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2022-11-30 Wed

#4965. 硼Ƭ 'rum, ram, ruff' [alliteration][rhyme][chaucer][sggk][literature]

Dzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡǤθإ󶪤ФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) 14Ѹޥ󥹤ǤۤƱ˽񤫤줿ե꡼硼 (Geoffrey Chaucer) Ρإ󥿥٥ʪ (The Canterbury Tales) Ȥϡ̤ǰۤʤäƤޤԤϥƥƤΥ󥰥αѸƬ (alliteration) ˤäƽ񤫤ƤꡤԤϸɸѸؤȯŸƤɥѸǵӱ (rhyme) ˤäƽ񤫤Ƥޤ
硼ϤäѤΦͳεӱǻޥȤƤαѸŪ˼ѤƤƬˤϴؿʤä褦Ǥܤβسˤʤ館ƤСֻϥݥåץμ̱ؤΤϤޤפȤäʷϵǤΤȤϡ硼ȤܵǤƬѤƤʤȡޤإ󥿥٥ʪ٤ΡֶǤʺפäν (ll. 42--47) ˤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ뤳ȤŪΤޤ (The Riverside Chaucer ˡ

But trusteth wel, I am a Southren man;
I kan nat geeste 'rum, ram, ruf,' by lettre,
Ne, God woot, rym holde I but litel bettre;
And therfore, if yow list --- I wol nat glose ---
I wol yow telle a myrie tale in prose
To knytte up al this feeste and make an ende.


ܸȼΤ褦ˤʤޤ

ǤҤȤ⤴򤤤ΤǤνпȤǤǤ "rum""ram""ruf" Ȥ˸դƬDZƧळȤʤɤǤޤ󡥤ޤ⤴¸ΤǤϵӱƧळȤޤǤޤ󡥤Ǥ顤 --- ᤹뵤Ϥ餵ʤΤǤ --- ͤ˻ʸdzڤä򤤤ޤ礦ǤΤڤߤβԤޤ٤Τ򤹤٤Ԥ߾夲᤯ޤ礦


硼ϡǤʺפȤоʪˤڤ󤸤Ĵ 'rum, ram, ruff' ȯƤޤʸ̤ˤƬӱޤɤޤƬӱΤȸʤƤɤळȤǽ⤷ޤ󡥤Ǥ礦ǤϡӾ (144) ɤߤҲ𤷤ƤȻפޤѤǡפȤϻͥ硼ΤȤǤ

Ϥɤ⥢ʪƬޤ깥Ǥʤ餷ɤƬĴȤäƤߤꡤضʺפá٤Ǥϡֻοʹ֤ʤΤǡࡦࡦ (rum, ram, ruf) ʤƬƧ㾧ʤɤϽޤסX 󡼻ͻˤȤͭ̾줬롥鸫ƤŤۼΡļˤäλʪȸƤ餷ΤǤ롥


Τ褦ʻȾǡʤͤϼƬѤƻΤդ꤬⤷Ǥ

Benson, Larry D., ed. The Riverside Chaucer. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1987.
ե꡼硼ˡӾ 鹰ʴˡإ󥿥٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ١ͪۡ2021ǯ
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥׻͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ

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2022-11-29 Tue

#4964. khelf šֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ3ơפΤΤ餻121ڡ13:00--14:00 Voicy [voicy][heldio][notice][senbonknock][masanyan][sobokunagimon]

ǯ⤢äȤ֤˻ŤƤޤ121ڡˤΤ᤮13:00--14:00 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤܥΥåפϤޤĤΤ褦 khelfʷѸ˥ե˼ŤΥ٥ȤȤʤޤ

heldio_live_20221201



ܥΥåΤڹʷܳرءġ2Ƥ껲ä콤ء3ͤǤʲϤĤΤ褦ˡkhelf ĹˤܽθűѸ YouTube ֤ͥޤˤͥ򱿱Ĥޤˤ (masanyan) ǤYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥǤⲿ٤б餷Ƥޤ
2ƤΤ hellog heldio ʤɤι̤Ƴ󤫤餪󤻤Ѥʵפ̤òΤޤޤ˿¿ĤäƤޤΤǡϤε濴˼夲ȻפäƤޤ饤ִФꤲ߼ⴿޤޤΤǡ Voicy ץꤪ󤻤
ǻäƤ׾촶ĥ⤢äƤ⤷ȻפޤʿǤԹΤĤʤˤޤƤϡī̾ǼϿͻҤ򥢡ȤۿͽǤΤǡ餫餪İ
ޤǤ heldio ΡܥΥåץ꡼Τ餪İޤؤӤϤ٤Ƶ䤫Ϥޤޤ͡Ѥʵ˴ؿ³ƤФȡ

khelf banner


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2022-11-28 Mon

#4963. Ѹʡإ󶪤ФεΡ٤ФεΤڤꥲդä륷 [sggk][me_text][me_dialect][literature][popular_passage][voicy][heldio]

Dzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡʤΤǡϢαDz褪Ӥθإ󶪤ФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ˤĤƤϤƤޤDzλƽ̳줿ܹΩ̿ءȡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ̤ԤʤޤޤİǤʤϥ#544. ܹȡإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤Ȥθθᤰä̤ޤİ褯DzվޤΤ褤ͽˤʤȻפޤ
ϡ#4890. Ѹʡإ󶪤ФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷 ([2022-09-16-1]) ȡ#4931. Ѹʡإ󶪤ФεΡ٤Ƭ2󥶡 ([2022-10-27-1]) ˰³ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ̾ɤ߾夲ĤľҲ𤷤ޤФεΤڤꥲդä륷Ǥ
DzξҲȤA24£ե󥿥إ꡼󡦥ʥȡ١פʥ졼̳᤿ưءȤ YouTube ư3ʬ15áˤƤޤư0ʬ50դ꤫顤DzΤΥѸƥȤƳޤϤѸƥȤޤ1 (ll. 279--300) 夲ޤ
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#545. إ󶪤ФεΡ٤ФεΤڤꥲդä륷Ѹ츶ʸɤ߾夲ޤȤƸʸɤƤޤΤǡҤİ



ʲѸ츶ʸAndrew and Waldron ǡˤܸӾˤǤޤ

'Nay, frayst I no fyȝt, in fayth I þe telle;
Hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdlez chylder.
If I were hasped in armes on a heȝe stede,
Here is no mon me to mach, for myȝtez so wayke.
Forþy I craue in þis court a Crystemas gomen,
For hit is Ȝol and Nwe Ȝer, and here are ȝep mony.
If any so hardy in þis hous holdez hymseluen,
Be so bolde in his blod, brayn in hys hede,
Þat dar stifly strike a strok for anoþer,
I schal gif hym of my gyft þys giserne ryche,
Þis ax, þat is heué innogh, to hondele as hym lykes,
And I schal bide þe fyrst bur as bare as I sitte.
If any freke be so felle to fonde þat I telle,
Lepe lyȝtly me to and lach þis weppen---
I quit-clayme hit for euer, kepe hit as his auen---
And I schal stonde hym a strok, stif on þis flet,
Ellez þou wyl diȝt me þe dom to dele hym anoþer
      Barlay,
    And ȝet gif hym respite
    A twelmonyth and a day.
    Now hyȝe, and let se tite
    Dar any herinne oȝt say.'


֤䡤ľ˿ơ襤˾ǤΤǤϤʤΤդʤˤϡҤƤʤҶʤˤ̤褦ʡ路ɤȤˤޤȤ礭ϤǤ٤ʤС­Ǥ路Ωϰͤ⤪ޤ顤路ε˾ΤϥꥹޥͷӤȡޤ礦ɥꥹޥȿǯλǡˤϸΤ褤̡뤫ʡδۤDz椳ϤȻפԤʤ顤㤷ԤꡤŨˤǷǤ魯ԤʤС˫ʤȤƤθ򤯤Ƥ뤾ϤȽŤĤǡפ褦˰Τ񤷤路˺äƹɤĤǽΰ뤳Ȥˤ褦路θäȤƤߤ褦ȤΤΤäۤʤСӤƤƤ˼ʤСʵפ˾ϤĤʪˤƤξ˺äƶޤĤΰ褦路Ĥ֤ΰä븢ĤȤȤǡ
路֤ˤϡ
ͱͽ֤Ϳ褦
ǯȰΡ
ޤꡤˡ
̾ФۤϤˤϤΤ


Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥׻͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ

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2022-11-27 Sun

#4962. ܹȡإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤Ȥθθᤰä̤ޤ [sggk][voicy][heldio][notice][khelf][link]

ܥ֥βǤǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơܲǾDzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡȤθǤإ󶪤ФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) θᤰäơܹΩ̿ء̤Ԥʤޤ
٤ڤߤʤ⤿ؤٶˤʤä1֤Ǥī heldio ǥȤۿޤΤǡꤪİȥϡ hellog Ʊ#544. ܹȡإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤Ȥθθᤰä̤ޤǤ1֤ĹǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤɤ



DzվޤͽˤʤȻפޤİ塤DzۤäƤФȡ
Dzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤δϢ򶵤ƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ

Dz
ܱDzα۵ Transformer
ܱDzߥĥå
A24£ե󥿥إ꡼󡦥ʥȡ١פʥ졼̳᤿ưء
ֻʿDz֥꡼󡦥ʥȡפΥ饹ܤΤ饳Ȥ

٤Фʤ鲬ܹ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤѸʸءʪ졤Ѹޥ󥹡ѸˤȤƤꡤǯϡؤ١ʰʲ򻲾ȡˤνǤޤᥢʪܤŪ˸򤵤Ƥޤؤ줿ľνҤ2Ҳ𤷤ޤ

ҡԡˡؤˤƥܤǼƤ쥵֥㡼˷פ١ߤӡ2019ǯ
()Ѹʸظ¿ȤŸ˾ --- ˧ǰʸ١ҡ2020ǯ


Ȥ heldio Ǥⲿ٤̤ƤƤޤ̤ȤϢΤǡʲ碌Ƥİ

heldio #173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲ (2021/11/20)
heldio #386. ܹȤλ̡󡦥ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸ (2022/06/21)
heldio #478. Ѹʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡ (2022/09/21)

ʥ顼ʸΩ̿عݸʸǤ⸦ưԤʤƤޤ̤Ǥ vernacular ȤʤޤˤĤƴϢ hellog δϢؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])
#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1])
#4814. vernacular 򥭡ɤȤƱѸˤįʤȤ⤷ ([2022-07-02-1])

ˤ khelfʷѸ˥եˤγưˤؤäƤƤޤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤ
hellog heldio ǥϢ夲ƤͽǤΤǡ󡤤դ礤

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-26-1]

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2022-11-26 Sat

#4961. إ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤ȱѸ [sggk][reestablishment_of_english][voicy][heldio][notice]

Dzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡɥ硼ȤʤޤѸ쥢ޥ󥹤ηȤإ󶪤ФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knightά SGGK) ǤαDzǰƬˡδ֡ hellog Ǥ⡤Voicy heldio Ǥ⡤ءʱˤμȤǤʡˡѸƥ (sggk) ܤƤޤ
SGGK 夬ʻξ夲ˤΥߥ󥰤ǡ10:00--11:00˱Dzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤λƽ̳줿Ω̿ؤܹ Voicy ǤϤޤʤǤˡ#4957. heldio ʲܡĤ̡ˤΤΤ餻1126ڡ˸10:00--11:00֥ʥ顼ʡإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ١ס ([2022-11-22-1]) ǤΤ餻̤Ǥˡ

heldio_live_20221126



˲ؤμդȻפޤΤǡVoicy ץꤪ󤻤ǤİǤʤ⿴̵ѤǤϿͻҤϡī heldio ˤۿͽǤˤDzվޤ˽ФΡͽפȤƤİʤΥͥХϤ뤫⤷ޤΤաˡ
ơDzͽȤʤϤ켫ΤͽȤơ14Ⱦ SGGK ֱѸǡ׽񤫤줿ŪطʤˤĤơī쥮顼 heldio ۿޤ#544. 1/3ߥ˥ˤֱѸζλǤޤϤİ



ǤѸȤߤʤ¸ߤǤѸ (1100--1500ǯˤˤϱѸϥ󥰥ɤιȤƤȾǧƤʤ微ˤޤǤǤϡʤ14ȾˤΤ褦ʸ SGGK 񤫤줿ΤǤ礦ϡλޤǤˤ褦䤯Ѹ줬פ뤲ĤĤäǤ1066ǯΥΥޥˤե󥹸ˤۤȤӤβäѸϡ֤򤫤ƤäȰҿƤ14Ⱦ˺ƤƬ⤿ƤΤǤѸζλϡ333ǯۤɡĤޤ1ǯ1/3ȤĹˤ錄ޤ
Ĥޤꡤ14ȾϱѸˤȤäƺƤܤ򸫤뤳Ȥˤʤä𡹤ʤΤǤ̵̾λͤˤäƺܤƤ SGGK 蘆졤ѸʸؤκǹǤ른ե꡼硼ˤإ󥿥٥ʪ٤蘆ޤǤ
ҡʾαѸŪطʤƧޤDzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ򤴴վޤФȻפޤ

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2022-11-25 Fri

#4960. ϸͰ¤ Basic English [basic_english][esperanto][english_in_japan]

ϸͰ¤ (1862--1933) ʹơפ⤫٤ȶʤȤǤ5߻δäعǥ顼Τ˳ؤͤȤƤ⵭Ƥ뤷ʿΤζפǤ⤢ꡤˤϡƻ٤ԤǤ⤢롥ĿŪˤϡĤйֻդȤؤǶȤ⤢ΤǿƤߤͯϸͤƱؤνĹǤ⤢ä
ѸȤδϢǤϡƣˡˡرѸãäѤ졤ܿͤαѸ٤δƬѸãͤ1ͤȤΤƤ롥ϸͤϾҤƻ٤Τ뤬Ȥब񤤤ΤϱѸ Bushido, the Soul of Japan ǤꡤܸΡƻ٤ǤϤʤդɬפ롥Bushido ãդαʸǤ롥
ϸͤϡΤ褦ܱѳػˤ礭­פĤƤ뤬 (cf. #4587. ܱѸƻάǯɽס ([2021-11-17-1])ˡϢ̳Ĺ̳ƤǯˤϹݸ˶ؿ󤻤褦ˤʤäºݡϡ#962. Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦˥ڥƥȤ⤢äBasic English λٻԤǤ⤢äƣ (24--25) Ѥ롥

Ϣ̳ɼĹ̳뤳鿷ϸͤɬ˴褦ˤʤ롥ǯϱѹθؼCKǥIA㡼ѸؽѤ˳ȯִܱѸʥ١å󥰥åˡפ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ褦ʡԽ;Ͽٸ޻Ȭˡ
ˡ̾פθưȬޡαñǺѤޤ뤿ΤŪʥƥϡθѸˤʤǤȤοߤȯɽ줿顤बȤƤεǽԤΤ̵ϤʤΨŻ뤷ηϤ˴Ԥ󤻤뤳ȼΡѸ춵ФƳڤäͤ򤻤򤨤ʤ褿Ȥʪä롥ܤλؤȤޤäͤʤǤ塤Ʊѳؤ˴ΰӤéǤä


ѸãͤǤ뿷ϸͤϡΤ褦ʱѸãͤθڤܤ̻뤳ȤԲǽȸäƤ˰㤤ʤǰۤʤϩ뤳ȤˤڥȤ Basic English ָΤȻפ롥ȤƤŬʤäϰ㤨ɡɸ⿶֤äƤߤۼŪǤ뤳ȤϰפƤϿϸͤʤäȤۤʤ褦˻פ롥
Basic English ˤĤƤϡ#959. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1])#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ƣ ˡرѸãäѤ졤ܿͤαѸ12ǡ2017ǯ

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2022-11-24 Thu

#4959. bright βž [metathesis][personal_name][indo-european][germanic][etymology]

īīʹŷ͸ž (metathesis) ȤƤܸ줫㤬Ĥ󤲤ƤΤǵ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

󥶥ʻ֡ˢ
饿饷
餬ʤ餷ʤ
ĥťߡݡˢťĥ

ζǷͧͤΡ֥եȥס֥ޥפȤžȯˤĤȤäˤ⿨Ƥ
Ѹⲻžˤϻ礫ʤ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) #2809. Ѹβžľ٤礦2˸¤ ([2017-01-04-1]) ޤ metathesis ¿εǻҲ𤷤ƤΤȤ /r/ 첻ž㤬Ū¿ΤħŪǤ롥
Ϥޤ /r/ 첻δؤ벻žȤƼ夲Ƥʤäɤ⡤٤ι⤤פʸȤ bright 뤤ˤҲ𤷤褦캬 *bherəg- "to shine; bright, white" ̤ꡤޥĸǤ *berχtaz ηƷƤ롥űѸǤ beorht ηǡޤǤϰӤơ첻 + /r/פνǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ǥ˸űѸǤⲻžФ breoht ʤɤηʸڤ졤Ѹʹߤϡ/r/ + 첻׷̲Ƥ
žФƤʤꥸʥΡ첻 + /r/פϡĤο̾˲Ū˻ĤäƤ롥Albert (nobly bright), Bertha (the bright one), Bertrand (bright raven), Herbert (army-bright) ʤɡ

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2022-11-23 Wed

#4958. stand on the shoulders of giants ֵͤθξΩġ [proverb][idiom][sobokunagimon]

ˤ貿ˤ衤ͤμѤξˤʤμդäȤʸ⤵ƤΤȤΤǤ to stand on the shoulders of giants ֵͤθξΩġפɽ롥
ʲϡ1ͤεͤκʤΤߡˤ˾뾮͡פȤΥå󥰤ǡ̩ˤ "a dwarf on a shoulder of a giant" Ȥ٤դϤɤǡ

A Dwarf on the Shoulders of a Giant

ơδѶ OED shoulder, n. ΤȤ˵󤲤ƤΤ¤2022ǯ3 OED κݤ˿˲ä줿ۥۥΥȥ꡼ʤΤǤ롥οȥ꡼ˤĤơOED ι󵭻 "Content warning: may contain notes on the OED March 2022 update" Τ褦˥ȤƤ롥

A new phrase entry in shoulder examines the use of to stand on the shoulders of giants to refer to the process of building on the discoveries and achievements of great predecessors, first recorded in the early seventeenth century in a variation on the proverb a dwarf (or child) standing on the shoulders of a giant sees farther than the giant, itself based on a twelfth-century Latin phrase attributed to Bernard of Chartres.


OED ˲ä줿ȥ꡼ΤΡӺǽ3ĤʸޤǰѤƤ

   to stand on the shoulders of giants (and variants): to build on the discoveries, achievements, and understanding of the great scholars and thinkers of the past. Hence to stand on the shoulders of (any person or group): to benefit from the knowledge of one's predecessors.
      The phrase standing on the shoulders of giants is strongly associated with Sir Isaac Newton (1642--1727): see quot. 1676. Earlier in proverbial phrase a dwarf (also child, etc.) standing on the shoulders of a giant sees farther than the giant (now rare; in quot. 1608 as a simile).

[Originally after post-classical Latin nanos gigantium humeris insidentes dwarves sitting on the shoulders of giants (12th cent.; attributed by John of Salisbury to Bernard of Chartres).]

   1608 J. White Way to True Church 325 Doctors of these later times..insisting in the steps of the ancient Fathers..are like children standing on the shoulders of giants,..they see further then they [sc. the Fathers] themselues.
   1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) To Reader 8 Though there were many Giants of old in Physick and Philosophy, yet I say with Didacus Stella, A Dwarfe standing on the shoulders of a Giant, may see farther then a Giant himselfe.
   1676 I. Newton Let. to R. Hooke 5 Feb. in Corr. (1959) I. 416 What Des-Cartes did was a good step. You have added much in several ways... If I have seen further it is by standing on ye sholders of Giants.


δѶ硤ޤĴ٤Ƥ˻Τʤ夷ޤ

ʸ嵭2022/11/24(Thu)) hellog ơ1124 Voicy heldio ˤƴϢϤޤѸؽԤμǡ⤷ˤʤäƤȻפޤꤪİ)


[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-22 Tue

#4957. heldio ʲܡĤ̡ˤΤΤ餻1126ڡ˸10:00--11:00֥ʥ顼ʡإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ١ [voicy][heldio][notice][khelf][literature][romance][sggk][link]

1126ڡˤθ10:00--11:00ˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ɸۿޤΩ̿ؤܹȤ̤ȤǤϤޤ

heldio_live_20221126



Ƥϡ1125ʶˤڤȤʤDzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡȡθǤѸޥ󥹡إ󶪤ФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ˤĤơθΤȤʤäƤʥ顼ʤѸ쥤󥰥˾ƤĤĥǥפ˻̤ͽǤDzľȤȤǤΤǡ򸯤ĤĤ⾯ΥͥХOK!?ȤΥǹԤȻפޤʻޤѤƤʤޤޤ̤ʤΤǤˡˤΤ褦ʥȥԥå̤ϤǤФȻפäƤޤ

ʥ顼ʡإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤ˤĤ
Ѹ츶ŵإ󶪤ФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) Ȥλط
ŪÿʱѸȥƥ
ŵξҲɤߤɤ
Dzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤˴ؤơʥͥХա

26ڡˤ˸ơ˲Ф뤴䥳ȤʤɤСҾ嵭 Voicy ۿ̤Ƥ󤻤ޤꤲ߼ˤʤ٤бȻפäƤޤ˻äǤʤˤ⡤ī heldio 쥮顼ǼϿͻҤ򥢡Ȥưۿ⤷ޤΤǡİ褤йǤ
궵ƤDzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤δϢ򡤰ʲŽդƤޤ

Dz
ܱDzα۵ Transformer
ܱDzߥĥå
A24£ե󥿥إ꡼󡦥ʥȡ١פʥ졼̳᤿ưء
ֻʿDz֥꡼󡦥ʥȡפΥ饹ܤΤ饳Ȥ

heldio ǤϡޤǤⲬ3٤̤ۤƤޤ٤˸ơʲİ褷ͽƤȡ٤ȻפޤºݡäƤϲ󤫤αĹȤʤͽǤ

heldio #173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲ (2021/11/20)
heldio #386. ܹȤλ̡󡦥ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸ (2022/06/21)
heldio #478. Ѹʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡ (2022/09/21)

ˡ̤Ǥ濴ŪȤʤϤ vernacular ˤĤƤ⡤ͽƤФˤ⤷ʤȻפޤʲ hellog δϢؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])
#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1])
#4814. vernacular 򥭡ɤȤƱѸˤįʤȤ⤷ ([2022-07-02-1])
#4885. ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡפΤΤ餻920ʲС14:50--15:50 Voicy ˡ ([2022-09-11-1])

ҸϤȴ1126ڡˤİ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-26-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-21 Mon

#4956. Ѳˤϡ־夫פȡֲפ [language_change][sociolinguistics][terminology][prestige][stigma][style]

#4952. ˤҿ (prestige) Ȥϡ ([2022-11-17-1]) ȡ#4953. ˤ (stigma) Ȥϡ ([2022-11-18-1]) ǡˤҿ (prestige) ƳѲˤʤΤǤꡤѸˤͤǤ⸰Ȥʤ복ǰѸǤ롥
üԡʽġˤϡܤͿƤΰҿ򴶤ꡤռŪ뤤̵ռŪˡθư򤷤Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤΰҿ˶ŤȤꡤΰҿΥ֤Ȥ뤳ȤǡμҲˤΩ֤ͭˤ褦ȹưƤΤǤ롥η̤ȤƸѲ륱롥Τ褦ˤѲϡüԤռŪ˸ư򤷤Ƥˤ change from above ȸƤФ졤̵ռξˤ change from below ȸƤФ롥ռΡ־夫פѲʤΤֲפѲʤΤȤȤǤ롥
־夫פѲϼҲؤξνĤȷӤĤħָ뤳ȤꡤȿФˡֲפѲϼҲؤβνĤθħָ뤳Ȥ롥ĤޤꡤռΡ־岼פȼҲؤΡ־岼פϢư뤳Ȥ¿Labov ˤäƳ줿ꥸʥ "change from above" "change from below" ϡޤüԤΰռξ夫ȤܤǰѸǤ뤳ȤĴƤ
Trudgill Ѹ켭ŵꡤ줾Ѥ롥

change from above In terminology introduced by William Labov, linguistic changes which take place in a community above the level of conscious awareness, that is, when speakers have some awareness that they are making these changes. Very often, changes from above are made as a result of the influence of prestigious dialects with which the community is in contact, and the consequent stigmatisation of local dialect features. Changes from above therefore typically occur in the first instance in more closely monitored styles, and thus lead to style stratification. It is important to realise, however, that 'above' in this context does not refer to social class or status. It is not necessarily the case that such changes take place 'from above' socially. Change from above as a process is opposed by Labov to change from below.


change from below In terminology introduced by William Labov, linguistic changes which take place in a community below the level of conscious awareness, that is, when speakers are not consciously aware, unlike with changes from above, that such changes are taking place. Changes from below usually begin in one particular social class group, and thus lead to class stratification. While this particular social class group is very often not the highest class group in a society, it should be noted that change from below does not means change 'from below' in any social sense.


Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-20 Sun

#4955. Ω̱²ʪۤŸ֤٤ҥȡפγŤ1123ʿˤޤǤǤ [notice][linguistics][sign_language][world_englishes]

#4876. Ω̱²ʪۤǸդŸϤޤäƤޤ ([2022-09-02-1]) ǤΤ餻ŸHomō loquēns ֤٤ҥȡ~ȤФԻ׵Ĥʳؤ~ˤĤŸνλŤƤޤΤDzƤ⤷ޤ1123ʿˤޤǤγŤȤʤäƤޤ



褦䤯̱ˬ䤹뵡ޤȤƤȤäƤ褤ȥФ˴ؤŸ򤸤äꡤäפ괮ǽ뤳ȤǤޤˬ䤷ľδưʤ˴ۤϿƤȡǰΥ٥˹ݤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμϿԤʤޤ#536. ̱Ÿ֤٤ҥȡפˬİ



ŸϰǤСθءʳˡפǤ100ǯ֡ؤΰΰȯŪ˳ȤꡤʬȤζܤʬʤʤäƤƤۤɤǤ줯餤غŪʬĹƤȤȤǤ򺣤θسԤϡɤޤǴޤ᤿褤ΤǺǤޤ
Ʊ褦˺Ρ֤٤ҥȡפδˤäƤ⡤ŸʪνȤⲿɤޤǴޤ᤿褤ΤޤΤʤɡĴطˤޤƤǺߤϢ³äΤǤϤʤȿ仡뼡ǤʤȤ򾡼ĤġطԤؤηɰդȾ޻򤳤ŸڤޤƤޤ
ŸΡ֤פ䤽¾ιꡤܤαޤäåȤʤʸϤ򤤤ĤѤޤ

ȶˤꤹƤۤȤɿ֤뤳ȤΤʤ֥ȥСפơޤˡؤΤߤʤ餺ʸءطϡϡǾʳءǧο70̾Ķ⳰θԤϤơԻ׵Ĥ򤪤ߤޤŸΡ֤פ


Ÿϡ䤬繥ʡ֥ȥСפˤĤơΤäƤȻפ褷ޤָפȤȡ񤷤ȤäͥƥϢۤФƤ뤳Ȥ¿褦Ǥָθ򤷤ƤפȤȡͤѤʿͤΤɤ餫ȸƤޤΤȤβä³ᤷפ򤹤뤳Ȥ褯ޤǤ⡤ȥФϿʹ֤ΤưȷӤĤƤơʹ֤αĤߤƱ⤷ϤʾΤޤޤ¦̤äƤꡤ̵¤̥ϤޤΤäƤơŸǤϡȥԥå顤ɤƤϥץˡȤˤ¤٤ƤߤޤҤȤġ֤⤷פȻפȤߤĤƤФȻפޤƤ줬ȥФ򿷤ǤߤƤäˤʤд򤷤פޤŸ¹԰ѰĹ߷ΧˤŸΥѥ֤ͥȤФˤ褦פ


򸫤ƤۤȤϡȤäȤʤǤ򤿤ѰդΤǡ줾줬̣Τơޤ򸫤ĤƸ˿ƤǤۤȤǤʹ񤷤ʰݤ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡ŸȤƤΤ⤷¿ͤ¦̤˵ŤƤд򤷤ǤʡعΩ̱²ʪۡͧβ˥塼275桤2022ǯ91ȯԡp. 2Ÿ¹԰ѰĹ߷ΧΥ󥿥ӥ塼


ŸβϻĤȤʤäƤޤȥФ˴ؿΤϡ­򤪱Ӥ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-19 Sat

#4954. īֺ¤4ʺǽˡֱѸˤѸ --- 21αѸΤ椯פΤ [asacul][notice][world_englishes][link][voicy][heldio][variety][dialectology][model_of_englishes]

2023ǯ34ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤ4Υ꡼ֱѸˤѸפ4ֺ¡21αѸΤ椯פ򳫹֤ޤ꡼ǽǤ饤ƱŤǡ֤줿ϸ1ָΥưİǤޤΤǡԹ˹礦ˡǤä꡼ΤǤϤޤƲΩƤޤΤǡ1󤫤3ޤǤιֺ¤֤Ƥʤ¿Ƥäޤֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤθڡɤ

īֺ¡21αѸΤ椯



ֺ¤ΤΤ4᤯ʤΤǤ1118ʶˤīʹͼ4̤ˤưʲΤ褦˾Ҳ𤵤ޤΤǡhellog Ǥ⤳Υߥ󥰤Ǥ1ơˤޤ

īֺ¡21αѸΤ椯



ֺ¤γפϡڡΰѤȤʤޤʲ̤Ǥ

21αѸΤ椯
Υߥ˥󤬤ޤޤ21ѸȤƤ˴Ԥ󤻤ϤǰۤʤαѸ줬ޤ³ƤޤῴϤȱϤȤ˺ѤѸ뤳ʣʾˤĤơѸˤδäޤޤѸ򵭽Ҥ뤤ĤΥǥҲ𤷤ʤ World Englishes ȤϤʤ븽ݤʤΤͻαѸΤ椯ꤤޤ


꡼1󤫤3ޤǤιֺ¤ȴϢϡhellog heldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ4˸ͽȤʤޤΤǡʲΥХåʥС⻲ͤޤǤˤɤ

Ρ1Ѹ硡2022ǯ611ˡ

hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ򳫹֤ޤ

Ρ2󡡤ˤƱѸϳ礷Τ2022ǯ86ˡ

hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס

Ρ3󡡱ƤαѸ2022ǯ101ˡ

hellog #4875. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸפΤ ([2022-09-01-1])
heldio #454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸס

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-05-1] [2023-01-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-18 Fri

#4953. ˤ (stigma) Ȥϡ [stigma][prestige][terminology][sociolinguistics]

ε#4952. ˤҿ (prestige) Ȥϡ ([2022-11-17-1]) ³ơprestige ȿгǰȤʤ stigma ˤĤơɤʤΤǤȤꤢֽפȤƤ뤬֥ƥޡפȸƤǤΤ褤Τ⤷ʤΰҿΤȤǤ롥
prestige βΤ˻ȡѤ A Glossary of Historical Linguistics ǤСʤ stigma ⸫ФȤΩƤƤƧǤȤΤ stigma, stigmatization ȤƸФΩäƤΤ covert prestige, overt prestige, prestige ιܤФ졤˹ԤäƤߤ stigma stigmatization ⿨ƤʤȤפˡΰҿǤ뤳Ȥ碌ΤѶŪ˸ڤƤʤΤǤ롥
̤Ĵ٤ A Glossary of Sociolinguistics ˤ stigmatisation θФΩäƤѤ褦

stigmatisation Negative evaluation of linguistic forms. Work carried out in secular linguistics has shown that a linguistic change occurring in one of the lower sociolects in a speech community will often be negatively evaluated, because of its lack of association with higher status groups in the community, and the form resulting from the change will therefore come to be regarded as 'bad' or 'not correct'. Stigmatisation may subsequently lead to change from above, and the development of the form into a marker and possibly, eventually, into a stereotype.


ܤ stigma դ졤줬춦ƱΤ˹Τ褦ˤʤȡ͡ϤλѤռŪ򤱤褦ˤʤꡤȤ³Ƥͤ佸Ĥλ뤹褦ˤʤ롥̤λˤʤΤ stigma Ǥꡤstigma դǧΤƤ stigmatisation ȤȤˤʤ롥

Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-17 Thu

#4952. ˤҿ (prestige) Ȥϡ [prestige][terminology][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon][variety][loan_word][french][latin]

ҲؤΥɤǤҿ (prestige) ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⥿ȤꤷƤꡤΤ褦ѤƤǧƤߤ褦ȻפΩäŪˤϡ֥餵ס֥å褵פĶƤΤǰΤߤȻפä补
Ȥ긵μҲطϤѸ콸ʤɤϤ᤿ȤճȸФΩäƤʤʬäơǽ˰ääΤ Lyle and Mixco ˸ؤѸ콸äʬˤΤ꤬ߤΤǡѤ뤳Ȥˤ褦 (155--56)

prestige In sociolinguistics, the positive value judgment or high status accorded certain languages, certain varieties and certain variables favored over other less prestigious languages, varieties or variables. The prestige accorded linguistic variables is a factor that often leads to linguistic change. The prestige of a language can lead speakers of other languages to take loanwords from it or to adopt the language outright in language shift. Overt prestige is the most common; it is the positive or high value attributed to variables, varieties and languages typically widely recognized as prestigious among the speakers of a language. The prestige varieties and variables are usually those recognized as belonging to the standard language or that are used by highly educated or influential people. Covert prestige refers to the positive evaluation given to non-standard, low-status or 'incorrect' forms of speech by some speakers, a hidden or unacknowledged prestige for non-standard variables that leads speakers to continue using them and sometimes causes such forms to spread to other speakers.


ʤۤɡprestige ȤϡѼ (variety) ˤĤƤȡѹ (variable) ˤĤƤ礬ȤΤϡΤˤѼˤĤƤ prestige ϥޥŪʳǰǤꡤ (language_shift) üѤ˴Ϳ롥ѹˤĤƤ prestige ϥߥŪǤꡤġθѲθưϤȤʤװǤ롥2Ĥϳǰ̤Ƥɬפ
ͤƤߤ prestige Ȥ켫Τե󥹸 /prɛsˈtiːʒ/ ȯ졤prestigious ʶ롥ºݡե󥹸 prestige ڤꤿΤǡΥեñ켫Τϥƥ praest(r)īgia(illusion) ͳ褹롥켫ΤαѸǤνФϡ17μԻ T. Blount Glossographia ǡǤθϡְҿפǤϤʤΡֺСפǤ ("deceits, impostures, delusions, cousening tricks") ְҿפȤǺǽѤ줿Τϡä٤1829ǯΤȤǤ롥
prestige ΤȤǤƥñθʪŪˡֶդפۤɤǤꡤǧŪŪʡָǡСפФơǸˡְҿפȤʤä«ŪްŪϤ۵̣ѲȤäƤ褯ηа޼Τ̣ĹǤ롥

Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-21-1] [2022-11-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-16 Wed

#4951. ɾȤƹ̯˺夲ƤֳؽʸˡפȡֱѸ춵 [english_in_japan]

#4917. 2500ǯ˵ڤֳ֡ؽʸˡפο̮ --- ƣˡܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ ([2022-10-13-1]) 䤽¾εǾҲ𤷤ƤƱϡܤˤȯãƤֳؽʸˡפӡֱѸ춵פʥŪŪյˤĤƾܤƤ롥ƱˤȡϡŤϸ奮ꥷʸˡ˥롼ĤˤƥƥѸʸˡȤե륿Фʤ顤ݿܤ˻ޤƽؤμܤѤǡֱѳءפ˹줿塤ֱѸ춵פơֱѸ춵פؤƤƤϢήΤʤ˰֤Ť٤ȼγȯˤʤɾäȤ
֤ --- Ū᥿Ȥʤäֳؽʸˡספꤹ뽪Ϥ顤嵭ԤμĥɤǤߤ (198--99)

ܽǤϱʸˡȤ뤫顤ֱѳءסֱѸ춵סơֱѸ춵פΩޤǤˤįƤߤ鸫ƤΤϡ̱ȷܸ졦ֹ׷ˤ롤ʪؤζϤƱϡӤȼۼƱΤΤ֤ĤꤢΤʤޤ줿¤ϤǤ롥ܤƤ˳ؤӤĤĤ⡤ˤ뿢̱ϲɤۤƤȤܻؤαѸطԤΥӥȤʻ֤΢Ť줿ΤǤä
Τ줬ؤֳ֡ؽʸˡפϡȤϤȤгʪǤäħŪʸդǤС 'English grammar' Ȥ͢ƤϤΤޤޤΤǼƤ줺ˡֺѤפ졤ǽŪܸ졦ֹ׷ΤʤˤȤޤ줿ΤȤ'English grammar' ϡ¤줿ֱʸˡפȤʤä
'English' ȡֹפΤ¸ߤξԤвǤ᥿Ȥư֤Ť줿ֱʸˡפϡñ˥̤ˤΩƤ줿ǤϤʤäϡ'English' ܹ˥쥯Ȥή뤳Ȥɤġֹ׷ʹ֤λ׹ͷ䡤ֹסʤ뤤ϸ̡ˤؤξʻ⤿餹μʤȤʤäȤȱƤνͭʪǤäʸˡ٤ϱƤܤΩʸŪȯŸ⤿餹ȤƳѤ줿櫓Ǥ롥
ġġά͡ġ
ֱѸ춵פϡѸ쥯ȤˡŪ˼Ƥ뤳ȤɾǤꡤޤʸŪˤӤǤ뤳ȤȴƤʪ򥳥ԡΤǤϤʤ鿷Τ߽ФۤƤˤϡ˻ɷ⤿餹ۼʪɬפǤ롥ܽ񤬰äפȤˤƤϡ줬ܤȤ̱ȤǤä櫓Ǥ롥


ܤˤȤäơƤμˤʤ "English (grammar)" ľܼΤϰդ˱ʤƱδ롥ȼΡֱʸˡפ˺꤫ƴŪ˼뤳ȤˤȤ櫓д˾Ӥߤ褦ˤơΥݤʤѸܤ뤳Ȥ˷᤿ȤȤΥ󥯥åˤäơܿͤαѸؤΥϰ󤯤ʤꡤŪˤʬѸ콬񤷤ʤϹɾ夼ҤȤɬפä
ФܿͤϱѸ줬ȸ뤷ǧƤ⤢롥ΤȤΰ̣ƹͤƤߤ

ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-11-15 Tue

#4950. ǶαѸѲΤͤ --- إ˥¼ŵ6ǤΤޤ [notice][language_change][neologism][word_formation][shortening][gvs][singular_they][net_speak][genius6]

#4892. ͽΡإ˥¼ŵ6ǤοߥֱѸQ&AפξҲ ([2022-09-18-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ8ǯ֤βǤȤʤإ˥¼ŵ6Ǥ118ȯȤʤޤ36ñΤȤǥֱѸQ&AפƤƤƤޤꤤޤ

إ˥¼ŵ6Ǥߥڡ



6ǤޤƬˡ8ǯ֤ۤɤαѸ괬ˡѲΤͤפäȤƤޤ

إ˥¼ŵ5ǤȯԤ줿2014ǯʹߡǥ벽γ硤󥿡ͥåȤοƩĹʲҡ˴ؤҲѲʤɤȿǤơѸθáʸˡʸ̤ѲΤ꤬ͤ䤨ʤää̤ǤϾ嵭μҲݤȿǤ뿷ä SDGs, LGBTQ ʤɤάˤѲȤʸˡ̤ˤⲡ󤻤ϡΤ heפοࡤñ theyפƬǤ롥Ѹ1400ǯƬˤ顤Ѹ1600ǯȾˤˤƵä첻ܡ (The Great Vowel Shift) ˤʤ館ƻˡThe Great Pronoun Shift ̾ܡˡפȤƤФ졤̾Ȥߤ񤭴뤫⤷ʤۤɤѲǤ롥ʸΡʥԡ٥ˤ˴ؤƤȡޤǤϽ񤭤ȤС(())äȤС((ά)) Ȥǰä󥿡ͥåȤ SNS ֥ʤɤǤϡä褦˽񤯡פȤΤήǡΡä褦˽񤯡ץ뤬󥿡ͥåȰʳν񤭤ȤФˤ礷ơΤȤƤߤС񤭤ȤФΥեޥ벽ʤǤ롥


ˤϡǯαѸѲΤ꤬ͤΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥Τ˿̾ܡ񤭤ȤФΥեޥ벽ΤλŦ⡤˼Ҳؤ˸Ω줫륿꡼Ǥ롤ޤΤ褦ʷ餯֤äƤȤϤΤ鷺ǯۤɤδ֤߲ƤȤˤϲƶäؤʤۤɸѲ⥹ԡɤ®Τ
إ˥¼ŵ٤οǤϡ嵭Τ褦ʱѸʤӱѸؽˤ괬ǶѲ˴դߡ礭8Ĥ¦̤ˤƲäȤ󤹤 (1) Ͽäθľ(2) ѥѤΥ󥯤θľ(3) ȯɽθľ(4) 졦˴ؤŪʸľ(5) ˡν¤ȥåץǡȡ(6) ֤ĤʤʶˡפȤƤƳ(7) ֱѸQ&AפȡָΤߡפοߡ(8) ̥ǥΰ쿷8Ǥ롥
䤬ɮƤֱѸQ&AפοߤϡǶαѸѲΤͤȤδߤСŵˤŪʥݥȤˤߤ뤫⤷ʤ嵭Τ褦˺򺣱ѸϤû֤δ֤ˤĤѲ뤲Ƥꡤ⤳ή³ƤȤͽۤ롥ĤޤꡤѸؽԤϤΤ褦ʸѲȤɬǤ餤ĤƤȤ;ʤΤǤ롥θѲ®١ࡤϤ˵Ťб뤿ˤϡȤƸΩĻαѸƤѲ®١ࡤϤ򤷤ƤȤΩġ
αѸѲϳΤϲαѸƤѲαĹˤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥Ѹˤ˿ƤळȤϡв뤳Ȥ˹׸ޤˤŪª뤳ȤǽˤƤ
ʥǤϤޤֱѸQ&Aפ򤽤Τ褦ʴ̣äƤйǤ

͸ ˡԽ紴ˡإ˥¼ŵ6ǡ罤۽Ź2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-22-1]

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2022-11-14 Mon

#4949. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ21֥֡ޥå eפäƲ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][final_e][spelling][vowel][terminology][silent_letter][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

ϡδñѸ in English٤12ȯǤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ21Ǥϡ֥֡ޥå eפäƲפȤ夲Ƥޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ12



ֻ mate mat ϸ <e> 뤫ʤΰ㤤ǤȯϤ줾 /meɪt/, /mæt/ 첻礭ۤʤޤ첻ۤʤΤǤСֻǤ <a> ʬ˺ۤƤ٤Ǥºݤˤ <a> ʬѤ餺ष <e> ̵ͭݥȤȤʤäƤ櫓Ǥ⡤ <e> 켫Τ̵Ȥ㥯֤ΥƥǤ¿αѸؽԤؤӻϤκ˰٤ϤʤȴȤΤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
츫ȥ㥯Τ褦Ǥ¿󤲤ޤPete/pet, bite/bit, note/not, cute/cut ʤɤ첻ӤƤߤƤˤϲ餫λȤߤꤽǤͤƤߤȡ <e> ̵ͭ塼ȤʤꡤԤ첻βޤȤȤߤˤʤäƤޤˡΤ褦ʡֱפԤʤƤ櫓ǡ magic e θƾΤޤޤ
ϢܵǤϡʤ magic e ȤŪʻȤߤ¸ߤΤˤƤλȤߤˤβޤƤΤפ⤷ޤܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤǤϤޤϢܵǤϸ¤ʤץƤޤһ˼äƤߤƤ
Ϣưʲ hellog 򻲾ȡ

#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])
#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])
#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])
#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1])
#4883. magic e ȤƾΡ ([2022-09-09-1])

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2022-11-13 Sun

#4948. history ϡˡפǤ⤢ʪפǤ⤢ [etymology][french][loan_word][semantic_change]

ϡѸؤ˥ե󥹸ؤˤϤߤ꤫Ȼפޤե󥹸 histoire ϡˡפȡʪפξΰ̣ޤѸǤ history ˡ, story ʪפ2ĤΰۤʤñʬƤʬôϤä̤Ƥޤ
ưפǤȻפޤhistory story θ츻ƱǤե󥹸 histoire, estoire ͳ褷켫Ȥϥƥ hitoria˥ꥷ hístoríā ̤ޤ캬ȤƤ *weid- "to see" ˤޤ̤ޤ
ޤѸ story ϡ13˥ե󥹸 estoire ڤꤿΤǤȤȤϡʪספʤɤΰ̣Ѥ졤16鸽Ūʡʪפΰ̣ޤѸǤϡŪ "story" "history" ΰ̣ζ̤ΤǤϤʤä褦Ǥ
츻Ʊ history ȤϡϤե󥹸줫14Ⱦ˱ѸäƤޤʤƥűѸǤʸڤƤΤǡ̤β;Ϥ⤢ޤˡΰ̣ϡʪפǤꡤ15ˤʤäƤˡפθʬƤޤ
ޤȤСˤơŪˤϥꥷ hístoríā ̤Ū˾ۤʤ2Ĥñ줬ե󥹸ͳDZѸäƤơˡסʪפξѤƤȤѸˤợȷ֤ʬѸ history story ȤۤʤñỌ̇̄夷ȤȤǤ
ˤϻ¤˴Ťʪ1ǧǤޤ٤Ƥʪ줬ˤȤϸ¤ޤ󡥤ϸǤϾQŪȯۤǤŤˤʪζܤä褦ǤŪˤѤǤΤե󥹸 histoire ȤȤˤʤꤽǤ

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2022-11-12 Sat

#4947. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ūä [auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][mandative_subjunctive][sobokunagimon][syntax][oed][med]

Ρ#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ӺΡ#4946. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ū ([2022-11-11-1]) ε˰³°³ˡʲˡ˸ߤǤʤ should Ǥʤճ shall ѤƤŪŪ񤫤äȽƤߤޤ
OED Ĵ٤ȡˡ shall, v. θ11aޤ

11. In clauses expressing the purposed result of some action, or the object of a desire, intention, command, or request. (Often admitting of being replaced by may; in Old English, and occasionally as late as the 17th cent., the present subjunctive was used as in Latin.)

a. in clause of purpose usually introduced by that.
      In this use modern idiom prefers should (22a): see quot. 1611 below, and the appended remarks.
   
   c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7640, 1 Þiss child iss borenn her to þann Þatt fele shulenn fallenn. & fele sHulenn risenn upp.
   c1250 Owl & Night. 445 Bit me þat ich shulle singe vor hire luue one skentinge.
   1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 213 Thei gon under proteccioun, That love and his affeccioun Ne schal noght take hem be the slieve.
   c1450 Mirk's Festial 289 I wil..schew ȝow what þis sacrament is, þat ȝe schullon in tyme comyng drede God þe more.
   1470--85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xiii. xv. 633 What wille ye that I shalle doo sayd Galahad.
   1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 156 I sall do swa thow sall be king.
   1558 in J. M. Stone Hist. Mary I App. 518 My mynd and will ys, that the said Codicell shall be accepted.
   1611 Bible (King James) Luke xviii. 41 What wilt thou that I shall doe vnto thee? View more context for this quotation
   a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 70 Were it not better you shall cast away a few words, than I loose my Life.
   1698 in J. O. Payne Rec. Eng. Catholics 1715 (1889) 111 To the intent they shall see my will executed.
   1829 T. B. Macaulay Mill on Govt. in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 177 Mr. Mill recommends that all males of mature age..shall have votes.
   1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxiv. 199 We shall have the first of the fight, Sir; and depend on it Boney will take care that it shall be a hard one.
   1879 M. Pattison Milton xiii. 167 At the age of nine and twenty, Milton has already determined that this lifework shall be..an epic poem.


Ȥ櫓1829ǯ1847ǯϡ侩ɽ魯ˡ˶ޤ
MED shulen v.(1) θ4a(b)21b(ab)դˤ⡤˥ԥåǤϤʤˤ㤬󤲤Ƥޤ
Ūʴ餹ȡ侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall ˡΡָפϡˤѸޤǤϤɤȤǤơʪĤܥϥ࿷֥ե륾ιͤƤФȻפޤ
3֤ hellog ΤޤȤȤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#530. ܥϥ࿷ظˤѸǸǧ嵬§ shall ˡˤĤơ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ


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2022-11-11 Fri

#4946. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ū [auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][mandative_subjunctive][sobokunagimon][syntax]

ε#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤơŪΩ줫饳Ȥޤ
Ūˤߤȡthat ޤཾ°ˤơ̾Ǥ³ˡʲˡ˸ߤ뤤 should ѤĶǡճˡư shall 륱ϡޤäʤä櫓ǤϤޤ
Visser (III, 1513) Ĵ٤ƤߤȡϢܤߤĤꡤ¿Ūʸ󤲤Ƥޤϡ mandative_subjunctive Ȥ³ˡߤˡȡѤȤƤ should λѤ˴ؤȤߤǵƤ櫓ǤVisser ʸˤϤ#2647. Ӥä should ([2016-07-26-1]) ѤȤƤ shall ޤޤƤޤ
űѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤ¿ʸ󤲤Ƥޤιͻ˴ͿʸΤߤԥååפưѤޤ

   1513---Type 'It (this) is a sori tale, þæt þet ancre hus schal beon i ueied to þeo ilke þreo studen'

   There is a rather small number of constructions in which shall is employed in a clause depending on such formulae as 'it is a wonderful thing', 'this is a sorry tale', 'alas!' Usually one finds should used in this case, or, in older English, modally marked forms.

     . . . | c1396 Hilton, Scale of Perfection (MS Hrl) 1, 37, 22b, þanne sendiþ he to some men temptacions of lecherie . . . þei schul þinke hit impossible . . . þat þey ne shulle nedinges fallen but if þei han help. . . . | 1528 St. Th. More, Wks. (1557) 126 D10, Than said he ferther that yt was meruayle that the fyre shall make yron to ronne as siluer or led dothe. | 1711 Steele, Spect. no. 100, It is a wonderful thing, that so many, and they not reckoned absurd, shall entertain those with whome they converse by giving them the History of their Pains and Aches. | 1879 Thomas Escott, England III, 39, He has to judge whether it is advisable that repairs in any farm-buildings shall be undertaken this year or shall be postponed until the next (P.).


Ǹ "it is advisable that . . . shall . . . ." ʤɤϻͤˤʤޤ shall ˡϡŪˤߤƤ⤪餯٤ȤƤ㤫äΤǤϤʤȵޤ
ʤߤˡѸ BNCweb ǾĤƤߤȤ"An Islay notebook. Sample containing about 46775 words from a book (domain: world affairs)" ȤܤΤʤ1ijߤĤޤֻϰѼԤˤˡ

802 "This Meeting being informed that Cart Drivers are very inattentive as to their Conduct upon the road with Carts It is now recommended that all Travellers upon the road shall take to the Left in all situations, and that when a Traveller upon the road shall loose a shew of his horse, the Parochial Blacksmith shall be obliged to give preference to the Traveller. "


餯ˡʤΤǤ礦δĶǤ shall λѤϳ̵ǤϤʤʤƤʤäˤȤϳǧޤ
ʪĤܥϥ࿷֥ե륾ιͤƤߤƤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-12-1]

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2022-11-10 Thu

#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall [auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][mandative_subjunctive][sobokunagimon][syntax]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦ׵ɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸβˤĤơꥹʡʸ˴ؤ뤪⤷󤻤Ƥޤ
118ۿYahoo!˥塼ʪĤܥϥ࿷֥ե륾ιꡥȯü嵬§ΡȲɤˤäǧ嵬§20212.01˵Υ쥤Ȥ˴ؤ뵬꤬ꡤܥϥब̳ƻ˷ο줬ε˰ääƤȤƷǤ
ǧ嵬§2021ϡѸǸǧ嵬§ Offical Baseball Rules (2021 edition) ȤʤäƤޤ¿ȼյϤޤ§ȤƤǤȤʤäƤΤ Rule 2.01 б뼡βսǤоȤǰѤޤ

It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop, and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more.

ݤХåȥåפޤǤεΥե륰饦ɤˤե󥹡ɤޤϥץ쥤˸ˤʤߤޤǤεΥϡեȡʣ᡼ȥ˰ʾɬפȤ롥


ʸ It is recommended . . . ȤʤäƤޤʸǤϡֿ侩פǤϤʤɬפȤפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤʸ⸷ε§ȤʤäƤΤǤϸˤʤΤǤ礦
It is recommended that . . . Τ褦ʹʸǤС̾ that ³ˡʲˡ˸ߤ뤤 should λѤŪǤˤХꥫѸȤƤԤΤۤä̤ǤθʸǤ shall Ȥͽˡư줬ѤƤޤ˺ݤơ shall ζβ˵줿ΤǤ礦̤ȤơɬפȤפƤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
εϤƤǤϤʤʸ shall Ȥˡư줬ѤƤΤˤĤƹͤƤߤȻפޤβսΤߤʤ餺 Rule 2.01 Τʸ̮įƤߤޤ礦ŬüޤʤѤޤ

The field shall be laid out according to the instructions below, supplemented by the diagrams in Appendices 1, 2, and 3. The infield shall be a 90-foot square. The outfield shall be the area between two foul lines formed by extending two sides of the square, as in diagram in Appendix 1 (page 158). The distance from home base to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on fair territory shall be 250 feet or more. . . .

It is desirable that the line from home base through the pitcher's plate to second base shall run East-Northeast.

It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop, and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more. See Appendix 1.

When location of home base is determined, with a steel tape measure 127 feet, 33?8 inches in desired direction to establish second base. . . . All measurements from home base shall be taken from the point where the first and third base lines intersect.


ΤȤơˡΧ§ʸΤˤդ路 shall ѤʸϢ³Ƥޤε§ɽ魯 shall ˡǤμ shall ʸϢ³ΤʤˡIt is desirable that . . . It is recommended that . . . Ȥۤʤ빽ʸĶ߹ޤƤޤ that Τʤǰ shall ѤƤ櫓ǤϢ³Ƹ shall ʸΤ褦ʤΤȹͤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ʤߤˡIt is desirable that . . . . бʸϡݤĤФݤ˸ϡ˸äƤ뤳ȤۤȤ롥פȤꡤdesirable äФƤޤǤ recommended ΥȤϰۤʤޤ
ϤꤽǤ̤ΥȤȤܵ񤤤ǤΤ褦 that ˡưԡ˻ѤˤĤƤϡεå

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-12-1] [2022-11-11-1]

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2022-11-09 Wed

#4944. lexical gap ʸ÷ [terminology][lexicology][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][linguistic_relativism][language_myth][lexical_gap][semantics]

ȶʳǰб륺Х1ñ줬¸ߤʤΤ褦ʳǰˤ¿롥θݤָþηפȤߤʤ lexical gap ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥
brother 夲Ƥߤ褦#3779. brother ȷ --- 11Ȥʤʤδط ([2019-09-01-1]) #4128. ʤѸǤϡַפפ brother ƱˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-08-15-1]) dzǧ褦ˡѸ brother ǯξ岼ռѤ뤬ܸǤϡַספΤ褦ǯ˱ƶ̤롥ѸǤǯռַספ복ǰΤΤϽʬ˿ȶʤΤǤꡤelder brother younger sister ɽ뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸǤ1ñǤɽǤʤǤꡤб복ǰ礱ƤȤ櫓ǤϤޤäʤѸˡַספб1ñ줬äƤ褵ʤΤºݤˤϤʤȤǡlexical gap 1Ȥ롥դˡܸ brother б1ñ줬äƤ褵ʤΤºݤˤϤʤΤǡޤ lexical gap Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
Cruse β㤬⤷ΤǰѤƤ

lexical gap This terms is applied to cases where a language might be expected to have a word to express a particular idea, but no such word exists. It is not usual to speak of a lexical gap when a language does not have a word for a concept that is foreign to its culture: we would not say, for instance, that there was a lexical gap in Yanomami (spoken by a tribe in the Amazonian rainforest) if it turned out that there was no word corresponding to modem. A lexical gap has to be internally motivated: typically, it results from a nearly-consistent structural pattern in the language which in exceptional cases is not followed. For instance, in French, most polar antonyms are lexically distinct: long ('long'): court ('short'), lourd ('heavy'): leger ('light'), épais ('thick'): mince ('thin'), rapide ('fast'): lent ('slow'). An example from English is the lack of a word to refer to animal locomotion on land. One might expect a set of incompatibles at a given level of specificity which are felt to 'go together' to be grouped under a hyperonym (like oak, ash, and beech under tree, or rose, lupin, and peony under flower). The terms walk, run, hop, jump, crawl, gallop form such a set, but there is no hyperonym at the same level of generality as fly and swim. These two examples illustrate an important point: just because there is no single word in some language expressing an idea, it does not follow that the idea cannot be expressed.


ѺǸΡֽפפȴϢơ#1337. ְñʸաס ([2012-12-24-1]) ⻲ȡѸܸ lexical gap 򤤤õƤߤȤ⤷

Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.

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2022-11-08 Tue

#4943. ְ͡פθƾ50 [term_of_endearment][lexicology][synonym]

ѸˤϿ¿ΰΤư (term_of_endearment) ꡤŪˤߤळȤʤ߽Ф³ƤCrystal ǯ50Ρְ͡פθƾΤ󤲤Ƥ롥

darling (c. 888)
dear (c. 1230)
sweetheart (c. 1290)
heart (c. 1305)
honey (c. 1375)
dove (c. 1386)
cinnamon (c. 1405)
love (c. 1405)
mulling (c. 1475)
daisy (c. 1485)
mouse (c. 1520)
whiting (c. 1529)
fool (c. 1530)
beautiful (1535)
soul (c. 1538)
bully (1548)
lamb (c. 1556)
pussy (c. 1557)
ding-ding (1564)
lover (1573)
pug (1580)
mopsy (1582)
bun (1587)
wanton (1589)
ladybird (1597)
chuck (1598)
sweetkin (1599)
duck (1600)
joy (1600)
sparrow (c. 1600)
bawcock (c. 1601)
nutting (1606)
tickling (1607)
bagpudding (1608)
dainty (1611)
flitter-mouse (1612)
pretty (1616)
old thing (c. 1625)
duckling (1630)
sweetling (1648)
pet (1767)
sweetie (1778)
cabbage (1840)
prawn (1895)
so-and-so (1897)
pumpkin (1900)
pussums (1912)
treasure (1920)
sugar (1930)
lamb-chop (1962)

Τ褦ʸäˤϡϤꤹ⤢ä˰㤤ʤΰˤϸŤ麬ӡߤХХθȤ줬ޤޤƤ롥©Ĺ˶äФǤ롥ʪưʪΰ̣ΰ褫žѤƤΤ¿褦
ΤˤȤΤϡ̣Ѳ˸ʤ¿̤줽ʥơޤǤ롥Ϣơ#1951. ѸΰΡ ([2014-08-30-1])#2131. ƾθΥݥ饤ȥͥɸ ([2015-02-26-1])#4312. ָƳʡפǧ뤫ݤ ([2021-02-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2022-11-07 Mon

#4942. sirloin ָ̱츻 --- sir ξιͿ줿 [folk_etymology][french][loan_word][spelling]

ɼ̤ɽʤǤ sirloin ʥˡñϡ16˸ťե󥹸 *surloigne ѤΤǤ롥sur ʾ + loigne ʹˤȤ
Ȥե󥹸뤯ʤѸüԤϡloin ϤǤΤäƤȤƤ sur ΤȤʤΤʬʤäǡ뤢ޤꡤͤ sir ξιͿȤʪǤä夲ñ򤷤褦Ȥ17ʹ sirloin ֻ̲ƤäطʤˤϤΤ褦ʤǤä夲ä餷ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ŵǤ롥
OED ˤϡʪΤǤä夲ʸ3ĵ󤲤Ƥ롥

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. vi. 299 A Sir-loyne of beef was set before Him (so Knighted, saith tradition, by this King Henry [VIII]).
1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 121 Miss. But, pray, why is it call'd a Sir-loyn? Ld. Sparkish. Why,..our King James the First,..being invited to Dinner by one of his Nobles, and seeing a large Loyn of Beef at his Table, he drew out his Sword, and..knighted it.
1822 Cook's Oracle 163 Sir-Loin of Beef. This joint is said to owe its name to King Charles the Second, who dining upon a Loin of Beef,..said for its merit it should be knighted, and henceforth called Sir-Loin.


˥ʥȼ̤߰Ϳʲϡإ꡼8ॺ1뤤ϥ㡼륺2ȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬ʸǯ򻲾ȤȡŪ˱Υ줹ƤʤΤ⤷

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-20-1] [2023-07-03-1]

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2022-11-06 Sun

#4941. partner parcener [folk_etymology][french][loan_word][etymology][doublet]

ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#524. deal part Υ᡼ϡʬͿƶͭסäޤ˸츻Ǥܥӥ̣Ǥɤİ



Τʤǥƥ pars "part" ͳ褹ñ򤤤Ĥ󤲤ޤ֤ partner ˤĤƤ⿨褦ȻפäƤȤǤǤϿʤäΤ hellog ˤ­ޤ
ǶǤܸǤ֥ѡȥʡפȤ줬褯Ѥޤء͡ƱԡӥͥʤɡͭƤ͡餫λȤ˶Ʊǻ褷Ƥͤ򹭤ؤդǤñ partner Ʊ褦˹ѤޤϤϤֲͭƤ͡פǤ
OED θ츻εҤˤȡpartner ľ part ȴطȤϡϢ̤ñ parcener ѷǤϤʤȤΤȤǤ

Etymology: Probably an alteration of PARCENER n. (although this is only attested slightly later), under the influence of PART n.1 Perhaps compare Old French partenier (1266), Dutch regional (West Flanders) partenier.
It is much less likely that the word arose from scribal error (with the letters c and t being confused).


Ѹ parcener ϡֶƱ³͡פ̣ˡΧѸǤθϡֲͭƤ͡פ򸶵ȤեñѤΤǡŪˤϥƥ partītiō(n-) ̤ꡤƥ pars ֤ȤϤޤθ줬Ѹ¦ѷƤǤΤpartner ʤΤǤϤʤȤ츻ǤϩϤäȤ䤳Ǥpart δϢǤ뤳ȤϳΤʤ褦Ǥ

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2022-11-05 Sat

#4940. ʬϤˤ -ess -ness [reanalysis][metanalysis][analogy][suffix][morpheme]

Ūʺʬ (reanalysis) ˤϤĤμब뤬 Fertig (32) ѤĤġ̾첽 -ness ¤ -ess ͳ褹ȤҲ𤹤롥

This [type of reanalysis] occurs frequently when the reanalysis affects the location of a boundary between stem and affix. A well-known example involves the Germanic suffix that became English -ness. The corresponding suffix in proto-Germanic was -assu. This suffix was frequently attached to stems ending in -n, and this n was subsequently reanalyzed as belonging to the suffix rather than the stem. In Old English, we find examples based on past participles, such as forgifeness 'forgiveness', which could still be analyzed as forgifen + ess, but also many instances based on adjectives, such as gōdness 'goodness' or beorhtness 'brightness', which provide unambiguous evidence of the reanalysis and the new productive rule of -ness suffixation . . . . Similar reanalyses give us the common Germanic suffix -ling --- as in English darling, sapling, nestling, etc. --- from attachment of -ing (OED -ing, suffix3 'one belonging to') to stems ending in l, as well as the German suffixes -ner and -ler, attributable to words where -er was attached to stems ending in -n or -l and then extended to give us new words such as Rentner 'pensioner' < Rente 'pension' and Sportler 'sportsman'.


رѸ츻ŵ٤⤦äƤ -ness ϶Ѳʬθ˸ n ޥĸμѲưܼ *-atjan ͳ褹 *-assus ʸθűѸ -essˤ³ΤǤ롥Ĥޤ n ϴΤΰäΤ줬 -ess Ȱβơ-ness ʤ뿷ǤȤ櫓
-nisɥĸ -nisȸ -inassus Τ褦ʿŪ㤬ޥ˳ǧ뤳Ȥ顤κʬϤβϥޥĸʳǵäƤȹͤ롥ޥ֤첻κۤˤĤƤԾܤǤ롥ѸǤߤƤѸǤ -nes(se) -nis(se) ʻ¸ƤѸʹߤԤͥȤʤä
ȶ -ness Ȥ1ĤȤäƤ⡤̣ˤƤΤ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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2022-11-04 Fri

#4939. ĥ߾Ҳ2022ǯǡ [seminar][khelf][khelf-conference-2021][khelf-conference-2022][hel_herald][hel_contents_50_2022][hel_education]

11ꡤʸʸ칶2ǯˤȤäƤǯ٤˸ƤΥͤλȤʤޤߤϸˤϡָפ̾դƤȤꡤ2ǯ֡´ʸɮǽɸȤơ᤿ơޤŪ˸椹֤ȤʤޤäѤƥʤĥäƼȤζ̣ؿõꡤŤ˻˾ߤǤ館ФȻפޤ
Υߤϼ˱Ѹˡʥեˤ򸦵椹를ߤǤ򥼥ι󷸤λ˹碌ĥ߾ҲڡƤޤΤǡ餫饼ߤʷϵĤǤߤƤ򥼥Υɾ9Υ߹ (= khelf-conference-2022) ͻҤʤɤǤޤ
䤫ĥߤħ3󤲤Ƥߤޤ

(1) ѸˤӱѸŪˤĤƤߤäȳؤӡ䤤ɵǤǤѸˡűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ졤˸ءѲҲءֻ˴ؿijޤäƤƤޤǯ٤´´ʸơޤ sotsuron 򻲾ȤƤ

(2) Υߤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˳ưεǤ⤢ꡤǯ֤̤羮Υ٥Ȥ衤ġ»ܤƤޤݳư¿Τǡ߳ưѶŪ˥ߥåȤȤ֤ͭˤΥߤȤʤäƤޤ٥Ȥ褷걿ĤΤʳ⳰ؤξȯ˴ؿΤˤϡǤ를ߤȻפޤưˤȤƤkhelf ߥå󥹥ơȥȡ⻲ȤƤ
ޤ Discord С̤ơСѸ˴ϢΥƥĤƤ졤ȯʵԤʤƤޤޤˡѸˡפȤ٤ߥ˥ƥʤ餯ܺ硩ˤǤ
khelf γưӤȤƤΥڡ򻲾ȤˤƤ館ФȻפޤǯ٤ΤޤǤγưȤƤϡʲΤ褦ʤΤޤ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50 (hel_contents_50_2022)
رѸ˿ʹ٤δ衤Խȯ (hel_herald)
֥߹ɡ (khelf-conference-2022)
ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåפؤλ (senbonknock)

(3) ر´αѸ˸ԤʤɤΡֳؽѤȿڡפȸή뵡¿ߤǤǯ֤ϼΤξˤꥪ饤Ǥθή¿ʤäƤޤͻҤ򸫤̤ε䤷ƤȻפäƤޤ

ޤȤȡĥߤϡֱѸ˥ߡס֥٥ȥߡסָήߡפǤ롤ȤȤˤʤޤ

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2022-11-03 Thu

#4938. ˡϸŪ𲽺ޤǤ [cognitive_linguistics][pragmatics][preterite][tense][mood][aspect][counterfactual][conditional][semantics][pragmatics][politeness]

ε#4937. ˡȯûˤȿ²ۤɽ魯 ([2022-11-02-1]) ˰³ˡΤ⤦1ĤνפˡҲ𤹤롥Ū𲽺 (pragmatic softener) ȤƤƯTaylor (178) Ѥ롥

   The other use of the past tense that I want to consider is also restricted to a small number of contexts. This is the use of the past tense as a pragmatic softener. By choosing the past tense, a speaker can as it were cushion the effect an utterance might have on the addressee. Thus (6b) is a more tactful way of intruding on a person's privacy than (6a):

(6) a. Excuse me, I want to ask you something.
     b. Excuse me, I wanted to ask you something.

Tact can also be conveyed by the past tense in association with the progressive aspect:

(7) a. Was there anything else you were wanting?
     b. I was wondering if you could help me.

   The softening function of the past tense has been conventionalized in the meanings of the past tense modals in English. (8b) and (9b) are felt to be less direct than the (a) sentences; (10b) expresses greater uncertainty than (10a), especially with tonic stress on might; (11b) merely gives advice, while (11a) has the force of a command.

(8) a. Can you help me?
     b. Could you help me?
(9) a. Will you help me?
     b. Would you help me?
(10) a. John may know.
      b. John might know.
(11) a. You shall speak to him.
      b. You should speak to him.


ǽҤ٤ƤʤΤϡʤʲˡ˲Ū𲽺ޤȤƵǽΤȤȤַɤƱ󤶤פȤ褦ˡҲŪʷɰդʪŪΥȤϢưȹͤ롥Υ᥿եλŪ֤ꡤʤֱ󤵡פɽ魯ʷˤҲŪʷɰդžѤȤΤϡʤŬäȤǤϤʤȻϹͤƤ롥

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2022-11-02 Wed

#4937. ˡȯûˤȿ²ۤɽ魯 [cognitive_linguistics][subjunctive][preterite][tense][mood][counterfactual][conditional][semantics][pragmatics]

ʤưβѤȡȿ² (counterfactual) ȤʤΤѸΡֲˡפˤޤḤ̂ϡŤƤ (tense) ȤƤβ򤷤䤹ߤߤƻŪԤ˳֤äƤݤ򵭽ҤˡʷˤȤȤȤˡ (mood) δϡʷˤѤ뤳Ȥˤäơ¤ЪΥƤݡȿ²ۤ򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롤Ȥ롥Ū٤εΥʪŪ֤εΥȤƤ櫓
ȤƤβǤϤʤȿ²ۤɽ魯ˤĤơTaylor (177--78) μĥ˼򷹤褦

   The counterfactual use of the past tense is restricted to a small number of environments---if-conditionals (1), expressions of wishes and desires (2), and suppositions and suggestions (3):
   
(1) If I had enough time, . . .
(2) a. I wish I knew the answer.
     b. It would be nice if I knew the answer.
(3) a. Suppose we went to see him.
     b. It's time we went to see him.

The past tense in these sentences denotes counterfactuality at the moment of speaking, and not at some previous point in time. (1) conveys that, at the moment of speaking, the speaker does not have enough time, the sentences in (2) convey that the speaker does not know the answer, while in (3), the proposition encoded in the past tense, if it is to become true at all, will do so after the moment of speaking, that is to say, the past tense refers to a suggested future action. There are also a number of verbs whose past tense forms, under certain circumstances and with the appropriate intonation, can convey the present-time counterfactuality of a state of affairs represented in a past tense subordinate clause . . . :

(4) a. I thought John was married (. . . but he apparently isn't).
     b. I had the impression Mary knew (. . . but it seems she doesn't).

These sentences might occur in a situation in which the speaker has just received information which causes him to doubt the (present-time) factuality of the propositions "John is married", "Mary knows". That it is a present, rather than a past state of affairs, that is at issue is shown by the choice of tense in a tag question. Imagine (5) uttered in a situation in which both speaker and addressee are preparing to go to a concert:

(5) But I thought the concert began at 8, does't it?/?didn't it?

The tag doesn't it is preferential in the present tense. In (5), the speaker is questioning the apparent counterfactuality, at the time of speaking, of the proposition "The concert begins at 8".


ȤƤϡѸˤƲˡȯûˤȿ²ۤ̿ɽ魯Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-03-1]

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2022-11-01 Tue

#4936. ʤŪֻŪ줬ȤʤưʸǽʤΤ [passive][syntax][inflection][verb][me][sobokunagimon][word_order]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡꥹʡ󤫤󤻤줿˲#517. Ū줬ˤʤư֤Ѹȯ --- He was given a book.ۿޤҤİ



§ȤƸűѸǤưľŪ줬Ȥʤưʸ¸ߤޤǤȤ³ѸˤʤꡤưδŪֻŪޤǤ⤬ȤʤưʸǽȤʤäƤޤʳפ (125--31) ˡϤۿؤ­Ȥʤޤ
Fischer ˤСѸǤϼΤ٤ƤμưʸǽǤ

1 The book was selected by the committee
2 Nicaragua was given the opportunity to protest
3 His plans were laughed at
4 The library was set fire to by accident


Ѹ˸Ǥϡμưʸγ˴ؤ¿ʤƤޤĤιͤΤΡͼư (passivisation) ˴ؤ쵬§ŬϰϤѲƤȤȤ館¿褦Ǥפˡưоݤ֤ȤȤưľŪ줫ŪءֻŪس礷ƤȤǤ
1ĤβǤ⤷ȤƤ⡤ʤʤΤȤŪɬפޤưȤϰۤʤ뤱ɤⲿ餫Ǵط츽ݤˤƤѲ礬äƤȤСȹ碌ƹͻɬפޤդλ Fischer (384) ˸äƤ餤ޤ礦

There are two general paths along which one could look for an explanation of these developments. One can hypothesise that there was a change in the nature of the rule that generates passive constructions . . . Another possibility is that there was a change in the application of the rule due to changes having taken place elsewhere in the system of the language . . . The latter course seems to be the one now more generally followed. Additional factors that may have influenced the spread of passive construction are the gradual loss of the Old English active construction with indefinite man . . . (this construction could most easily be replaced by a passive) and the change in word order . . . .


ѲβȸڤϡʤʤưפǤϤޤ󡥤Τ˱ѸˤȤʬꡤ椬³ƤΤǤ

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
Fischer, Olga. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 207--408.

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