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μͭӥ mond ˴줿˲ޤ줬XͳƥХäƤޤīλǡXƤ320פƤꡤäƤޤhelXƤˤǤϺ¿Ǥ
˱ѸȤ椦䤵ޤTake an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ׳ΤˡTake an umbrella. Ǥ̤Τǡwith NP ̤ˤʤʤȻפäƤޤޤ

礦 take ȤñˤĤĴ٤ͤꤷƤȤäȤ⤢ꡤμʤԥååפƲǤΤ褦ȿȤ˶äƤޤ
⤽䤬ɼǤ¿αѸؽԤζƤֱ֡Ѹ˴ؤѤʵפäȻפޤ
ܥ֥ mond 䤽¾͡Τhel (helkatsu) ŸƤޤȤ櫓褦ʡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפŻ뤷Ƥޤ褦ȤĤߤϡѸˤѸؤκǤŪʷȹͤƤ뤫ǤߤȤƤ⡤ɬ褹ФǤϤʤषƤޤȤ¿ΤǤʤȤ⥳ȥФˤĤƹͤ뵮ŤʵȤʤޤ
ޤǤ mond 100ʾΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ˲ƤޤȤ櫓¿ȿ5ĥԥååפƤߤޤɤʪȤƤɤ
mond ֤ʤƻ̾ (she, it, mine) ǤʤǤפؤβ

mond ֱѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦

mond that ³ȤƤˡΤФthis ˤ줬ʤäΤϤʤǤ礦

mond ֤ɤƱѸˤϴ줬ΤǤ礦ʤƤ̣̤褦ʵޤ


ѸؽԤγˤޤƤϡҡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפڤˤƤФȻפޤTake an umbrella with you. ˴ؤ뤪ȤμƤ줿 mond Ƥ줿ԤXǴۥȤƳȻƤä꤬ȤޤơʡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ mond ˤƤԤƤޤ

Dunedin ιٳ Port Chalmers Ȥ¼ر˽ФƤޤĤƤ Dunedin γȤƤ˱ɤ褦ǤǤϤ¤ޤȤİ餷¼Ǥˤϸ Port Chalmers Ĺͤ Lady Thorn äĥťबꡤ¼ηƤξȤʤäƤޤLady Thorn Rhododendron Dell Ȥߤ̾ǤǤμ̿Ǥ˷Ǥ줿ǰʸϤǺܤޤ
THIS RHODODENDRON DELL
WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1990 IN RECOGNITION OF
LADY THORN'S COMMITMENT AND SERVICE
TO THE PORT CHALMERS DISTRICT.
LADY THORN, WIFE OF SIR JOHN SAMUEL THORN,
THE MAYOR OF PORT CHALMERS FROM
1956 TO 1989, GAVE OF HER TIME AND TALENTS
IN MANY COMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS
IN THE PORT CHALMERS DISTRICT.
"A LADY WHO GAVE SO MUCH TO SO MANY"
THIS PLAQUE WAS ERECTED BY
THE PORT CHALMERS AND DISTRICTS LIONS CLUB.
θƤʪϡ֥ĥĥ㥯ʥסѸǤ rhododendron ȥꥷϤΤɤɤ4Ǥazalea ֥ĥĥפޤϡ֥ĥťפΤȤǡRhododendron °β̶ʬޤ
ꥷ rhodó- ϡ֥Хפ̣ѸϢ (combining_form) ȤƤϡ֥Х鿧֡פ̣ޤdendron ϡּڡפ̣ޤ줾ñ rose, tree Ȥ⤪餯츻Ūطꡤפ rose tree ̾餷ꥷɽΤ rhododendron ȤȤǤ
ϹˤꡤPort Chalmers ¼˾ǤȤȤǡ12ʬۤɤ Port Chalmers ξҲưäƤߤޤVoicy Υץߥꥹʡۿ helwa ǸƤޤ helwa ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #0373ۥޥۿȡ٥ȡŻҽҲꤴ

29ڡˤī㡼ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥϡtake Ȥñܤζä٤ȯãɤͽǤ롥ñϡѸäΤʤǤǤ¿ŪñΤҤȤĤǤ롥ΰ̣ιȡťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤ¤ˡƶäʤ
OED 2ǡʺΡˤĴ٤ȡư take ιܤ17 pp. 557--72 롥 OED ξʸޤǡ47ۤɤʬ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰ̤ˡּפ뤳Ȥ¿ΡּפȤưǰޤˤŪŪǤ뤬椨ˡ̵ΰ̣ŪȯŸ䶦ɽƤޤˡѸäΤʤǤͭ "big word"ȸäƺ٤ʤ
¿ŪưˤɤȡޤˤΤѶŪʹưȤƤΡּפȤ̣ϤŪȤơפȤäŪʴޤߤĸơΤּפȤϡּʬΤΤˤפȡʤֽͭפȤ̣ŸƤ롥ˡΤͤŪˤȤäơ֤äƤסïϢƹԤפؤȯŸ롥
ΡѶŪ˼ˤפȤƤȡष̣ȿФؤȸʤּסְפȤäŪöŪʰ̣ޤƤΤ
˶̣Τϡ̣ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ؤȿʤॱǤ롥㤨Сtake a walk take a bath Τ褦ˡñưԤȤ do ˶ᤤưŪӤӻϤΤǤϡּפּפȤäŪʰ̣ϤϤ䴶줺ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ƻȤѤƤˤʤθݤϡưθỤ̄ƤƤ롥
ޤtake θŪͤƤΤϡư (phrasal_verb) ߽ФΤȤƤǤ롥take away, take in, take off, take out ʤɡ˾ (particle) ȼȤǡ¤ʤɽ߽ФƤ롥1ĤҤȤĤΩ̣ĤᡤѸؽԤˤȤäƤʰŵܤȤʤ뤬˭ѸȤɽϤ٤Ƥ롥
äơtake effect, take place, take part in Τ褦̾ȷӤĤƥǥ (idiom) ˡ⡤ѸǤ¿¸ߤ롥طʤˤϡѸ˥եбư prendre Ȥñ줬ɤΤ褦ŪȤΤȤʸˡŪŪʾѸ줬ѶŪ˻ȤƤˤؤäƤȹͤƤ롥
¿ŪǡۤɤޤǤ˱ѸθηϤ˿ߡˤʤƤư take ¤ϱѸǤϤʤȤǤä٤¤űѸΡּפ̣ư niman Ȥ¸ߤˤ⤫餺űѸʹߤ take ťΥɸ줫ѤƤΤǤ롥ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ŪưषѸΤʤǺǤ¿ŪǶϤ "big word" ϰ̤˻äΤ
θݤϡñ˸äμˤȤɤޤ餺ܿΥᥫ˥ʣԻĤ䤿˶Ƥ롥ˤĤơīֺ¤ǹͻƤ
ʼȤζظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤסʥʥĥҡ2025ǯˤ1015˴ԤƤ顤ᤤΤ1ʾ夬вᤷޤޤ¿ˤɾƤꡤ괶տ夲ޤϡܽ˴ؤľΤΤ餻3ޤȤƤ𤷤ޤ
ڡȡ٥ȡ
1218ڡ19:00ꡤĤΥ饤ϥ Lateral ˤƿ֤ΤۤʤפδԵǰȡ٥ȤŤޤʸİġˡġĤϥ⡼ȽбˤˤĤƸԤޤ֤֡ΤۤإͥפΥʥå ݤ롪ؤáǤ
ϡ夵Ȼ䡦δʻϳ⡼Ȼáˤ2ͤŤˤĤ礤˸Ԥޤܥ٥Ȥϡ⤽2ͤ YouTube ֤ͥΤۤإͥҤδԤǰƤΥȡǤҤΥȥ뤬̤ꡤֱѸΤʤפؤλ饹å褷Ūֺפˡʸ̤ݤפ褦ʤäФʥȡŸ褦ȤǤ
夵ϸϲˤƥ»ܤʡˤȤΤȤǤΤǡ̤ˤޤγ͡ҤȤ⤳εˤӤҤޤɤߤǤʤϤˤɤߤˤȤäƤ⡤ܽ꿼ڤिäʹ뵮ŤʵȤʤϤǤ
ܺ٤Ȥߤϡʲ LateralΥȤȤ3ָ塤Ȥܤ˳ݤΤڤߤˤƤޤ

ڡŻҽҤФޤ
1125ܽŻҽҤФޤ1015δ褴ɾˤĤŻҽҲ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ1125ŻǤǤ⤪ɤߤ褦ˤʤäǤAmazon ꡤ뤤ϥʥĥҤܽҲڡͳǤꤤޤ
ڡܽ˴ؤǮȤɾ
ܽ˴ؤ빥ŪʥȤɾ¿ƤƤޤǤϡheldio/helwa Υꥹʡ2ˤ note ǮɾҲ𤷤ޤ
heldio/helwa ꥹʡ Taku ʳءˤȤ note ˤơ֤ΤۤʤפؤΥӥ塼֡ظؤǥå!ѸΡ֤ʤ?ס٤ɤǡѸ⤷褦Ƥޤä˹ؤο餤ϤƤۤȤǮåޤ̤ꡤ̤Ĥɤޤ
Grace ⡤Ȥ note ˤơ֤ΤۤʤפؤΥӥ塼֤Τۤʤ~ؤؤ褦~ƤޤǥȥФֿפޤ礦ȤܽΥåޡȤɤ߲Ƥޤ
ʾ塤֤Τۤʤפ夬äƤƤޤ֤ΤۤʤפξҲڡˤϡܽȥꥸʥ YouTube ۿɳդʤɤ⤢ޤΤǡҤˬƤС³֤Τۤʤפꤤޤ
ī6ۿƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ϡܥ֥λǤȤơꥹʡγͤ˻٤ʤ³Ƥޤ
heldio ϴץåȥեȤƼ Voicy ۿƤޤѸ˲ƥĤοȤŪ顤͡ʲưץåȥեؤޥۿԤʤäƤаޤޤ㤨С16ۤɤ stand.fm Υͥ뤫 heldio 3ǯ٤ϤƤޤYouTube, SpotifyAmazon MusicApple Podcast Ȥäݥåɥ㥹ȥӥؤȾ˼ưŪ˿ΥƥĤžƤޤ
ޥۿλߤhelڤˤȤä餫ͭʤΤǤĤʣƤޤŪˤϡ(1) ƥץåȥեؤۿۤʤ륿ߥǻϤȡ(2) Ⱥδطʣˤʤäȡ2ǤʣϡꥹʡγͤΤߤʤ餺ƥĤ伫ȤˤȤäƤ⡤İΤʤʤѤˤʤäƤȤ𤬤ޤǤΤ heldio ޥۿΡִפԤʤȤˤޤ1125ꡤĤޤ heldio κǿ #1640 ꡤ֤ǤΥޥۿŪ˳ϤƤޤ
ִδˤϼ̤Ǥ
ޤ̤ Voicy ץåȥեȤ롥ץߥۿͭβ٤ƤβϤޤ̤ Voicy ˥Ȥ¸³ޤơʹߤī6ۿǿ Voicy ۿ³ޤ䤽¾ǤΤ餻ޤᡤVoicy ΤΤ餻Ǥ⿷ǤåʾȤʤޤVoicy ǤۿȤʤꡤƱ¾Υץåȥեؤž뤳ȤˤʤޤۿΥȤ̤ߥ˥helΥߥ˥ƥư䥤٥Ȥʤɤ濴ϡ̤ Voicy ˤޤ
stand.fm γѶstand.fm ϡޤǼ3ǯ٤κϤץåȥեȤƳѤƤޤ Voicy Ʊͤ碌ƤϤƤޤ̡ī6ˡ6ۿƤͽǤˤꡤstand.fm 桼ˤ⡤ǿ heldio ڤˤİ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ݥåɥ㥹ϢȡYouTubeSpotifyAmazon MusicApple Podcast γƥݥåɥ㥹ȤǤϡ§Ȥ stand.fm ۿ줿ΤޤޡȾ˼ưŪž줿ΤİȤˤʤޤ
ͥ륿ȥѹ嵭ִȼVoicy ʳΥץåȥեǤΥȥϡ֡ܡ۱Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פѹޤ
ǤγƥץåȥեΥͥ륿ȥȥʲˤޤȤƤޤ
9ۤΡ#5769. δˤѸ˴ϢβۿץåȥեθϤޤȤ ([2025-02-11-1])ˤǤ⸽ޤheldio ۿ͡ФƤޤѸˤ˴ؤϤ뤿ˡ³ Voicy 濴ȤĤĤ⡤¾͡ʥץåȥեǤŸƤ¸Ǥ
Voicy hel襳ߥ˥ƥΥ١ǤꡤǤ⿷Ǥ뤳ȤѤꤢޤͤΥ饤ե˹碌ơŬʥץåȥեˤ heldio ݳƤйǤȤ⤴İΤۤɡɤꤤޤ
Ĺ긩θ˰֤뿷Įξ桦αѸ춵оݤȤˤơä뵡ޤ伫ȤܲںȤȤǡZoom ǤĤʤǤΥ⡼ȸȤʤޤ̱ۤθή̤ơŤϤȤ뻲ä줿ͤͤαѸ춵ؤǮդäƤơѼ¤¿֤Ȥʤޤ
ΥơޤϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥ådzؤֱѸûˤȼȤؤαѡפǤθʬǤѸˡȤ櫓ûˤθ桦αѸȤǤ˳褫뤫ȤˤĤơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤εҤȤĤġŪñܤƥǥФƤߤޤȾΥǥåǤϡä줿ŪȯŸƤʤɤΥǥ䥳Ȥ⤤ޤ̤ȤơѸ˸ȱѸ춵餬뵮ŤʵȤʤäȴƤޤ
Ǥϡä˱Ѹä (cosmopolitan_vocabulary) ܤޤѸϸäǤߤ뤫褷 "pure" ʸǤϤʤŪ¾줫ä̤˼ѤƤ "hybrid" ʸǤκǤ㤬Υޥ (norman_conquest) ʹߤ˥ե줫̤äƤäǤȤСcalf ҵˤ veal ʻҵˡdeer ˤ venison ʼˤΤ褦ˡưʪȤɽ魯줬ѸȥեѸʬƤϡѸˤˤŴĥͥǤ
Τ褦ʸŪطʤعαѸμȤ뤳Ȥˤϡ礭ʰյޤ1ĤˤϡѸ줬ǡְΤȤפߤ顤̤뤳ȤǤˤƱѸϡŪԡפϰ̤ˤȤϤˤɳƤߤС;ޤФƤǤꡤŪˤ "hybrid" ʸǤ⤢ꡤְΤפȤƻȤƤʤʤ¿äƤʤΤǤˤΤȡѸȤƼ¤ϤۤɿȹۤɤǤϤʤȸϤȴƤϤǤ
ޤ嵭Ρưʪñפ1ĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤ˡʸγؤӤˤĤʤ뤳ȤϤˤϹʤȤƤΡָä3ع¤סʤܸ¸졦졦ζʬˤ⥷쥹³ƤޤѸˤϡѸʤȤ1ܤˤȤɤޤ餺˲ʤʤȤϢȤƤϥ֤ȤʤΤǤ
θϡѸ˸椬ζ鸽ȷӤĤߤ˳ؤӹ礤礦ȤǤפ¸ߤ뤳Ȥο뵡ȤʤޤŪʻɷȤˡѸˤθ͡ʷǼҲشԸƤưʡhelˤ³ƤȻפäƤޤޤơżԤä줿˿괶տ夲ޤ
μͭӥ mond ˡ֤ʤƻ̾ (she, it, mine) ǤʤǤפȤ䤬ޤ;̾ϡ (definiteness) ΰ̣ħļ礿뵡ǽֻؼפǤȤƤߤޤβϡȤ櫓¿ˤɤߤƤ褦ǤˬƤߤƤ

βκǸ Quirk et al. §6.20 ȤȽҤ٤ޤʬʲ˰ѤƤޤ "Modification and determination of personal pronouns" ꤹΰǤ
In modern English, restrictive modification with personal pronouns is extremely limited. There are, however, a few types of nonrestrictive modifiers and determiners which can precede or follow a personal pronoun. These mostly accompany a 1st or 2nd person pronoun, and tend to have an emotive or rhetorical flavour:
(a) Adjectives:
Silly me!, Good old you!, Poor us! <informal>
(b) Apposition:
we doctors, you people, us foreigners <familiar>
(c) Relative clauses:
we who have pledged allegiance to the flag, . . . <formal>
you, to whom I owe all my happiness, . . . <formal>
(d) Adverbs:
you there, we here
(e) Prepositional phrases:
we of the modern age
us over here <familiar>
you in the raincoat <impolite>
(f) Emphatic reflexive pronouns . . .:
you yourself, we ourselves, he himself
Personal pronouns do not occur with determiners (*the she, *both they), but the universal pronouns all, both, or each may occur after the pronoun head . . .:
We all have our loyalties.
They each took a candle.
You both need help.
괧ޤ (determiner) ;̾դȤϤʤ褦Ǥ͡;̾줬ǤˡפǤꡤפ2ɸˤʤäƤޤǤ礦;ܼ̾ŪħˤĤƹͤǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
heldio/helwa ꥹʡ umisio 䤬ޤ
turn ưΡѤפǻȤȤˤ̾괧դʤΤϤʤǤ
Τˡ#1347. a lawyer turned teacher ([2013-01-03-1]) Ǽ夲ޤᡤturn ˤϴ줬դʤΤ̤Ǥͤ͡ƤߤСʤۤɡ̯ʸݤǤa poacher turned gamekeeper ̩ļžľ֡סturn traitor to ... ...ڤפʤɤɽäƤޤOED ȤȡŪˤ괧դޤturn wiseman, turn monster, turn coward ʤɤ̵㤬Ѹ˳Τ˸ޤ
¾¿Υ衼åѽȤϰۤʤꡤѸǤΩIJĻ̾ñˤϴդΤ̤ǤOtani is a baseball player. Otani is the man. Τ褦ˤǤʤ뤤ŪƱɽˤ̵ͣ (unique role) ӤӤƤˤϡ줬դʤȤޤQuirk et al. (§5.42) Ƥߤޤ
Maureen is (the) captain of the team.
John F. Kennedy was (the) President of the United States in 1961.
As (the) chairman of the committee, I declare this meeting closed.
They've appointed Fred (the) treasurer, and no doubt he will soon become (the) secretary.
Anne Martin, (the) star of the TV series and (the) author of a well-known book on international cuisine, has resigned from her post on the Consumer Council.
ʤۤɡ̤Ȥϻפޤ a lawyer turned teacher turn traitor 줬̵ͣפɽ路Ƥ뤫ȤСΤ褦ˤϲǤޤºݡQuirk et al. Ʊս [b] ˤơΤ褦âդƤޤ
The complement of turn (cf 16.22) is exceptional in having zero article even where there is no implication of uniqueness:
Jenny started out as a music student before she turned linguist. BUT: . . . before she became a linguist.
turn traitor (to) ˤĤƤϡȤƸꤷƤ뤫Ȥǽ⤷ޤʳˤĤƤϡϤߤȤǤturn traitor (to) ǥȤʤäơʳɽˤȵڤȹͤʤСϼ¾ڤɬפޤ뤤ϡOED 1582ǯνȤ turne Christian Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤ȤƷƻ̾줬ΩĥȤʤäơΤ褦Ե§ʸˡޤ줿Ȥͤ뤫⤷ޤʳǤϻפĤβˤޤޤǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.

ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñץ֤Ƥޤν2ʺǯ̻8ˤ1ָ1129ڡˤäƤޤ夲ΤϡѸΤʤǤǤŪư1 take Ǥ
take ϡ̣ˡ顤ѸüԤˤȤäƤŪʸȤʤäƤޤñϸűѸ줫ȤƤ (native word) ǤϤʤ¤ϡ8ȾФ11ˤƥ֥ƥά꽻⤿餷ťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳΡּѸ (loan_word) ʤΤǤ
ťΥɸ줬Ѹˤˤ⤿餷ƶϷפΤ줺伫ȡťΥɸϱѸܿ˾äȤפʸ1ĤȹͤƤޤcf. #4820. ťΥɸϱѸ˾äȤפʸ ([2022-07-08-1])ˡιֺ¤Ǥ take ȤơťΥɸ줬ѸθηϤͿޤ
ʲֺ¤Ƿ겼ƤȻפäƤĤҲ𤷤ޤ
ťΥɸθŪƶ礭ťΥɸ줫μѸϡƥե˵ڤФʤΤΡegg, leg, sky Τ褦˷礫ʤФǤcf. #2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1])ˡtake ϤΤʤǤȥåץ饹δܸȤޤ
Ѹ take niman ζ硧ťΥɸͳ take ήűѸǤ niman ּפ̣Ǥ̤θȤѤƤޤ2ζθ塤Ūˤ take ޤʤѸ줬षΤǤ礦
ťΥɸͳ¾Ķư졧take Τۤˤ⡤getgivewant ȤäѸιʤʤʤư줬ťΥɸ˥롼Ĥޤ
֡ die 桧ǤƱˡ֡Ū¦̤ die ťΥɸͳδŪưǤűѸΡֻ̡פɽư steorfan Ѹ starve ʵˤؤỌ̇̄ƤޤäаޤϡܿỌ̇̄ѲιȤʤޤ
she they ˸ťΥɸͳ褫ťΥɸαƶϡ;̾ she they Τ褦ʵǽˤޤǵڤǤȤޤ2ˤĤƤϤۤθ츻⤢ꡤߥƥꥢǤ
ťΥɸѸȸűѸθʬŪʰ㤤Τǡ̤Ǥ礬ޤ
ֲŪˤñˤʤtake ȤñظˤϡˤܿΥʥߥबǤޤѸˤ̣äפ̣襤ޤ礦
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡƱͤ˥饤äΤߤȤʤäƤޤꥢ륿ǤΤäΤۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤǡԹΤ褤ˡǤֻ֤֤ 15:30--17:00 Ǥֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤ1220ڡˤǡѸŪ˼¤˱ñ one 夲ͽǤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/11/25(Tue))
ֺܹ¤ͽˤĤƤ heldio ˤ֡#1640. 1129īֺ¤ take --- ⤿餷ĶܸסȤƤäƤޤҤ⤪İ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
1116ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥˤ#387. ѸˤϤʤ줬Ρܸˤϴ줬ʤѸδȻƤΤܸΤޤơޤִ (article) ȤʪäǤ礦ޤǤ褯İƤޤīλǻİ1ĶƤꡤȯǤ
(the, a/an) ϱѸؽԤˤȤäƱʱβǤȤΤʤܸȤԤˤȤäơȤ櫓ܤǤ⡤ʤѸˤϤΤ褦ʤΤΤȤäȻפäƤޤפˡϺŪ䤤ʤΤǤ
ʤ줬Τ䤤ϡѸˤδɳƤߤȡޤä٤¤Ϥޤޤ괧 the ǤϡѸޤ¿Υ衼åѸˤơɬǽ餫¸ߤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤˤǡŪˤʤäƤѤ褦ˤʤäֿԡפʤΤǤ
űѸλˤ⡤the ϳΤ¸ߤޤϸŪʳΩˡʻȤƻȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤ٤¸ߤˤȤɤޤäƤޤȤȡ֤ס֤פȤạ̈ɽ魯ؼ (demonstrative) äΤˤλؼϤñ˴ΤΤΤǤ뤳ȤɸʸˡŪǤؤѲƤä̤Ȥޤ줿ΤǤΤ褦ʡȤȤΰ̣ޤꡤʸˡŪʵǽĤ褦ˤʤѲʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȸƤǤޤϱѸˤˤ˽פʥơޤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥޤ
ŪʷаޤΤȡǽѤʵ֤ʤ줬Τפϡ֤ʤѸϡ虜虜ؼʸˡɬפäΤפȤ꿼䤤ؤȾڤޤʤʤ顤ΤʤܸüԤϡΤʤؤȤϴƤʤǤ
䤤Ф1ĤθȤʤΤܸν֤פȡ֤ϡפǤưǤϡΡ֤ס֤ϡפλȤʬѸδȻƤ¦̤뤳ȤŦ¤ (information_structure) δŸޤ
κǤŪϡäʹδ֤ǤǤ˶ͭƤʡˤǤʤʿˤ̤뤳ȤˤޤεǽϡܸΡ֤ס֤ϡפôȸ˥ѥʤΤǤܤäˤȤäƤߤޤ礦
ΡȤˡʡῷˤȤФʡῷˤޤʵˤϻؼǴˡФʡˤ˹Ԥޤ
Ѹˤȡ1ʸǤ괧줬2ʸǤ괧줬ѤϤǤ줾ܸν֤ס֤ϡפбޤ
ܸΡ֤ס֤ϡפλȤʬˤߤ뿷ζ̤Ȥˡϡ춦ƱΤˤȤäŪʤΤǤΥˡμʤϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤǽˤޤܸϤǤȯãƤȤӡѸϤޤˤäؼʸˡȤƻȤ櫓Ǥ
λ¤ϡѸδν˶ϫ䤿ˡƶͿƤޤѸδλȤʬˤϡطʤˤή졤ʤ¤ɬפ롤ȤȤǤѸδδФϡܸüԤ̵ռΤˡ֤ס֤ϡפȤʬƤ롤δФȷҤäƤΤǤ
ϡüԤΥߥ˥ΥˡȡλѲǽʸʣ߹äƷƤޤ̣Ǥϼ¤˿ʹ֤ʪʤΤǤҤεưǤ⤪餤
ϢȤƤ Bauer ˡ˥塼ɱѸεᤰ4Ĥγ⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ (420--28) ⥪ȥꥢѸܤˤߤʤ顤оȤʤƤǤ롥ʤξѼؤصŪѸȤ Australasian ѤƤ뤳Ȥա
1. Australasian as Cockney
ȥꥢѸ18ΥɥѸCockney ȡˤ˥롼ĤΤƱͤˡ˥塼ɱѸ19ΥɥѸ˥롼Ĥ롥ξѼ˺ۤߤȤС1819ΥɥѸκۤ˵롥ʤ˥塼ɰ̱ Cockney ǤϤʤष Cockney ΤƤȤͤƤꡤο Bauer ɾƤ롥
2. Australasian as East Anglian
Trudgill ȤˤСȥꥢѸȥ˥塼ɱѸȯħϡɥѸǤϤʤ East Anglian ˶ᤤȤTrudgill ϡľ East Anglian ȹͤƤ櫓ǤϤʤɥѸǤȤĤġEast Anglian ޤ।νѸ줬礷ƤǤ "a mixed dialect" ȤոBauer ϡΩƤ East Anglian ̤˽Ф˵褷Ƥ롥¾ȤʤΤǤϤʤ
3. The mixing bowl theory
ȥꥢѸ˥塼ɱѸϡ蘆äƤǤ (dialect_mixture) Ǥ롤Ȥ⡥Bauer ϡäȤ餷ǤϤ뤬ʺȤξѼ郎ƤΤϤʤ䤬ĤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Trudgill koineisation ѸǡξѼ褦ȤƤ롥
4. New Zealand English as Australian
˥塼ɱѸϡȥꥢѸ줫ѼǤ롥ʬ䤹ǡBauer "The influence of Australia in all walks of life is ubiquitous in New Zealand" (427) ȽҤ٤Ĥġ䤷Ƥ롥˥塼ɿͤδͤȿŤˤʤ餶ʤ褦ǡ"it is politically not a very welcome message in New Zealand. I shall thus try to present this material in a suitably tentative manner" (425) ȤҤ٤Ƥ롥Ǥ⡤ǤϼΤ褦äƤ (428)
I do not believe that the arguments are cut and dried, but it does seem to me that, in the current state of our knowledge, the hypothesis that New Zealand English is derived from Australian English is the one which explains most about the linguistic situation in New Zealand.
heldio Ǥ#1632. ˥塼ɱѸϤɤ褿ΤȤۿΤǡҤİСޤϢơhellog #5974. New Zealand English Υᥤ ([2025-09-04-1]) ȡ#1799. New Zealand ˤѸˡ ([2014-03-31-1]) ȡ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
˥塼ɤϥȥꥢȤȤŪ˥ꥹȤηӤĤäƤѸѼˤĤƤ⡤餫˥ꥹѼ狼ǤꡤꥫѼ٤Ⱥ롥ˤƹʤαѸˤΰŪʱƶϤΤȡ˥塼ɱѸ⤴¿ʬϳ줺˸äʤɤ americanisation ε̣ߤ롥
˥塼ɿͤˤȤäơѸΥꥫϸ¤ȤƤϼ줶ʤȤȤƤϤޤ깥ޤפäƤʤ⤢ꤽꥫѸؤη䡤뤤ϵդƴϡˤäƤۤʤBauer ϡ˥塼ɿͤХꥫѸ촶ˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . there exists in New Zealand (as in Britain) an anti-American linguistic chauvinism which is entirely surprising in the light of the general use in the community of a number of forms which are American in origin. It is not clear how widespread these attitudes are in the community, but the fact that they exist is shown by the following extracts from Letters to the Editor of New Zealand periodicals:
Most of our worst grammatical or pronunciatory [sic] errors stem from America. (The Listener, 10 November 1973)
Why don't we improve our English instead of adopting a worse speech from a culture which branched off from England several centuries ago? (The Listener, 25 November 1978)
We are not Americans, and I know I for one do not like the way this country is trying to carbon copy itself with American influence. (The Otago Daily Times, 12 September 1984)
Bauer ˥塼ɱѸŪ˵ҤΤ30ǯʾΤȤǤ⤢ꡤɤʤäƤΤܤʬʤȤ櫓ǯۤο͡ԤΥꥫʸոò路פäƤ롤ȤϺǤѤ餺褦Ǥ롥Ϣơheldio ۿ#1631. ꥫѸϷԡɤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
˥塼ɱѸȥȥꥢѸδطˤĤƤϡ̻Ū˶Ūˤ͡ʵꡤͻ٤꤬¿ä˥˥塼ɱѸΤۤϡȥꥢѸˤɤۤɰ¸ƤΤ뤤ϤषΩƤΤȤˤơǥƥƥȴؤäƤΤǡǮʤ䤹Τξδ֤˲륿ޥ (the Tasman Sea) ϡξɤαѸѼӤĤƤ붶Τ뤤ϳ֤ƤƤɤʤΤ
εȴϢợ¤롥̾仳ʤɤμξɤϿ͡αˤߤ䤹ᡤ춭Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ櫓ñ졦ˡʬۤǹͤʤС (isogloss) ξɤۤƤȤϤޤʤȸäƤ褤ޥΤ褦Ū餫礭ϡȥꥢѸȥ˥塼ɱѸ֤Ƥ뼫ξɤȤʤϤ
Ȥ⤷Ȥˡġñ졦ˡˤäϰۤʤΤΡξѼˤƤξɤۤƤ㤬롥˥塼¦鸫СˤϤʤޥϤäȥꥢ¦ˤ롤Ȥ̯ʸݤäƤ롥
Bauer εƤƤߤ褦 (413)
Interestingly enough, some of the isoglosses distinguishing New Zealand English regional dialects cross the Tasman into Australia. Turner . . . comments that the construction boy of O'Brien is also found in Newcastle, New South Wales. Crib is also found meaning 'lunch' in Australia. Small red-skinned sausages are called cheerios in New Zealand, as they are in Queensland, but not elsewhere in Australia . . . . Polony, mentioned above as an Auckland word, is also found in Western Australia . . . . Slater, which is a widespread New Zealand English word, though originally from the South Island, is also found in New South Wales . . . . Blood nose 'nose bleed' is normal in New Zealand, but restricted to Victoria and South Australia in Australia . . . . New Zealand can thus be seen as part of a larger Australasian dialect area in more ways than just sharing vocabulary with Australia.
ʤߤ˰ˤ polony ϡֹäפ꤭סslater ϡ֥եʥॷ饸ॷפ̣롥ʪưʪʤɤϰ̤Ф䤹Ǿ嵭ؤΰŪʷƤȤˡӱۤƤ̣ͤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
ؤοۤˡΤΰΥѥեåȤꡤդȼ˼äƤߤΤʤˡUNIVERSITY JARGON ꤹ륳बäؤǤνؤλû˶Ƥ
UNIVERSITY JARGON
Starting to research your study options and already feeling lost in the jargon? Here are some common terms you're likely to come across.
A DEGREE is the qualification you complete at university. This is your overall PROGRAMME. Your degree will have an abbreviation such as BA, BSc or BCom. That's code for Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, or Bachelor of Commerce, and so on.
Some PROGRAMMES, such as Health Sciences First Year (HSFY), will lead on to many other degrees.
The SUBJECT you specialise in within your degree is called your Major. When you start your first year at university, choose three or four subjects you'd like to try. One will become your major.
In many degrees you can choose to have a MINOR as well. This is a subject you have stuided at each level, but not in as much depth as your major.
Each subject has LEVELS (100, 200, 300). The first courses youtake are called 100-level papers or beginner papers.
Each subject is divided into PAPERS. They are like topics within each subject --- the building blocks of your degree. They have codes like HIST 104, PSYC 201 and MART 304. The papers you choose each year are your course of study.
When you pass each paper, you get POINTS towards your degree. Papers are generally worth 18 points and a three-year degree needs 360 points. This usually consists of 20 papers, an average of 7 papers per year.
A DOUBLE DEGREE is when you study two degrees at the same time. There are also options to combine two majors from different degrees in a single four-year degree. These COMBINED DEGREES include Arts and Business, Arts and Science, and Business Science.
ʤʣƥѥȤ˲⤷ƤʸϤȻפˤȤäƽ鸫ΤưפǤϤʤɤλؤΥƥƤΤǡʬΤºݤˤ϶Ž̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥Ȥ major specialise Ȥ jargons ΰ̣ϡߤ˵ꤵΤǤ뤫顤Ʊʸ˶뤳ȤˤäơǤȤ䤹ʤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ¾ǤץץȤʤäƤޤ줬롥
ʸϤϡġ jargon Τ˲⤷ƤʸϤȤɤΤ̤¤Ͽ jargon ȤϲʸϤȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤǤ⤷Ĥޤꡤǿ̣ jargon ˤ餹ȤˤäơؤȤͭͶְռ褦ȤƤΤȡ
jargon ϡΰ̣츫ƼǤϤʤȤ¸롥jargons 䤽θηϤϡḁ̈ŪĤ˰ԤΤߤĤҲŪʵǽäƤ롥
Ϣơ#2410. slang, cant, argot, jargon, antilanguage ([2015-12-02-1]) ȡ

NZ οݥѡڥʡǡܥܥ뿧οƻؤΤ褦ʪΤȢ˵ͤƤΤˤʤäƤʼ̿ˡyam ֥।⡤ޥΥפ।̾ΤäƤꡤ餯ɤǿ٤ƤƤȻפϤ줿ȤʤäΤǡ̤ΤοʪܤˤƤΤǤ롥ĤäƤߤ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡȤꡤǤʴˤꡤ¿褦¾ڤ֤ΤñʤΤǡ֤ǤȤˤ餬äǤ⾮ΤϿƻǾʤΤǡΤ㥬Τ褦˴ñˤϤʤΤƤߤȡĿʬʼ̿ˡ㥬Τ褦ʤ꿴ϤǡǥץǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ΤޤǤäƤߤȸǤƤ饤ޤޤʤꡤ֤Ƥߤɤ¾ڤʶõʤȸĤʤۤɤ¸ߴʤäƤޤäʬ˲Ф̤Ƚ餫ʤꡤߤäƤäȡĥޥΤ褦ʴŤߤФ롥ʾδۤϽФƤϥĥޥβ̸ߴȤɾˤȤɤޤääȥ磻ɤ˹Ԥäۤɤä⤷ʤ
yam ϡܤǤϤޤ긫ʤΡʰǮӤǹʬۤƤꡤɴबǧȤ礭̣ۤʤȤΤǡΤϤɤʼäΤȻפäƤ롥եꥫɥΦ٥ȥʥʿΤ˻μ郎̣Ȥ줬äΤ̣ĥޥ˶ᤤΤǡꥫαѸǤϥĥޥؤ yam Ȥ褦ȤƤ̤Ǥ롥ιʥʥȥ֤Ȥ
yam ϡߥͥͥˤƤϡʪȤƤΤߤʤ餺ʸŪˤפǡ̤ͭԤϼҲŪ̾Ȥϵ˹ԤʤȤʤʺʪäΤޥ
ľ yam θ츻رѸ츻ŵ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤեꥫθϸͳ褹Ȥ졤ͥǡֿ٤פ̣ nyami ȤƤ뤬褯ʬäƤʤ褦衼åѤäơڥǤ ñame ʸŤ†igñameˡݥȥ ihnameե igname ȤʤäѸǤ⡤1588ǯΰʲνޤϡ yam ˤϤߤʤƬä줿Ǹ졤inamy, nnames, iniamos ʤֻ͡ʸڤ롥
1588 A fruite called Inany [Italian Ignami]: which fraite is lyke to our Turnops, but is verye sweete and good to eate. (Hickock, translation of C. Federici, Voyage & Trauaile f. 18)
ȤѸǤ17ȾФϡȤȤθƬæƤ롥Yeams, jamooes, Yames, Yams, Jammes, Jambs, Guams ʤɥåܤֻ鼡ؤȽи516̤ through Ȥ̤ΰ̣ԴѤȤäƤ褤
ȯϡʤꥸʥθƬæǤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ OED ⤳ˤϿƤʤn æؤäƤǡ˻פĤΤϡʬ (metathesis) Ǥ롥ҤȤޤ¾ϹͤѸΤߤǰƬ˥ߥ졼Ƥߤ褦㤨 */iniam/ θƬ첻ۣ沽 */əniam/ Τ褦ʸꤹ롥ʹ꤬괧 an /ən/ ֤줿ΤȸäƲᤷ촴 /iam/ ȤڤФƤޤäȤʥʥꥪ
ܵˤ heldio Ǥ⤢ޤ#1629. yam ٤ɡ츻Τۤä --- NZݡꤪİС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
heldio ۿ#1628. ˥塼ɺǸŤΥؤλϡNZΥˡǥ˰֤륪ءUniversity of OtagoˤΥѥ餪ϤޤؤΥܥǤ˹ꡤϤο̱ˤȱѸˤ˻פڤޤ
Captain Cook (1728--79) 1769ǯ˥˥塼ɤˬ졤轻̱ΥޥͤȽܿ塤Ϥϥ衼åѿͤˤȤäƷߤ䥢饷εȤʤޤθ塤1840ǯ˥ꥹο̱ϤȤʤꡤ˥ꥹͤˤ뿢̱쵤˿ʤߤޤθ֤ʤ1869ǯˤϡˡǥ˥˥塼ɺǸŤؤȤƥؤΩޤΥԡǥŸˤ϶äФǤظˤϽ̱νξǮػۡ٤äΤǤ٤ޤäޤ
ؤΩ깭ϥˡǥȤĮηߤ˴ؤä̱δ֤ȡåȥɰ쿧Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼ޤĹ̳ΤϡǮԤǤä Thomas Burns (1796--1871) Ǥϡåȥɤɽ Robert Burns (1759--96) αˤޤ
ޤ䤬ƤޤʤΤϡΥؤλ椬칻Ǥ⤢륹åȥɤΥ饹ؤηͼ˥ԥ졼ƤȤ¤ǤˡǥĮ¤ΤåȥɤμԥǥХפ碌ǡؤλϥ饹ʷϵŻäƤΤǤ
ؤˤǤ⤦1ĸƨʤΤؤĤȤǤ1871ǯοˤơؤϡꥹǽƤ٤Ƥγؤν˳ؤӤؤȤʤޤ
⤦1Ʊ礭ʽȤơĮε®ʷкȯŸ٤1861ǯΥɥå夬ޤˤꡤȥꥢͤϤȤơ¿ο͡˼椫ήޤϡåȥɱѸαƶäϤναѸˡȥꥢѸ䡤˰۸ȤܿεͿ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ˥塼ɱѸ˾νפʷäȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
ˡǥȤԻԤȥؤϡѸˤΥᥤȥफϳ줿˥塼ɤȤˤʤ⡤ѸγȻѼΰܿܿȤäѸˤˤҲŪŽ̤ƸƤƤޤ
˥塼ɤ硤Christchurch Х6֤ۤɤ Dunedin ظä椫ϡμʿΤįʤιϿޤƤߤȡΥ롼Ȥ쳤ߤϡѡפȸƤ֤ˤϤϤФΤΡˤ䤫¦ѶʤƤ롥ΤäΤΤ褦Ѷʤγߤϡbay ȤϤ鷺Ȥ bight ȸƤФ餷ʹˤΤʤñä¼ŵˤϡbay 礭Ԥפäŵϥȥꥢߤ礭ѶʤǡGreat Australian Bight ȸƤ֤餷礭ѤȤƤ¾ gulf Ȥñ⤢ꡤѸ
bight ȤñʹľΤϡbight Ȥϸ츻Ūˤ bay ο̤ʤΤȤȤgh y ϸűѸ٥Ǥϸߤ˰۷֤Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿
ȤرѸ츻ŵ٤ƤߤơޤäƤ줿츻˴ؤľиƤˤʤʤϤꤷä꼭Ĵ٤ƤߤʤСΤʤȤʬʤΤ
ޤϡ߿ bay Τۤ顥ϡ⤽ǤϤʤƥ baiam ͳ褷ťڥǤȯŸ bahia ťե baie ͳơѸ bai ȤƼѤ줿Polychronicon ˽ФƤ롥̤ä츻ˤĤƤԾܤǡθΤ褦Ǥ롥
ܤ bight ϡ<gh> ֻۤܳμ¤ͽ̤ۤꡤäűѸ byht ϡֶѡפ̣ѸˤʤäơֳߤѶѡפθȤƱȤƥɥĸ Bucht 䥪 bocht ꡤޥĸ *buχtiz ƷƤ롥˰캬 *bheug- "to bend" ̤ꡤϱѸΡ֤ʤˡפ̣ bow ФƤ롥
˸츻ŵĤʤȰääƤޤޤȤǤܵˤ heldio Ǥ⤢ޤ#1626. The Canterbury Bight ֥٥ѡסꤪİС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
New Zealand English ⤷Ƥ Bauer ƱѸ NZE ؤαƶˤĤƹͻƤսǡƱؼоݤФƱƷϸäȤʬƤ붽̣Ԥ˿Ƥ (419)
One interesting use of American vocabulary in New Zealand English is to provide high-style advertising terms. Given a pair such as torch and flashlight, the British version is the one most likely to be used in everyday speech, and the American one is likely to be used commercially, to make the product sound more appealing. Thus one would normally pull the curtains, but the shop might sell you drapes. Other pairs with a similar relationship are lift/elevator, nappy/diaper and possibly (although there may be a semantic distinction here) biscuit/cookie. Bayard (1989) comments on such pairs in some detail, pointing out that for younger speakers, the American member of such pairs, even if it is not widely used, is considered to be 'better' English (a term Bayard deliberately does not define more closely).
ϱѸαƺȤϰѼ֤κۤ˴ŤڥäNZE Ǥϥ쥸ɽ魯ѤƤΤˤСѤȾѤȤեɤκѤƤȤ
ޤκݤˤɤΥꥸʥѼ郎ѤбƤꡤɤ餬ѤбƤΤ⤪⤷¤ȤƤϡꥹϤѤǡꥫϤѤȤʤäƤ褦ϤޤǼ롥NZE δܤϥꥹϤȤȥꥫϤäƤ롤Ȥ櫓
⤷ȡ NZE ˸¤ʤݤ⤷ʤvariety register 뤤 user variety use variety ʤɤȸƤ٤붽̣ݤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
夲³ԡDunedin ؤβ̾ˤĤơThe Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names dz (pp. 124--25) Ĵ٤ƤߤȡChambers Thomas Burns ζ̣ȤѤƤΤǡʲ˷Ǻܤ
Dunedin: Otago. The name originally intended for Otago's future capital was New Edinburgh, but at the happy suggestion of William Chambers --- then provost of Edinburgh, and one of the founders of the Edinburgh publishing house of W. & R. Chambers --- it was named Dunedin, which is the old Celtic form of the name of the capital of Scotland. When condemning the proposed title New Edinburgh, Chambers wrote:
The 'news' in North America are an utter abomination ... It will be a matter for regret if the New Zealand Company help to carry the nuisance to the territories with which it is concerned. If not finally resolved upon, I should strongly recommend a reconsideration of the name New Edinburgh, and the adoption of another, infinitely superior and yet equally allied to old Edinburgh. I mean the assumption of the name Dunedin, which is the ancient Celtic appellation of Edinburgh, and is now occasionally applied in poetic composition, and otherwise to the northern metropolis. (The New Zealand Journal, 8 July 1843, p. 170.)
Alfred H. Duncan wrote in The Wakatipians:
In the year 1860 Dunedin was but a small place of a few hundred inhabitants, and the streets were more like muddy swamps than anything else, and to that the city owed the name of Mud-Edin by which we were wont to call it in these days.
According to A.H. McLintock in The History of Otago, Chamber's (sic) suggestion was not taken up because of a feeling that George Rennie, who had promoted the settlement scheme, and the name New Edinburgh, should not be offended. However as Rennie's influence on the Otago Settlement waned, Cargill was able to press for a name change, supported by the Rev. Thomas Burns who wrote to Cargill on 14 Feburary (sic) 1845, 'Let the settlement be called Otago --- the town Dunedin, the River Matou and not Molyneux and so forth, keeping to Native names. I suppose we cannot discard N. E. altogether at first --- if we can I wd. by all means do it. I like Otago, N.E. always put me in mind of R. [Rennie] (poor man! he must be a mortified wight.).'
Oddly enough it seems to have been the renaming of the 'Matou' river which settled the issue. As the name Dunedin celebrated old Edinburgh, so the name Clutha, ancient name for the Clyde, complimented old Glasgow, and this, finally, seemed to meet with general approval.
ǥХĹơƥسĹˤʤ٤ʪˤǽŪʻٻФơNew դ̾äƤäȤˤʤ롥˥塼ɤˤϳΤ New ̾ʤ New Zealand ΤΤ New ޤޤƤΤϡ⤷
The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names. 2002 ed. Ed. Peter Dowling. Auckland: Reed, 2002.
Voicy heldio ˤ#1623. ֥ˡǥפϥǥХθ̾ۿޤεϡβۿ˴ŤƤޤ
˥塼˰֤Į Dunedin ϡ18ȾФ˥åȥɰ̱ˤäۤ줿ĮǤꡤʬ䤹 New Edinburgh ȸƤФƤޤˡֿפ뤳̾ˤɽ椫ѤäDunedin ؤ֤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ̾ѹطʤˤϡ⤷ˤޤ
⤽ Dunedin Ȥ̾Ϥɤ褿ΤǤ礦رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡ̾ϥ "fort on the hill slope" ֵ֤ξɡפ̣ dùn eadain ͳ褷ζåȥɤμԥǥХؤǤषѤƤ Edinburgh ϡ줫ʬȤȤˤʤޤĤޤꡤDunedin Edinburgh θ̾̾Ȥʤޤ
̾ؤѹ䤷ΤǥХĹä William Chambers (1800--83) Ǥ Robert Ȥ˽Ǽ W. & R. Chambers ΩʪǤ⤢ޤƿ̱ϤDzԤƤ New Ȥ̾ǤȤƷäƤꡤ˥塼ɤĮˤϡˤͳ濫Ť̾ȹͤDunedin ƤΤǤ
Ƥʪ⤤ޤ1ͤåȥɼͳ (Free Church of Scotland) һդǤꡤ̱Ĥ濴ʪǤä Thomas Burns (1796--1871) ǤϸζƳԤȤƤΤߤʤ餺åȥɤɽ Robert Burns (1759--96) αȤڤġʸŪˤפʿʪǤ̾˴ؤǰϡǥХ餬ʸ̤ˡֵ֤ξɡפǤΤФˡǥϤǤϤʤȤˤޤǽŪˤϡϷʸŪŪؤβͤǧ졤ԻԤο̾ꤷޤ
ơ Thomas Burns طʤˤ롤åȥɼͳˤפǤ1843ǯΡʬ(Disruption) ˤơȸϤζؤδĤȿȯΩ뤿Ω夬äĹϷɤһդΰĤǤ϶ΩǤʤΩŻ뤷ºݤ Burns ϥ˥塼ɺǸŤؤǤ륿ˡǥˤ륪ء1869ǯΩˤνĹ̳ʪǤ⤢äΤǤ
̾1ĤȤäƤ⡤طʤˤˤΥޥȿʹ֥ɥޤƤΤǤ͡åȥɤˤȸؤεͤޤä Dunedin Ȥ̾ˡƻפڤƤߤȻפޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
1025ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ71ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡI --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפǤï⤬ΤĶܸǤʤ顤Ѹˤδ鸫ȡξñ I ϡû¿ΥɥޤŽ̤Ƥ뤳Ȥʬޤ
ιֺ¤ꡤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ؤѹȤʤꡤޤϥ饤ΤߤȤʤޤǤΥȤȤʤޤ¿ˤäտ夲ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1602. 1025īֺ¤ I --- 1;ñ̾ܡۿޤ hellog ˤơ#6021. 1025ڡˡīֺ¤ν1I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפ֤ޤ ([2025-10-21-1]) ƤƤޤ
1;ñ̾ I ˤϡޤ˱Ѹ˾βѲν̿ޤȤޤűѸ졤ñ ic ȤȤäƤޤѸѸˤƿβѲꡤη˷ҤäƤޤ
7ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ16ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
μ8ϡ1129ڡˤˡtake --- ⤿餷ĶܸפꤷƳ֤ޤϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

118ڡˡīʹǥǤ˥ӥ塼dzѸǤʤȥᡩ ռפȤϡޤεϡƱϢֺܴʹʤפΰĤȤơʬȤؤΥӥ塼ˤơԽ줿ΤǤ
ϢܤôԤꡤֱѸפǰƬˡˤѸΰ֤ŤȡαѸФƻ䤿ϤɤΤ褦פФ褤ˤĤƻǤȤΤϢΥӥ塼»ܤǤŤʵīʹδطԤ˴տ夲ޤ
줿ǥǤͭȤʤäƤޤեСǤɤߤޤޤ̤Ǥ119ˤīˡƱûǤǺܤͽǤ
ơӥ塼ʵˤƤǤѸ˸ԤΩ줫顤Ѹ줬ˤ̤ۤ夲ƤŪϰ̡ܸüԤѸؽ빽¤ŪװơռۤƼäƱѸȤΡפˤĤƤäޤ
ޤŪDZѸ줬̸ (lingua_franca) ȤƵǽƤȤҴŪ¤ǧޤξǡѸ줬Ūϰ̤طʤˤϡΥꥷƥʤɡĤƤͭϸ줬ɤäƻڤȼŪˤƱ¤뤳ȤŦƤޤιȤŪкŪϤθγȻ٤ƤȤŪ¤ϡϳؤǽפǤεϡѸˤˤ礭1ĤǤֱѸȽפȤؤäƤޤ
ˡܿͤˤȤäƱѸ콬Ȥ빽¤ŪͳˤĤƤޤܸȱѸϡȯʸˡηϡäʤɤǶ˾ʤεΥȤ¤ޤʿǯ٥ǸС˸ߤȤäƤ褤طˤ衼åѽüԤ٤ȡܿͤѸνĹ֤פΤϡषʤȤǤ
ˡñʤμĶơƿͤܿͤδ֤ˤϡߥ˥Ȥʤ뽡ˡʸ̤Ǥζ̹⾯ʤѸǤβäˤֺˡפΤʤȤΤ⤦1Ĥ礭ɤˤʤäƤ뤳ȤŦޤο͡ѸǤβäˤޤʤΤ٤ȡܿͤϤäȤȤˡ֤⤽ɤΤ褦˲äϤ褤ΤפȤǤ䤹褦Ǥ
ơΤʤǺǤܤƤΤռääΡפǤŪƤϤǤƤޤѸˤҲؤθ˴ŤߤαѸѤμ֤˴դߤŪʥɥХȤʤäƤȻפޤȤʤΤϡαѸü20ͤΤƿͤʤɤüԤϥޥΥƥǤȤ¤Ǥ
ֱѸפˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ linguistic_imperialism Υ夤ϤȤơ͡˵ƤޤǤ Voicy heldio δϢ⤷ƤȻפޤҤİС
#1607. ѸѸء
#145. 3ʳdzĥƤѸ
ơ̤Ǥ119ˤīûǤǺܤͽǤΤǡ餫⤴ɤйǤ
NZE ˤϡޥ줫μѸ줬¿äƤ롥̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾Ϥ̸¿ήƤ롥Ѹʸ̮ǥޥѸɤΤ褦ȯ뤫ȤˤĤơBauer (398--99) ̣Ƥ롥
The proper pronunciation of Maori is currently a controversial issue in New Zealand, and it is a subject on which feelings run high. The issue is at heart a political rather than a linguistic one, since it is clear linguistically that there is no good reason to expect native-like Maori pronunciation in words which are being used in English. None the less, it has the linguistic consequence that there is a good deal of variation in the way in which Maori loanwords are pronounced in English, with variants close to native Maori norms at the formal end of the spectrum, and much more Anglicised versions --- sometimes irregularly Anglicised versions --- at the other. To give some idea of the variation this can lead to, I present below a few place-names with a Maori pronunciation and one extreme English pronunciation. Variants are heard anywhere on the continuum between these two extremes.
ʸϤθ˶㤬ĤƤ뤬ȤХޥǥ˥塼ɤɽ魯 Aotearoa ĹϡˤϡޥȯǤ /aːɔtɛːaɾɔa/ ȤʤꡤȯѸüԤ⤤С鴰˱Ѹ첽 /eɪətiəˈɹəʊə/ ȤȯԤ⤤롥ޤ2ĤξˤȤơŪȯ¿ȤΤ顤ɤη㤷롥
ɤطʤˤϡѸȥޥβηϤκۡޥΥƥ饷ǥؤθޥؤΩ֤פ졤ײ衦Ωʤɡ͡ʸŪƤʤҲŪװѤƤΤȯ1ĤȤäƤ⡤üԤ٤Ω줬ǻȿǤƤǽȤȤ
ʤޥɽݤֻϡ1830ǯȾ1840ǯޤǤˤɸಽƤȤ (Bauer 398) ճᤫäΤʡȤݤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
ε#6307. New Zealand English ˤ봧μ¸ ([2025-11-06-1]) ³New Zealand English ʹħȯˤĤƼ夲롥Bauer (391) ˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥
There is a small set of words such as known, thrown, which are regularly pronounced with two syllables, allowing distinctions between such pairs as groan/grown.
LPD äƤߤȡ줾ɸŪñȯμˡ§/ˈnəʊ ən/, §/ˈθrəʊ ən/, §/ˈgrəʊ ən/ 2ȯǺܤƤ롤LPD ˤ § ˤĤƤϡ"Pronunciations which are widespread among educated speakers of British English but which are not, however, considered to belong to RP (Received Pronunciation) are marked with the symbol §." (xix) ȤΤǡꥹѸǤRPȯȤƤϹʹΤΤ褦
2ȯ˻פ鷺ӹäƤޤΤϡ줬餯űѸŪȯͳѤǤ뤫űѸǤϾ嵭ưϤѲ7°ʬϤ줾 knāwen, þrōwen, grōwen Ȥʤ롥MED ѸθΤȡ2ܤ첻첻ĤäƤΤ⤢СĤäƤʤΤ⤢롥ʤȤѸʹߡñȯ2ȯ variants ȤƤԤʤƤȤʬ롥
űѸ줫1ǯλ֤ή졤¦ϤäƤ븽 NZE ˤơħŪ2ȯĤäƤȤΤϴ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
(article) 괧괧ˤμ¸ϡѸѼˤäƤ⡤üԸĿͤˤäƤ⡤ˤäƤ͡Ǥ롥ŵŪʵǽȤƶȼ variants äƤȤ⤢ꡤϤޤޤʣȤʤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])ˡˡ³줬ҲǻϤޤ뤫첻ǻϤޤ뤫ˤäƤѰۤΤǡ
Ȥ櫓괧μ¸ˤĤƤϡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ơϰѼˤäƤ¸ϤޤޤΤ褦New Zealand English ξƤߤ褦Bauer (391) ˤȡ³ˤ餺괧 /ðə/ 괧 /ə/ ȯ뷹Ȥ첻³ˤϤƤĺĤʤȤ롥
As in South African English . . . , the and a do not always have the same range of allomorphs in New Zealand English that they have in standard English. Rather, they are realised as /ðə/ and /ə/ independent of the following sound. Where the following sound is a vowel, a [ʔ] is usually inserted.
ܲ˥塼ں NZE ˤƤ뤬⤽ⴧϼ夯ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ɤѼǤ variants ¿뤳ȤȤƤäƤΤǡۤɥޡƤʤäϰռʹΩƤƤ
LPD the ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
the strong form ðiː, weak forms ði, ðə --- The English as a foreign language learner is advised to use ðə before a consonant sound (the boy, the house), ði before a vowel sound (the egg, the hour). Native speakers, however, sometimes ignore this distribution, in particular by using ðə before a vowel (which in turn is usually reinforced by a preceding [ʔ]), or by using ðiː in any environment, though especially before a hesitation pause. Furthermore, some speakers use stressed ðə as a strong form, rather than the usual ðiː.
NZE ˸¤餺¾ѼˤƤ¸¿ͤȹͤƤ褤ޤĤʤĺ⡤ٰŪȤäƤ褵
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
1015˴Ԥ줿ʼȤνƤζظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡ̾Ρ֤ΤۤʤסˤˤĤơܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ
ǼҤʥĥԽԤ2ͤǡäȤߤϤƤޤYouTube 硼ưΥ1ʬǤ狼ֱѸΤʤספǤܽǼ夲ƤȥԥåûưDz⤷ƤޤºݤˤϡԽԤAIѤƤۤܤ٤ƺǸԤǤĤǧǡ֤ΤۤإͥƤȤǤ̾ YouTube ưǤʤ硼ưȤ̷֤ǤȯƤȤǡ깭ؤ˥ǤΤǤϤʤȴԤƤޤǽŪˤܽ˼äƤ餤̤ƸءѸءѸˤΤ⤷1ͤǤ¿ΤäƤ餤ȤΤǤ̣ǤϡhelλߤǤ
ޤǤˡ˷Ǥ2ܤΥ硼ưƤޤ1ܤϡdoubt b ϤäĤäפǤ֤ΤۤʤפǤϡdolphin ph ϤäĤä (pp. 78--79) ˤƼ夲ƤˤĤơ̤ζ1ĵʤξҲǤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ֤ƤΤȯʤۻ (silent_letter) ϡѸؽԵ㤫Ǥ͡
2ܤϡܽ168--69ǤǼ夲Ƥ֤ʤѸǤϡ֤ʤΥեޤפȸΤפȤ硼ưǤѸ come go λȤʬ˴ؤľ (deixis) ǤܸΡסֹԤפȤϻȤۤʤꡤϤܤαѸؽԤˤȤäƺμȤʤޤ͡
ʤ֤ΤۤܡΤ֤Τۤإͥ˴ŤƤΤǡбʥ硼ȤǤϤʤ̾Ρư褬ޤؿäϡҰʲ2ܤ
#161. dolphin ph ϸ fdoubt b ϸϤʤääʤ
#253. come Ȥ go Ȥ this Ȥ that Ȥñ㤽˸뤱ɡʪŪ֤ȼҲؤǧθؤǤ
ܽǰäƤȥԥåϡΤ褦ñƦμˤȤɤޤ餺ѸȤŪаޤ䥳ߥ˥μҲŪθ⤭ĦˤΤǤϡ夵ΡָοءפȻΡֱѸˡפ2Ĥδؿͻ礷ƤꡤߤХ褯ȿǤ줿ž夬ˤʤäƤȼ餷Ƥޤ
硼ưΥϡ³Ƥޤҡưܽ˼äƤйǤ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ
112ˡʼȶǾ尴ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡǰۡ॰饦ɤǤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥˤܽҲ𤹤ۿޤ#384. Τۤܤϡ䤤ؤΤҤȤĤΤ --- ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡˡǤ16ʬȾۤɤưˡҤ
ܽϡ2ͤ3ǯȾˤ錄 YouTube ̤ƤƤŽ̤Ƥꡤͤȯ礭ȿƤޤܽHPⳫߤƤޤΤǡꤼҤˬ䤯ޤSNS ʤɤǡϥå奿 #Τۤʤ źơܽ˴ؤ뤴ո䤴ۤʤɤޤȹǤ
ơ֤ΤۤפκǿǤϡܽιˤĤƸڤĤġ䤬ôĶäѸǯɽ (pp. 6--9) ϪޤޤǤѸˤάǯɽ͡ʷǺäƤޤǯɽȤȤˤϾǺߤĤޤȤޤñʤǯʾΡޤǤΤǤˤĤƷ겼Ƥߤޤ
ǯɽˤꡤޤŪʽˤϡפ䤹ΤȡǤʤΤȤޤˤ䷳ˤˤ㤨1066ǯΥΥޥ (norman_conquest) Τ褦ʤΤϡǯʤդޤǡˤΤ˵ϿƤꡤǯɽ˷ǺܤݤǺߤϤޤ1066ǯΥޥפȥХäȽФ褤Ǥ
ȤѲ¿ѸǯɽǤϡñˤʤȤ¿ΤǤȤơѸˤκǤ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (gvs) ͤƤߤޤ礦̤ˤѲ1400ǯ1700ǯˤơäꡤä굯ä뤳Ȥ¿ǤǤϡѲλϤޤȽ꤬βǯȤϷʤȤǤºݤ1400ǯθö˻Ϥޤä櫓Ǥ⡤1700ǯ糢˽ä櫓Ǥ⤢ޤǯɽȤ2Υ쥤Ȥǡɤ˻ϤޤȽ֤Τ뤤Ϥɤ줯餤λȤΤϡ١¤ȤȤʤޤ쥤Ⱦϡʸ䥤饹ȤȤη礤⤢ꡤʣޤ
ǯɽˤΤäȸȤơѸˤγǯɤ֤Ȥ礭꤬ޤκϡhellog periodisation ΥΤĤƵǸƤȤǤǯɽȿǤȤʤȡŪǯȤᤵƤ褦ǡץå㡼礭ΤǤŪ˱ѸˤλϤޤ449ǯȤƤޤϡͤȸƤФޥͤΰɤ֥ƥܳŪ轱ǯȤƤ뤫ǤäơλϤޤꡤҤƤϥꥹλϤޤꡤƱѸλϤޤλƤ櫓Ǥ
ץѡˤΩ줫餹ȡ449ǯϤäΤǤʤʤСͤޤΦˤȤ448ǯȡ֥ƥ˾ΦȤ449ǯȤǡäƤ켫ΤϲѤäƤʤϤǤ
ϡҲŪʻˤäƵޤˤλѤѤΤǤϤʤޤǤäƤƤϢ³ΤȤ¸ߤƤޤСѸˤϡĸޤǡʾʤȤ⤢٤ϡ³ǷҤäƤǤޤͤͤСθλϤޤˤҤäƤǽޤĤޤꡤ֡ˤλϤޤפȤڤϡʸŪʹθǤϤʤθäĤμҲŪˡʤˤˤȥƤ餦ǡصŪꤵƤˤʤΤǤ
Ȥ櫓ŪʽҤ˷Ǻܤǯɽǡ449ǯפʤɤʤȡ֤ǤϡѸˤϤĻϤޤäΤǤפȤѤʵ˥äʤʤ뤿ᡤŪʶڤҤȤޤѤƤˤʤȤȤʤΤǤǯɽ˽ƤǯϡؽصȤŪ˱뤿ŶλʪȤäƤ褤ΤǤʸϤǤС~ǯפʤɤȤäɽƨ뤳ȤǤΤǤǯɽȤǤϡɤƤľξ˥ԥݥȤŪ֤ȤäǥʴФ椨ǺޤΤǤˤϡ̿Τ褦ʷŪǤϤʤäѲƤեǤΤȤǡܽΡĶäѸǯɽפܤ̤Ƥȡ꿼ѸˤȤΤ˻פڤ뤳ȤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
֤Τۤʤפ˴ؤϡ³֤Τۤإͥפ hellog ¾ΤǷ깭ƤĤǤϢϤ٤HPˤޤȤޤäƤޤΤǡꤤפޤ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ

khelf ߷Ϣܴ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ111˸줿160. anemone ȯ/ənéməni/äơϤȾǯޤޤʤǤȤˡɮ۩
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ǶεǤȤƤٶˤʤäΤ158. and anǤan = "(and) if" ѸѸ줫㤬ƤꡤդʧäƤʤɤȤɤ߰㤨ꤹǽ⤤Ȼפޤˤ148. ampersand &̾ؤλȤ⤢ꡤA ιˤȤɤޤȤϤΤ褦ʥե⽼¤ƤƤޤ
߷Ϣܡ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפˤĤƤϡˤ hellog heldio ǿƤޤҤ⤴Ȥ
hellog #5861. khelf ߷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1])
heldio #1443. ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ by khelf ߷
heldio #1556. khelf ߷Ρ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפĴǤ --- RSS ѰդƤޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ε#6032. ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ˸ơ ([2025-11-01-1]) ϡ2023ǯ530 heldio ۿ#729. ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ΤαѸˡ˴ŤʸϤǤݤҤ٤ޤäդϽդȤϰۤʤꡤäޤΤǡҲǤ⤪İС
ˡƱƥĤư貽ǤʤȻװƤƤȤGoogle NobebookLM ǴñˤǤ뤳ȤΤꡤAIϤǥ˥ܥʥ졼η˻Ωƾ夲뤳Ȥˤޤ٤塼˥ϤǤʤäΤǡ夬ˤϥĥåߤɤĤ⤢ޤƤλߤȤƸƤߤޤYouTube heltube --- Ѹ˥ͥ˾夲ޤư֤ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ˸ơ6ʬ49áˤ
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˸ƱѸȱѸˤˤĤäߥʡꡤɤȹͤƤޤ2ǯȾۤ2023ǯ530 Voicy heldio #729. ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ΤαѸˡꤹۿȿ礭äȤפФΤǡΤȤƤˤߺդäɤȻפĤޤΤˤ٤γפʼʬΤˡʸϲƤȤȤǡʲʸϤȤʤޤν֤¿Ȥؤꡤ2025ǯǤAIȯŸʤɤռƵȤ߹ꤷƤޤĥȤѤäƤޤ
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