ľ YouTube Voicy Ǽ夲줾Ҳ𤷤ޤ
(1) YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ29ƤޤֱѸܸȤǤƱ۵줬Ǥ륫饯꤬Ǥ
ѸˤܸˤƱ۵ (homonymy) ¿ǤƱ۵줬ŪƤޤаޤϤ褽3ѥʬव롤ȤǤ1ĤϡۤʤäƤ줬Ѳˤȯ줷ƤޤäȤѥ⤦1ĤϡƱ줬̣ѲˤۤʤȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäȤѥˤ⤦1Ĥϡ¾줫äƤѸ줬¸θƱäȤѥǤ
ѸƱ۵äΤꤿȤϡ#2945. ְ㤨䤹ƱָΥڥ ([2017-05-20-1])#4533. OALD10 դ¥ƤƱָΰ ([2021-09-24-1]) εǤ2ѥȤƵ flower flour ˤĤƤ Voicy #2. flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻İ
ޤǤФƤڹˤ֥ƥӷפ֥饸פȤ̾ʶ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#2919. ܸƱ ([2017-04-24-1])#3023. ˥ۥ˥åݥ ([2017-08-06-1]) ǤƤޤ
˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܥͥؤΥͥϿꤤޤ
(2) īVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤơꥹʡ餤ղõ (tag_question) ˴ؤ˲Ƥߤޤ#371. ʤղõǤϹꡦ꤬Ҥä֤ΤǤ --- ꥹʡμǤʤʤǡ̤ԴʲǤƤޤҤİ
ɤʸɽ魯̿ιꡦñǤϤʤä̿˴ؤȡä꤬ͽۤʹȿȤȤ߹碌ʤʣʸȤʤäƤ褦ǤޤԤ١ȤʤäƤȹͤޤŪˤϤԤƤΤǤϤʤȤߤƤޤ̤ǤΤǡͤ³ƤȻפޤʤǽҤ٤ƤޤǤͤˤΤϼ Quirk et al. Ǥ
嵭 Voicy ϥ־ǤİǤޤʲɤǤ륢ץ̵ˤȤȤŬİǤޤVoicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υե碌ƤꤤޤޤؤΥȤ⤪

콵֤λϤޤǤڤѸ˥饤դ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
2֤ε#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ ([2018-12-13-1])#3518. ȵʸζᤵ ([2018-12-14-1]) ǡỤ̄Ūʴֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פõäƤ֤ˡ⤦1ġִòפȤɤ⻲ä
òʸǤϡʸŵŪ˵ V + S θ礬ФкѤ롥Jespersen (499) ʸ褦
Sh Merch II. 2. 106 Lord, how art thou chang'd
Sh Merch II. 3.16 Alacke, what heinous sinne is it in me To be ashamed to be my Fathers childe
BJo 3.133 what a vile wretch was I
Farquhar B 321 What a rogue is my father!
Defoe G 44 what fool must he be now that they have given him a place!
Goldsm 658 What a fool was I, to think a young man could learn modesty by travelling
Macaulay H 2.209 What a generation of vipers do we live among!
Thack N 180 What a festival is that day to her | What (how great) was my surprise when they were engaged!
Bennett C 2.12 What a night, isn't it?
ǸʸǤղõ䤬ĤƤ뤬ʤɤϤޤ˴òʸȵʸͻȤ⤤٤òȵ䤬蘆ä#2258. òʸ ([2015-07-03-1]) 㤬˭٤Ǥ롥
ޤòȴ˾ߤ˶ᤷȤפʤmay ʸ V + S Τ⡤ò V + S Ȳ餫δط뤫餫⤷ʤ
may ʸȴϢơJespersen (502) ˡDickinson, European Anarchy 74 ζ̣ʸäΤǵƤ
"The war may come", says one party. "Yes", says the other; and secretly mutters, "May the war come!"
[ | ѥڡ ]
may ϡʸŵŪ V + S ˾䴶òΤ˥ꥯ롼ȤȹͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
Hasn't she grown! Τ褦ʡʸκۤƤ뤬ȯ (illocutionary force) ȤƤϴòʸˤĤƹͤ뵡ꡤѸˤ봶òʸ (exclamatory question) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤʲ Quirk et al. (825) εҤޤȤ롥
ŵŪˤϡHasn't she GRÒWN! Wasn't it a marvellous CÒNcert! Τ褦 yes-no ʸηꡤĴΥȥ͡ȯäʥꥫѸǤϾ徺Ĵġˡ̣Ūˤ˶δòĴղõƱͤˡʹФƲȤƱդԤƤ롥
yes-no ʸۤˤǤϤʤ yes-no ʸǤ⡤Ϥ겼ĴȯäơƱͤδòȤǤʥꥫѸǤϾ徺ĴġˡˈAm ˈI HÙNGry!, ˈ Did ˈhe look anNÒYED!, ˈHas ˈshe GRÒWN! ǡǤ롥
ŪˤǤäƤǤäƤ⡤̣ȤƤϹδòˤʤȤΤ⤷Ūʶ̣Ūˤ¤뤫Τ褦1ĤǤ (cf. #950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3) ([2011-12-03-1])) Has she grown! Hasn't she grown! δ֤ˤϼ㴳ΰ㤤롥Ǥ餫ʹƱդǧΤǤ̿ΤΤȤߤʤƤʹƱդǧƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤǤ롥äơΤȤҤ٤ Am I hungry! ʤɤˤƤϡƱդǧɬפʤˡŪ˹ǤФ롥ǤȹǤ̯ʺۤϡΤ褦ʥѥե졼̤ƤĤळȤǤ
Wasn't it a marvelous CÒNcert! = 'What a marvelous CÒNcert it was!'
Has she GRÒWN! = 'She HÀS grown!'
ǤȹǤȤǡȯä˺ݤüԤ (presupposition) ؤäƤȤȤǤ롥Ūˤⶽ̣츽ݤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ʤ may not û̷ mayn't ѸǤϰŪѤʤΤȤΤԻĤȻפäƤΤޤǰ鷺ˤΤǾͤƤߤ
ˡư줬꼭ȼˤϡƤбû̷롥can't, couldn't, won't, wouldn't, shouldn't, mightn't, mustn't, needn't, use(d)n't, oughtn't mayn't ϤޤꤪܤˤʤºݤΤȤ礭ʼˤϵܤΤ졼٥ȤƤϸŪǤȤǤȤüˡȤƤ롥OED Ǥ mayn't "(colloq., now rare)" "rare in all varieties of English" ȤꡤɸѸåȤȤѸ춵ˤƶƤʤΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥Quirk et al. (122) Ǥ⡤mayn't shan't ȤȤѤʤʤäƤƤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
Every auxiliary except the am form of BE has a contracted negative form . . ., but two of these, mayn't and shan't, are now virtually nonexistent in AmE, while in BrE shan't is becoming rare and mayn't even more so.
ޤ Quirk et al. (811--12) ϡղõˤ mayn't I? ʤɤηȤˤΤʤˤڤǤ롥mightn't I? can't I? ѤüԤ⤤褦ޡȤǤϤʤmay I not? Ͼ˲ǽ줷¿ʸ̮ˤϤդ路ʤ
The negative tag question following a positive statement with modal auxiliary may poses a problem because the abbreviated form mayn't is rare (virtually not found in AmE). There is no obvious solution for the tag question, though some speakers will substitute mightn't or can't or --- when the reference is future --- won't:
?I may inspect the books, | mightn't I?
| can't I?
?They may be here next week, | mightn't they?
| won't they?
The abbreviated form is fully acceptable, but limited to formal usage:
I may inspect the books, may I not?
They may be here next week, may they not?
ơBNC mayn't 7ΤߥҥåȤäե֥ѥ2Τߤե֥ѥ5Ūʸ̮ˤƤ롥73㤬 mayn't you?, mayn't it?, mayn't there ȤäղõΤʤǸƤꡤϻѤƤ뤳Ȥ狼뤬1쵬ϤΥѥǤȤȤϡϤ¾ԻѤȤäƤ褤
can't mightn't ȤʿǤڤꡤղõˤ뤽ΤʤżƤޤǤ mayn't λѤȤξϡäɤΤ褦Ф褤ΤŪ˲ǤΤŪʻˤĤơεǹͻ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ɸˤĤơ#852. ̾̾ she (1) ([2011-08-27-1])#853. ̾̾ she (2) ([2011-08-28-1])#854. ̾̾ she (3) ([2011-08-29-1])#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ ([2012-02-19-1])#1517. ([2013-06-22-1]) ʤɤˤƤä[2011-08-29-1]εǤϡ100ǯۤɤι̾ she ˡοߤϢơѤ㸺Ƥ20Ⱦΰ̤ŪĴʸɤǤߤ
Marcoux ϡ1970ǯȾˤʤ줿Ȼפ Texas ʱѸüԡˤ︳ԤȤ¸ǡ̾ưʪʹ֤ؼȤƴޤʸФղõ¨Ū˲äȤꤷղõˤ̾줬ϤʤΤǡ̾줬 he she ˤꡤ︳ԤŪˤ̾ͿƤ뤫Ƚ롤Ȥ櫓㤨СΤ褦ʸͿ
(1a) America will always defend her overseas interests, () () ?
(1b) America supports the United Nations, () () ?
(2a) The Queen Mary has made her last voyage, () () ?
(2b) The Queen Mary has been scrapped, () () ?
(1a), (1b) Ϲ̾(2a), (2b) ФŪ she ǤξȱɤΤ餤ΤĴŪꤵƤꡤ(1a), (2a) ʸνͭ her ¸ߤ she ˤɤ٤αƶڤܤƤ뤫ĴŪꤵƤ롥
ǤϡĴ̤ޤ̾ˤĤơ(1a) ΥפβǤ2/3︳Ԥղõ she Ѥ(1b) Υפ she ѤΤȾʬʲäshe Ǥʤˤϡit Ǥ¿they, we ʤɤ³
ˡˤĤơ(2a) ΥפβǤ3/4︳Ԥղõ she Ѥ(2b) Υפ she ѤΤϡ︳Ԥ1/3--1/2ۤɤˤʤäshe ʳˤϡ§Ȥ it Ѥ줿
Ĵ̤ʬ뤳Ȥϡμ¸︳ԤˤȤäơ̾̾ϡŪŪ she ȳŪŪ it Ȥδ֤ɤƤȤȤȤ櫓̾Ф it ˡͥȤʤäƤƤ褦̾ǤǤ⡤ʸ˽ͭ̾ her ʤɤƤղõǤ she Ψ⤯ʤ뤳Ȥ顤ŪΰפŪŪʡֽפݻΤ˰äƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤä
Marcoux ʸ40ǯФäߤǤϡˤ it ξȱä礷Ƥ뤬she ˲ΤΤȤʤäȤϸڤʤޤɤ줬ȤСطʤˤϤɤΤ褦װΤ40ǯȸߤȤǤϡװμȤ줾θܤѤäƤƤΤˡ she Ф⤷ʤäƤ椯ˤƤɤΤ褦˾äƹԤΤȤˤϡؿƤ롥
Marcoux, Dell. "Deviation in English Gender." American Speech 48 (1973): 98--107.
ѸβäǤϡղõ䤬褯Ȥ롥ŪˤɤΤ餤褯ȤΤ⤽Ū˵ʸϤɤΤ餤٤ΤΤʤǡղõϤɤ줯餤γΤΤ褦ʵ顤ޤ٤ Biber et al. LGSWE Ǥ롥
ǽˤĤƤϡp. 211 ˲ͿƤ롥οˤƤĴCONV(ERSATION) Ǥ401ĵ䤬ޤޤƤȤåѥǤϡž̾塤䤬ȿǤƤǽ⤯ºݤˤϿͰʾ٤ǵʸƤϤǤ롥ƥȥפǤС礭 FICT(ION) ³NEWS ACAD(EMIC) Ǥϵʸ٤ϸ¤ʤ㤤
ˡƥ֥ѥˤơʸΤˤղõϤɤΤ餤p. 212 ˷ǺܤƤ̤ʲΤ褦ˤޤȤĤ100%ȤʤɽǤ롥
| (* = 5%; ~ = less than 2.5%) | CONV | FICT | NEWS | ACAD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| independent clause | wh-question | **** | ******* | ********* | ********** |
| yes/no-question | ***** | ***** | ******* | ******* | |
| alternative question | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | |
| declarative question | ** | * | ~ | ~ | |
| fragments | wh-question | * | ** | ** | * |
| other | *** | *** | * | * | |
| tag | positive | * | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| negative | **** | * | ~ | ~ | |
Tag questions (i.e., regular questioning expressions tagged onto a sentence) exist in both American and British English, with British speakers perhaps using them more than Americans: "That's not very nice, is it?" Peremptory and aggressive tags tend to be used more in British English than in American English: "Well, I don't know, do I?" (192)
ǰʤ顤Biber et al. Ǥղõ٤αƺΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤӡƤΥѥĴ٤ɬפ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
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