵڤǤޤ3ĤξФΤȡΤ褦ʼݤǽ񤤤Ƥޤ

1. ɽΡ֤ʤ
1066ǯΥΥޥʹߡѸ줬ե󥹸줫礭ʸŪƶطʤ򿶤֤ĤġäΤߤʤ餺ɽָ󤷡פѤƤȤŦޤȤ櫓֤ʤפ (loan_translation) ܤޤ
2. ե󥹸줫ѸؤȤʤ줿ɽ
濴Ȥʤϡͽ̤Υޥʼ13--15ˤǤե󥹸δɽѸؤΤޤޡ뤤ʬŪ˼Ѥ줿¿󤲤Ƥޤ
3. ե󥹸ŪʱѸɽϸˤ¿Ĥ
ե󥹸줫Τʤɽ¿ߤޤĤꡤǻѤƤ¤ܤޤѸȤ̤ơѸϥե󥹸줫˭ɽѤƤΤǤ

̾Ԥ٥αѸˤˤե󥹸ƶȤʤäƤޤΤǡҡؤդ󤹡11˼äƤФȻפޤ7Ϣܵ furansu_rensai γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤȤ

ʤե󥹸줬ѸΡʸäǤϤʤ˴ɽͿƶˤĤƤϡܥ֥ΰʲεǤˤƤޤΤǡɤ

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1])
#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1])
#2396. ե󥹸줫ζμѤФ뿵 ([2015-11-18-1])

δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡8󡡱Ѹδɽˤߤե󥹸αơסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ11桤ҡ2024ǯ102552--53ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-26 Sat

#5661. Ȥϲ [negation][polarity][negative][terminology][syntax][double_negative][logic][assertion][semantics]

ε#5670. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ ([2024-10-24-1]) ǡ (negation) Ǹ˽ФޤˤȤϲϤ礭Ǥؤůؤ뤳ȤǤޤǤϸؤδ˹ʤޤ
ؤѸ켭ŵ뤳ȤϤޤ礦ޤ Crystal (323--24) Ѥޤ

negation (n.) A process or construction in GRAMMATICAL and SEMANTIC analysis which typically expresses the contradiction of some or all of a sentence's meaning. In English grammar, it is expressed by the presence of the negative particle (neg, NEG) not or n't (the CONTRACTED negative); in LEXIS, there are several possible means, e.g. PREFIXES such as un-, non-, or words such as deny. Some LANGUAGES use more than one PARTICLE in a single CLAUSE to express negation (as in French ne . . . pas). The use of more than one negative form in the same clause (as in double negatives) is a characteristic of some English DIALECTS, e.g. I'm not unhappy (which is a STYLISTICALLY MARKED mode of assertion) and I've not done nothing (which is not acceptable in STANDARD English). . . .
   A topic of particular interest has been the range of sentence STRUCTURE affected by the position of a negative particle, e.g. I think John isn't coming v. I don't think John is coming: such variations in the SCOPE of negation affect the logical structure as well as the semantic analysis of the sentence. The opposite 'pole' to negative is POSITIVE (or AFFIRMATIVE), and the system of contrasts made by a language in this area is often referred to as POLARITY. Negative polarity items are those words or phrases which can appear only in a negative environment in a sentence, e.g. any in I haven't got any books. (cf. *I've got any books).


Bussmann (323) ѤޤؤˤФƸؤ򡤼Τ褦˲⤷Ƥޤ

In contrast with logical negation, natural language negation functions not only as sentence negation, but also primarily as clausal or constituent negation: she did not pay (= negation of predication), No one paid anything (= negation of the subject NP), he paid nothing (= negation of the object NP). Here the scope (= semantic coverage) of negation is frequently polysemic or dependent on the placement of negation, on the sentence stress . . . as well as on the linguistic and/or extralinguistic context. Natural language negation may be realized in various ways: (a) lexically with adverbs and adverbial expressions (not, never, by no means), indefinite pronouns (nobody, nothing, none), coordinating conjunctions (neither . . . nor), sentence equivalents (no), or prepositions (without, besides); (b) morphologically with prefixes (in + exact, un + interested) or suffix (help + less); (c) intonationally with contrastive accent (in Jacob is not flying to New York tomorrow the negation can refer to Jacob, flying, New York, or tomorrow depending which elements are stressed); (d) idiomatically by expressions like For all I care, . . . . Formally, three types of negation are differentiated: (a) internal (= strong) negation, the basic type of natural language negation (e.g. The King of France is not bald); (b) external (= weak) negation, which corresponds to logical negation (e.g. It's not the case/it's not true that p); (c) contrastive (= local) negation, which can also be considered a pragmatic variant of strong negation to the degree that stress and the corresponding modifying clause are relevant to the scope of the negation (e.g. The King of France is not bald, but rather wears glasses. The linguistic description of negation has proven to be a difficult problem in all grammatical models owing to the complex interrelationship of syntactic, prosodic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects.


2Ĥβ˴Ťơؤˤ˴ؤվȼΤ褦ˤʤǤ礦

1. μϰ
ʸ (sentence negation)
(clausal negation)
(constituent negation)
2. μ¸ͼ
Ū (lexically): 졤̾졤³졤ֻʤ
Ū (morphologically): Ƭ
Ū (intonationally): оȥ
Ū (idiomatically): ɽ
3. ηŪʬ
Ūʶ (internal/strong negation)
Ūʼ夤 (external/weak negation)
оŪʶɽŪ (contrastive/local negation)
4. κѰ (scope)
꼭ΰ֤ˤƶ
ʸˤƶ
ŪŪʸ̮ˤƶ
5. 2 (double negative)
ɸѸǤλ
ʸŪͭɸʹɽȤƤλ
6. (polarity)
(positive/affirmative) vs. (negative)

7. ˴ؤŪΧỤ̄ŪŪ¦̤ʣߴط
8. Ūΰ㤤

ΰϡʣ¿򼨤ƤޤƤꡤȴʤʤǤ

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-10-25 Fri

#5660. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ [emode][number][category][plural][dual][negation][mond][sobokunagimon][ai][voicy][heldio]

mond_20241019.png



μͭӥ Mond ˾嵭Ѥʵ䤬󤻤ޤʸϰʲ̤Ǥ

ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦̤οҤ򤹤ȡ֤ʤΤۤοȤϰ㤦̤ʰˤʤΤǤ礦סΥ֥ʤɤǤпΤäޤ⤷ȤȤñпΤۤο3䡤֤äȤס֤Τפʤɡˤˤäƶ̤ƤΤˤñ㲽ƤȤȤϹͤޤǤ1ζ̤ϽȻĤäƤΤȤȡȤƤԻ׵Ĥ˴ޤ


ܼŪʼФơΤ褦˲ޤ X @chariderryu Ǥ⡤ˤĤƾʤȿޤΤǡܥ֥ǤƤΤ餻վ񤭤ǤޤȤƤȻפޤ



1. źθˤΥƥ꡼

ѸǤñ1פʣ2ʾפ2ʬ
űѸǤп¸ߤѸޤǤѤ줿
θǤϡ5ʬñп3ʣˤޤdzǧƤ
ܸΤ褦ˡΤʿζʬʤ¸ߤ
ˤäƥƥ꡼СοϰۤʤꡤŪѲ⤢

2. ʤ1פȡ2ʾפ̤ʤΤ

1פ¾οӤüǺΩäƤ
ǤŪŪ١ĽפʿǤ
Ѹ쥳ѥ (BNCweb) ˤСone λ٤¾ο갵Ū˹⤤
1פްդɽ˭ (ex. a(n), single, unique, only, alone)
2ĤΥƥ꡼ΤߤĸǤϡ̾1פȡ2ʾפζʬˤʤ

3. ä̤ʤΤϡ0פȡ1ʾפ⤷ʤ

0פȡ1ʾפζ̤꺬Ūʲǽ
ƻǤ no vs. oneǤ not ̵ͭ vs. ˤб
Ķơ̿ꡦȤ̣ŪŪʺ˴ؤ
ꡦפγǰϡAI ˤȤä񤷤Ȥ
0פޤ᤿Υƥ꡼ιͻܼŪˤĤʤǽΤǤϤʤ




Υƥ꡼ȤƻϤޤޤĤδ֤ˤꡦεˤؤäƤޤޤ³ͻƤȻפޤ Mond μ䡤Ǥ


Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-11-07-1]

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2024-10-24 Thu

#5659. 2°ɽ a friend of mine ᤰά (2) [double_genitive][genitive][syntax][french]

#5656. 2°ɽ a friend of mine ᤰάˡ ([2024-10-21-1]) ³ԡ2° (double_genitive) θˤäɤƤ롥³βսȤơJespersen (§§1.52 [pp. 15--16]) Ѥ褦

   1.52. Kellner recognizes three historical stages:
     I. a castell of hers (from 14th c., Chaucer, &c.).
    II. a knight of the dukes (not yet Chaucer, frequent in Caxton)
   III. that berde of thyne (rare in Caxton, frequent later).
   But he overlooks the fact that stage II is really found just as early as I (see Chaucer G 368 an officere of the prefectes), nor is it easy to see why stages I and II should not have sprung into existence at the same time, while there is nothing strange in the later occurrence of III. But Kellner rightly lays stress on the fact that only a few of the constructions admit the partitive explanation; he therefore suggests the name 'pseudo-partitive genitive', but both he and other scholars evidently think that those applications which cannot be explained partitively have developed through analogical extension starting fro the partitive use.
   The partitive explanation is the only one recognized by Professor Sonnenschein, who says, §184: 'In sentences like He is a friend of John's there is a noun understood: of John's means of John's friends, so that the sentence is equivalent to He is one of John's friends. Here of means out of the number of.
   Sonnenschein does not mention constructions like that long nose of his; but even if we omit them for the moment, the explanation cannot be strictly maintained, for an enemy of ours cannot be the equivalent of an enemy of our enemies, which would be taken in a different sense, just as an enemy of the French is not to be explained as an enemy of the French enemies. And if I say he is a friend of mine, I need not at all imply that I have more than the one friend, though of course it will often be understood in this way. To express the partitive sense we have the unambiguous expression one of my friends. There is a difference between the two sentences 'The General and some of his friends left the house' and 'The General and some friends of his left the house': while the former implies that he had other friends, the latter means only: 'the General and some people who were on friendly terms with him'.
   If Einenkel is right that the English expression a friend of his is due to direct imitation of French, where he has found examples like un chevalier des siens, the ultimate beginning of the idiom is partitive, as shown by the French plural. Unfortunately there seems to be no English example old enough to go back to a period when it was possible to distinguish between the singular and the plural of the pronoun: in Old English it would have been, for instance, an dohtor of minum with the plural, and therefore, necessarily, a partitive sense, or an dohtor of minre with the singular, and therefore not partitive. The modern a daughter of mine may be either, as far as the forms is concerned.
   But it is not at all certain that the construction came to England from France: it may just as well have come into existence independently of the French idiom. The construction with the genitive of a substantive, as in a friend of my wife's cannot, at any rate, be due directly to French influence, for the French have no such genitive.


ε񤭽ФȡΤ褦ˤʤ

1. ʬ°⤬ή
Kellner 3ĤŪʳŦ
Kellner ʬϤˤϵĤ
¿θԤʬ°ʤˡ¾ˡŪȯŸȹͤƤ
2. ʬ°θ³
Sonnenschein ʬ°ΤߤǧƤ
Ϥ٤ƤˡˤŬѤǤʤ
a friend of mine mine ɬʣͧͤްդʤ
3. ¾
ե󥹸줫αƶ
ΩȯŸǽӽǤʤ
a friend of my wife's Τ褦 of θ̾ǤϤʤ̾礬빽ʸ˴ؤƤϥե󥹸αƶϤʤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part III. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1954.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-26-1]

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2024-10-23 Wed

#5658. Ū have got ȯã (2) [periphrasis][grammaticalisation][have][perfect][participle][emode][auxiliary_verb]

ε#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1]) ˰³ǤŪȤʤäαŪɽˤĤơ
Rissanen (220) ѸƤʸˤơƱɽȯˤĤƸڤƤ롥

The perfect have got, which is almost a rule, instead of the present tense have, in colloquial present-day British English, is attested from the end of the sixteenth century. The periphrastic form here is possibly due to a tendency to increase the weight of the verbal group, particularly in sentence-final position. The association of have with the auxiliaries may have supported the development of the two-verb structure.

(173) Some have got twenty four pieces of ivory cut in the shape of dice, . . . and with these they have played at vacant hours with a childe ([HC] Hoole 7)
(174) Bon. What will your Worship please to have for Supper?
      Aim. What have you got?
      Bon. Sir, we have a delicate piece of Beef in the Pot . . .
      Aim. Have you got any fish or Wildfowl? ([HC] Farquhar I.i)


νиطʤȤƹͤ2󤲤Ƥ롥1ĤϡʣưȤ뤳ȤDZΧŪʡֽŤߡפϤ褯ʤȤȤȤ櫓ʸˤưʲʬˤ got ȸǤϹΧˤʤȤȤϤɤޤǼ¾ڤΤˤʤȤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡhave ưȤƿ񤦤褦ˤʤäƤˡ got Τ褦̤ư줬³2ʣưȤƵǽ뤳ȤϡŪ˼ʤȤȤƶǤ롥have + ʬפߴλɽ魯ȤΤϡǤѸ̤ΤȤäȤ櫓 have got αȯãƤϤʤѶŪ褦ƶǤϤʤ
17ʰʹߡˤθˤʸ̮ܤĴƤɬפ롥

Rissanen, Matti. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-07-1]

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2024-10-22 Tue

#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) --- Mond ǤμȲ [periphrasis][have][perfect][participle][grammaticalisation][emode][mond][sobokunagimon][eebo]

mond_20241020.png



μͭӥ Mond ˴󤻤ƤֱŪ have gotפ˴ؤѤʵˡޤꤪɤߤϤäȾܤĴ٤ʤФʤʤǡϤȤꤢβäΤǤ򵡤˹ͤϤƤߤȻפޤ
ǽΰϡĤǤ OED ǤŪ have got ϡOED get (v.) IV ιˡλüˡȤƵҤޤ

IV. Specialized uses of the perfect.

   In this use, the perfect and past perfect of get (have got, has got, had got) function as a present and past tense verb, which, owing to its formation, does not enter into further compound forms (perfect and past perfect, progressive, passive, or periphrastic expressions with to do), or have an imperative or infinitive.

   In colloquial, regional, and nonstandard use, omission of auxiliary have is frequent in the uses at this branch (e.g. I got some, you got to): see examples in etymology section. An inflected form gots is also sometimes found in similar use (e.g. I gots some, he gots to), especially in African American usage: see further examples in etymology section.

IV.i. In senses equivalent to those of the present and past tenses of have.

   Often, especially in early use, difficult to distinguish from the dynamic use 'have obtained or acquired'.

IV.i.33.a. transitive. To hold as property, be in possession of, own; to possess as a part, attribute, or characteristic; = have v. I.i

[1600 What a beard hast thou got; thou hast got more haire on thy chinne, then Dobbin my philhorse hase on his taile.
   W. Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice]
1611 The care of conseruing and increasing the goods they haue got, and the feare of loosing that which they enioy.
   J. Maxwell, translation of Treasure of Tranquillity xvii. 144
a1616 Fie, th'art a churle, ye'haue got a humour there Does not become a man.
   W. Shakespeare, Timon of Athens (1623) i.ii.25
c1635 My lady has got a cast of her eye.
   H. Glapthorne, Lady Mother (1959) ii.i.22
1670 They have got..such a peculiar Method of Text-dividing.
   J. Eachard, Grounds Contempt of Clergy 113
. . . .


have got ưŪʰ̣ɽ魯ΤξŪʰ̣ɽ魯Τä˽ˤĤƤȽ̤ˤȽҤ٤ƤϤޤ17٤ƤäȤ EEBO corpus Ĵ٤¤ְ㤤ʤǤʤɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤɽ졤ŪˤʤäƤäΤꤷƤɬפޤ

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2024-10-21 Mon

#5656. 2°ɽ a friend of mine ᤰά [double_genitive][genitive][syntax]

Ϣ2° (double_genitive) ˤĤơ
Jespersen (§§1.51--1.59 [pp. 15--23]) "An old friend of Tom's" ꤹܤͻ롥Ȥ櫓Ƭ 1.51 Ǥϡɽ˴ؤ븦˾ν⤬ؤ˾Ҳ𤵤ƤͭѤǤ롥

1.51. These constructions are treated here, because the genitive is here as in the preceding sections a primary; but here, in contradistinction to the constructions mentioned hitherto, a possessive may be used in the same way, for we may say, "an old friend of yours | that old friend of yours." Much has been written on these constructions, which are so characteristic of English, see E. Beckmann, ESt 8.412 (who explains them from an imaginary and seemingly impossible combination a friend mine); L. Kellner in his ed. of Caxton B. XIX; Einenkel, Anglia 33.504; Trampe Bødtker, Christiania Vidsk. Selsk. 1908 no. 6.34; cf also my own GS §194, PG 111, S.P.E. Tract XXV. This tract was occasioned by Mr. Fowler's mention (in MEU 399), where he ranks that nose of his with certain other constructions as 'plainly illogical' and says: 'a friend of mine, i.e. among my friends, but surely not that nose of his, i.e. among his noses; so the logic-chopper is fain to correct or damn; but even he is likely in unguarded moments to let the forbidden phrases slip out'; so even Mr. Fowler reckons it among recognized idioms, sturdy indefensibles, as he terms them. The belief that there is something illogical in this idiom evidently rests on the assumption that of here has to be taken in its partitive sense, one of or among several. But of has several other meanings---in the N.E.D. they are entered under no less than sixty-three numbers---and it may be worth while to examine if another explanation than the partitive might not be admissible.


ε ([2024-10-20-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡJespersen ϡ Growth and Structure of the English Language Ǥϡɽʬ°ʤˡΤȤߤƤΰѤǤϤǤϤʤǽ˸ڤƤꡤºݤˤεɤ߿ʤƤȡǤϤʤȷ˻äƤΤϲΤ
2°ɽϳˤδⶽ̣

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part III. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1954.
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982 [1905].

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-24-1]

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2024-10-20 Sun

#5655. 2°ɽ a friend of mine ʬˡƱˡ [double_genitive][genitive][syntax][semantics][apposition]

Ϣ a friend of mine Υפ2° (double_genitive) ɽܤƤ롥

#5647. a friend of mine --- 2°ʡ ([2024-10-12-1])
#5653. 2°ɽ a friend of mine 2Ĥΰ̣Ūħ ([2024-10-18-1])
#5654. a friend of mine vs. one of my friends ([2024-10-19-1])

of mine ̤Ƥ뵡ǽˤĤơʬˡ (partitive) ȸƱˡ (appositive) ȸäԤǤ "a friend of my friends" ȡԤǤ "a friend, who is mine" ȥѥե졼Ǥ롥Ԥβ򤤤֤פ⤢뤫⤷ʤε ([2024-10-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 "this hand of mine" Τ褦ɽˤԹ礬褤
ػ˾塤2ĤβᤰäƵʤƤ㤨 Jespersen §194 [pp. 173--74]) ϡʬˡȤĤĤ⡤ƱˡˤڤƤ롥ΤȤƻڤΰʲ˰Ѥ褦

194. Speaking of the genitive, we ought also to mention the curious use in phrases like 'a friend of my brother's'. This began in the fourteenth century with such instances as 'an officere of the prefectes' (Chaucer G 368), where officers might be supplied (= one of the prefect's officers) and 'if that any neighebor of mine (= any of my neighbours) Wol nat in chirche to my wyf enclyne' (ib. B 3091). In the course of a few centuries, the construction became more and more frequent, so that it has now long been one of the fixtures of the English language. A partitive sense is still conceivable in such phrases as 'an olde religious unckle of mine' (Sh.. As III, 3, 362) = one of my uncles, though it will be seen that it is impossible to analyse it as being equal to 'one of my old religious uncles'. But it is not at all certain that of here from the first was partitive; it is rather to be classed with the appositional use in the three of us = 'the three who are we'; the City of Rome = 'the City which is Rome'. The construction is used chiefly to avoid the juxtaposition of two pronouns, 'this hat of mine, that ring of yours' being preferred to 'this my hat, that your ring', or of a pronoun and a genitive, as in 'any ring of Jane's', where 'any Jane's ring' or 'Jane's any ring' would be impossible; compare also 'I make it a rule of mine', 'this is no fault of Frank's', etc. In all such cases the construction was found so convenient that it is no wonder that it should soon be used extensively where no partitive sense is logically possible, as in 'nor shall [we] ever see That face of hers againe' (Shakespeare, Lear I, 1, 267), 'that flattering tongue of yours' (As IV, 1, 195), 'If I had such a tyre, this face of mine Were full as lovely as is this of hers' (Gent. IV, 4, 190), 'this uneasy heart of ours' (Wordsworth), 'that poor old mother of his', etc. When we now say 'he has a house of his own', no one could think of this as meaning 'he has one of his own houses'.


2°ʤϡʬˡ򵯸Ȥʤ⡤ˤ椫ƱˡȯãƤ褦ˤߤ롥ԤȯãηϲäΤ夯路Ĵ٤Ƥ

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982 [1905].

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-21-1]

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2024-10-19 Sat

#5654. a friend of mine vs. one of my friends [double_genitive][genitive][syntax][determiner][definiteness][number][semantics][pragmatics]

ε#5653. 2°ɽ a friend of mine 2Ĥΰ̣Ūħ ([2024-10-18-1]) ˰³double_genitive 뤤 post-genitive ΰ̣롥 a friend of mine ȤɽȤ one of my friends Ȥΰ̣Ūʺۤ뤫ɤܤ롥
Quirk et al. (17.46) ˤСξɽ̾Ʊʸ̮ˤäƤϰۤʤް (entailment) ӤӤȤ

The two constructions a friend of his father's and one of his father's friends are usually identical in meaning. One difference, however, is that the former construction may be used whether his father had one or more friends, whereas the latter necessarily entails more than one friend. Thus:

Mrs Brown's daughter[8]
Mrs Brown's daughter Mary[9]
Mary, (the) daughter of Mrs Brown[10]
Mary, a daughter of Mrs Brown's[11]


[8] implies 'sole daughter', whereas [9] and [10] carry no such implication; [11] entails 'not sole daughter'.
   Since there is only one composition called the War Requiem by Britten, we have [12] but not [13] or [14]:

The War Requiem of/by Britten (is a splendid work.)[12]
*The War Requiem of Britten's[13]
*One of Britten's War Requiems[14]


̯ʰ㤤褦Ƕ̣ȤǺǸ˽Ҥ٤ƤӺεǿ줿ħˤȿ㤬롥㤨 "that wife of mine", "this war Requiem of Britten's", "this hand of mine", "the/that daughter of Mrs Brown's", "that son of yours" ʤɤ
Quirk et al. ϡ򼡤Τ褦롥"this hand of mine" ϡǤ "this one of my (two) hands" ΰ̣ǤϤʤ "this part of my body that I call 'hand'" ΰ̣Ǥ롥ޤԤʸ̮ǰ "a daughter of Mrs Brown's" ƤС򻲾Ȥݤ "the/that daughter of Mrs Brown's (that I mentioned)" ۤɤΰ̣ǻȤ뤳Ȥ롥ˡŪŪʰ̣礤 "that son of yours" ʤɤȤ⤢롥Ĥޤꡤ㳰Ū˷줬դ륱Ǥϡ餫Ρʰ̣ŪǤʤ˸ŪʴްդäƤȤȤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-10-20-1]

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2024-10-18 Fri

#5653. 2°ɽ a friend of mine 2Ĥΰ̣Ūħ [double_genitive][genitive][syntax][definiteness][semantics]

#5647. a friend of mine --- 2°ʡ ([2024-10-12-1]) ³double_genitive 뤤 post-genitive ȸƤФ롤̯ɽΰ̣ŪħͤƤߤ
Quirk et al. (17.46) ˤа̣Ūħ2Ĥ롥(1) of θ̾礬Ū (definite) Ǥʹ (human) Ǥ뤳ȡ(2) of Ū (indefinite) Ǥ뤳Ȥ

. . . It will be observed that the postmodifier must be definite and human:

an opera of Verdi'sBUT NOT: *an opera of a composer's
an opera of my friend'sBUT NOT: *a funnel of the ships


There are conditions that also affect the head of the whole noun phrase. The head must be essentially indefinite: that is, the head must be seen as one of an unspecified number of items attributed to the postmodifier. Thus [1--3] but not [4]:

A friend of the doctor's has arrived.[1]
A daughter of Mrs Brown's has arrived.[2]
Any daughter of Mrs Brown's is welcome.[3]
*The daughter of Mrs Brown's has arrived.[4]


As a consequence of the condition that the head must be indefinite, the head cannot be a proper noun . . . . Thus while we have [5], we cannot have [6] and [7]:

Mrs Brown's Mary[5]
*Mary of Mrs Brown[6]
*Mary of Mrs Brown's[7]


ʤۤ a friend of mine Υפ2°ɽγǤꡦ (definiteness) δʬϤȡ嵭2Ĥħ뤳ȤϤ狼äͤƤߤСɽǤ one of my friends ˤĤƤƤϤޤ̣ŪħǤ롥2ɽ̣Ū˰ۤʤʤȤС¸ƤյϲʤΤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-20-1] [2024-10-19-1]

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2024-10-17 Thu

#5652. 1026ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ7ֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][french][norman_conquest][contact][voicy][heldio][furansu_rensai][mindmap]


asacul_20240427.png



1026ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼󥿡ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼󥿡֥

ǯ١1Υ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ򳫹֤ƤޤѸθ츻ŵ򻲾Ȥʤ顤1ǯ֤ƤäѸûˤ򤿤ɤäƤȤǤȾνմƴη6󤬽ꡤ󤫤ϽꡤȾ郎Ȥޤ嵭̤ꡤ91026ڡˤˡ7ֺ¤ޤ7ϡֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פꤷ褤Ѹû˾˶ʥѥȤͿե󥹸줬о줷ޤ
ޤ⺣ǯ٤ϡīֺ¤ȤΩơҤηؤդ󤹡٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פɮƤƤޤhellog ǤϢܵҲ𤹤٤ furansu_rensai ʸϤ񤤤Ƥޤīֺ¤ͽˤʤȻפޤΤǡɤȤ
Ѹȥե󥹸ȤθܿˤĤƤϸԤʤ꤬ۤ¿īֺ¤1ǥСΤ񵷤ʤΤǤ¿夲ĥå󥹤ʤФƹֺ¤פߤޤ
ܥ꡼ֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤ΤǡޤǤȾ6ػäݤˤ餺7󤫤餴äƤޤäʤ֤Ǥޤ6ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲεˬ䤯

#5625. ī륷꡼ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷꡼ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷꡼ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷꡼ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷꡼ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])

ɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤󻲲äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤäܺ٤Ȥߤɤ
ܥ꡼ֺ¤ǤϱѸθ츻ŵˤ˻ȤƤޤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ˰͵򤷤ƤޤƱŵ򤪻ϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



ʰʲ嵭2024/10/19(Sat))



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-03-1]

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2024-10-16 Wed

#5651. Ф븽ߴλΰ̣ŪħϡפǤ [definiteness][perfect][preterite][aspect][tense]

ѸληϤϤʣǡȤ櫓ؼԤˤȤäƾ㳲ȤʤΤߴλ (present perfect) Ǥ롥 (preterite)ȤϤɤۤʤΤޤܼĤߤˤ͡뤬Ѹˤθ Visser ˤСߴλȰۤʤϤΡ (indefiniteness) ˤȤ㳰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ĥġߴλܼ򼡤3ˤޤȤƤ (III, §2004 [p. 2193]) Visser ǰƬˤƤΤϡѸεʸˡȤ⡤̻֤ռ˱ʸˡǤ뤳Ȥդ줿

   The present perfect is generally preferred to the preterite
(a) when in the sentence there is no past-time adjunct and at the same time any definite idea of past-ness of the action is excluded as e.g. in 'I have been in Brasil';
(b) when there is a temporal adjunct in the sentence which does not clearly refer to a definite point of time but rather to a certain space of time, such as 'long ago', 'in my youth', 'before this time', 'once', 'often', 'ere now', 'recently', 'formerly', etc.
(c) when there is a temporal adjunct in the sentence referring to a period of time that stretches from a point in the past to the moment of speaking, e.g. 'this month', 'ever since', 'hitherto', 'of late', 'this twelvemonth', 'for many years', 'the whole afternoon', etc.


(a) ˤСߴλϡΤĵäΤʤɤ⡤ߤޤǤ˴λƤ뤳Ȥްդ롥ִλסַ̡סַиפʤɤˡήФƤ롥
(b) ˤСߴλϲ1ǤϤʤϰϤä֤ǰƬˤƤȤַиˡ˴ط롥
(c) (b) üǤȹͤ鸽ߤޤǤδ֤ǰƬ֤졤ַ³פˡ߽ФƤ롥
ִλסַ̡סַиסַ³פʤɤѸ¤٤ȡˤɬӤΤʤФ븽ߴλħϡסȤ櫓֤˴ؤĤޤּΤ1ǰƬˤƤʤȤ˵ΤǤϤʤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-07-1]

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2024-10-15 Tue

#5650. ī륷꡼ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][oe][latin][mindmap][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][lexicology][vocabulary][heldio][link]

928˳֤ɸΥ꡼ֺ6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפˤĤơ׻ݤ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡ֤줿ѤˡǤʤϹֺƤָ뵡ȤƤѤ



꡼6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפˤĤƤ hellog heldio βǤ夲ƤޤΤǡȤ

hellog #5619. 928ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפΤ ([2024-09-14-1])
heldio #1210. 928ڡˤīֺ¡ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפ˸ơ (2024/09/21)

꡼ΥޥɥޥåפˤĤƤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

#5625. ī륷꡼ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷꡼ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷꡼ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷꡼ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])

īֺ¤顤ޤ1026ڡ17:30--19:00˳ͽǤ7ֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פꤷ褤Ѹû˾˶ʥѥȤͿե󥹸оǤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡΥڡꤪߤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-14 Mon

#5649. <l> ֻŤͤ뤫 [spelling][orthography][latin][greek][french][prefix][etymology][l]

ε#5648. <l> ֻŤͤ뤫ݤ ([2024-10-13-1]) ³<ll> ꡥϥꥹѸǤ <ll> ȽŤ͡ꥫѸǤ <l> 1ĤΤߡȤΤη̤ȤơɤΤ褦ñˤ <ll> 뤫ʬۤߤƤߤ
Τ褦˽Ҥ٤

<ll> ϤȤȸŵˤ椫ΤֻäŵǤե󥹸줬װȤƻƤե󥹸ϸŵͳνŤͤ <ll> 򤽤Τޤ޼Ѥ1Ų <l> ǷѾ뤳ȤФФäˡ餬ߤƤѸäˡ <l> Ťͤ뤫ݤˤĤƤळȤˤʤäΤ


<ll> ʬۤˤĤơCarney (250) ñѤ褦

Normally, <l> would double after a short vowel in a monosyllable (bell, cell, doll, mill, etc.), but there are some exceptions. There are all marginal in various ways, usually by abbreviation: technical loan col ('gap between hills' < French); gal (< girl), pal (< Romany); technical abbreviations bet (< the name '(A. G.) Bell', = 'unit of power comparison'), cel (< celluloid . . .), gel (< gelatine), mel ('perpetual unit of pitch'), mil (< millimetre), nil (contraction of Latin nihil); short names Hal (< Henry), Sal (< Sally) . . . .
   Examples of <-ll-> with prefixes . . .:

- (reduced vowel): alleviate, alliteration, allude, allusion, ally (v.); collate, collateral, collect (v.), collide, collision.
- (unreduced vowel): Allocate, ally (n.); collect (n.), colleague, college, collimate, colloquy; illegal, illegible, illicit, illimitable, illuminate, illusion, illustrate; pellucid.

There are quite a few words which resemble the above and in which the <-ll-> is not covered by other doubling conventions: allegory, allergy, alligator. There is some etymological uncertainty about allot, allow, and allure. Allay has come to have a §Latinate appearance in spite of its Old English origin (a + lecgan). To the average reader these spellings must seem to belong with the §Latinate prefixes.
   A good many words . . . have <-ll-> in the third syllable from the end of a free-form after a stressed short vowel. The ending <-ion> seems to require this spelling, but not in all instances: billion, bullion, galleon, million, mullion, pillion, postillion, stallion, but also battalion, pavilion, verlion. Compare doubled and single <r> in carrion--clarion.
   Other examples of <-ll-> unaccounted for are: ballerina, ballistic, balloon, bellicose, brilliant, bulletin, calligraphy, calliopsis, camellia, colliery, ebullient, ellipse, embellish, fallacious, fallacy, fallible, gallery, gallium, halleluja, hallucinate, hellebore, intellect, intelligent, mellifluous, miscellany, palliate, pallium, parallel, pollute, shallot, shillelagh, tellurium.
   Pseudo-compounds are: ballyhoo, bulldozer, hullaballoo, lollipop, scallywag.


<ll> ᤰ뾯ηȽκ٤ĤΤǤϤʤѸˡϤʣǤ롥

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-13 Sun

#5648. <l> ֻŤͤ뤫ݤ [spelling][orthography][ame_bre][latin][greek][french][l]

ѸˡǤϡ<l> Ťͤ뤫ɤȤʤ륱ʤ餺롥
ޤפ⤫֤Τ traveler traveller ΰ㤤Ǥ롥#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŵŪ˥ꥫֻǤ <l> 1ĤˤȤɤޤ뤬ꥹֻǤ <l> ŤͤΤ§Ǥ롥ȻפСꥫֻ fulfill Ϥष <l> Ť͡ꥹֻ fulfil ϽŤͤʤΤǡˤʤ롥
<l> Ťͤ뤫ݤֻΥꥨϸűѸꤢȤФꡤȤƤˤ⿼⿼ȤäƤ褤ֻȤ <l> 1ĤǤ2ĤǤ⡤̤ȤƼϤȯˤϱƶͿʤΤǡǤȤˤƤ
伫ȤϡŤͤ <ll> ֻܼϡľ첻Ūˡû첻Ǥ뤳ȤѶŪ˼ȤˤȹͤƤ뤬¤ˤϤۤɤ䤹դǤϤʤѸˡ Carney (250) ϡ"Distribution of <ll>" ꤹ1ˤơƤ롥ƬʬѤ롥

There is more difficulty in accounting for the occurrence of double <-ll-> than for the double spelling of any other consonant. This is partly due to the frequency of <-ll-> in Latin and Greek stems and partly because §Latinate words borrowed by way of French may no longer have recognizable constituents.


<ll> ϤȤȸŵˤ椫ΤֻäŵǤե󥹸줬װȤƻƤե󥹸ϸŵͳνŤͤ <ll> 򤽤Τޤ޼Ѥ1Ų <l> ǷѾ뤳ȤФФäˡ餬ߤƤѸäˡ <l> Ťͤ뤫ݤˤĤƤळȤˤʤäΤʤۤɡѸ餷ȤбѸ餷̤ȤäƤ褤ǰǤ⤢ʤ򤯤⤢롥
Ѹˡθ§ȤƤʤС褽ε§ΩΤΤǤ (Carney 251fn)

In the Hanna (1966) spelling rules, <l> is the default spelling and:

1 <ll> word-final accented after /ɔː/ or a short vowel (tall, mill, bell, pull, hull).


<ll> ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǽ夲Ȥ롥#456. -l ʤΤ -ll ʤΤ till/until, travel(l)er, distil(l)İС



Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-12 Sat

#5647. a friend of mine --- 2° [double_genitive][genitive][syntax][determiner]

Ѹˤϴ̯ʽͭɽ롥my friend Ǥ one of my friends Ǥʤa friend of mine ȤäƤޤäŪˤ (double_genitive) ȸƤФɽǤpost-genitive ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢ˡ
ŪˤߤƤⶽ̣ʸǡѸ˽뤬μϸűѸˤäȼĥԤ⤤롥ޤϢ빽ʸȤơűѸǤ괧°̾줬֤̾¤ΤäѸˤ *a my friend, *his a man तιʸűѸǤϵƤƤΤΡ˵ƤʤʤäȤȤϡ a friend of mine פιʸνиȴطƤǽ롥
2°ʤϡΤ褦˱ѸˤǤ⤿ӤܤƤޤ椬¿ĤƤ롥ŪõäƤäơޤιʸ˴ؤƸѸλİƤɬפ롥Τ Quirk et al. γȴФƤߤ褦

The 'post-genitive'
5.126 An of-construction can be combined with a genitive to produce a construction known as the POST-GENITIVE (or 'double genitive'). In this construction, the independent genitive acts as prepositional complement following of:

   some friends of Jim's ['some of Jim's friends']
   that irritating habit of her father's
   an invention of Gutenberg's
   several pupils of his

But the independent genitive is not in this case elliptical. Rather, the post-genitive contrasts in terms of indefiniteness or unfamiliarity with the normal determinative genitive. Whereas [1] and [2] presuppose definiteness, the presupposition in [1a] and [2a] is one of indefiniteness:

Jim's friend[1]a friend of Jim's[1a]
Joseph Haydn's pupil[2]a pupil of Joseph Haydn's[2a]


ܥ֥Ǥϡ2°ʤˤĤơ#2082. 夷ʤä° *the knight of his ([2015-01-08-1]) Ǥäȿ줿ˤʤܲhelwa Discord ߥ˥ƥ夬äƤʸˡǤ⤢ꡤܤƤơޤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-11 Fri

#5646. ī륷꡼ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][oe][old_norse][mindmap][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][lexicology][vocabulary][heldio][link]

824˳֤ɸΥ꡼ֺ5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פˤĤơ׻ݤ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡ֤줿ѤˡǤʤϹֺƤָ뵡ȤƤѤ



꡼5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פˤĤƤ hellog heldio βǤ夲Ƥޤ

hellog #5591. 824ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פΤ ([2024-08-17-1])
heldio #1177. Ѹȥƥθܿ --- īֺ¡ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פ˸ơ (2024/08/19)

꡼ΥޥɥޥåפˤĤƤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

#5625. ī륷꡼ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷꡼ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷꡼ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])

īֺ¤顤ޤ1026ڡ17:30--19:00˳ͽǤ7ֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פꤷ褤Ѹû˾˶ʥѥȤͿե󥹸оǤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡΥڡꤪߤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-10 Thu

#5645. ꥹʡɼˤ heldio 2024ǯ3ȾΥ󥭥 [voicy][heldio][notice][ranking][link][helkatsu][hajimeteno_koeigo][khelf][helwa][helmate][hellive2024]

Slido_results_20241010


#5637. heldio 2024ǯ3ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ --- 108ޤǥץ ([2024-10-02-1]) Ǥ⤷Ȥꡤǯ3Ⱦˤ Voicy heldio Υ٥ۿꥹʡɼ110ɼޤǡˤ»ܤޤɼڤޤ31̾ΥꥹʡγꤴɼޤϤ꤬Ȥޤ
ɼ̤ޤȤޤΤܵˤ𤤤ޤ heldio Ǥ#1229. heldio 2024ǯ3ȾΥꥹʡɼɼ̡Ȥ𤷤Ƥޤˡʲ˾12̤ޤǤη16ۿǺܤޤ̤ܵΥHTMLˡ



1. #1219. ֤ϤƤθűѸ10 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ (39%)
2. #1212. رѸ츻ŵ٤Ρָ츻ز --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ (35%)
3. #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with Ͻؤ (32%)
4. #1144. ʤ "have a look" Τ褦ɽ줿Τ --- composite predicate ᤰ뽩¼Ȥ̡ (29%)
4. #1159. ϥ֥åɸΤ⤷򤯤 --- ؤդ󤹡8DZʩϥ֥åɸ˿Ƥޤ (29%)
4. #1163. դäƼʪǤ͹ʪǤ (29%)
4. #1213. إᥤȤγ˼䡤ʤϤıѸؽϤޤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024΢Ȥ (29%)
4. #1214. khelf Ĺ ŷ it äƲ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ (29%)
9. #1149. It's me. me --- Ѹ˾Ρ̾ءס (23%)
9. #1187. ѸSVO˥ե󥹸αƶϤꤽˤʤ (23%)
9. #1201. īѤʵܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ (23%)
12. #1147. αѸˡѸ --- khelf ɥĤο꡼ (19%)
12. #1156. khelf Ĺ --- ɤʤAIθض顩 (19%)
12. #1174. ʤѲϤΤȤǵΤǤ --- رΤαѸˡ (19%)
12. #1191. ݥƥ˸ȡ (19%)
12. #1217. αѸܤ򶵤ơ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024΢Ȥ (19%)




1̡ɼΨ39%ˤ˵Τϡ֤ϤƤθűѸץ꡼#1219. ֤ϤƤθűѸ10 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פǤꥹʡγαˤꥷ꡼Ȥ10ƤãֱѸ˥饤2024ǤθϿȤ̤ʵäȤ⤢뤫ޤˤƤꥹʡɼ4ϢƤȤȤǶϽʾءˡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˡδΥȥꥪǤϤƤűѸ祷꡼Ǥǯ831˽#822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤۿư衤꡼ܺäδʡˤۤޥȤ򾷤ʤɤѲĤʤ顤ޤ³Ƥޤ11Ƥ̤ǤʾСˡˤ³ƤФȻפޤۿϢϡܥ֥ hajimeteno_koeigo ǤޤȤƤޤΤǡ



³ɼΨ35%Ʋ2̤˵Τϡ#1212. رѸ츻ŵ٤Ρָ츻ز --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פǤkhelf ƣ蘆ʷرˤ MC ̳ᡤֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡΤ lacolaco ޤˤȿĿФ󤬲äꡤ45ʬ֤νɲΩޤ˥åǮٻۿǤ
3̤ˤϡ32%ɼΨ#1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with Ͻؤޤ¼Ļر̾ˤȾϽؤʾءˤĤ3̾ǥʲˤˤĤŪ˸餤ޤ伫ȤٶˤʤäȤơݤ˻ĤäƤޤ
4̤ˤϡ29%ɼΨ5Ĥۿ󤬥¤Ӥޤ¼Ȥ̲󤬲ƿ͵ǡ#1144. ʤ "have a look" Τ褦ɽ줿Τ --- composite predicate ᤰ뽩¼Ȥ̡ؤλٻޤޤ#1159. ϥ֥åɸΤ⤷򤯤 --- ؤդ󤹡8DZʩϥ֥åɸ˿Ƥޤϡꥹʡδ֤ǥȤ夬äǤΤǡҥˬ䤷ƤСܼ䤦#1163. դäƼʪǤ͹ʪǤٻ򤤤ޤ#1213. إᥤȤγ˼䡤ʤϤıѸؽϤޤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024΢Ȥ helwa С֤ͭμϿǤꥹʡδ֤ǿȿƶᴶΤ򤷤ƤޤºݤİƤƳڤʤǤͿǵƤ#1214. khelf Ĺ ŷ it äƲ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ⡤ꥹʡγ˳ڤǤ褦Ǥ
9̰ʲξܺ٤ϾάޤԤ꡼Ȥ#1147. αѸˡѸ --- khelf ɥĤο꡼󤲤Ƥޤ礦ʤˡhel (helkatsu) Υͥ롤ȤŤ줿꡼Ǥ
ΤȤơΥꥹʡɼǤϡֱѸ˥饤2024פɽȤ΢ȡkhelf С helwa Сб餷ۿ󡤸ԤɤΥåĥʤɤ̤ޤѡʥƥȤƤϡheldio ꥹʡhelwa ꥹʡkhelf СбԤϤǥͥ³ƤΤʤȡߤߴǤĤ⤴ٱ礢꤬Ȥޤ
ʾ塤ɼ̤ǤİǤʤ󤬤ޤ顤Ҥİ褯

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-09 Wed

#5644. ܤʸϻĶפΥޥɥޥå [graphology][writing][notice][mindmap]

ε#5643. ܤʸϻĶ --- 2023ǯٷʸֺ¡ֱ۶ʸפ ([2024-10-08-1]) ơɲäǤ
ǯ71ˤθֺ¤ŤΤǤ·޽ۡ칶ˤȤ̤ΩΤۤ30ʬۤɡʸפˤĤƹֱ餵Ƥޤ
ֺ¤κҤϤǤȯԤƤΤǤɬ⹭в櫓ǤϤޤ󡥤ǡιֵȤˡ׻ݤ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײΤޤʲȤƤɤˡפǤС



δ졦· ʻʲ ܤʸϻĶסر۶ʸ١ʶڷҴֺ¡ʸֺ2023ˡʸ2024ǯ32965--95ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-08 Tue

#5643. ܤʸϻĶ --- 2023ǯٷʸֺ¡ֱ۶ʸפ [graphology][writing][notice]

ekkyousuru_bungakubu_20240329.jpg


ν°ƤʸǤϡǯճش3ۤɸֺ¤򳫤Ƥޤǯ٤θֺ¤ơޤֱ۶ʸǤ
2023ǯ71ˡ3θֺ¤ĥѥˤƳ졤޽ۡ칶·Ȼ䡤δʸ칶ˤˤֱ顦̤¸ޤϡܤʸϻĶפǤ줫μޤ2֤ۤɤäޤ
θֺ¤θ塤·ȤƱơޤ Voicy heldio ˤ̼ϿԤʤ#768. ܤʸϻĶ --- ·Ȥ̡ȤۿƤޤҤİhellog ȤƤ#5185. ʸܤβĤΤĤΤ --- ·Ȥ̡ ([2023-07-08-1]) εǤ⤷ޤ
ơֺ¤1ǯʾ夬Фޤֱ顦̤ʸԽäҤȯԤޤ3Ĥθֺ¤ϿƤޤ

ؤȻƻ --- ǽܿͤͤסʲ ҡ ˡʻʲ ɧ (pp. 3--32)
ֻ䤿ɤߤƤΤ --- Ȥ̤ƹͤסʿ ɰϯ ʻʲ ʡ (pp. 33--64)
ܤʸϻĶס δ졦· ʻʲ (pp. 65--95)

ʸ餷¿ͤʥơޤθֺ¤Ȥʤޤ
ʤߤ2024ǯ٤θֺơޤϡָήʸפǤʤǤ˽λƤޤˡ2025ǯ٤θֺ¤⤪ڤߤˡ

δ졦· ʻʲ ܤʸϻĶסر۶ʸ١ʶڷҴֺ¡ʸֺ2023ˡʸ2024ǯ32965--95ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-07 Mon

#5642. ͭ̾ˤ -s -ne [personal_pronoun][genitive][inflection][suffix][me][analogy][french]

Ѹο;̾ˤϡ~ΤΡפΩɽ碌ͭ̾ (possessive pronoun) Ȥब롥󤹤 mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs 6Ȥʤ롥˸Ťᤫ2;ñ thou бͭ̾ thine äƤ褤ޤ3;ñ it бͭ̾Ϸ礱ƤȤ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]) ӡ#197. its Ωˡä! ([2009-11-10-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
¿ -s ǽꡤͭʤ -'s Ȥδط۵뤬mine thine ˤĤƤä -ne ߤΩġ -ne ϤɤƤΤ
ͭ̾η֤ζ̣ˤˤĤƤϡMustanoja (164--65) INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE ꤹDz⤷ƤƤΤǡѤƤ

          INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE

   FORM: --- As mentioned earlier in the present discussion (p. 157), the dependent and independent possessives are alike in OE and early ME. In the first and second persons singular (min and thin) the dependent possessive loses the final -n in the course of ME, but the independent possessive, being emphatic, retains it: --- Robert renne-aboute shal nowȝe have of myne (PPl. B vi 150). In the South and the Midlands, -n begins to be attached to other independent possessives as well (hisen, hiren, ouren, youren, heren) after the analogy of min and thin about the middle of the 14th century: --- restore thou to hir alle thingis þat ben hern (Purvey 2 Kings viii 6). In the third person singular and in the plural, forms with -s (hires, oures, youres, heres, theirs) emerge towards the end of the 13th century, first in the North and then in the Midlands: --- and youres (Havelok 2798); --- þai lete þairs was þe land (Cursor 2507, Cotton MS); --- my gold is youres (Ch. CT B Sh. 1474); --- it schal ben hires (Gower CA v 4770). In the southern dialects forms without -s prevail all through the ME period: --- your fader dyde assaylle our by treyson (Caxton Aymon 545).
   The old dative ending is preserved in vayre zone, he zayþ, 'do guod of þinen' (Ayenb. 194).

   Imitations of French Usage. --- The use of the definite article before an independent possessive, recorded in Caxton, is obviously an imitation of French le nostre, la sienne: --- to approvel better the his than that other (En. 23); --- that your worshypp and the oures be kepte (Aymon 72).
   The occurrence of the independent possessive pronoun (and the rare occurrence of a noun in the genitive) after the quasi-preposition magré 'in spite of' is a direct imitation of OF magré mien (tien, sien, etc.): --- and God wot that is magré myn (Gower CA iv 59); --- maugré his, he dos him lute (Cursor 4305, Cotton MS). Cf. NED maugre, and R. L. G. Ritchie, Studies Presented to Mildred K. Pope, Manchester 1939, p. 317.


ͭ̾˴ؤϡʲ hellog Ǥ夲ƤΤǡ碌ƤȤ

#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s ([2016-10-21-1])
#2737. 奤ꥹѸˤͭ̾ hern ʬۡ ([2016-10-24-1])
#3495. Jespersen ˤФ ([2018-11-21-1])

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-06 Sun

#5641. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 10 with Ͻؤޤˤ at ֱѸ˥饤2024 [voicy][heldio][hellive2024][masanyan][ogawashun][oe][oe_text][beowulf][hajimeteno_koeigo][hel_education][notice][popular_passage][literature][helkatsu][instagram][khelf]



98ˤ12֤θϿۿȤƳŤ줿ֱѸ˥饤2024(hellive2024) ̴ܶ1ĤȤơ͵꡼֤ϤƤθűѸ(hajimeteno_koeigo) 10#1219. ֤ϤƤθűѸ10 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ¸ޤֻդϤĤΤ褦ˡϽؤʾءˡ֤ޤˤפĿФ¢رءˡδ3̾Ǥ
¿Υ꡼ˤƤνƤθϿȤʤꡤ3̾ȤⶽʳΤʤ34ʬۤɤθűѸֺ¤ŸޤƬΥޤᡤۤɸűѸ夬뽸ĤʤʤϡĤ¸ߤǤ礦餯Ūʥ٥ȤˤʤäΤǤϤʤȻפޤʾСˡ
10ƤϡϤƳǸűѻη Beowulf Ƭˤۤɶᤤ ll. 24--25 1ʸܤޤʰʲ Jack Ǥˡ

 lofdǣdum sceal
in mǣgþa gehwǣreman geþēon.


Ǧ­ˤܸˤС֤ʤ̱ˤäƤ⡤ͤ̾롿ԤäƱɤΤǤפȤʤޤűѸʸˡäξܤϡ嵭ۿ򤸤äꤪİ
¤Ͼ嵭θϿ Voicy heldio ΤۤkhelfʷѸ˥եˤθ Instagram @khelf_keioǥ󥹥ưȤƤۿϿƤޤ奢ߤȤϡꤴǮȻפޤ
hajimeteno_koeigo ꤴˬ䤯

Jack, George, ed. Beowulf: A Student Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Ǧ­ ջϺˡإ١ա١ȽŹ1990ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-05 Sat

#5640. It rains. ᤰä [3ps][impersonal_verb][verb][inflection][voicy][heldio][hellive2024][hel_herald][khelf][sobokunagimon]



ΤȤˤʤޤ925ʿˤ Voicy heldio ˤ#1214. khelf Ĺ ŷ it äƲ #Ѹ˥饤2024פۿޤkhelf ΥС濴礤˵夬ޤkhelf helwa ǤϡΤ褦ʱѸ̵ӻǤꡤ⤢ޤ󡥤̤˸Ƥߤޤ顤¿˥åʥνĤȤƴǡʡˤ褦ǡФ¤ǤʴǡhelŸƤޤ
ʤ It rains. ʤΤȤᤰäƤϡŪƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥤षȤ̵ΤڤǤޤȤݤδǤ⡤ꥹʡˤä夬äƤޤΤǡҤɤߤ
ܥ֥ǤϡϢʲεǼ夲Ƥޤ

#4208. It rains. Ϲ԰ټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1])
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2024-10-04 Fri

#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][oe][mindmap][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][lexicology][vocabulary][heldio][link]

727˳֤ɸΥ꡼ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספˤĤơ׻ݤ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡ֤줿ѤˡǤʤϹֺƤָ뵡ȤƤѤ