01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1]) εǡñȤƤ vernacular νФ OED ˤ1601ǯäȤҤ٤֡ʥƥǤϤʤ˱Ѹǽʿ͡ˡפۤɤ̣ƻȤƻȤƤ롥
θˤĤƤϡOED μˡ˴ؤ𤬤Τ⤷ʤ17椫ϰճȾʤ18ʹߡȤ櫓19ʹߤˤϡ͡ʸ̾ȤƤˡ졤ʸƤ롥ܤʬۤˤĤƤϡѸΥѥʤɤĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ʤOED ˤȡ1607ǯˤ vernaculous ȤηƻФƤꡤ17ˤѸȤʤäƤޤä褦ƤǤ㤬ǧ롥
ơvernacular ФΤ17κǽǯäȤ¤˶̣Ѥܤ뤳λϡɤαѸ줬衼åѤΰҿθǤƥɤĤȤ⤬ʤ顤¤˼ĤĤääѸ줬ɤθŪʽդˤơƥȤ¸ߴ̱ĥϤǤ롥ܤϡʲεȡ
#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])
#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1])
#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1])
Ѹ줬դˤƻ̱褦Ȥ⤬ƤλĬήؤơϡֱѸˤˤظʸױư١פȸƤǤcf. #3314. Ѹˤˤָʸױưס ([2018-05-24-1])ˡܤΡָʸױưפϤƤ̾ǤϤ뤬ɤΤߤʤ餺衼åѤ¾ǤƱ褦Ĭήߤ줿ȤȤͤ碌ȡޤˡоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) ȤƤդ路ȤʤλˤĤƤϡᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤Τ˻䤬ɮ6ϡѸˤˤɸಽ١פΤʤǤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])#4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) Ȥ줿
Τ褦17ȾϡѸ줬ƥйƼƤȤư֤Ť졤ȿä vernacular ȤñѤϤΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ켫Τƥ줫μѸǤȤ⸫ƨƤϤʤʤѸϡޤǥƥΰҸˤʤäȼĤƤΤǤ롥#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1]) εκǸǽҤ٤Ȥ
ҿȤƤΥƥοϰīͼˤϤʤλ֤פƱ褦ˡ줿Ѹΰҿˤ⡤٤δ֤ɬפäΤǤ롥
ֱѸ˴ؤʿ (complaint_tradition) ϡѸΤȷݤȤ⤤롥hellog Ǥ#3239. Ѹ˴ؤʿ ([2018-03-10-1])#4596. ֱѸ˴ؤʿפŪѲ ([2021-11-26-1]) ʤɤǤˤĤƹͤƤƤǤϸˡѡѤؤδؿ̤˹⤯#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Τ褦ʵ褯롥ְ㤨Ȥǥߥ˥ξ㳲ˤϤʤʤʤˡۤȤɤʤΤΤ褦ʾˤʸפޤƤȤäƤ褤
Horobin κǽ "Why Do We Care?" ˤơΡʸפطʤõäƤ롥ϤĤ뤬礭3褦ɤ롥
(1) ѸüԤϡȤѸԾĹǯդäƤ̡ѸȤʤ˻äȤиĤᡤޤˡѡѤˤĤΩŪʻĤȤǤʤHorobin (153) θդС̤ꡥ
. . . as users of English, it is impossible for us to take an external stance from which to observe current usage. As we have all had to acquire the English language, negotiating its grammatical niceties, its fiendishly tricky spellings, and its unusual pronunciations, it is impossible for us to adopt a neutral position from which to observe debates concerning correct usage.
ñ㲽ƤäƤޤСֻϤʤ˥إƥʸˡФαѸĥäƽƤ顤¾γˤƱϫ̣äƤʤԸʿפȤ˶ᤤ
(2) ˡ˴ؤܡɤʸˡפ˴ؤܤϻԾͤꡤ褯롥ϤΤѲդ˴ؤˤʤѤλ줬С͡ϰ¿ΤǤ롥Horobin (155) ۩
Much of the success of style guides may be credited to society's tacit acceptance that there are rights and wrongs in all aspects of usage, and a desire to be saved from embarrassment. Rather than question the grounds for the prescription, we turn to usage pundits as we once turned to our schoolteachers, in search of guidance and certitude. In a fast-changing and uncertain world, there is something reassuring about knowing that the values of our schooldays continue to be upheld, and that the correct placement of an apostrophe still matters.
(3) ƥʸˡؤοƥ϶ޤ˭٤ʡΩɤʡǤꡤʸˡֻ2ǯΤѤäФơѸ϶ޤäǤꡤʸˡֻ⥫Ǥ롥ѸƥΤ褦ѤФθŪפĤ٤Ǥ롤ȤѡHorobin (162--63) β
Since Latin had not been a living language (one with native speakers) for centuries, it existed in a fixed form; by contrast, English was unstable and in decline. This view of Latin as a unified and fixed entity perseveres today, encouraged by the way modern textbooks present a single variety (usually that of Cicero), suppressing the wide variation attested in original Latin writings. Since the eighteenth century, efforts to outlaw variation and to introduce greater fixity in English have been driven by a desire to emulate the model of this prestigious classical forebear.
3ܤˤĤƤϡѲפª븫ȴϢ롥ˤĤƤϡ#432. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ ([2010-07-03-1])#2543. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ (2) ([2016-04-13-1])#2544. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ (3) ([2016-04-14-1]) ȡֱѸ˴ؤʿפ٤Ѥϡ18εϼλ夫顤ۤȤѤäƤʤ褦
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥϤ4Фޤ35ƤޤֱѸԵ§ưΤҤ⤴ --- о졪Ǥ
ɸŪˤABC sing -- sang -- sung ȶޤ¤ABB sing -- sung -- sung ɸŪʤ⸽ѤƤޤϡָѡפǤϤʤűѸ줫³ǤűѸǤԵ§ưŪʡֶѲưסˤβˤϼο;Τ˱2Ĥꡤ줾12ȸƤФƤޤ2ʬϡɸѸǤĶٸǤ be ưΤߤ˻ĤäƤꡤ줾 was were ȤʤޤűѸǤϡwas -- were Τ褦2ʬ¾Ե§ưˤ⤪ʤ٤¸ߤȤ櫓Ǥ
sing ξˤ1 sang2 sungon Ǥθˤǡ1Ĥ˽뤳Ȥˤʤޤġư˱ơɤη֤˽뤫ϰۤʤäƤޤư1̲ޤ̤ưǤ2̲ޤξԤɤϼ¤˽Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤޤ³12ɤŪǤ
Ѹ1700--1900ǯˤˤ褦䤯ϲʤߡ줫פ줿ΤǤȽǴϥɥۥåǡɬͳ餫ǤϤޤsing ξˤϡűѸ1˴Ť sang ޤɸȤޤĿˡȤƤϡθ2˴Ť sung ʻѤ³ᡤߤαѸüԤˤ sung ѤͤΤǤ
ϡʬ sung ˤŬѤȤ̣ǤζŪʡָѡפ (analogy) Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ޤˤη³Ż뤹ʤСűѸ2λ¸Ȥߤ٤ݤʤΤǤ
ˤĤƤϡʲ hellog Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǤȤ
#492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])
#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1])
#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1])
#3343. drink--drank--drank Ω ([2018-06-22-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])
Voicy heldio Ǥ夲Ȥޤ#35. sing β sang sung Ҥİ
#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1]) vernacular ΰ̣ˤĤƹͤѸ˽ƥƥ줫Ƴ줿ñϡ21Ѹ (world_englishes) ݤͤǥɤȤʤꤦ롥ϤäʱѸˤδŵŪ˥ƥˤФθʥɤŪѤ줿ѸˤȤƤαѸؤդѸ줳ĤƤΥƥΤ褦ʼҲŪ˰ҿĸȤʤäƤޤäƤΤǡˤäƤϱѸ vernacular ȸƤ֤Ȥʶȼ
δ餹ȡñȤƱѸؤ vernacular ϼ깤ΤĤѸȤʤʤǤǤ folk indigenous 褦ʤΤּ깤פн褹ˤϡñŪˡҤȤƤߤɬפ롥OED vernacular, adj. and n. ιäɤǤߤ *
θθ츻Ǥƥ vernāculus ϡѸˤ1601ǯˡֱѸǽʺȡˡפۤɤ̣ƻȤƼʸˤʸڤ롥
1601 Bp. W. Barlow Def. Protestants Relig. 2 A vernaculer pen-man..hauing translated them into English.
䤿ˤȤäƺǤפʸϡƤˡ OED 2aȤƼΤ褦˽Ф롥
2.
a. Of a language or dialect: That is naturally spoken by the people of a particular country or district; native, indigenous.
Usually applied to the native speech of a populace, in contrast to another or others acquired for commercial, social, or educative purposes; now frequently employed with reference to that of the working classes or the peasantry.
1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 149 This [sc. Welsh] is one of the fourteen vernacular and independent tongues of Europe.
θ塤٤17Ⱦ18ʹߤˤʤäơʸؤݽѤʤɤˤŬѤƤȤΥƥ vernāculus ηƤ˸¤餺Ūɽ魯ΤѤ줿ΤФơѸǤϼѤνˤϤȤ櫓ʼաˤ˸ꤷѤƤȤΤħŪǤ롥ߤǤ⡤εܤȤƤϸʳоݤƤΤѤΤΡŪˤϸȤδϢƻȤäƤ褤
ʤߤˡθפ̣̾ˡȤƤϡ18μ㤬ФǤ롥
a1706 J. Evelyn Hist. Relig. (1850) I. vii. 427 It is written in the Chaldæo-Syriac, which was..the vernacular of our Lord.
Τ褦˱ñȤƤ vernacular ˡϡؤμ夬ϡϤҿƥФҿʤѸȤޤˤä줬ޤҿɸ˱ѸȰҿʤɸˡιޤ۵ʸ̮Ѥ뤳ȤƤȤΤϡ̣ĹǤ롥
֡ (taboo) Ȥ̤˹Ӥϡ18ɤҳ James Cook (1728--79)̾ Captain Cook ˵cf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])#4802. Ū֡¸ߤʤ ([2022-06-20-1])ˡ㤨 Cook 1768--71ǯΥҥؤιҳˤơҥνȰ˿ʤȤ˿졤 "Tabu" ȤƸڤƤ롥
ϤȤơˡФơײݤΥ֡ϸź˹ߤ褦Ʊ褦ˡˡִؤץ֡䤽μդˤ礫ʤ㤨С#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1]) #1909. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (2) ([2014-07-19-1])#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1])#1483. taboo ŪȤʤͳ ([2013-05-19-1])#1507. taboo ŪȤʤͳ (4) ([2013-06-12-1]) ʤɤ⡤뤳ȤǤ
̤ (gender) ˴ؤ륿֡ŪǤꡤΤʤǤȤ櫓˾Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤȻפ뤬ʤǤϤʤʤΤ1ĤθˤС¿μҲˤƽؤΥ֡ߤ뤳ȤϡäƤȤŪ١ۤȿǤȲǤΤǤϤʤȤAllan and Burridge (4) ϡ嵭ΥҥΥ֡λǰƬˡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . we can look at this taboo in another way, as the function of a kind of caste system, in which women are a lower caste than men; this system is not dissimilar to the caste difference based on race that operated in the south of the United States of America until the later 1960s, where it was acceptable for an African American to prepare food for whites, but not to share it at table with them. This is the same caste system which permitted men to take blacks for mistresses but not marry them; a system found in colonial Africa and under the British Raj in India.
嵭ΥҥϽˤޤĤ륿֡θˤվΥ֡ˤĤƤŪȡפδʬϤƤߤͤꤽ
Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
3622ʿˤˡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ 34ƤޤΤαѸԵ§ư餱Ǥ
-ed Ĥвˤʤ롤ȤΤñʬ䤹Ǥ͡¿ưŬѤ뵬§ʤΤǡΤ褦ưֵ§ưפȸƤǤޤŪǹ٤ΰ찮ưϤε§˱鷺Ե§ưפȸƤФƤޤsing -- sang -- sung come -- came -- come Τ褦ʡŵʤФʤʤǤ͡촴첻ѲΤħǤ
嵭 YouTube äȤϡŪˤԵ§ưΤۤ¸ߤƤꡤ§ưˤΤʤ٤ʳ˽Ƹ줿ԤǤ롤ȤȤǤ§ưϿԤȤƸ줿ϡ㳰ŪʤΤȤ뤵Ƥǽ⤤ΤǤι줿ΤǤ礦֤֤¿ư߹ǤűѸϤޤޤǤˤϤäֵ§Ūפϰ̤ΩƤޤդˡꥸʥθ촴첻Ѳ륿פϡǤˡԵ§Ūפʷϵ˻äƤȤ櫓Ǥ
Τ褦ưѲϡޥɤͭΤΤǤĤޤꡤѲϱѸ졤ɥĸ졤ɸʤɤˤޤե졤졤ꥷʤɤˤƤʤΤǤʤޥɤˤΤ̿Ȥ٤Ǥ
YouTube ˤؿäϡŪäˤϤʤޤνˤĤơҼε̤ƿؤǤߤƤѸˤΤ⤷˥ϥޤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
#3345. ѲưƳγ̿Ǥ ([2018-06-24-1])
#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])
#3135. -ed ε ([2017-11-26-1])
#3339. ѸδŪԵ§ư ([2018-06-18-1])
#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])
#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1])
#3385. Ѹ˼嶯ܹԤư ([2018-08-03-1])
#3670.رѸ춵٤Ϣ3֤ʤԵ§ưѤΤס ([2019-05-15-1]) ȡ˼Ƥ뵭
īVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)#389. 2022ǯȾαѸ˳ư helˡꤹޤ
ΤʤǡȾǯǺǤ褯İ줿ʥꥹʡ١ˤΥȥå10Ҳ𤷤ޤhellog ȤƤϥȥå50ޤǤƤȻפޤޤİˤʤäƤʤϡνʤɤ˴ؿΤԥååפơİƤߤƤѸ˴ؤѤʵβ¿äȤȻפޤ
1. #233. this,that,theʤɤthϲ̣Ρ2022/01/19
2. #299. ̾θ츻2022/03/26
3. #321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤä2022/04/17
4. #271. 饤ʡʸˤˤĤơ2022/02/26
5. #343. ֻȤϲʤʤˤΡ2022/05/09
6. #222. ꥹȶϱѸˤȤäƤä2022/01/08
7. #327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ2022/04/23
8. #300. ʤ Wednesday ˤɤޤʤ d Ρ2022/03/27
9. #358. ѸΥڥ椷ƤΤ˥ڥˤʤäƤޤơ2022/05/24
10. #326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ2022/04/22
11. #288. three ˤޤĤ츻줳 ˡ§2022/03/15
12. #360. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- Part 52022/05/26
13. #357. Ѹñ֤˥ڡ֤ȤȻפäƤޤ2022/05/23
14. #344. the virtual world of a virile werewolf ˤ餷ϵˤΥ --- Ʊ4Ϣȯ2022/05/10
15. #281. 첻ܡԡˡ2022/03/08
16. #253. ʤ who Ϥֻǡ֥աפɤΤ2022/02/08
17. #359. ŪʸűѸ줫ʬŪʸѸ --- ʸˡΰѲ2022/05/25
18. #218. shall will λȤʬ§ϤĤ餢Ρ2022/01/04
19. #301. was were δطˤĤƤޤ礦2022/03/28
20. #318. can't, cannot, can not ɤȤФ褤Ρ2022/04/14
21. #250. ΥޥʤäѸϤɤʤäƤǤ礦2022/02/05
22. #374. ƥ줫Ѥ줿ֻ per, plus, via2022/06/09
23. #325. ʤο͡ϱѸؤǤΡ2022/04/21
24. #364. YouTube ǤΡgo/went 礤פؤȿޤơ2022/05/30
25. #346. ϰ㤤ޤ2022/05/12
26. #355. sharp flat ȿиǤ⤢Ǥ⤢2022/05/21
27. #372. Ķˤ "eco-friendly" Ϥޤ礦͡2022/06/07
28. #312. ľȥȤ̡ɸѸ츸ۤˤĤƸ2022/04/08
29. #217. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο2022/01/03
30. #245. learn ϡֳؤ֡פǤϤʤֶס2022/01/31
31. #341. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå2022/05/07
32. #282. 첻ܡʸԡˡ2022/03/09
33. #292. ̤ˡֿ͡פ̣ you ε2022/03/19
34. #352. Sir William Jones --- ؤŷͤˤƶءӸؤġ2022/05/18
35. #330. ѸäȤɡ硼Ρإ٥ʪ٤Ƭ2022/04/26
36. #232. ʤ thumb ˤȯʤ b Ρ2022/01/18
37. #248. ʤ by and large ֳơפ̣Ρ2022/02/03
38. #375. -ing ˤ3ढäΤäƤޤ2022/06/10
39. #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ2022/05/27
40. #351. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- Part 42022/05/17
41. #261. å ofפ˥ߥƥ2022/02/16
42. #263. "you guys" guy θ츻2022/02/18
43. #319. employee ee äƲ2022/04/15
44. #373. ߤʤΤâߤʤθդá2022/06/08
45. #366. ǽФ "education" ֶפΰ̣ϡ2022/06/01
46. #345. Good morning! аΤ褦ʷޤʸ̵줬¿Ǥ͡2022/05/11
47. #226. Ѹݤʸˡ18λʪ2022/01/12
48. #294. űѸˤϡּպפʤä2022/03/21
49. #329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ2022/04/25
50. #314. ߷ͧȤ̡ʤѸؤδؿޤäƤΤ2022/04/09
heldio ΰꤴޤheldio ΥͥǤϡ˴ؤ뤴ոۡʤɤƤޤޤͥǼ夲Ƥۤȥԥåʤɤ⤢ޤ顤ƤϡVoicy Υȵǽ뤤ϥͥץե˥ĥäƤޤѥե̤Ƥɤ
Voicy ϰʲɤǤ륢ץ̵ˤȤȤŬİǤޤޤեƤޤȡīΤϤ褦ˤʤޤ Voicy ץѤ

αѸʸ English in the World ɤ߿ʤƤ뤬Ϣ͡ʵؤȤʤͤηˤ Seidlhofer (48) "World Englishes" "ELF" ߴطˤĤơΩǤϤʤ¸Ǥ٤ȼĥƤ롥
Conclusion: Live and let live
This volume is intended as a contribution to an exchange of views and a constructive debate between proponents of World Englishes, or nativized varieties of English, and proponents of EIL, or ELF. It seems to me that each group (although the 'groups' themselves are of course abstractions and constructions) can benefit from learning more about what is happening in the field of 'English in the World' as a whole, and again, I am hopeful that this collection will make this possible. There are certainly important differences between World Englishes and EIL --- simply by virtue of the very different sociohistorical and sociocultural settings in which these Englishes have arisen and are being used. But acknowledging and understanding these differences does not have to entail the setting up of what are actually false dichotomies, such as WE vs EIL, pluricentric vs monolithic, tolerance of diversity vs prescribed rules. It is perfectly clear that the functions of language are manifold in all societies, and that any language serves the purposes of identification and communication. Identification with a primary culture on the one hand and communication across cultures on the other are equally worthwhile endeavours, and there is no reason why they should not happily coexist and enrich each other.
1ĤϱѸѸؤʬƤϤȤƤ "identification" ѡ⤦1ĤϱѸޤȤᤢƤῴϤȤƤ "communication" ѡ Seidlhofer ϡѸȤǧ2ĤȿѤŦΥХ뤳ȤνĥƤ롥ϻ伫ȤƤѸѤѤȤפ롥Ϣưʲεȡ
#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1])
#1521. ȷ ([2013-06-26-1])
#2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1])
#2922. ¾μҲṲ̄Τ꤫ȤƤθ캹̡ ([2017-04-27-1])
#2989. Ѹ줬ǤϤʤΤϲ⸽ߤƱ ([2017-07-03-1])
#3671. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥߥ (1) ([2019-05-16-1])
#4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
Seidlhofer, Barbara. "English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle: What It Isn't." English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 40--50.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡΩ̿ؤܹ̤ʤ̻̤ޤ#386. ܹȤλ̡ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸǤ
ˤ#173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲꤷ̤ƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơλ̤ϡSimon Horobin The English Language: A Very Short Introduction äƤä褦ȤĤǻϤΤǤ̤ǤΤήή vernacular äˤɤ夭ޤȤϤ¤ϰ٤ȵƤߤäǤΤǡ٤꤬ߤޤʤʤäƤޤޤ
ˤˤɤ夤櫓Ǥ⤢ޤΩ̿عݸʸΥץȡ֥ʥ顼ʸפ˽°ƤΤǤTwitter ˤȯ⤷ƤȤȤǡɤ
vernacular ϱѸˤѸʸؤݤˤϽפʥɤǤ21ѸäƤͭʳǰѸȤʤ뤫⤷ޤhellog Ǥ̤夲ȤϤʤäΤǡβȤλ̤ˡ줫龯ĹͤƤȻפޤ
Ѹˤʸ̮ǽФƤ vernacular ϡˤƸǰҿι⤤ݸȤƤΥƥФơɤο͡ȤŪѤƤȤƤαѸؤΤѤޤפ vernacular ȤϡֱѸפΤȤؤ櫓Ǥ˥ƥȤ椬ռƤΤȤƤΡֱѸפؤȤΤݥȤǤdiglossia ѸǤСH(igh variety) ΥƥФ L(ow variety) αѸȤޤǰƬ֤ L ΤȤ vernacular ȸƤǤ櫓Ǥ
ĤƤߤޤ礦
noun
1 (usually the vernacular) [singular] the language spoken in a particular area or by a particular group, especially one that is not the official or written language
2 [uncountable] (technical) a style of architecture concerned with ordinary houses rather than large public buildings (OALD8)
noun [C usually singular]
1. the form of a language that a regional or other group of speakers use naturally, especially in informal situations
- The French I learned at school is very different from the local vernacular of the village where I'm now living.
- Many Roman Catholics regret the replacing of the Latin mass by the vernacular.
2. specialized in architecture, a local style in which ordinary houses are built
3. specialized dance, music, art, etc. that is in a style liked or performed by ordinary people (CALD3)
noun [countable] [usually singular]
the language spoken by a particular group or in a particular area, when it is different from the formal written language (MED2)
n ϤȤСϸ졤ԳФơռ졨졨Ԥ뿦ȎĤͭΡοȡϸ졤֤ȤСưʪʪФϤθƤ̡̾¯̾ʡ~ nameˡϡλ塤ġϤͭʷͼԷێݤʤɤΡ̱̣̱ʡإ¼ŵ3ǡ١
¾ؿ缭ŵ6ǡ٤ vernacular θФΤȤ˵ƤʸѸˤʸ̮ǤŵŪʻȤȤʤޤ"Latin gave place to the vernacular." "In Europe, the rise of the vernaculars meant the decline of Latin." Τ褦ˡޤؿԱ³缭ŵ٤ "English has given place to the vernacular in that part of Asia." Ȥ̣ĹʸĤޤ
嵭֥ʥ顼ʸפ Twitter θФѤƤޤ礦
ԥʥ顼դȤϸҤݸƤʤΡȶư¯ʤΡή塥ܸϡƤ³ʸγϤ롥
vernacular Ȥϲͤ³ƤȻפޤ
Horobin, Simon. The English Language: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: OUP, 2018.
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ѸȴϢơRubdy and Saraceni Tom McArthur ˥ӥ塼ɤ2006ǯεʤΤǡȤʤäƤϸŤȤиŤȻפ뤫⤷ʤMcArthur ռͽŪʱԤäƤꡤαѸˤƤ⽽ʬ˻ͤˤʤ롥
ݥȤϡѸȤоݤ (1) ֱѸ (the English language)(2) ֱѸʣΡ ('the English language complex')(3) ֽѸ ('the Englishes', 'the English languages') 3ĤؤǹͤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤƤRubdy and Saraceni (29) 顤ӥ塼ʹƤߤ褦
Q9 In some countries of Asia and Africa, English has become 'nativized' and begun to be considered an Asian or African language, and not one that is owned exclusively by any one speech community. For this reason some sociolinguists are of the view that it may be more realistic to recognize a plurality of standards. Given this view, if 'the English language' needs to be pluralized into 'the English languages', what does ELT stand for?
A9 I'm glad you raised this one. It fits my own observations over many years, as summed up in The English Languages (Cambridge, 1998). English is such an immense language that for me it has been essential to have at least three models. First there is English as a 'conventional' language ('the English language'), useful on a day-to-day basis but for me only the starting point for the second model ('the English language complex'), which has many varyingly distinct subentities, and finally to the third model of English as a continuum of recognizably distinct languages ('the Englishes', 'the English languages'), dominated by the educated standards of various countries that provide basis (particularly through the norms of the US and UK) of a 'World Standard English'. Most learners have no interest in all of this. If, as I hope, they are lucky, they will learn an English appropriate to their needs and situation, and expand (perhaps creatively) as and when they feel the need.
䤿ѸȤˤĤȤˡ3ؤΤؤαѸˤƤΤפǤ롥λüԤδ֤ȤƤؤƤȡѸӤˤʤ뤫줯餤Ѹ̯ˤʤäƤƤȤΤǤ롥
ϡؤ̾αѸμȤǶȤˤ (1) ǰƬ֤Ƥ롥ѸˡѸؤμȤǤϤ⤦ѸѼκʬΰռ⤯ʤꡤΤ (2) ȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ȻפռŪˡѸפŪʸ̮Ǥϡʤ (3) ªȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ʬϤγ٤ߤ礭ۤʤˤ⤫餺դˡֱѸפ English ȤƸڤ줬ʤΤޤʤΤǤ롥ѸΤΤ
McArthur αѸѤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])#4501. αѸѼˡ --- McArthur "Hub-and-Spokes" ǥ ([2021-08-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥȡ
Rubdy, Rani, and Mario Saraceni. "An Interview with Tom McArthur." English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 21--31.
McArthur, Tom. "The English Languages?" English Today 11 (1987): 9--11.
McArthur, Tom. "English in Tiers." English Today 23 (1990): 15--20.
McArthur, Tom. "Models of English." English Today 32 (1991): 12--21.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
McArthur, Tom. The English Languages. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 94.
ε#4801. ֡θ ([2022-06-19-1]) ǰѤ Allan and Burridge ϡϤǡŪ֡¸ߤʤפȸڤäƤ (9--11)
There is no such thing as an absolute taboo
Nothing is taboo for all people, under all circumstances, for all time. There is an endless list of behaviours 'tabooed' yet nonetheless practised at some time in (pre)history by people for whom they are presumably not taboo. This raises a philosophical question: if Ed recognizes the existence of a taboo against patricide and then deliberately flouts it by murdering his father, is patricide not a taboo for Ed? Any answer to this is controversial; our position is that at the time the so-called taboo is flouted it does not function as a taboo for the perpetrator. This does not affect the status of patricide as a taboo in the community of which Ed is a member, nor the status of patricide as a taboo for Ed at other times in his life. Our view is that, although a taboo can be accidentally breached without the violator putting aside the taboo, when the violation is deliberate, the taboo is not merely ineffectual but inoperative.
Sometimes one community recognized a taboo (e.g. late eighteenth-century Tahitian women not eating with men) which another (Captain Cook's men) does not. In seventeenth-century Europe, women from all social classes, among them King Charles I's wife Henrietta Maria, commonly exposed one or both breasts in public as a display of youth and beauty. No European queen would do that today. Australian news services speak and write about the recently deceased and also show picture, a practice which is taboo in many Australian Aboriginal communities . . . .
. . . .
We are forced to conclude that every taboo must be specified for a particular community of people, for a specified context, at a given place and time. There is no such thing as an absolute taboo (one that holds for all worlds, times and contexts).
Ū֡ʤ٤Ƥο֡͡ˤͭʥ֡ȤΤ¸ߤʤΤȤǤϤ뤬ʸλ˿Ȥ֤Ƥ䤿ˤȤäơͭʥ֡¾ΤɤǤ⡤ĤǤѤΤȿǤޤϾˤ롥źΥ֡ΤäƤȤϡ°ҲΥ֡вΤΩĤ
Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Ū֡θݤˤ¿ʴؿƤ롥hellog Ǥ taboo ȥդ¿εǼ夲ƤʤȤ櫓#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεåȡ ([2020-05-20-1]) ȡˡ֡ȤϲʤʹּҲˤϥ֡Τ椬¿̣ԤʤAllan and Burridge (1) Ū֡˴ؤƬǡ֡Ƥ主ˤĤƼΤ褦˳⤷Ƥ롥
Taboo is a proscription of behaviour that affects everyday life. Taboos that we consider in the course of the book include
bodies and their effluvia (sweat, snot, faeces, menstrual fluid, etc.);
the organs and acts of sex, micturition, and defecation;
diseases, death and killing (including hunting and fishing);
naming, addressing, touching and viewing persons and sacred beings, objects and places;
food gathering, preparation and consumption
Taboos arise out of social constraints on the individual's behaviour where it can cause discomfort, harm or injury. People are at metaphysical risk when dealing with sacred persons, objects and places; they are at physical risk from powerful earthly persons, dangerous creatures and disease. A person's soul or bodily effluvia may put him/her at metaphysical, moral or physical risk, and may contaminate others; a social act may breach constraints on polite behaviour. Infractions of taboos can lead to illness or death, as well as to the lesser penalties of corporal punishment, incarceration, social ostracism or mere disapproval. Even an unintended contravention of taboo risks condemnation and censure; generally, people can and do avoid tabooed behaviour unless they intend to violate a taboo.
ˤȡ֡θϡԲ»褦ʸĿͤιư˼ҲŪ¤ݤȤȤ¸ΤȤҲʿ˰ݻ٤ۤƤϤʤҲΤʤǶͭ뤿ηá뤤ϻųݤȸƤ褤⤷ʤɸã뤿ˡ͡ŪѤʤȤΤѤȤΤϡȤ̯ʤǤϤʤ
Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
ε#4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1]) Lingua Franca Core (LFC) ƳLFC 줿طʤˤϡѸ (world_englishes) λˤäơαѸؽԡȤ櫓 EFL γؽԤϡŪʱɸѼ䤽¾ϤɸŪȤߤʤƤѼΤǤϤʤELF (= English as a Lingua Franca) EIL (= English as an International Language) ȾΤѼؽΥåȤȤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤѸ춵Ѥ줹롥αѸüԿΤ餯Ⱦʬʾ EFL üԤǤꡤǤ LFC ºŤ EFL ؽԤˤȤäơ̱Ūפ˸뤫⤷ʤ
LFC ФȽŪʰո⤢롥LFC ⡤ŪʱɸѼƱͤˡñʤɸǤˤȤɤޤ餺ϤȤʤäƤϤʤȡϤμŤΤ鿷ΤؤȤؤȤȤˤʤʤ̱ŪǤȤʤС⤽ؼԤ䶵ԤͰŪˡ֥פȤȤȤ̷ϤĤߤǤϤʤ
Tomlinson (146) ϡLFC Τ褦ʤΤꤷɸѸפŤԤʤȤ٤ "arrogant" ǤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥
But, are we not being rather arrogant in assuming that it is we as applied linguists, language planners, curriculum designers, teachers and materials developers who will determine the characteristics of a World Standard English? Is it not the users of English as a global language who will determine these characteristics as a result of negotiating interaction with each other? We can facilitate the process by making sure that our curricula, our methodology and our examinations do not impose unnecessary and unrealistic standards of correctness on our international learners, and by providing input and guiding output relevant to their needs and wants. But ultimately it is they and not us who will decide. To think otherwise is to be guilty of neo-colonist conceit and to ignore all that we know about how languages develop over time.
ɸफϤ䤳Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ȡ
Tomlinson, Brian. "A Multi-dimensional Approach to Teaching English for the World" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 130--50.
ε#4798. ENL ǤθѲϡֳפǡESL/EFL Ǥϡְִ㤤ס ([2022-06-16-1]) ǰѤ Jenkins (37) ϡELF (= English as a Lingua Franca) γˤȤʤħȯˤƤ롥ϡĴη̡͡ʱѸѼǧ줿ħǤꡤΤ ELF ѤˤƤƽפʹܤȤȤˤʤ롥
The Lingua Franca Core (LFC)
1. Consonant sounds except for substitutions of 'th' and of dark /l/
2. Aspiration after world-initial /p/, /t/ and /k/
3. Avoidance of consonant deletion (as opposed to epenthesis) in consonant clusters.
4. Vowel length distinctions
5. Nuclear (Tonic) stress production and placement within word groups (tone units)
ħ EFL ˤƳˤȤϤʤʤΤǤ (Jenkins 37)
Non-core features:
1. Certain consonants (see Lingua Franca Core no. 1)
2. Vowel quality
3. Weak forms
4. Features of connected speech such as elision and assimilation
5. Word stress
6. Pitch movement on the nuclear syllable (tone)
7. Stress-timed rhythm
ܸüԤŵŪˤߤѸȯ嵭Ρ֥פƤϤƤߤȡread lead ϤȤˡ֥ɡפȯƤޤƬ /r/ /l/ ζ̤ Core no. 1 ˴ޤޤΤǡħȤƤҤȤȯʬɬפ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥첻 (epenthesis) /ri:d/ ǤϤʤ /ri:do/ ȯ줿ȤƤ⡤ħˤϴޤޤʤᡤƤ (cf. Core no. 3)
Jenkins, Jennifer. "Global Intelligibility and Local Diversity: Possibility or Paradox?" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 32--39.
ѸǤϡѲ̤ƿɸŪɽ߽ФƤƤ롥Ѥղõ isn't itseveral staffs Τ褦̾ʣdiscuss about Τ褦ưˡʤɤ˵롥
3ĤΥ (the Inner, Outer, and Expanding Circles) ǰƬѸƤ Jenkins ϡΤ褦ʸѲλ㤬ֳ (innovation) ʤΤ뤤ñʤְִ㤤 (error) ʤΤȤ˸ڤƤ롥ü (NS) ˤΤǤСֳפǤꡤü (NNS) ˤΤǤСְִ㤤פǤ롤ȤûŪȯۤ˴٤äƤʤȡüԤˤѲüԤˤѲϲƱDzۤʤΤJenkins (32--33) εʹƤߤ褦
In fact it is not implausible that the only difference between English language change across the three circles is the time factor, with NNSs in both Outer and Expanding Circles speeding up the natural processes of regularization . . . that occur more slowly in the Inner Circle --- where currently it is perfectly acceptable to talk of 'teas' and 'coffees' instead of 'cups of tea' and 'cups of coffee' but not (yet) of 'advices' or 'furnitures'.
Another difference, though, is attitude towards such change. Linguists surveying language change in NS English tend to regard it as a sign of creativity and innovation. . . . On the other hand, linguists' tendency with NNS-led change, particularly in the Expanding Circle, is to label it wholesale as error regardless of how widespread its use or the degree to which it is mutually intelligible among speakers of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF).
1ܤΡüԤˤѲüԤˤѲ®٤ۤʤǤȤϡŤ˸ƤɬפϤΤΡѲεҤȤϡ̣Ǥ롥
2ܤΡѲؤ٤ΰ㤤ΤǤϤʤȤŦϡҲŪʴ顤⤷ʤƿĤˡƱѲǤ⡤ɤïˤäư줿ˤäơݥƥʡֳפͥƥʡְִ㤤פޤäƤޤȤȤˤʤ뤫Ѹ줬褦ˤʤäˤäơΤ褦ȽǴϤɤޤʤΤ
Jenkins, Jennifer. "Global Intelligibility and Local Diversity: Possibility or Paradox?" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 32--39.
δñѸ in English٤7椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ³Ƥޤ16ϡѸؽԤˤ˴֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡפ夲ޤ

ѤʵϡѸ˴ϢܤʤɤǤˤ˼夲Ƥޤ伫Ȥ hellog 䤽¾ΤǷ֤ܤƤޤرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯǤ4.2ˤơ֤ʤ If I were a bird ȤʤΤˡοȻ¸פȤƲäƤޤ
ޤŪˡפɼؤåȤ˿˥ȥ饤ȤϤʤäΤǡɤޤǽҤ٤٤ˤϿʤۤ褤Τʤɡʤʤ忴ޤʤʤϾĩŪƧ߹ߡ⤽ֲˡפȤϲ䡤ȤܼäƤߤޤϤƤޤäƤǤ礦ͤˤȽǤƤۤޤ
ʲϡޤǸɽƤ if I were a bird ˴ؤ hellog 䲻ưǥǤΥƥĤǤ͡ʥ٥ǽƤޤΤǡϢܵȹ碌ƤʤˤĤƤϽФԤޤ͡ˡ
#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])
#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])
#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])
#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])
#3989. űѸǤȿŪˤϲˡѤ줿 ([2020-03-29-1])
#3990. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (1) ([2020-03-30-1])
#3991. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (2) ([2020-03-31-1])
#4178. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-04-1])
#4718. ˡľˡ were ˤĤƤޤȤ ([2022-03-28-1])
#30. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤhellog-radio: 2020ǯ104
#36. was were --- 2Ĥͣưheldio: 2021ǯ77
#301. was were δطˤĤƤޤ礦heldio: 2022ǯ328
#102. ʤ as it were ֤Сפΰ̣ˤʤΡheldio: 2021ǯ911
I wish I were a bird. were Ϥ were Ȥ̤Ρ--СڰʼδѸظإͥ #9 YouTube: 2022ǯ327
612ˤˡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ 31ƤޤDo you know do ä ɤ桼Τ do you know?ǤȥΥϰˤޤʾСˡ
ѸˤǤϡdo ˡ (do-periphrasis) ȸƤФƤ칽¤ǡѸȯã夷ʸǤ뤳ȤΤƤޤѸˤƤϡֲַפȤäƤ褤Ū٤ι⤤Ǥdo ˡȯãˤĤƤ椬¿ߤǮ³Ƥޤ
Τ褦ʤ櫓 hellog Ǥ͡˼夲Ƥޤ˴Ϣ뵭ƤޤŪʲ⤫٤ʲޤ͡ʥ٥εäƤޤۤɤޤǤܤȥԥåʤΤƤ館ФȻפޤ
Ρdo ˤޤĤŪ¤Ū⡡
#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])
#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])
#1596. ʬˤβ ([2013-09-09-1])
#1872. Constant Rate Hypothesis ([2014-06-12-1])
Ρȸ줫αƶˤ do ˡȯãȤǯ⡡
#1254. ѸäդθѲϽդߤäƤ뤫 ([2012-10-02-1])
#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])
#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1])
ΡﵭȤŪɤߤ䤹Τ2Ĥޤ
#3765.رѸ춵٤Ϣ6֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do Τס ([2019-08-18-1])
#4432. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ4֤ʤʸ do Ρס ([2021-06-15-1])
ɤ do ˡΤ褦ʡݤʸˡƤޤäΤϿԤޤ͡
ε#4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦 Standard English World Englishes ȤΩκϿȤ櫓Ѹ춵ˤƤ϶顦ؽΥåȤˤ뤫Ȥľ뤹뤿ᡤƤ̤ʤǤ롥Rubdy and Saraceni ϡ2ĤΩ EIL/EFL Ȥ3ǤߥǥͤϤˤƼΤ褦˻ŦƤ (6)
Towards simplifications: the teaching and learning of English
While an exhaustive description of the use of English is a futile pursuit, with regard to the teaching and learning of English in the classroom such complexities have necessarily to be reduced to manageable models. The language of the classroom tends to be rather static and disregardful of variation in style and register and, more conspicuously, of regional variation. One of the main issues in the pedagogy of English is indeed the choice of an appropriate model for the teaching of English as a foreign or second language. Here 'model' refers to regional variation, which is the main focus in the whole volume. In this sense, the choice is seen as lying between three principal 'rival' systems: Standard English (usually Standard British or Standard American English), World Englishes, and EIL/ELF (English as an International Language/English as a Lingua Franca).
ǥ饤ХȤʤǥȤƸڤƤ Standard English, World Englishes, ELF ϡ줾ˤ ENL, ESL, EFL ָαѸѤбƤȹͤcf. #173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ ([2009-10-17-1])ˡ
Standard English 濴˿Ѹ춵ϡENL üԡʤȤ櫓ƱѸüԡˤˤȤäƳͭŪ˰ҿդƤѼǤ⤢֥֥ϡפȴǤ롤ѸüΤΤʤǡ졦ȤüԤϾɤǤ뤳Ȥդ
World Englishes ϡϤѸüԡȤ櫓 ESL üԤŪѤƤѼޤѸѼΤǤ롥ESL üԤϱѸüԿ礬礭ˤѸѤΤˤפʱƶڤܤͽۤƤ롥World Englishes ݡפܤƤͳ⡤ˤ롥
ELF ϡѸüԡȤ櫓 EFL üԤΩθѸѤǤ롥ѸϹݥߥ˥ΤƻǤȤŪǽŪ¦̤Ż뤷ѸªӥͥΰǡѸüԤɤѸѤƥߥ˥ǰƬ֤Ƥ롥ŪˤϡΤɤϰȤľŪ˷ӤĤƤ餺¸θġѼ郎ȼθܤȤƤȤΩŪѼǤ롥EFL üԤϱѸüΤΤʤ礬Ǥ礭ؤʤѼȤ ELF ܤƤȤ櫓ELF ǰԤȤ餤ꡤμ֤ϲʤΤͰŪ˺ꤹ٤ΤʤΤɤ꤬롥
ܤαѸ춵ϡŪˤ餫 Standard English нŤäǯ͡ʱѸƤȤ World Englishes Ūʸ⸽ƤȤϤΩäƤȤϸѸ춵ŪȤƤ ELF ˸줹褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϸ
Ρֻߡץǥϡ3ĤαѸѤΤѤΤȤǤϤʤ褦˻פ롥ष3ơɤ줯餤γǥ֥ɤ뤫ȤʤΤǤϤʤ
Rubdy, Rani and Mario Saraceni, eds. English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum, 2006.
ߡѸŪȼäƤκǤΤϡɸ̤ꡤѸϹݥߥ˥ΤɸಽƤʤ٤ʡˤΤ뤤ϳϤȼѸѼ郎ޤޤȯãƤʤ٤ʡˤΤȤ2ĤΩϡΤ2Ĥεǽ"mutual intelligibility" "identity marking" ˤ줾бcf. #1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1])#1521. ȷ ([2013-06-26-1])ˡ
ܸȤѸؽԤΤۤȤɤϡܸȤФʸŪǥƥƥͭƤ뤿ˡȤ٤ѸѼȤݤʥץäƥǥƥƥɽ褦ʤɤȤϹͤʤäơѸؤͳ˹ݥߥ˥Τᡤο͡ȸߤ̤礦ᡤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ줬ɸಽƤ뤳ȤפʤΤǤäơǥХХѼ郎ƤޤϹޤʤȹͤ롥ܤ˸¤餺 EFL ϰαѸؽԤϡ褽Ʊ褦ʸ
ENL, ESL ϰˤƤϡѤѸѼʤФɸѼˤռŪ뤳ȤǥǥƥƥȤߵϷ褷ƾʤΤ褦ʿ͡ϡѸɸಽĹݥߥ˥ΰյƤˤ衤ϤȼѼ郎ȯãƤȤˤöŪ뤤ѶŪƤ롥
ϤơХʱѸεˤɸΩΩƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥˴ؤ륨åԤ Rubdy and Saraceni ϡϤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (5)
The global spread of English, its causes and consequences, have long been a focus of critical discussion. One of the main concerns has been that of standardization. This is also because, unlike other international languages such as Spanish and French, English lacks any official body setting and prescribing the norms of the language. This apparent linguistic anarchy has generated a tension between those who seek stability of the code through some form of convergence and the forces of linguistic diversity that are inevitably set in motion when new demands are made on a language that has assumed a global role of such immense proportions.
ɸಽ (standardisation) ȤϲɸѸ (Standard English) ȤϲʤѸŪؤ¸ߤʤΤε䤬Ƥ롥Τ褦ʵΩˤϡѸˤμˤʤ롥ȤΤϡѸϡ1600ǯˤ錄ˤ̤ơɸಽæɸಽѼ¿ͲˤȤ֤иƤǤ롥21ƤɸಽæɸಽΩΩɬľŪӲǽʤ櫓ǤϤʤλͤˤϤʤϤޤѸŪؤԺߤǤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ѹ˾Ĺ餯ƤȥԥåǤ롥
ɸಽäƤϡᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤȤ줿ƱξҲϡ#4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) εȤΥˤޤȤޤäƤ롥

Rubdy, Rani and Mario Saraceni, eds. English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum, 2006.
68ʿˤˡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ 30ƤޤֱѸθΤ SOV äΤˤʤ SVO ѤäͤƤߤ!!30Ǥ٤¿˻İƤƤ褦Ǥؿä¿ȻפޤΤǡϤˤĤƾȻפޤ
ܸǹͤȡޥĸǤ SOVűѸǤ SOV + SVOѸʹߤ SVO ȤΤ绨ĤήǤܸ̻ŪѲˤĤƤϡޤǤ hellog ¾͡˰äƤޤΤǡʲ˥ʤɤĥäƤޤ嵭 YouTube ưȹ碌ƤȤ
ΡѸˤˤѲѰۤȤθ
#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1])
#132. űѸ줫Ѹؤθȯã ([2009-09-06-1])
#4597. űѸ6Ĥΰۤʤ硧SVO, SOV, OSV, OVS, VSO, VOS ([2021-11-27-1])
#4385. Ѹ줬Τ SV θäȻפäƤޤ ([2021-04-29-1])
#2975. ޤοȸθ경ζϴط ([2017-06-19-1])
Ρܸ]
#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#3124. ܸ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])
#4316. ܸ췿 SOV ϷŪɸѸ췿 SVO Ϥ⤿ʤ ([2021-02-19-1])
#3734. ٥ȸ VSO ε ([2019-07-18-1])
ΡϢܵʤɤξҲ𡡡
ѸϢܴʸҡָѸѸˤλͤ1112
- #3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1]) Ϣܵؤľܥפ
- #3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1]) Ϣܵؤľܥפ
μͭӥMondǤβܸʤSOVѸʤSVOӥʤVSOʤɸˤäƸ礬ۤʤޤϤɤΤ褦ʸ㤤ʤΤǤ礦
#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])
#4583. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ9֤ʤѸθ SVO ʤΡס ([2021-11-13-1])
#4527. ѸθˤѤǤͤҲ ([2021-09-18-1])
#4698. ӾӰˡإ衼åѻ硡ؤư٤֥ޥν¯פˤĤơ ([2022-03-08-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ȥ˥ӾꡥӾ (vii--viii) ϡ֤ޤפˤƥ衼åѤüΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥
衼åѤŪ˲ꤵ줿ϰǤϤޤ衼åѿͼ衼åѸ줬櫓Ǥ⤢ޤ衼åѤȤϡҤȤĤιȤǤʤСEUʲϢˤΤ褦ŪΤǤʤƻˤơλ夫£줿ǤȤäơΤĤϤƤ߿ʹιΤǤΤǤƳƤΤϡʸפȸޤΡʸפϡкѡҲʤɤڤΥʤΤǤ
ܽǤϡ衼åѽζޤζظˤҤ¿߽Фϳؤˤܤ澮նư衼åȤδطˤܤĤǤʤʤ衼åѤζϡ¿äƤϤΤΤΡ衼åʸ˭ϡ头Ȥ˸ؤǴȤƬΩäôʣʸ̱ˤΤǤꡤ餬ΩĤϢӤ뤳ȤˤäƤϤޤ뤫ǤΤäڤʿಽ줿衼åѤˤϡʤȸäƤ褤ȻפΤǤˤοʹԤ餫Ǥ衼åѤˤȾФޤǡʬΩΤ֤ͤΤʤʳˤ¸ߤʤäΤǤ
衼åѤ礭ĻޤȤơ˿ͤƤꡤȤƤʬ䤹ޤǤ롥ˤǤϡΤ褦ʥޥɤŤߤޤޤɬפˤʤäƤƤȴ롥
Ѹˤꡥܺ٤Τä뤽ƻȤˤŤߤƤȤΰյͤƤ롥
Ӿ Ӱ졡إ衼åѻ硡ؤư١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2021ǯ

ǯ٤2;ˤ錄 khelfʷѸ˥եˤǷ깭ƤֱѸ˥ƥ50ä̵˽λޤر濴´ʤɤޤ khelf СγơؤDZѸˤ˴ؤ륳ƥĤ khelf HP ˸ƤޤֱѸ˥ƥ50פǤäƻϤǤСθȤˤǽŪˤ59ΥƥĤޤޤΥƥĤˤĤơ¿ɤƤޤդ礤ˤϴդޤ꤬Ȥޤ
δˤĤƤ hellog Ǥ⤪褽ȾȤˤޤȤƾҲ𡦥ӥ塼Ƥޤcf. #4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1])#4739. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פ3ܤäƤޤ ([2022-04-18-1])#4757. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פޤ֤ޤ ([2022-05-06-1])ˡ#4773. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פǤ ([2022-05-22-1])ˡǸξҲȤʤޤľ15ΥƥĤޤ
#45. ѸΤʤޤܸΤʤޤ523ʷˡˤ륳ƥġ
#46. ̤ʤʤϷɤɤ줬Ρ524ʲСˡˤ륳ƥġ
#47. ɤääإ鸫١525ʿˡˤ륳ƥġ
#48. if it were not for A it äƲԡ526ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
#49. ϡ֤١527ʶˡˤ륳ƥġ
#50. 528ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
#51. ̤Ѥʼ˥ϥäȤ530ʷˡˤ륳ƥġ
#52. Ϥäإĥ졼١531ʲСˡˤ륳ƥġ
#53. űѻξҲ (4)The Battle of Brunanburh61ʿˡˤ륳ƥġ
#54. ޤ̤ʥեȥꥫ62ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
#55. orange cat ϥƤ뤫63ʶˡˤ륳ƥġ
#56. ʤǤʰ̣ˤʤ롪 ֡Ѹɽ64ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
#57. human, humble, humility66ʷˡˤ륳ƥġ
#58. English words that finish with -ish67ʲСˡˤ륳ƥġ
#59. ѸˤΩʤ68ʿˡβOBˤ륳ƥġ
ǯٴȤȤǡ̤γαѸˤγؤӻϤᡦؤ³礹ȤݤǻϤޤkhelf С⤳μݤ褯äƥƥĤǤ줿Ȼפޤ̤ȤƳŪɤߤ䤹ƥĤ¿뤳ȤˤʤꡤѸˤΤ⤷뵡ȤʤäΤǤϤʤǤ礦
59ΥƥĤȤ HP ˻ĤƤͽǤΤǡäȤȤ碌ơǯ٤ƱֱѸƳ202149ΥƥĤ⥢ƤޤΤǡɤ
ѸɤǤȡit ˡѸƸǤȤ롥㤨 there is ʸΤ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there it Ѥ뤳Ȥcf. ե il y a, ɥĸ es gibtˡMustanoja (132) ʸư줬 it ǤϤʤ̣μ˰פƤ뤳Ȥա
In many instances it occurs in a pleonastic function carried out by there in Pres. E: --- of hise mouth it stod a stem, Als it were a sunnebem (Havelok 591); --- of þe erth it groues tres and gress (Cursor 545, Cotton MS); --- it es na land þat man kan neven ... þat he ne sal do þam to be soght (Cursor 22169, Cotton MS); --- bot it were a fre wymmon þat muche of love had fonde (Harley Lyr. xxxii 3); --- hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdles chylder (Gaw. & GK 280); --- bot hit ar ladyes innoȝe (Gaw. & GK 1251).
Ϣơ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) ȡ
⤦1Ĥϡ¾ they 褦 it ˡ Mustanoja (132--33)
Another aspect in the ME use of the formal it is seen in the following cases where it is virtually equivalent to 'they:' --- holi men hit were beiene (Lawman B 14811; cf. hali men heo weoren bæien, A); --- it ben aires of hevene alle þat ben crounede (PPl. C vi 59); --- thoo atte last aspyed y That pursevantes and heraudes ... Hyt weren alle (Ch. HF 1323). --- to þe gentyl Lomb hit arn anioynt (Pearl 895); --- hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme and þe laste ... And als ... hit arn of on kynde (Patience 38--40); --- þei ... cownseld hyr to folwyn hyr mevynggys and hyr steringgys and trustly belevyn it weren of þe Holy Gost and of noon evyl spyryt (MKempe 3). This use goes back to OE. Cf. also German es sind ... and French ce sont ...
եɥĸʸʤɶ̣Ѹιʸϡե줫θܿȤǽϤ뤬षŪ˴ŤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥ɤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ܥ֥λǤǤΥ֥פȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)⡤ĤƤߤϤƤ1ǯФäƤޤܥ֥ɤǤäƤ볧ޤᡤ¿İƤƤޤ꤬ȤޤǤ2ǯܤäƤޤī6˱Ѹθ츻Ѹˤ˴ؤϤƤޤꤤޤ
ǯ٤äƤ heldio ΥͥΤꡤİϤȤ⾯ʤʤ褦ǤΤǡ1ǯ֤֤ꡤȤ櫓褯İ줿ȥå50ǼȻפޤʺǤϤʤꥹʡȤɸ˴ŤǤˡҲ⤿İƤߤƤʤΰ餴ޤ
˥ͥեƤйǤؤΥȤ⤪ԤƤޤ
1. #233. this,that,theʤɤthϲ̣Ρ2022/01/19()
2. #299. ̾θ츻2022/03/26()
3. #321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤä2022/04/17()
4. #271. 饤ʡʸˤˤĤơ2022/02/26()
5. #343. ֻȤϲʤʤˤΡ2022/05/09()
6. #222. ꥹȶϱѸˤȤäƤä2022/01/08()
7. #327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ2022/04/23()
8. #326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ2022/04/22()
9. #358. ѸΥڥ椷ƤΤ˥ڥˤʤäƤޤơ2022/05/24()
10. #300. ʤ Wednesday ˤɤޤʤ d Ρ2022/03/27()
11. #288. three ˤޤĤ츻줳 ˡ§2022/03/15()
12. #199. read - read - read Υʥ2021/12/16()
13. #344. the virtual world of a virile werewolf ˤ餷ϵˤΥ --- Ʊ4Ϣȯ2022/05/10()
14. #281. 첻ܡԡˡ2022/03/08()
15. #360. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- Part 52022/05/26()
16. #357. Ѹñ֤˥ڡ֤ȤȻפäƤޤ2022/05/23()
17. #253. ʤ who Ϥֻǡ֥աפɤΤ2022/02/08()
18. #218. shall will λȤʬ§ϤĤ餢Ρ2022/01/04()
19. #318. can't, cannot, can not ɤȤФ褤Ρ2022/04/14()
20. #250. ΥޥʤäѸϤɤʤäƤǤ礦2022/02/05()
21. #359. ŪʸűѸ줫ʬŪʸѸ --- ʸˡΰѲ2022/05/25()
22. #325. ʤο͡ϱѸؤǤΡ2022/04/21()
23. #301. was were δطˤĤƤޤ礦2022/03/28()
24. #312. ľȥȤ̡ɸѸ츸ۤˤĤƸ2022/04/08()
25. #346. ϰ㤤ޤ2022/05/12()
26. #245. learn ϡֳؤ֡פǤϤʤֶס2022/01/31()
27. #232. ʤ thumb ˤȯʤ b Ρ2022/01/18()
28. #292. ̤ˡֿ͡פ̣ you ε2022/03/19()
29. #355. sharp flat ȿиǤ⤢Ǥ⤢2022/05/21()
30. #248. ʤ by and large ֳơפ̣Ρ2022/02/03()
31. #352. Sir William Jones --- ؤŷͤˤƶءӸؤġ2022/05/18()
32. #330. ѸäȤɡ硼Ρإ٥ʪ٤Ƭ2022/04/26()
33. #263. "you guys" guy θ츻2022/02/18()
34. #282. 첻ܡʸԡˡ2022/03/09()
35. #319. employee ee äƲ2022/04/15()
36. #351. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- Part 42022/05/17()
37. #261. å ofפ˥ߥƥ2022/02/16()
38. #341. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå2022/05/07()
39. #289. three ˤޤĤ츻줳 contest ⡩2022/03/16()
40. #226. Ѹݤʸˡ18λʪ2022/01/12()
41. #290. űѸ̵ʸä2022/03/17()
42. #345. Good morning! аΤ褦ʷޤʸ̵줬¿Ǥ͡2022/05/11()
43. #294. űѸˤϡּպפʤä2022/03/21()
44. #329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ2022/04/25()
45. #283. please ֤ɤפθ츻2022/03/10()
46. #314. ߷ͧȤ̡ʤѸؤδؿޤäƤΤ2022/04/09()
47. #246. ɥ衼åĸθζϤɤ2022/02/01()
48. #293. פɽ魯夫鲼ޤǡ2022/03/20()
49. #296. ѸΥե٥åȤϾ26ʸäȻפäƤޤ2022/03/23()
50. #335. cow beef butter Ʊ캬äƾ̤Ǥ2022/05/01()
Voicy ϰʲɤǤ륢ץ̵ˤȤȤŬİǤޤΤǡҤѤ

ľ YouTube Voicy Ǽ夲줾Ҳ𤷤ޤ
(1) YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ29ƤޤֱѸܸȤǤƱ۵줬Ǥ륫饯꤬Ǥ
ѸˤܸˤƱ۵ (homonymy) ¿ǤƱ۵줬ŪƤޤаޤϤ褽3ѥʬव롤ȤǤ1ĤϡۤʤäƤ줬Ѳˤȯ줷ƤޤäȤѥ⤦1ĤϡƱ줬̣ѲˤۤʤȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäȤѥˤ⤦1Ĥϡ¾줫äƤѸ줬¸θƱäȤѥǤ
ѸƱ۵äΤꤿȤϡ#2945. ְ㤨䤹ƱָΥڥ ([2017-05-20-1])#4533. OALD10 դ¥ƤƱָΰ ([2021-09-24-1]) εǤ2ѥȤƵ flower flour ˤĤƤ Voicy #2. flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻İ
ޤǤФƤڹˤ֥ƥӷפ֥饸פȤ̾ʶ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#2919. ܸƱ ([2017-04-24-1])#3023. ˥ۥ˥åݥ ([2017-08-06-1]) ǤƤޤ
˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܥͥؤΥͥϿꤤޤ
(2) īVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤơꥹʡ餤ղõ (tag_question) ˴ؤ˲Ƥߤޤ#371. ʤղõǤϹꡦ꤬Ҥä֤ΤǤ --- ꥹʡμǤʤʤǡ̤ԴʲǤƤޤҤİ
ɤʸɽ魯̿ιꡦñǤϤʤä̿˴ؤȡä꤬ͽۤʹȿȤȤ߹碌ʤʣʸȤʤäƤ褦ǤޤԤ١ȤʤäƤȹͤޤŪˤϤԤƤΤǤϤʤȤߤƤޤ̤ǤΤǡͤ³ƤȻפޤʤǽҤ٤ƤޤǤͤˤΤϼ Quirk et al. Ǥ
嵭 Voicy ϥ־ǤİǤޤʲɤǤ륢ץ̵ˤȤȤŬİǤޤVoicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υե碌ƤꤤޤޤؤΥȤ⤪

콵֤λϤޤǤڤѸ˥饤դ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ#368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥȤǤäޤ˴줿ǡ#370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμޤΤǡҤİ
ѸȥեξؤǤ¿ȻפޤVoicy Ǥⲿ٤Ҥ٤ƤޤȤƤξ˳ؤ֤ȤᤷޤˡξμĤʤΤȤơֱѸˡפͭѤǤȤȤ⡤ȻפޤѸˤؤ٤гؤ֤ۤɡեˤؿͯޤĤĥեؤ֤ȡѸ褯Ǥ褦ˤʤޤơˤäƥե줬狼äƤȡξ֤δط˰ռ褦ˤʤꡤϤ̡˹ͤ뤳ȤԲǽʶϡʡˤ˻ޤѸؽեؽ⡤Ȥ˳ڤʤ뤳礤Ǥ
ºݡä˴ؤ¤ꡤѸä1/3ۤɤեַϡפñˤäޤեַϡפȤΤϡեȡߤοƤǤƥ碌ˤǤ˥եλǤݥȥ졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤμѸäʤСΤΤʤǤΥեַϡפγϤ⤦ޤޤ
ơ1/3ΤʤǤξǤƥ줬եäƤ 2:1 뤤 3:2 ۤɤǤ礦ξƱʤΤǸۤȤƱȤñ¿Ѹ줬θ줫ѤΤȽȤʤ⤷ФиޤǼºݾϡեַϡסʤ뤤ϥƥַϡסˤθäȤƴˤäƤΤȤ櫓Ǥ
Τ褦ʱʩθä˴ؿΤϡҴϢ heldio β hellog ̤ƴؿƤФȻפޤʲ˼פؤΥĥäƤޤ¤ꤢξ줪ӱѸˤγؤӤ
heldio β
#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪
#329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ
#368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ
hellog βʰ祢
#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])
#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])
#874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ ([2011-09-18-1])
#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])
#4138. եѸΤѸ˼ڤ줿Τ4䶯ǡĽ ([2020-08-25-1])
#660. ѸΥեѸηƻΨ ([2011-02-16-1])
#1209. 1250ǯȤեѸζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])
#594. ѸʹߤΥեѸħ ([2010-12-12-1])
#1225. եѸʬۤð ([2012-09-03-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])
#1205. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ ([2012-08-14-1])
#2349. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])
#4451. եѸΥԡ14 ([2021-07-04-1])
#1638. եȥƥ줫̸üѤΥߥζ ([2013-10-21-1])
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#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])
#848. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1])
#3581. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) ([2019-02-15-1])
#3582. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) ([2019-02-16-1])
#4453. ե줫ѤñʤΤեñʤΤ ([2021-07-06-1])
#3180. ˹ٸ̤ƤեƥѸ ([2018-01-10-1])
Ѹˤޤ˸ظˤơ־ڵ (evidence) ϡˡȤƤƽפǤ롥ˤ˴ؤ븦ν̿Ȥơˡ־ڵפ뤤 "bad data problem" ȸƤФɾĤƲ뤫
20ʹߤϿ̤ȤС˸츦Υϻ¾ʸ˸¤롥¸ʸϤĤ¸ߤʸΤΰˤʤŪˤΤ¿̤ʤ¤Ǥ롥
Υʾڵ˴ؤرμȤä뵡äֵѤΥȤƥޥɥޥåפΤǸƤʤޤ Ver. 0.7 餤ΤΡˡ

ȤǤϡ־ڵפŪ˷겼ƤäơϢ hellog Ȥʤäåȡ
عʸˡǡֶĴʸפȸƤФ칽¤ϡѸؤǤϡʬʸ (cleft_sentence) ȾΤ뤳Ȥ¿ʬʸεȯãˤĤƤϡ#2442. Ĵʸȯã --- ŪݤŪǽء ([2016-01-03-1])#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Ū¤ȤƤϡϸűѸ줫ߤ롥űѸǤϡit ϤۤȤѤ줺ά뤫뤤 þæt Ѥ줿Visser (63) ꡤĤ
63---g. The type 'It is father who did it.'
This periphrastic construction is used to bring a part of a syntactical unit into prominence; it is especially employed when contrast has to be expressed: 'It is father (not mother) who did it'. In Old English hit is omitted (e.g. O. E. Gosp., John VI, 63, 'Gast is se þe geliffæst'; O. E. Homl. ii, 234, 'min fæder is þe me wuldrað') or its place is taken by þæt (e.g. Ælfred, Boeth. 34, II, 'is þæt for mycel gcynd þæt urum lichoman cymð eall his mægen of þam mete þe we þicgaþ'; Wulfstan, Polity (Jost) p. 127 §183, þæt is laðlic lif, þæt hi swa maciað; O. E. Chron. an. 1052, 'þæt wæs on þone monandæg ... þæt Godwine mid his scipum to suðgeweorce becom'). This pronoun þæt is still so used in: Orm 8465, 'þætt wass þe lond off Galileo þætt himm wass bedenn sekenn'.
Ѹʹߤ it 褯Ѥ褦ˤʤä褦
̾ʶˤǤϤʤ֤ɽ魯ʶˤĴ⡤嵭ˤ̤ꤹǤ˸űѸ줫ߤ뤬Ф Visser (63) βܤͤ롥Τ褦ʾ is ϰ̣Ū happens ˶ᤤȤ
When it was, it is has an adverbial adjunct of time or place as a complement, (as e.g. in 'It was on the first of May that I saw him first'), to be is not a copula, but the notional to be with the sense 'to happen', 'to take place' that also occurs in constructions of a different pattern, such as are found in e.g. C1350 Will. Palerne 1930, 'Manly on þe morwe þat mariage schuld bene; 1947 H. Eustis, The Horizontal Man (Penguin) 41, 'Keep your trap shut when you don't know what you're talking about, which is usually'; Pres. D. Eng.: 'The flower-show was last week' (OED).
ʬʸεȯãϡѸ˾νפʲǤ롥
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ְʼδѸظإͥ28ƤޤδοǸ롤ȤФΡɸಽסڰʼδѸظإͥ # 28 ۡǤ
ԤΰͤȤƴؤäᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡˤĤ YouTube ǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤhellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥ⡤ο֤ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡؤΥĥäƤޤ
hellog #4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])
heldio #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ
heldio #363. ظɸಽͤ٤Ѹɸಽ2ܤͤҲ𤷤ޤ
ܽκħϡƱɮԤγơ줾ͤФƵѤƥȤäƤ뤳ȤǤƼɮԤͤȯɽƽǤϤʤ餬Ȥˤδ顤ۤʤˤФưäƤȤݤǤ奢ˤСּɮԴ֤¿ĥåߡפȤȤǤμ¸ŪʻߤϡܽƤƤоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) ΥץθȤޤ嵭 YouTube Ǥϡ֡ʵˤǥĥåߤ륹פȤƥƥåפǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʾСˡ
ŪˤϤɤΤ褦ʥĥåߤԤʤƤΤܽѤƤߤޤޤϺˤܸɸಽ˴ؤ͡5ϡȤФȸʸספꡤʸפȤȤ館ֽȤФʸΤʸΤΤ˸ؤפȤսФơ䤬ѸˤΩ줫鼡Τ褦ʥĥåߤƤޤ (p. 82)
ڱѸˡġۡ17ȾΥɤλӤ롥ܤʸϤν𤬡ƥܸʸ̮ǤʸΤ椻ˤѸƱΤ椻ˤؤڤؤĤĤäȤСå˥塼ȥ (1647--1727) ϡ1687ǯ Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica إץԥ٤ƥǽ1704ǯˤ Optiks ظء٤ѸξμͤƤϤޤꡤѸӲǽǤ롥äȤܤξˤƱ2ѼǤΤФơɤξˤϥƥȱѸȤ2ǤꡤľӤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤĤθѼ郎̤ҲŪǽȤϽʬӤ롥
伫ȤαѸɸಽ˴ؤ͡6ϡѸˤˤɸಽ١פˤ3ĤɸಽȤȤǰФơɥĸˤȤԻ˼ŪʥĥåߤƤƤޤ (p 107)
ڥɥĸˡġۡɥĸˤξ⡤ƱλĤɸಽȤꤹ뤳ȤǽǤϤ롥1ϡΡʸء1170~1250ǯˤɽɥĸǡˤϤ٤Ķϰäλ줬θ˼ѤϤ14ʹߤԻˤƸŪʸɥĸǽα졤˥륿Ф18Ⱦ˥ɥĸʸϸɸಽ뤹롥줬2ȤȤ롥3ȤȤǤɸಽϡSiebs ˤإɥȯ (1898) ʹߡ饸ȥƥӤȯãȤȤ˿ʹԤƤä
衤˸ԤˤĤƤ뢤˸ԤȯˤοȤȤϡؽѤǤϰŪǤϤޤǤǤޤǤƤΤ褦ʳۤѶŪȯDzƤȤΤΡоȸˡפǤΥĥåߤ⡤ǤʤŪķȯŪʤΤǤ̤ܽơΡֳؽŪĥåߡפƤƤޤҤΥΥڤߤ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
#4754. ʬ ([2022-05-03-1])#4764. Ūʷʬεȼ ([2022-05-13-1])#4765. ֻ˶Ťʬ ([2022-05-14-1]) εˤơjudging from/by ... λǰƬ˷ʬ (dangling_participle) 夲μζͭȤʬ칽ʸΩֻ˶ŤΤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
褦ˤߤ롥ΩȸƤФˡ귿ȤƤ褯ߤ뤬ξΰ̣ơַפʤɤȸƤФ뤳ȤϤʤ褦ʤʤˡ
to be frank
to be honest with you
to be sure
to begin with
to do someone justice
to make a long story short
to make matters worse
to say the least of it
to tell the truth
so to speak
2Ĥε ([2022-05-13-1]) ǡʬŪɽϸűѸǧȤȤäˤĤƤϤɤVisser (987) ˤȡѸȶѸǤ "extremely frequent" űѸ줫 Wulfstan's Homilies hrædest to secganne ("for that matter" ۤɤΰդˤȤ㤷ǧǤʤȤʸƤ
Wulfstan, Hom. (Napier) 27, 1, ðyder sculon wiccan and wigleras, hrædest to secganne ealle ða manfullan, ðe ær yfel worhton and noldan geswican ne wið god ðingian. | Idem 36, 7, ðonne wyrð ðæt wæter mid ðam halgan gaste ðurhgoten, and, hrædest to secganne eal, ðæt se sacerd deð ðurh ða halgan ðenunge gesawenlice, eal hit fulfremeð se halga gast gerynelice. | Idem 115, 3, ðider sculan ðeofas ... and, hrædest to secganne ealle ða manfullan.
θˤߤƤߤȡʬδ֤ɤ줬ߤ줿褦Ǥ롥㤨СǤʬѤ speaking of ... ̤ѸѸǤ to speak of ... Τ褦Ѥäޤjudging from/by ... ˤĤƤ⡤ѸʤɤѤ to judge from/by ... äƤ롥դϥѥ̻ŪĴ٤ƤߤȤ⤷
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
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