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5֥ȥ͡ʥȤΰɡˤΥԥȿ͡åȿͤй뤿ˡΦΥޥͤ˱ǡ (Angles) (Saxons)塼ȿ (Jutes) ˱ѸȸƤФȤƥ֥ƥؤäƤϾԼǤ֥ȥͤӽβ֥ƥ˼Ωʾ夬ѸλϤޤ𤲤Ǥ롥
ͤȥͤ "Anglo-Saxon" Ȥ̤ΤƤ롥ä˥ͤʤɤ "England" "English" Ȥ줽ΤΤ˹Ƥ롥٤ơ塼ȿͤ˱ƤϡߤΥǥޡΥȥɤäƤȤ롥ȥɤϡѸǤ "Jutland" ֥塼ȿͤϡפɽϿȡˡ

塼ȿͤϡ֥ƥǤ Kentthe Isle of Wight, ư Hampshire ˽夤褦
ơŪ塼ȿͤ̾Τˡβ̤ŪҲ𤷤ƤűѸ˳˲ȡؼԤ Bede ˤС֥ȥͤβ Vortigern ΦƤӴޥͤ礷ƤΤ Hengist Horsa Ȥ̾ηǤäλ¹˥Ȳ벦ȤʤäȤ顤βȷϤϥ塼ȿͤäǽ⤤Ĥޤꡤ֥ƥ˱Ѹ줬դǽη˴ؤäΤϡ塼ȿͤμΤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥餬֥ƥؤ꽻ܤĤθǡΦ˻ĤäƤͤ䥵ͤޤ̤ɲŪ˥֥ƥظƤӴΤǤ롥
塼ȿͤαѸ˾ΰյĤޤ֥ƥDZѸϤȤӡǰƬ֤Ƥ
Ѹˤϥƥ줫μѸ줬̤¸ߤ롥Ū˸ȡΥƥѸήˤϤĤȤ롥űѸ˸¤äƤ⤽ȤϻĤ롥
(1) ͡͡塼ȿͤޤΦˤ˥ƥܤȤμ
(2) ֥ƥ礬ͤ˻ۤƤȤ˥ȿͤѤƥ˥͡͡塼ȿ֥ͤƥˤƼѤ
(3) ֥ƥä͡͡塼ȿͤ6ʹߤ˥ꥹȶ˲ݤ˼Ѥ
(3)°ѸϡŪаޤ饭ꥹȶطѸ줬¿Ѹˤ˭٤˻ĤäƤ뤳Ѹ褦
abbot ֽƻĹ, altar ֺš, angel ŷȡ, anthem Ρ, candle ֤, canon ˡ, cleric ԡ, deacon ֽס, demon ְ, disciple ֻ̡, gloss , grammar ʸˡ, hymn ֻΡ, martyr ֽԡ, mass ֥ߥ, master , minster Ʋ, monk ֽƻΡ, noon ֶĤλʤҡˡ, nun ֽƻ, palm ֤, pope ֥ġ, priest ֻʺס, prophet ¸ԡ, psalm ֻΡ, psalter ֻӡ, school ֳع, shrive ֹ, temple ֿ¡, verse ֱʸ
ꥹȶ褬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶ礭ָ롥
ѸλҲηϤϲɽ̤Ǥ롥24Ǥ뤬ҲϼΤ褦21ʸʤȤա <b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z>
ΤȤ顤ʸȲǤабƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤʬ롥Ѹˤ֤ȯΥåפϡ⤽νȯǤʸȲǤȤδطбǤˤ뤳Ȥ餫

űѸǤϡֻΤȤ̾ϳѲ롥ɤγʤ뤫ֻˤäƷޤäƤꡤͿʤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤгʤ°ʤֻ᤹⤢롥ѸȤϰۤʤ̣ǻȤֻ¿ΤǡᤵʤȸűѸǤΰ̣ʲˤޤȤ (Mitchell 110)
ʣγʤƤΤϤ⤢ȤȤäդƤ٤ŪҤȤȤ
| PREPOSITION | CASE | MEANING |
|---|---|---|
| æfter | dat. (acc.) | after, along, according to |
| ǣr | dat. (acc.) | before |
| æt | dat. | at, from, by |
| æt | acc. | as far as, until |
| be | dat. (acc.) | by, along, alongside, about |
| beforan | dat. acc. | before, in front of |
| betweox | dat. acc. | among, between |
| binnan | * dat./acc. | within, into |
| bufan | * dat./acc. | above, upon |
| būtan | dat. acc. | except, outside, without |
| ēac | dat. | besides, in addition to |
| for | dat. acc. | before (of place), in front of, because of |
| fram | dat. | from, by (of agent) |
| ġeond | acc. (dat.) | throughout |
| in | * dat./acc. | in, into |
| innan | * dat./acc. (occasinally gen.) | in, within |
| mid | dat. acc. | among, with, by means of |
| of | dat. | from, of |
| ofer | * dat./acc. | above, over, on |
| on | * dat./acc. | in, into, on |
| on-ġēan | dat. acc. | against, towards |
| oþ | acc. (dat.) | up to, until |
| tō | gen. | at, for, to such an extent, so |
| tō | dat. | towards, to, at, near |
| tō | acc. | towards |
| tō-ġēanes | dat. | against, towards |
| þurh | acc. (dat. gen.) | through, throughout, by means of |
| under | * dat./acc. | under, beneath |
| wiþ | acc. gen. dat. | towards, opposite, against, along, in exchange for |
| ymb(e) | acc. (dat.) | after, about or concerning |
ѸǤϼλؤϡƻ thumb Ȥʳλ finger Ȥδ֤Τʶ̤¸ߤȤ롥㤨СLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English (3rd ed) finger ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥
one of the four long thin parts on your hand, not including your thumb
ܸǤϡ5ܤλؤϤ٤ƱˡֻءפǤꡤƻؤ̤ʸ줬ƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤʤΤǡthumb finger ñ٥Ƕ̤Ѹȯۤۤ˻פ롥
ƻؤ̤˽פʻؤǤ뤳ȤϤǤ롥¾4ܤиؤǤꡤäȤؤǤ⤢롥ºݡthumb θ츻ϡֶפͳ褷ƥʤɤǤƱ褦ˡֶפͳ褹줬ֿƻءפ̣߽ФƤ롥
Ѹ thumb finger Τ˶̤ȤȤǡǤ thumb Ф finger ȤϸƤʤΤ㤨Сּˤϻؤ5ܤפȰʲΤɤˤʤ
(1) A hand has a thumb and four fingers.
(2) A hand has five fingers.
ޤǤ(1)ͽۤ뤫⤷ʤ̤(2)Ǥ褤ĤޤꡤǤ thumb finger ˴ޤޤƤ롥
ΤȤϡѸǤ finger thumb Τ˶̤Ȥ嵭̷⤹褦ˤפ롥ؤβˡϡfinger ˤĤΰյ¸ߤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ĥϡֿƻؤ4ܻؤΤ줫ס⤦Ĥϡֿƻؤޤ5ܻؤΤ줫פǤ롥Ĥΰյʸ̮ˤäƻȤʬȤͤǤ롥ΩäƤ褦˻פΤϡOxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (6th ed) Ǥ롥Ǥ finger Ƥߤ褦
one of the four long thin parts that stick out from the hand (or five, if the thumb is included)
βˡȯŸ lexical blocking Ȥ̤ͤ롥ιͤˤȡfinger ۣĤΰյͭΤǤϤʤֿƻؤޤ5ܻؤΤ줫פΰĤΰյΤߤͭ롥ĤޤꡤܸΡֻءפƱǤȹͤ롥ѸǤϡֿƻءפΤ̤ʸ thumb ¸ߤΤǡŪˡֿƻءפؤˤ finger thumb ͥŪ˻ȤʤȤ롼뤬ŬѤ롥ʤΤǡ̾ϿƻؤΤ finger Ѥʤfinger ǿƻؤˡϡthumb ¸ߤˤä̾ϡָŪ˥֥åפȤ櫓Ǥ롥
ˤȡfinger ΰ̣ϡֿƻؤޤ5ܻؤΤ줫פʤΤǤ뤫顤ä˿ƻؤ¾λؤȤ̤ˤʤ褦ʸ̮ˤƤϡfinger thumb ⤵ȤǤȤȤˤʤ롥ơ(2)ʸƤΤϤΤǤ롥
lexical blocking ιͤޤȤ褦Ѹ finger ֻܸءפϴŪƱȹͤƤ褤Ѹˤ thumb Ȥ̤θ줬¸ߤ뤿ˡ̾ƻؤΰ̣Ǥ finger λѤ֥åȤ㤤ΤߤǤ롥̾ʸ̮ǤʤС֥åϲ졤̤ƻؤޤ5ܤΤɤλؤǤ⤵ȤǤ롥lexical blocking ϤȱѤʰ̣Ǥ롥ȡ
ƻء ¾λ
thumb ̤ɬפʾ
finger̤ɬפǤʤ
űѸˤϡʸˡ( grammatical gender ) Ǥ긽Ѹˤּ( natural gender ) 椵ΤǤ롤ȤΤѸˤΰŪűѸǤϸġ̾Τ줫ʸˡͿ졤˱ƽƻ줬Ѳ뤷б̾ꤵ롥
äʤȤ̾ϡɬ⤽λؼо ( referent ) ʪŪȤϰפʤΤˡؼоݤǤ̾Ǥ뤳Ȥ̤ǡǤн̾Ǥ뤳Ȥ̤ˤ㳰롥äˡǤǤʤĤޤʪǤϤʤΤ䳵ǰǤͽۤȡƤ롥ʲϡʸˡԲIJʤȤǤ롥
ؼоݤϽʤΤ̾: wīf ( > PDE wife "woman" )
ؼоݤϽʤΤ̾: wīfmann ( > PDE woman )
ؼоݤʤΤ̾: cild ( > PDF child )
ؼоݤϥΤʤΤ̾: stān ( > PDE stone )
ؼоݤϳǰʤΤ˽̾: lufu ( > PDE love )
̾ƻǽ硤δƻ̾Ȱפ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥㤨СűѸ "the woman" 硤δȤä sēo wīfmann ȤΤǤϤʤδȤä se wīfmann Ȥޤ̾Ǹ夫餳̾硤se wīfmann ϡֽפ̣뤬ʸˡŪˤ̾ǤȤͳǡ"she" ǤϤʤ "he" Ǽ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡؼоݤʪŪθǺѤѸμδФ餹ȡ۾Ǥ롥
ºݤΤȤűѸǤ⡤̾˴ؤƤʸˡǤʤǤΰפ⤢ݡǤΰפΤۤ¿äΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤse wīfmann Ȥ̾夫̾Ǽ硤ѸΤ褦 "she" Ƚ̾줬Ѥ뤳ȤϤºݤΤۤ¿äΤǤ롥
ʾͤȡűѸǼϤʤäȤΤϸȤȤˤʤ롥ȤʸˡǽƤ̾ˤĤƤϼƵǽƤȤȡ˴ؤѸˤϡñʸˡ褽褿˷Ū֤줿ˤǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥ǽ餫ʸˡȤȤ˶¸Ƥʸˡݤ߹Ǥä뤤ʸˡäǤ⼫ĤäȹͤɬפꤽǤ롥
ǸˡˤĤƤδϢʸƤMoore, S. "Grammatical and Natural Gender in Middle English." PMLA 36 (1921): 79--103.
ʸ嵭2012/07/30(Mon)Baugh and Cable (166) ˴ϢѤꡥ
The recognition of sex that lies a the root of natural gender is shown in Old English by the noticeable tendency to use the personal pronouns in accordance with natural gender, even when such use involves a clear conflict with the grammatical gender of the antecedent. For example, the pronoun it in Etað þisne hlāf (masculine), hit is mīn līchama (Ælfric's Homilies) is exactly in accordance with modern usage when we say, Eat this bread, it is my body. Such a use of the personal pronouns is clearly indicative of the feeling for natural gender even while grammatical gender was in full force. With the disappearance of grammatical gender sex became the only factor in determining the gender of English nouns.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ĴԤȤɤΨ褯뤳ȤǤ뤫ŰŪ˹ͤ뤳ȤϽפǤ롥 ʬ ( metanalysis ) ˤĤƽ[2009-05-03-1]ǡʰʬϤȽŪˤϤɤΤ褦ĴФ
㤨СפĤ¤ǤϡΤ褦ˡꤽ
(1) ʣαѸ˳ѸؼŵʤɤʬϤˤĤƤβսõƤðǰ˽Ф
(2) ŻҸǽ緿ǡ츻оݤ "metanalysis" Υɸ롥ʬϤˤäñθ츻ˤϡ"metanalysis" ȤɤޤޤƤȤǤ롥礤СμǤҤϥȤ⤢뤬ޤꤿʤ
(3) ФʬϤˤĤƽ줿ؽʸõʸĤСŪˡʤ¿㤬ꥹȲƤΨɤơ¾ˤ뤳ȤϤʤʤȤȤϤʤȻפˡ
(4) hellog ɼԤ˸ġΤäƤƤ餤롥"wisdom of crowds" Ūȯۡ
ơμʤ㤬ޤäȲꤷ褦ϲ٤ǤϸˤʤʤΤǡΰ⤬ɬפǤ롥¿ʬϤơɤʼΰʬϤ¿Τɤλ¿Τܸ¾줫⽸ӤǤʤʤɡϹϤǤ롥̣äͤȥ饤Ƥߤơhellog˥եɥХå
ε[2009-05-23-1]ǡűѸ̾ޤˤʤλ⤷εǤϡκǸ˿줿ͤΥݥȡֶޥספˤĤƳ⤹롥
̾줬°ƤΤƱ褦ˡ̾ζޥפ°Ƥ롥̾줬ɤζޥפ°뤫ϡ̾δܷǤȽǤĤʤȤ¿Ĥޤꡤ§ȤưĤҤȤijФƤɬפ롥ϡξƱǤ롥ȻढäޥפϤäढΤʲοޤ϶ޥפγάޤǤʼºݤˤϤ˺٤ʬ줹ˡ

Ȥˡ礭ѲפȼѲפʬ롥Ѳ϶ѲŪ㤷פǡѲ϶ѲŪʤפǤ롥ѲϤ˺ʬ롥
űѸνʸˡǤϡʣʥפΤ٤ƤФΤϺʤᡤ줾ɽŪʶѲפΰĤȡδ֤Ǥ̤ۤܶζѲѲסͤĤǽ˳Ф뤳ȤפǤ롥ֹä(1)?(4)λͤĤǤ롥
(1) Ѳ (a-stem) : stān "stone" ɽ롤űѸ̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ36%롥ɽ
(2) Ѳ (ō-stem) : lār "teaching" ɽ롤̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ25%롥ɽ
(3) Ѳ (a-stem) : scip "ship" ɽ롤̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ25%롥ɽ
(4) Ѳ (n-stem) : nama "name" ɽޥסǤۤƱޤޤȤƸűѸ̾Τ10%ۤɤ롥ɽ
δ4ĤζޥפФСűѸ̾ΤۤȤɤС뤳Ȥ狼¾ζޥפϡ4פΥޥʡꥨªƤФ褤ʰʾΥѡơνŵ: Quirk, Randolph. and C. L. Wrenn. An Old English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1957. 20.
űѸ̾ζޤˤĤƲ⤹롥Ѹ١űѸ϶ޤʣǤ롥̾Ĥ夲Ƥ⡤ޤ뤿ˤϡ̾ͿƤסñʣΡֿפζ̡ʸ¾θȤʸˡطֳʡפ٤ʬäƤʤФʤʤ̾ޤƤ٤˲⤹ΤԲǽʤΤǡϡʤγפΤߤ
1. ( gender )
ϡűѸˤ ( masculine ) ( feminine ) ( neuter ) λ̤줿ɤ̾줬ɤͿ뤫ϤۤȤɥȤۤɤפȤ̾ΤȤꡤɽ̾̾졤ɽ̾Ͻ̾졤Τɽ̾̾ȤϤ롥wīf ( > PDE "wife" ) ֽפ̾wīfmann ( > PDE "woman" ) ֽפ̾¿̾줬̾ǤʤɡĶ¿θʬϤޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤ§Ȥƥ˷ޤäƤƤΤ
2. ( number )
ϡѸˤĤäƤΤ䤹ѸǤϡ褽-s뤫ʤʣñ̤뤬sheep -- sheep (see [2009-05-11-1]), ox -- oxen, child -- children, man -- men ʤԵ§ʥڥ¸ߤ롥Ե§ʤΤޤᡤ¿̾ʣζޤϸűѸ̤롥
3. ( case )
ʤϡѸǤϼʡͭʡŪʤλʤ̤Ƥ롥;̾ǤС줾 I -- my -- me ΤȤǤ롥űѸǤϡ ( nominative )г ( accusative )° ( genitive )Ϳ ( dative ) λͳʤ̤줿ѸνͭʤϸűѸ°ʤˡѸŪʤϸűѸгʤͿʤˤ줾б롥űѸγʤˤϡѸбʤβ̤ǽ¿εǽꡤդפ롥
ʤϡѸƱͤˡ̾줬Ư֤ʤǤ롧?ס?ϡ
гʤϡ̾줬ѸǤưľŪƯ֤ʤǤ롧?
ưǤʤֻθ֤ˤƤгʤ֤롥
°ʤϡ̾줬ѸǤͭΰ̣ɽ֤ʤǤ롧?Ρ
ֻθ֤ˤƤгʤ֤롥
Ϳʤϡ̾줬ѸǤưδŪƯˡ뤤¿ֻθ֤ˤơ֤ʤǤ롥?ˡ
űѸ̾θϡʾλʬäƽƳꤹ롥ºݤˤϤ⤦ĽפʥݥȤ롥ϡֶޥספȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥̾˺ǽ餫ͿƤΤƱͤˡ̾ˤϤɤΡֶޥספǶޤ뤫ǽ餫ޤäƤ롥̾ʤ餳ζɽФФ褯̾ʤ餢ζɽФФ褤ȤñäǤϤʤ̾Ǥ⡤ΥפζޡΥפζޤȴफζޥפ롥äơ̾Ȥʤˤϡġ̾줬ɤζޥפ°뤫ΤäƤɬפ롥ơޥפξƱͤˡ§ȤưȯǸʬˡϤʤȹͤƤ褤λͤܤΥݥȤǤֶޥספˤĤƤϡ˲Ʋ⤹롥
¿θͤˤȤäơʤѸؤ֤ΤȤ䤤ϼǤäơ䤦ɬפϤʤΤ褦ʹϤ䤤ɬ⼫ǤϤʤƳؽԤ˹ͤ٤ȻפäƤ뤬ҤȤޤεϤƤǤϱѸؽμҤȤޤǧƤȤˤ褦
ǤϡʤѸˤؤ֤ΤȤ䤤Ϥɤ¿αѸؽԤˤȤäƤϼǤϤʤ⤷ʤ٤äͤƤߤƤۤͤϡʬγؤǤ줬ɤäƤʸؤ֤Ȥϡؽ夭äʤȤˤʤȤȤؿƤ뤫⤷ʤͤϡʤѸ줬ޤǹѤˤʤäΤͳˤõꤿȤΤռƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ϽإեѸˡҤĤ˼1996ǯii--iiiǡˤϱѸˤؤְյˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ뤬βޤƤޤȤȼ3ˤʤ
Ѹ뤳ȤǤ
ˤ˴ŤѸѤ뤳ȤǤä˱ѸΩˤԤˤɬס
ѸθѲͤݤκ뤳ȤǤ
ʤֱѸˤؤְյפϼ5Ǥ롥
(1) ѸʸˡäؤӤ䤹ʤ롥ʺޤǴϢθʤäݤˤĤʤ꤬Ƥ롥ԹԵ§˸븽ݤκΤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(2) Ѹβ̤ƱѸ̤ռ뤳ȤǡǽưŪάŪ˱ѸؤֻȤˤĤ롥̤ˤѸΩͽۤǤСѸؽɬפɤʬȽǤǤ褦ˤʤ롥Ѹؽư롥
(3) ѤΤǤꡤ¿ͤʤΤǤȤŪʸѤ졤餫˱Ѹؤ٤롤뤤϶褦ˤʤ롥
(4) ѸˤϰĤʪǤ뤫顤ϤʤȤ
(5) ʬȤƽʳ並ΩĤȤͳ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤޤоݤ椨ˤ˼椫ȤȤ並νȯǤ롥̤ȤΩĤȤ⤢뤷ǤʤȤ⤢롥
ѸˤϡѸؤּԤ٤ƤˤȤä礭ʰյȳοƤ롥ä˱ѸΩˤͤˤȤäƤ(2)(3)ΥݥȤϽפʤΤǤϤʤ
"ladies and gentlemen"ϥѡƥʤɤǻʲԤ˽ظƤӤݤηޤʸѸŪˤϤɤˤޤΰɽǤ롥 lady 졤 gentle ϥե줫μѸ졤 men Ǥ롥 and ȡե줫 gentle ʤȤ⤤Ƥ褦˻ˤϻפ롥ѸǤϰۤʤκߤϤΤȤǤꡤɽХʤɤȤ̤ⵤŤʤХΤϡűѸǤ lady б lord äΤäƤ뤫Ǥ롥顤ѸǤ"ladies and lords"ȸʤ롥
lady lord ϸ츻Ūˤ̩ܤʴطäʲǤϡ lady 夲Ǹ lord ȴϢŤξñŪطʤƤߤ褦
1.
Ѹ lady ϡűѸλˤ hlǣfdiġe Ȥڥ¸ߤϡ hlāf + dǣġe ȤĤǤǤȹͤʹȤʤݤ¿βѲ뤿ᡤñ hlāfdǣġe ȤϤʤ餺 hlǣfdiġe Ȥʤˡ
Ⱦ hlāf ϡűѸǡ֥ѥפ̣ñǡѸǡְΥѥפ̣ loaf Ǥ롥űѸǤϡ bread ñϡ֥ѥפΰ̣ǤϻȤʤäᡤ̤ˡ֥ѥפȤС hlāf Ѥ줿
Ⱦ dǣġe ϡ֤ͤפ̣θϸѸˤľܻĤäƤʤϢȤ dough ʴѥϡפ doughnut ֥ɡʥåġסʥʥåȷʴˤ롥äơ lady θ츻Ūʸϡ֥ѥͤפǤä
2. ̣
֥ѥͤפäȤȤϾҤ̤Ѹ lady ϡֽʽפֽǫʸƾΡˡפȤ̣Ǥ롥ΰ̣ˤɤ夯ޤǤˡɤΤ褦ʰ̣ФΤǤ˸űѸλꡤ(1) ֥ѥͤפθ顤̣ϤȤ˹äƤºݡűѸǤ(2)ֲǿνۤ͡פȤ̣ä顤俩ȤδϢ̤(3)ֻۤפȤ̣ȯŸűѸǡֽסʸŪʻۼԡˤޥꥢסŪʻۼԡˤ̣Τϡ(3)ȹͤ롥
ˡȤޤǤϤʤȤ⡤(4)ֹޤνסֿʬι⤤פ̤ lady ȸƤФ褦ˤʤä˰̣ΰ̲ʤߡޤǤʤȤ⡤(5)־ʤʽʽפǤïǤ lady ȸƤ٤褦ˤʤäǸˡ̾ʤǤʤȤä¦(6)ֽפǫɽȤˤ lady Ȥ褦ˤʤạ̈ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
(1) ѥͤ
(2) ͡ǿνۤ
(3) ۤʡֽפޥꥢפ
(4) ޤν
(5) ʽʤʽ
(6) ʰŪǫɽȤơ
Τ褦ˡ(1)?(3)Ѳϡؤоݤνοʬ缡夬äƤȤạְ̇̄ɲפȤ롥(4)?(6)Ѳϡؤоݤνξ郎ˤʤäƤȤạְ̇̄ΰ̲פȤ롥Ԥϡְ̣̱פȸƤ⤤⤷ʤҲȤȤ̱ƤͻҤ lady θˤȿǤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤǤ롥
3. ֤ȯ
űѸ hlǣfdiġe /hlæ:fdije/ȸѸ lady /leɪdi/֤ȯޤǰ㤦 lady ˤɤ夯ޤǤ˼λĤ礭ʲѲФȹͤ롥
/dije//i/ؤû̡1100ǯ
Ƭ/h/ξü1200ǯ
/f/ξü1400ǯ
ǯϤ褽ΤΤǤ뤬űѸ hlǣfdiġe 鸽ߤ lady η˶ŤΤ1400ǯȸƤ
4. lord Ȥδط
űѸǡ hlǣfdiġe бǤ hlāford ȤñǤäϡ hlāf + weard ĤǤǡѸ lord ַסּ͡פǤ롥űѸǤϴŪˤϡְȤμ͡פ̣ȾǤ lady ξƱ褦ˡ֥ѥפȾǤϡּԡסֿ͡פ̣ʸѸ ward guard ʤɤȸ츻ŪˤĤʤˡäơ lord θϡ֥ѥԡפǤ롥֤ȯû̲줿Τϡ lady ξƱ褦ʻˤ롥
奢μҲˤƤϡĤؤˤϥѥͤԤȤԤȤäΤͤˤĤϤ"ladies and gentlemen""ladies and lords"ΤۤؤźäƽαˤϤդ路Ȼפɤ
ѸħΰĤȤơɽ (idiomatic expressionǥ) ¿뤳Ȥ롥Ѹ˳ϷޤǤ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ( A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.) ǸڤƤΤǡΤƤ롥
ǥΤʤ¸ߤʤΤ٤ȻפΤ̤˱Ѹ¾٤ƥǥब¿ΤΥơޤǤӸˤĤƤϤ褯ΤʤΤǡȤʤľŪˤ¾Υ衼åѸ٤¿ΤʤȤݤϤ뤬ºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤޤ֥ǥפɤΤ褦뤫ˤäƤ⡤ѤäƤ褦˻פ롥ϥǥˤĤƹͤѸˤ˷ӤĤƤߤ
ŵŪʥǥȤơѸ put up with 褦Υǥ3ñ put, up, with ˤĤƤ줾ΰ̣ʬ뤬줬Ȥ߹蘆äƤǤ put up with ( = endure ) ΰ̣ϡ3ΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΥ奿ŪǥκħǤ롥
ΤȤ ( word ) ( morpheme ) ( lexeme ) Ȥۤʤ뻰ĤδͤƤߤ롥put up with ˼ȡΥǥ3줫äƤ롥ñϤ줾1ǤäƤΤΤȤƷǤο3Ǥ롥ޤput up with ΤǰĤΰ̣ʤΤǸǤȤƤ1ȿ롥äơΥǥϻĤδ鵭Ҥȡ3ñ졤3ǡ1ǡפȤʤ롥
( lexeme ) Ȥñ̤Ϥޤʹʤ⤷ʤ˺ܤäƤʤȺñ̤ȹͤФ褤put up with ΰ̣ΤꤿȤˡ put up with ǤҤȤƤ˾̣ˤϤɤĤʤȤ⡤ˤ put up with ΤȤƸФΩƤựƤ餤櫓Ǥ롥
θǤȤ饤ǥСʣޤäơΤȤưĤθǤб֡פȤȤˤʤ롥
դΤϡȷǤʪȤȤputupwithξ硤줬ΤޤǤ˰абƤ뤬줬ʣηǤ륱⤢롥㤨Сunderstand 餫˰under + stand ȤĤηǤäƤ롥ơȤƤΰ̣ϡĤηǤΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΤȤơפȤ̣б롥ǡunderstand Ĥδ鵭Ҥȡ1ñ졤2ǡ1ǡפȤȤˤʤ롥
˽Ҥ٤ǥĥơʣޤäơΤȤưĤθǤб֡פȤСunderstand ⥤ǥࡤС־ʥǥפȤȤǤ롥ŪǤ understand ϥǥȸʤǻŦȤϡput up with understand ⡤ΰ̣ʬʣʬΰ̣¤ȤϤʤäƤʤǶ̤롥ԤϡʣꡤԤʣȤ㤤Ǥ롥
ʾιͻѸˤؤȷӤĤƤߤ褦űѸǤϡunderstand 줬С־ʥǥλǤ롥Ѹˤʤꡤput up with ɽ¿߽Ф줿С礭ʥǥλǤ롥ѸǤϡζܤۣˤʤäƤ뤬ξפΥǥबδǤ롥Ѹˡʤ˸¤ʤˤǥ߽ФƤˤªΤǤСŪϰӤƤȤ褦ǥ߽ФƤѥϡűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ̤ȯŸƤȤ狼롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
饹ؤαѸزʤΥˤϡѸ˳ؽ˺Ŭʶब֤Ƥ롥ʲˡȤĤĤĥĥ롥
Essentials of Old English: 饤ǸűѸٶʤ餳űѸŪطʤʸˡʤɤؤ٤롥äˡA short grammar of Old Englishϼڤɬ
Readings in Early English: űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸΥƥȤȤɤ߾夲ǥե뤬Ǥ롥
Essentials of Early English : űѸζɽʤɤPDFǼ롥μܤؤΥĥƤ롥ܽ
The Basics of English Metre: ѸαΧˤĤƳؤ٤롥Ѹˤˤ⡤Χ䲻γؽɬס
[2009-05-14-1][2009-05-12-1]-th ˰³-dom ꡥμȤǡűѸθΰˡȤ( derivation )⤷ wisdom wise + dom Ȱ¾㤬˵ʤä𤱤ʤȤǤ롥Ƥ줿⤤ΤǡȿʤĤġ-dom ˤĤμޤȤƤ
-dom ̾졦ƻˤĤƿ̾ǡĤΰ̣롥
(1) ?ϰ̡ʰ̳ˡ??ϰϡ?Ρ?: cuckoldom ʺʤäפοʬ, Christendom ֥ꥹȶ, dukedom ָߤμ̡߰, earldom ߤμ̡߰, kingdom ֲ, martyrdom ֽ, popedom ֶĿ, sheriffdom ֥տ
(2) : boredom , freedom ּͳ, wisdom ηá, thraldom °֡
(3) ġޤϡʤνļҲΡήʤɡʤФзΤΥ˥奢ȼ: filmdom ֱDz賦, officialdom ִ, squiredom ϼ糬
ϸ츻ŪȤƤ doom ƱǤʵŪˤư do ȴطˡȤȤϡְ֡֡ϡפȤ̣äбűѸ dōm ˡסȽפ̣ȤƻȤ줿˸ߤΤ褦ʡֱ̿פΰ̣Ÿ줿-dom ϸߤǤȤơη˻ȤȤ
ܸǻפФΤϡ֥ޥפȡ֥פǤ롥ĤưӤήԸ֤?ޥפϡѲʤ¤䤹ҥޥCMнǤ롥֤Ĵ٤¤ꡤ֥ޥפϡȤ "man" + "domain" άäΤ˽ʻȤؤ⻲ȼä "human & freedom" άѤäΤȤưΡ֥פΤۤϡˤ "gunboy" + "freedom (fighter)" ξά餷
ޥ⥬Ѹ-dom ȤƺƲᤷƤߤȿߤڤ뤫⤷ʤ˾֤ݤIJʡפȤֽƻȤͭεפȤ
Ȥǡޥ⥬ˤǤ롥⤷ȤˡűѸ dōm ̾ä-dōm ΤĤ⤹٤̾ˡ̤Ȥɤ͡ߥƤȤȤˤʤ롥?ޥࡥ
[2009-05-15-1]ǸűѸȯȤˡ첻첻ȤѸȤä첻ηϤϡ첻շפȤȵҤ졤٤Ƥ첻ϡʲλĤδˤäƱꤵ롥
(1) γι⤵: close, close-mid, open-mid, open
(2) ΰ֡κǤ⤯ʤ֤ɤ: front, central, back
(3) δݤ: rounded, unrounded
첻շϡΰ֤ɽƤȹͤȤ褤äƺ衤ȤǤ롥㤨С/i/ȯȤˤϡγϤۤȤɤʤ (close)夬ˤʤ (front)ʿ (unrounded) ϤǤ롥
Ĥβս˺ΥڥΤϡƱΰ֤Ǥ⡤ΩƴݤʿǤ뤫Ǥ롥ڥΤ߿ǡ߿Ȥʤ롥̾첻Ǥ߿첻Ǥϱ߿Ȥʤ뤬Ǥʤ첻⤢ꤦ롥㤨СűѸեɥĸˤ/ʏ/߿Ǥ뤷ܸΡ֥פϸ߿/ɯ/Ǥ롥
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) פˤϡΥǤ롥ΤȤʤΤȤƤ IPA (International Phonetic Association) ΥȤ

ϤäȤȤξҲBBC Ages of English Timeline ϡFLASH ˤͷӴФDZѸˤؤ٤롥
űѸϡ§Ȥƥ̤˲ɤФ褤Ѹ¸ߤʤʸ䲻¸ߤΤդפ롥ʲˡ
(1) űѸΥե٥å
ʸ: a, b, c, d, e, f, ȝ, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, x, y, z, þ, ð, ƿ, æ
ʸ: A, B, C, D, E, F, Ȝ, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, X, Y, Z, Þ, Ð, Ƿ, Æ
(2) դפʸȯ
ʲ֤<>ǡȯ//ǰϤࡥ
<c>
첻³Ȥ/tʃ/: bēce "beech", cild "child"
<ic>ȤʤȤ/tʃ/: dic "ditch", ic "I"
ʳϡ/k/: æcer "acre", weorc "work"
<f, s, þ, ð>
ͭ˶ޤȤ/v, z, ð/: hūsian "to house", ofer "over", sūþerne "southern"
ʳϡ/f, s, ð/: hūs "house", of "of", þanc "thank"
<g>
첻ˤȤ/j/: dæg "day", geong "young"
<l, r>³Ȥ/j/: byrgan "bury", fylgan "follow"
첻˶ޤȤ/ɣ/: āgan "own", fugol "fowl"
ʳϡ/g/: glæd "glad", gōs "goose"
<h>
Ƭǡ/h/: hand "hand", hlāf "loaf"
첻ˤȤ/ç/; cniht "knight", riht "right"
첻³Ȥ/x/: nāht "naught", seah "saw"
<y>
/y/: lȳtel "little", yfle "evilly"
<sc>
¿ϡ/ʃ/: asce "ashes", scild "shield"
¾ϡ/ks/: āscaþ "(he) asks", tusc "tusk"
<cg>
/dʒ/: bricg "bridge", secgan "say"
[2009-05-12-1]-th 夲δΤȤʤäưƻϲ䤦ޤޤäΤǡDz졤ΤΤˤĤƤϸűѸʤ뤤ϤˤηǤϤʤѸбƤ롥Ѹ˻ĤäƤʤΤˤĤƤcf.ȤƴϢ롥
(1) ư줫(-th )
| bath | cf. bake |
| birth | bear |
| death | die |
| math | mow; cf. aftermath |
| oath | cf. б븽¸θϤʤ |
| growth | grow |
| tilth | till |
| stealth | steal |
| filth | foul |
| health | whole |
| length | long |
| mirth | merry |
| strength | strong |
| truth | true |
| dearth | dear |
| depth | deep |
| breadth | broad |
| sloth | slow |
| wealth | well |
| draught | draw |
| drift | drive |
| flight | fly |
| frost | freeze |
| gift | give |
| haft | heave |
| heft | heave |
| might | may |
| plight | pledge |
| shaft | cf. scape |
| shrift | cf. script |
| thirst | cf. dry |
| thought | think |
| thrift | thrive |
| weft | weave |
| sight | see |
| height | high |
| sleight | sly |
| drought | dry |
Ѹ֤ȯЪΥӤȤϤĤȤΤƤ뤬̤˸ƶ˰ݤŤ㤬 "ghoti" Ǥ롥Ρ֤Ĥפϡ
<gh> reads /f/ as in "tou gh "
<o> reads /ɪ/ as in "w o men"
<ti> reads /ʃ/ as in "na ti on"
ϡɽпȤκȡɾȡ֤ԤǤ George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) ΤȤƹΤƤƽǰѤ뤬Shaw äΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥Shaw Holroyd ˤȡǮ֤Ԥ "ghoti" 夲ȤˡݼŪʿ͡Ф줿ΤǡShaw βԤʸȤȤ餷
But when an enthusiastic convert suggested that 'ghoti' would be a reasonable way to spell 'fish' under the old system ( gh as in 'tough', o as in 'women' and ti as in 'nation'), the subject seemed about to be engulfed in the ridicule from which Shaw was determined to save it. (Holroyd, Michael. 1918-1950: The Lure of Fantasy . Vol. 3 of Bernard Shaw . London: Chatto & Windus, 1991. 501.)
줬¤ȤȡShaw "ghoti" ȯƼԤǤϤʤޤǤʸͤˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ⡤Ѹ֤κ֤Τ餷ӤϡϤ Shaw ˵Ƥ褤
֤ȯϰаδطĤޤ֤ȯפŪǤ롥֤Ǹ줬ѲΤǤ뤳ȤȤȡŪʾ֤ϼΤ褦ʿޤɽ롥֤ "written mode" ȯ "spoken mode" ȤƤ롥
spoken mode
written mode
time
spoken mode ¨
written mode
time
What did he want to do? Simply to get rid of the past, to give a part of mankind a fresh start by isolating it from its own history and from the ancestral bad habits of the other nations . . . (qtd in Holroyd 504)
Ѹ-th Ȥ̾ĵθϵϰĸ̤ꡤưƻ줫б̾ƤѸǤŪǤ롥츻ŪˤϡưˤĤȷƻˤĤ϶̤٤Ǥ롥Ѹ˻ĤƤߤ롥ʥߥζڤϡ줿ζ̤
(1) ư줫(-th )
bath , birth , death , math , oath ; growth , tilth ; stealth
(2) ƻ줫(-th )
filth , health , length , mirth , strength , truth ; dearth , depth ; breadth , sloth , wealth
-th ΰ۷-t Ȥ⤢ꡤƱͤǽġɤˤʤ뤫ϡĶˤ롥ʲ롥
(3) ư줫(-t )
draught , drift , flight , frost , gift , haft , heft , might , plight , shaft , shrift , thirst , thought , thrift , weft ; sight
(4) ƻ줫(-t )
height , sleight ; drought
¾㳰Ū̾줫 theft Ƥ롥
(2)(4)ηƻ줫ˤĤƤϡ첻бƻ첻ۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿ϡޥĸ-iþô ͳ褹뤳Ȥȴط롥/i/뤳Ȥǡi-mutation Ȥ줿Ǥ롥
嵭γˤĤơȤȤʤäưƻ¬Ƥߤߤ
ѹΥѥ֤ɤɤ٤ƤȤʹɤѡ˽Фʰ¤Υӡ롤кԶ륳Ǥ餷1ʿ6郎٤ƤȤε˾ܤѥ֤ʤǤϲᤴʤäαػפФȡΤ椷֤òʤ
ѥ֤ "public house" άǤꡤѹŪʼΤȤǤ롥ʪˤޤƤѥ֤¿㤨СɥǺǸŤΥѥ֤ȤΤƤΤ1528ǯ϶Ȥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" Ǥ롥
ϡ˸ǽñǤ롥ŹδĤβŤѥ֡뤤ϸŤäƤѥ֤ˤϡ Ye ǻϤޤΤ¿ȯ/ji:/Ȥɤޤ뤬¤Ϥ괧 the ΰ۷Ǥ롥ˤŪطʤ롥
űѸˤϡѸˤʤե٥åʸĤ¸ߤΤΰĤˡ<þ> "thorn" ȤʸäϡѸǤ<th>Ȥʸ /θ/ /ð/ ɽ<þ> ϸűѸʹߤȤϤե줫ä<th>˽˼äƤääơѸ the ФƤϡȤ <the> ŷȤ <þe> ʻ¸뤳ȤȤʤä
![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
| thorn | thorn | y |
ϲƤޤäΤܤꡥĶˤΩߤΤܤե˹ԤäƤ羮350ɤθˤǤԴѡ

⤷ѸüԤθΤܤ귲ʤȶ֤ How many carp! ȴò뤫⤷ʤ"carps"ǤϤʤ"carp"s̵Ǥ롥 carp sheep ʤɤƱ͡ñʣƱñʤΤǤ롥䥸㥤ġסֺסֹΥספǤ롥
Ѹ̾ʣȤ sĤΤ§Ǥ롥㳰뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥㳰ˤ⤤Ĥפꡤ绨Ĥˤȼ̤
(1) -en: ox / oxen , child / children
(2) ̵Ѳ: carp / carp , sheep / sheep , fish / fish , hundred / hundred
(3) i-mutation: man / men , foot / feet
(4) Ѹ: phenomenon / phenomena , alumnus / alumni
Τ(2)̵ѲñʣƱˤظˤĹˤ롥űѸǤϡĹ̾ϸ§ȤƤ٤ñʣƱä㤨СǤsʣˤʤäƤ뤬 horse , house , land , thing , wife Ϥ٤s̵ʣäΤǤ롥餬٤ƸsʣˤʤäΤϡñˤС¾¿sʣΰϤˤ פη̤Ǥ롥ºݤˤϤäʣʤΤǾܤΤꤿϡ The Development of the Nomiral Plurals in Early Middle English ɤ
ѸǤñʣƱȤƻĤäƤΤ sheep hundred ϸűѸǤϼºݤ̾äˤĤƤϡűѸ줫ĤȹͤƤ fish ̾ä carp ˤĤƤѸ˥ե줫äѸʤΤDZѸȤͿ줿ȤϤʤɤäаޤ
ѸǤϡűѸˤ餺ñ̡פּоݡפɽ̾줬ñʣƱȤʤ뷹äϰ̣ŪʣȤѤΤ̾Ǥꡤ¿ξ˿ȼˡѲʤȤʣǤ뤳ȤȰռ줿Ȥ
Mustanoja ˤС
The unchanged plural after an expression of number or quantity is in fact a linguistic phenomenon of universal occurrence. It has primarily a psychological background if the idea of plurality is obvious from the attributive numeral or adjective, no plural ending or other sign is needed to indicate the number of the governing noun. (58)
Ѹ줫Сʲθ줬ñʣƱäñ̡פȤƤϡ couple score hundred thousand year winter month night foot fathom mile pound ּоʪפȤƤϡ carp eel fish fowl goat
ϡߤܤǤϼȤƴѾȤߤʤ뤬衼åѤǤϹѵȤ롥̤ӤǻȤϤּоݡפˤϰ㤤ʤ
Ǹ˰ carp ˤĤƤϡʤȤ18ޤǤϡñʣƱȤȤˡͽۤsʣʻ¸ƤȤդäƤˤΰĤθİʾΰۤʤäʣ¸ߤȤȤϡѸŪˤϤ̤θݤʤΤǤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ΤȤ夬ͼ6ζͤäŶäȤΥ٥įƤ䤬ƾäƤޤ夫ǥợƤФ褫äȲī俷ʹˤμ̿ܤäƤΤǡˤʤYOMIURI ONLINEǸ
ϱѸ rainbow Ǥ롥ɤǻΤȤ"rain"+"bow"ʣǤꡤֱεݡפΰդǤ롥ȯۤȤƤñǤ롥ƱȯۤϡѸΤߤʤ餺ޥˤ⤢롥űѸ rēnboga ɥĸ Regenbogen ǥޡ regnbue
եƤߤ arc-en-ciel Ĥޤ"arch in the sky"ֶεݡפǤ롥ȯۤȤƤϤäñǤ롥ƥ arcus caelestis Ʊ͡
ˡΤ˻ܤƤߤ褦ܸΡ֤ˤפθ츻Ͻ⤢褦ˤȡŷ֤̤ס֤ΤפḶ֤́ʤס֤ʤפ̤ƤȤ
ĹؤȴϢŤȯۤʤ褦ǡʴˤΡפǤ롥פϺȤؤɽֹפϺؤȿɽȤǤϡפ϶˽ζΰȹͤƤοिϾ˹ߤƤѤȤʤäƸȤΤǤ롥٥鸫ŤϡסʤˤȸƤФ졤줾λζΥȥɽȤ츻ʻˤ˭ȯۤޤƤ
¾ˡȥꥢˤؤȸ褦ʲϡ OED ΰѤǤ롥
1965 R. & D. Morris Men & Snakes i. 19 By far the most spectacular snakes in Australian aboriginal art are the mythical rainbow serpents. These usually live deep in waterholes during the dry season, but take to the thunder clouds when the rains come, sometimes appearing in the sky as rainbows.
Ǹˡ̤ǧϥ磻Ǥ ao akua ֿʱפȸƤ֤餷⤷¾θǤΰ̣츻ΤäƤͤ顤Ƥ
ʾ塤θ츻ʣӤƤߤĿŪˤʴˤظˤɥϤ깥Ǥ롥ʤϥͤǸ뤬ޤذФǸפʤɡ˭Ϥλʪ츻Τϡɥȯۤ˭ȯǤӤ뤫ɥפפ١ rainbow Ϥʤ˳ȤŤ double rainbow ȤƤɽǤʤᤷܸ狼ˡѸ̾Τˡ crock of gold at the end of the rainbow ַ褷뤳ȤΤʤפȤϸƤˤϡκܤʪƤȤ¿ؤäƤꡤɥ褦ʵ롥
ѸؼԤ2009ǯ3˽Ǥ줿ظ츻ϡǡ츻֥ιųءפȸƤǤ롥ɽظˤϡθ칽츻ҤȤȤˤäƤθ߽Фͤȯָۤ뤳ȤǤȤͤ롥Ϥιͤ绿Ǥ롥
ͤȯۤϤƤͤˤϼƤȯۤǤꡤ츻Ĵǡڤ˿ȯۤ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥˺Ƥȯۤ츻ĴȤʤǤäɤ餻⿷ȯۤǤ뤫Τ褦СȯϤ˭ݤŤ뤫⤷ʤŻˤƿȯۤ븽餳֤äȯֺۤȯפ뤳ȤɬפʤΤǤϤʤηä̤ڤ곫츻ؤ̣Ǥ롥ο
θ츻ˤĤƤϡε⻲Ȥ줿
ڥ ( Esperanto )Ȥ줬롥1887ǯ˥ݡɤΰեۥ(Zamenhof)ˤäƹȤʤ٤ͰƤ줿Ǥ롥λˤϡEsperantoޤʣι줬³ȹͰƤ줿ǺǤǤꡤ10ͰʾüԤȤ롥ʸˡäϥ衼åѤθ졤ä˥ޥϤƤ뤬ñ㲽Ƥꡤ⤫ĤƤäȤΤưפǤʢޤƤʤȤȤˡܤǤܥڥȳزȤɽؤΤǡؿΤϻȤ줿
Esperantoֿ(artificial language)ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ˰ϤʤǤܸѸʤɤ̾θϡּ(natural language)ȸƤǤ褤Τ˿ؤιֵȤΤ褦˸äƤΤפФֿʹ֤ФΤǤʾ塤ʤɤȤΤϤꤨʤϤ٤ƿǤ롥
EsperantoȱѸֿפȤư勞ˤˤϡϤ롥ʤΤ
ǡ[2009-05-07-1]ˡָ̽ڤȸѲפȤƼ夲KellerƤӰ礤˽ФΤˤϼʪȿʪ뤬ԤˤϿŪʪȼŪʪबȤȤȤ˿Ƥߤ롥
things natural artificial(?) artificial natural the Alps Esperanto English flowers paper flowers traffic jam waterfalls euro 'grown' towns bee language satellite cities the Latin alphabet the Morse alphabet Buddhism
ȤDZѸޤॲޥɤηޤؤϿޤϡ衼åѤˤ븽ߤΥޥʬۤǤ롥


ޥɤ3ʬΤʤ쥲ޥɤϤȤʤäƤƤ褦˻פ뤬ΤʤΥȸϱѸŪˤϼĤδ˽פʸǤ롥
(1) ޥΤʤǺǤŤʸ¸롥Ūˤϡ4 Wulfila ˤä²Τ줿μܤߤäƤ롥űѸ䤽¾ΥޥʸΤ700ǯʤΤǡȸϤΩĤȼ¤4ۤɤȤᤤʳΥޥλѤƤ롥ºݤ˸Ūˤϥ饦Ȥʤʤ˸ŤǤ⥲ޥĸ (Proto-Germanic) ˶ᤤȤΤǡűѸűѸˤΤΤ˽פʥҥȤͿƤ롥
(2) ȸôǤä²ϡե²ʤɤΰ̱²ȤȤˡ4˥μβˤꡤޤΥ֥ƥۤ410ǯ˽ᤷơΥ֥ƥ̵ܾ֤ˤĤǿΤ˱ѸȸƤФäƤAnglesSaxonsJutesȤäޥ²äΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤΦ衼åѤˤ르²γʤС֥ƥ˱ѸϺդʤäʤ⡩
ʤߤˡ֥åͼס֥åۡפʤɤѤƻȤƤΡ֥åפϡȿͤѤͼΤȤľŪ˻ؤ櫓ǤϤʤǤܤ²ڤƤʤ²ɾͥΥҥ塼ޥ˥ȤήԤäͼƱͤˡڤƤʤפλ뤷Ȥͳ褹롥
緿Ϣ٤Ǥϡ߹®̤ǡƻϩ60kmĶ۾ʽڤȤʤä褦ϲȤǤΤӤȤäΤﳲȤ줿ҤɤܤˤäɼԤ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
ơ̽ڤȤݤˤĤƹͤȤ⤽⡤ʤ̽ڤϵΤΡ߹®פȤüʥ̤ˤƤ⡤̤ͳʤʾ˽ڤ뤳Ȥ褯롥ȳǤϤ "traffic jam out of nowhere" Ȥ餷¤Ϥ "traffic jam out of nowhere" θѲϤᡤҲ٤Ҳ̤ˤƱͤ˸뤳ȤŦƤ롥ʲˤKellerȤ(Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language . Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.)
"traffic jam out of nowhere" θ̽ڤϼΤ褦˵롥®100kmäƤƬA餫ͳǥ֥졼ڤƧߡ㤨СʿƸꡤ̥塼ꡤĴˡ®95kmȤʤ롥Ϥ®100kmäƤ³BϡA®٤ȤΤơ®90kmޤȤBϼºݤˤϻ®95kmޤȤǰʤΤAɤ줯餤®ΤʬʤΤǡѿ;פ˥֥졼ƧǤΤǤ롥Ʊͤ˸³CDEѿ;ʬ˥֥졼ƧࡥơS˻äƴ˥ȥåפ롥ơSʹߤϽڤˤϤޤäƤޤȤˤʤ롥
θݤϡAޤᡤïڤФȤտޤäƤʤȤBʹߤθġμ֤αžΰտޤȹư϶̤Ƥ롥Լ֤ʤ褦ѿɬװʾ˥֥졼ƧȤȤġͤȤƤϽڤФȤտޤϤʤΤΡΤȤƤϽڤ˹ƤޤäƤ롥Ĥޤꡤߥΰտޤȥޥη̤δ֤ˡġλĶ֥ۤåܥåŪϤƯƤΤǤ롥Υ֥åܥåŪϤ ( invisible hand )ȸƤФƤꡤкѳؤʤɤǤ褯ΤƤ롥
KellerˤȡѲθ⤳ invisible hand ˽ȤġüԤϸѲȤտޤƬʤ礦ɱž꤬Τ;ʬ˥֥졼ƧǤȹͤΤƱ褦ˡ˶̤ؿ˴ŤưĤȤƵȤ ˤꡤѲ̤Ȥ߽ФȤ櫓ǤϡѲξ硤ֳ˶̤ؿ˴ŤưפȤϲѲΥˤäưۤʤ㤨ĹñάȯȤ夨ƥեåʥ֥ʳΤۤѤȤäüԴ֤ǹͭ줦ߵͤ롥
invisible hand theory ϸѲͤǤ˽פʤΤǡˤϤޤ줿
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
[2009-05-05-1]³ΤȤƳǧ줿ץåȤSѻ줿ȤϽҤ٤ǤϹȤγѥϤɤʤäƤWHOˤᶷκǿΥǡդäơΡᥭꥫȻĤΥդӤƤߤ

ʬΤϡᥭˤơϤͽۤ줿SƤ뤳Ȥ5/1դ꤬"take-off"ݥȤΤSϡ¿ʬ˥ᥭˤSƤ̤ȤȤѻ롥ꥫξǤꡤΤȤΤSȤϤʤäƤʤ褦˻פ롥ΤȤϡƶƤ뤢ΥƥʤξᥭȤˤˤSѻȡ¾ΥƥǤϤǤʤȤ⡤ΤȤƤSȤȤ롥
ѲΥǤ⡤ΤȤSȤˤϡƥ̡ΥդƤߤɬפ뤫ΤʤΤSä˹Ƥ륫ƥĤС줳θѲο̸Ʊꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥Ѳ٤ڥե륨Ӥ뤳Ȥդ٤ Lexical Diffusion ˺ݤƼ
ͤޤǤˡޤǤڥե륨οͥǡǤƤ
| date | cases | countries | USA | Mexico |
| 4/24_pm | 15 | 2 | 7 | 18 |
| 4/25_am | ||||
| 4/25_pm | ||||
| 4/26_am | ||||
| 4/26_pm | 38 | 2 | 20 | 18 |
| 4/27_am | ||||
| 4/27_pm | 73 | 4 | 40 | 26 |
| 4/28_am | ||||
| 4/28_pm | 105 | 7 | 64 | 26 |
| 4/29_am | ||||
| 4/29_pm | 148 | 9 | 91 | 26 |
| 4/30_am | ||||
| 4/30_pm | 257 | 11 | 109 | 97 |
| 5/01_am | 331 | 12 | 109 | 156 |
| 5/01_pm | 367 | 13 | 141 | 156 |
| 5/02_am | 615 | 15 | 141 | 397 |
| 5/02_pm | 658 | 16 | 160 | 397 |
| 5/03_am | 787 | 17 | 160 | 506 |
| 5/03_pm | 898 | 18 | 226 | 506 |
| 5/04_am | 985 | 20 | 226 | 590 |
| 5/04_pm | 1085 | 21 | 286 | 590 |
| 5/05_am | 1124 | 21 | 286 | 590 |
| 5/05_pm | 1490 | 21 | 403 | 822 |
[2009-05-04-1]˰³ڥե륨γꡥ óȻ ( Lexical Diffusion )ȤδϢǴ礹ѥܤƤ뤬ޤ餫ܤղΤĤʤWHOˤᶷʥǡꤷơ10֤ۤɤξʬǥץåȤƤߤ

ΤǤγǧ줿ǡγǧ줿οǤ롥礹뤳Ȥǰ졤ʳȽǤΤޤ⤷ʤȤȤǤäǥդᤷƤߤ뤬˴ؤƤϸͽۤ줿SƤ롪 4/30 դ꤫ 5/3 ˤư쵤˾㤬äƤꡤ"take-off"λȤγǧ줿οϡSǤϤʤषľ˶ᤤȤ롥
ƹǤξˤĤƤӥդɬפꤽͽۤΤϤɤʶϤꡤ켫ȤSʤΤĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ѸˤθԤȤƤޤڥե륨δԿץåȤ뤳ȤˤʤȤ̴ˤפʤäɤѲµˤϡפä̤궽̣ꤽ
[2009-05-02-1]εpandemicȱѸˡפǡóȻȤͤҲ𤷤ή¤ŤѥȸѲΥѥϻƤꡤȤ˻ּФSȤΤǤ롥
礬ǰƤڥե륨ϡ2008/05/04(Mon) ߡܤǤϵϤʤ16ϰ˹äƤꡤWHOϷٲǹΥե6ذ夲ǽƤ롥ڹǤεƤȤ
ȤϤޤ˳礬ƤַǤꡤSǤѲΥԡɤۤˤʤ "take-off" ΰȤʤꤦΤǤ롥ǡWHOƹܤϡݺ䴵ԤγΥʤɤʤ֤ơ "take-off" ɤȤƤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ҥ뤬äơѲSͤƤߤ롥ѲμºݤλƤߤȡ¤S뤳Ȥɬ¿ʤóȻSϤޤǸѲοʹԥѥŪʥǥǤꡤæϤǤ¸ߤ롥षŪϾʤ⤷ʤ¤ˤϡ¿ "take-off" ˸ΤǤ롥Ǥϡξ硤˸װȤϰβʤΤ
ѲŪSʤ硤礭ʬƻͤĤιͤΤǤϤʤ
(1) ⤽⤽θѲϸóȻή˿ʹԤƤΤǤϤʤ̤Υѥ˽äƤ롤뤤ϤɤʥѥˤƤϤʤ
(2) θѲߤޤäƤޤä
(3) Ǥϼ®뤤ߤ褦˸ǡäĹŪʥѥǸȡΤȤƤS
(4) ʹǡθѲ䴳ĤѲƱ˵äᡤΥѥ
ۤ˲ǽʹͤͤ϶Ƥˡ
㤨СѸˤ̾ʣȤ-s礹ϡ褽óȻήSȤ狼äƤ롥ɤ South-West Midland ʤɤǤϡä "take-off" ˻פ줿äȲ夬ꡤΤȺƤӾ徺ĤޤꡤSʤNǤ롥
irregularѲطʤˤäΤϡ-sȥ饤Хطˤä-nʸѸ oxen children ˸ˤγǤ롥-sǤʤ-nƱ˳礷Ƥᡤߤ˶礷äơŪSʤäȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ˵פǤ(4)Ǥ롥
Τ褦ʻǤơɤΥפ¿Τ륿פȤظˤɤΤ褦ʾĶΤ椹ɬפꤽ
ڥե륨ϡͰŪϤ(2)Υפ夤Ƥۤ
ɥåȥŹƬФǡ֥ȥåȥƥ塼פ֥ץפȤɽäܸǤϡ֥ȥåȥڡѡפȡ֥ץפ̾Ǥ롥ԤϱѸǤϳΤ toilet tissue ̤Ǥ뤷ԤαѸȯϳΤ/ˈeɪprən/

ϡŹôԤѸռƥʽȤĿŪʤȤʤΤ뤤ܸ˰ŪڤĤĤ뤳ȤʤΤɼԤɽʸȤ̤˸ȤϤޤʤޤ̿ξʤˤϳΤ toilet tissue Ȥ롥
ơ apron ȤСѸǤϤʤߤñǤ롥 ʬ ( metanalysis )ɽȤɬФǤ롥ʬϤȤϡȸζڤʤɤäʬϤƤޤ̤Ȥƴְ㤤˴Ťñ줬߽Ф褦ʸݤǤ롥
apron ϸ츻Ūˤ napron 괧Ĥ a napron ä an apron ȰʬϤƤޤä̡ apron Ȥ夷ƤޤäȤΤǤ롥
¾ɽȤƤϡ nickname ickname "ick"֤ޤΡס"name"̾סˤ orange cf. ڥ naranja ˤ롥¾ˡ pea peas(e) äs(e)촴ΰǤϤʤʣsȸäƲᤵ줿̡sΤʤȤ夷ΤǤ롥
ۤȤɤαѸǰʬϤˤƱ㤷ƤʤȤ˻פäƤ롥ǤϿʤΤǡޥʡޤᡤƤߤȻפäƤ롥
ɼԤƤߤƤơhellog ˹Ƥ
ڥե륨Ƥ롥ϢʹʤɤƻƤơepidemicpandemicȤäή¤ϡ¤ϱѸˤȤĤǴϢ뤳Ȥ̩˻פäƤ
(1) pandemic ϥꥷܼʤ
(2) 衼åѤι¤ȱѸδط
(3) ¤ŤΥѥϸѲοʹԥѥȻƤ
ʾˤĤPDF饤äƤߤ
(3)ǼΤ óȻ ( Lexical Diffusion )ȤѲǤ롥³ءҲءкѳءʪءؤʤɤǶͭ뿷ǥǡ䤬ܲȤ櫓ܤƤǤ롥⤳˿뵡ϤȤꤽ
αѸ˥֥("hellog")νϡδʤۤä夦ˡ2023ǯ3ߡʸDZѸˤ濴ȤȤ֤Ƥ롥
ʬѸ̾ǡä -s ޤʣη֤ȯã̻Ū˸椷Ƥ롥ʸΥȥ "The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English"Ʊ̾2009ǯ2ҤĤ˼Ǥ줿
깭ϡѸθѲ̤˴ؿ롥ġθѲŪطʤ顤ʤѲΤȤäŪޤǡѲ5W1H䤤³롥
ޤѸˤηäѸѸ̤ͤǤɤΤ褦ʻ뤫Ѹˤڤ鸽ɤ뤫βǽõäƤȹͤƤ롥
¾ԤȤƤξϡReaDԾǤƤ롥
δΥڡ⤴
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