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2009-05-31 Sun

#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τ [jute][map][anglo-saxon][history]

5֥ȥ͡ʥȤΰɡˤΥԥȿ͡åȿͤй뤿ˡΦΥޥͤ˱᤿ǡ󥰥 (Angles) (Saxons)塼ȿ (Jutes) ˱ѸȸƤФȤƥ֥ƥؤäƤϾԼǤ֥ȥͤӽβ֥ƥ˼Ωʾ夬ѸλϤޤ𤲤Ǥ롥
󥰥ͤȥͤ "Anglo-Saxon" Ȥ̤ΤƤ롥ä˥󥰥ͤʤɤ "England" "English" Ȥ줽ΤΤ˹׸Ƥ롥٤ơ塼ȿͤ˱ƤϡߤΥǥޡΥȥɤäƤȤ롥ȥɤϡѸǤ "Jutland" ֥塼ȿͤϡפɽϿ޻ȡˡ

Map of Denmark

塼ȿͤϡ֥ƥǤ Kentthe Isle of Wight, ư Hampshire ˽夤褦
ơŪ塼ȿͤ̾Τˡβ̤ŪҲ𤷤ƤűѸ˳˲ȡؼԤ Bede ˤС֥ȥͤβ Vortigern ΦƤӴ󤻤ޥͤ礷ƤΤ Hengist Horsa Ȥ̾ηǤäλ¹˥Ȳ򼣤벦ȤʤäȤ顤βȷϤϥ塼ȿͤäǽ⤤Ĥޤꡤ֥ƥ˱Ѹ줬դǽη˴ؤäΤϡ塼ȿͤμΤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥餬֥ƥؤ꽻ܤĤθǡΦ˻ĤäƤ󥰥ͤ䥵ͤޤ̤ɲŪ˥֥ƥظƤӴ󤻤ΤǤ롥
塼ȿͤαѸ˾ΰյĤޤ֥ƥDZѸ򳫻ϤȤӡǰƬ֤Ƥ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-05-30 Sat

#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ [loan_word][latin][oe][christianity]

Ѹˤϥƥ줫μѸ줬̤¸ߤ롥Ū˸ȡΥƥѸήˤϤĤȤ롥űѸ˸¤äƤ⤽ȤϻĤ롥

(1) 󥰥͡͡塼ȿͤޤΦˤ˥ƥܤȤμ
(2) ֥ƥ礬޿ͤ˻ۤƤȤ˥ȿͤѤƥ򡤸˥󥰥͡͡塼ȿ֥ͤƥˤƼѤ
(3) ֥ƥä󥰥͡͡塼ȿͤ6ʹߤ˥ꥹȶ˲ݤ˼Ѥ

(3)°ѸϡŪаޤ饭ꥹȶطѸ줬¿Ѹˤ˭٤˻ĤäƤ뤳Ѹ󤲤褦

abbot ֽƻĹ, altar ֺš, angel ŷȡ, anthem Ρ, candle ֤, canon ˡ, cleric ԡ, deacon ֽס, demon ְ, disciple ֻ̡, gloss , grammar ʸˡ, hymn ֻΡ, martyr ֽ޶ԡ, mass ֥ߥ, master , minster Ʋ, monk ֽƻΡ, noon ֶĤλʤҡˡ, nun ֽƻ, palm ֤, pope ֥޶ġ, priest ֻʺס, prophet ¸ԡ, psalm ֻΡ, psalter ֻӡ, school ֳع, shrive ֹ򤹤, temple ֿ¡, verse ֱʸ

ꥹȶ褬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶ礭ָ롥

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2009-05-29 Fri

#31. ѸλҲβ [phonology][phonetics][consonant][pde]

ѸλҲηϤϲɽ̤Ǥ롥24Ǥ뤬ҲϼΤ褦21ʸʤȤա <b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z>
ΤȤ顤ʸȲǤабƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤʬ롥Ѹˤ֤ȯΥåפϡ⤽νȯǤʸȲǤȤδطбǤˤ뤳Ȥ餫

PDE consonantal phomemes

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2009-05-28 Thu

#30. űѸֻȳ [oe][preposition][case]

űѸǤϡֻΤȤ̾ϳѲ򤹤롥ɤγʤ뤫ֻˤäƷޤäƤꡤͿʤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤгʤ°ʤ׵ֻ᤹⤢롥ѸȤϰۤʤ̣ǻȤֻ¿Τǡ׵ᤵʤȸűѸǤΰ̣ʲˤޤȤ (Mitchell 110)
ʣγʤƤΤϤ⤢ȤȤ򼨤äդƤ٤ŪҤȤȤ򼨤

PREPOSITIONCASEMEANING
æfterdat. (acc.)after, along, according to
ǣrdat. (acc.)before
ætdat.at, from, by
ætacc.as far as, until
bedat. (acc.)by, along, alongside, about
beforandat. acc.before, in front of
betweoxdat. acc.among, between
binnan* dat./acc.within, into
bufan* dat./acc.above, upon
būtandat. acc.except, outside, without
ēacdat.besides, in addition to
fordat. acc.before (of place), in front of, because of
framdat.from, by (of agent)
ġeondacc. (dat.)throughout
in* dat./acc.in, into
innan* dat./acc. (occasinally gen.)in, within
middat. acc.among, with, by means of
ofdat.from, of
ofer* dat./acc.above, over, on
on* dat./acc.in, into, on
on-ġēandat. acc.against, towards
acc. (dat.)up to, until
gen.at, for, to such an extent, so
dat.towards, to, at, near
acc.towards
tō-ġēanesdat.against, towards
þurhacc. (dat. gen.)through, throughout, by means of
under* dat./acc.under, beneath
wiþacc. gen. dat.towards, opposite, against, along, in exchange for
ymb(e)acc. (dat.)after, about or concerning

դפΤϡʻۤ "* dat./acc" ȤʤäƤ7ֻǤ롥ֻθ̾ϡͿʤгʤΤ줫뤬ĤɤǤǽȤ櫓ǤϤʤɤȤǰ̣ۤʤΤǤ롥ͿʤϡŪפʰաгʤϡưŪפʰդǤ롥󤲤褦

(1) dat: hē wæs in þǣm hūse "he was in the house"
(2) acc: hē ēode in þæt hūs "he went into the house"

Ѹˤ "in" "into" ΰ㤤ǰƬˤȤ褤in θͿʤȤưΤʤ "in" ΰդǤꡤгʤȤưȼ "into" ΰդǤ롥ɥĸǤƱͤζ̤뤳ȤդäƤ

Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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2009-05-27 Wed

#29. thumb finger [semantics][lexical_blocking]

ѸǤϼλؤϡƻ thumb Ȥʳλ finger Ȥδ֤Τʶ̤¸ߤȤ롥㤨СLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English (3rd ed) finger ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

one of the four long thin parts on your hand, not including your thumb

ܸǤϡ5ܤλؤϤ٤ƱˡֻءפǤꡤƻؤ̤ʸ줬ƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤʤΤǡthumb finger ñ٥Ƕ̤Ѹȯۤۤ˻פ롥
ƻؤ̤˽פʻؤǤ뤳ȤϤǤ롥¾4ܤиؤǤꡤäȤ⶯ؤǤ⤢롥ºݡthumb θ츻ϡֶפͳ褷ƥʤɤǤƱ褦ˡֶפͳ褹줬ֿƻءפ̣߽ФƤ롥
Ѹ thumb finger Τ˶̤ȤȤ򤷤ǡǤ thumb Ф finger ȤϸƤʤΤ㤨Сּˤϻؤ5ܤפȰʲΤɤˤʤ

(1) A hand has a thumb and four fingers.
(2) A hand has five fingers.

ޤǤ(1)ͽۤ뤫⤷ʤ̤(2)Ǥ褤ĤޤꡤǤ thumb finger ˴ޤޤƤ롥
ΤȤϡѸǤ finger thumb Τ˶̤Ȥ嵭̷⤹褦ˤפ롥ؤβˡϡfinger ˤĤΰյ¸ߤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ĥϡֿƻؤ4ܻؤΤ줫ס⤦Ĥϡֿƻؤޤ5ܻؤΤ줫פǤ롥Ĥΰյʸ̮ˤäƻȤʬȤͤǤ롥ΩäƤ褦˻פΤϡOxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (6th ed) Ǥ롥Ǥ finger 򸫤Ƥߤ褦

one of the four long thin parts that stick out from the hand (or five, if the thumb is included)

βˡȯŸ lexical blocking Ȥ̤ͤ롥ιͤˤȡfinger ۣĤΰյͭΤǤϤʤֿƻؤޤ5ܻؤΤ줫פΰĤΰյΤߤͭ롥ĤޤꡤܸΡֻءפƱǤȹͤ롥ѸǤϡֿƻءפ򤵤Τ̤ʸ thumb ¸ߤΤǡŪˡֿƻءפؤˤ finger thumb ͥŪ˻ȤʤȤ롼뤬ŬѤ롥ʤΤǡ̾Ͽƻؤ򤵤Τ finger Ѥʤfinger ǿƻؤ򤵤ˡϡthumb ¸ߤˤä̾ϡָŪ˥֥åפȤ櫓Ǥ롥
ˤȡfinger ΰ̣ϡֿƻؤޤ5ܻؤΤ줫פʤΤǤ뤫顤ä˿ƻؤ¾λؤȤ̤ˤʤ褦ʸ̮ˤƤϡfinger thumb ⤵ȤǤȤȤˤʤ롥ơ(2)ʸƤΤϤΤǤ롥
lexical blocking ιͤޤȤ褦Ѹ finger ֻܸءפϴŪƱȹͤƤ褤Ѹˤ thumb Ȥ̤θ줬¸ߤ뤿ˡ̾ƻؤΰ̣Ǥ finger λѤ֥åȤ㤤ΤߤǤ롥̾ʸ̮ǤʤС֥åϲ졤̤ƻؤޤ5ܤΤɤλؤǤ⤵ȤǤ롥lexical blocking ϤȱѤʰ̣Ǥ롥޻ȡ

ƻء ¾λ

thumb         ̤ɬפʾ
        
finger̤ɬפǤʤ
                  


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2009-05-26 Tue

#28. űѸ˼Ϥʤä [oe][gender]

űѸˤϡʸˡ( grammatical gender ) Ǥ긽Ѹˤּ( natural gender ) 椵ΤǤ롤ȤΤѸˤΰŪűѸǤϸġ̾Τ줫ʸˡͿ졤˱ƽƻ줬Ѳ뤷б̾ꤵ롥
äʤȤ̾ϡɬ⤽λؼо ( referent ) ʪŪȤϰפʤΤˡؼоݤǤ̾Ǥ뤳Ȥ̤ǡǤн̾Ǥ뤳Ȥ̤ˤ㳰롥äˡǤǤʤĤޤʪǤϤʤΤ䳵ǰǤͽۤȡƤ롥ʲϡʸˡԲIJʤȤ򼨤Ǥ롥

ؼоݤϽʤΤ̾: wīf ( > PDE wife "woman" )
ؼоݤϽʤΤ̾: wīfmann ( > PDE woman )
ؼоݤʤΤ̾: cild ( > PDF child )
ؼоݤϥΤʤΤ̾: stān ( > PDE stone )
ؼоݤϳǰʤΤ˽̾: lufu ( > PDE love )

̾򴧻ƻǽ硤δƻ̾Ȱפ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥㤨СűѸ "the woman" 򤤤硤δȤä sēo wīfmann ȤΤǤϤʤδȤä se wīfmann Ȥޤ̾Ǹ夫餳̾硤se wīfmann ϡֽפ̣뤬ʸˡŪˤ̾ǤȤͳǡ"she" ǤϤʤ "he" Ǽ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡؼоݤʪŪθǺѤ฽ѸμδФ餹ȡ۾Ǥ롥
ºݤΤȤűѸǤ⡤̾˴ؤƤʸˡǤʤǤΰפ⤢ݡǤΰפΤۤ¿äΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤse wīfmann Ȥ̾夫̾Ǽ硤ѸΤ褦 "she" Ƚ̾줬Ѥ뤳ȤϤºݤΤۤ¿äΤǤ롥
ʾͤȡűѸǼϤʤäȤΤϸ᤮ȤȤˤʤ롥ȤʸˡǽƤ̾ˤĤƤϼƵǽƤȤȡ˴ؤѸˤϡñʸˡ褽褿˷Ū֤줿ˤǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥ǽ餫ʸˡȤȤ˶¸Ƥʸˡݤ߹Ǥä뤤ʸˡäǤ⼫ĤäȹͤɬפꤽǤ롥
ǸˡˤĤƤδϢʸ󤲤ƤMoore, S. "Grammatical and Natural Gender in Middle English." PMLA 36 (1921): 79--103.

ʸ嵭2012/07/30(Mon)Baugh and Cable (166) ˴ϢѤꡥ

The recognition of sex that lies a the root of natural gender is shown in Old English by the noticeable tendency to use the personal pronouns in accordance with natural gender, even when such use involves a clear conflict with the grammatical gender of the antecedent. For example, the pronoun it in Etað þisne hlāf (masculine), hit is mīn līchama (Ælfric's Homilies) is exactly in accordance with modern usage when we say, Eat this bread, it is my body. Such a use of the personal pronouns is clearly indicative of the feeling for natural gender even while grammatical gender was in full force. With the disappearance of grammatical gender sex became the only factor in determining the gender of English nouns.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2009-05-25 Mon

#27. ʬϤ򽸤ˤϤɤФ褤 [metanalysis][methodology]

ĴԤȤɤΨ褯򽸤뤳ȤǤ뤫ŰŪ˹ͤ뤳ȤϽפǤ롥 ʬ ( metanalysis ) ˤĤƽ񤤤[2009-05-03-1]ǡʰʬϤȽ񤤤ŪˤϤɤΤ褦Ĵ򤹤Ф
㤨СפĤ¤ǤϡΤ褦ˡꤽ

(1) ʣαѸ˳ѸؼŵʤɤʬϤˤĤƤβսõ󤲤Ƥðǰ˽Ф
(2) ŻҸǽ緿ǡ츻оݤ "metanalysis" Υɸ򤫤롥ʬϤˤäñθ츻ˤϡ"metanalysis" ȤɤޤޤƤȤǤ롥礤СμǤҤϥȤ⤢뤬ޤꤿʤ
(3) ФʬϤˤĤƽ񤫤줿ؽʸõʸĤСŪˡʤ¿㤬ꥹȲƤΨɤơ¾ˤ뤳ȤϤʤʤȤȤϤʤȻפˡ
(4) hellog ɼԤ˸ġΤäƤ󤲤Ƥ餤󤹤롥"wisdom of crowds" Ūȯۡ

ơμʤ㤬ޤäȲꤷ褦ϲ򤹤٤ǤϸˤʤʤΤǡΰ⤬ɬפǤ롥¿ʬϤơɤʼΰʬϤ¿Τɤλ¿Τܸ¾줫⽸ӤǤʤʤɡϹϤǤ롥̣äͤȥ饤Ƥߤơhellog˥եɥХå

Referrer (Inside): [2014-11-11-1]

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2009-05-24 Sun

#26. űѸ̾(2) [oe][inflection][case][number][gender][noun]

ε[2009-05-23-1]ǡűѸ̾ޤˤʤλ⤷εǤϡκǸ˿줿ͤΥݥȡֶޥספˤĤƳ⤹롥
̾줬°ƤΤƱ褦ˡ̾ζޥפ°Ƥ롥̾줬ɤζޥפ°뤫ϡ̾δܷ򸫤ǤȽǤĤʤȤ¿Ĥޤꡤ§ȤưĤҤȤijФƤɬפ롥ϡξƱǤ롥ȻढäޥפϤäढΤʲοޤ϶ޥפγάޤǤʼºݤˤϤ˺٤ʬ줹ˡ

OE Nominal Inflection Type

Ȥˡ礭ѲפȼѲפʬ롥Ѳ϶ѲŪ㤷פǡѲ϶ѲŪʤפǤ롥ѲϤ˺ʬ롥
űѸνʸˡǤϡʣʥפΤ٤ƤФΤϺʤᡤ줾ɽŪʶѲפΰĤȡδ֤Ǥ̤ۤܶζѲ򼨤Ѳס׻ͤĤǽ˳Ф뤳ȤפǤ롥ֹ򿶤ä(1)?(4)λͤĤǤ롥

(1) Ѳ (a-stem) : stān "stone" ɽ롤űѸ̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ36%롥ɽ
(2) Ѳ (ō-stem) : lār "teaching" ɽ롤̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ25%롥ɽ
(3) Ѳ (a-stem) : scip "ship" ɽ롤̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ25%롥ɽ
(4) Ѳ (n-stem) : nama "name" ɽޥסǤۤƱޤ򼨤ޤȤƸűѸ̾Τ10%ۤɤ롥ɽ

δ4ĤζޥפФСűѸ̾ΤۤȤɤС뤳Ȥ狼¾ζޥפϡ4פΥޥʡꥨªƤФ褤ʰʾΥѡơνŵ: Quirk, Randolph. and C. L. Wrenn. An Old English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1957. 20.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-05-1] [2009-06-06-1]

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2009-05-23 Sat

#25. űѸ̾(1) [oe][inflection][case][number][gender][noun]

űѸ̾ζޤˤĤƲ⤹롥Ѹ١űѸ϶ޤʣǤ롥̾Ĥ夲Ƥ⡤ޤ뤿ˤϡ̾ͿƤסñʣΡֿפζ̡ʸ¾θȤʸˡط򼨤ֳʡפ٤ʬäƤʤФʤʤ̾ޤƤ٤˲⤹ΤԲǽʤΤǡϡʤγפΤߤ򰷤

1. ( gender )

ϡűѸˤ ( masculine ) ( feminine ) ( neuter ) λ̤줿ɤ̾줬ɤͿ뤫ϤۤȤɥȤۤɤפȤ̾ΤȤꡤɽ̾̾졤ɽ̾Ͻ̾졤Τɽ̾̾ȤϤ롥wīf ( > PDE "wife" ) ֽפ̾wīfmann ( > PDE "woman" ) ֽפ̾¿̾줬̾ǤʤɡĶ¿θʬϤޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤ§Ȥƥ˷ޤäƤ򤷤ƤΤ

2. ( number )

ϡѸˤĤäƤΤ򤷤䤹ѸǤϡ褽-s뤫ʤʣñ̤뤬sheep -- sheep (see [2009-05-11-1]), ox -- oxen, child -- children, man -- men ʤԵ§ʥڥ¸ߤ롥Ե§ʤΤޤᡤ¿̾ʣζޤϸűѸ̤롥

3. ( case )

ʤϡѸǤϼʡͭʡŪʤλʤ̤Ƥ롥;̾ǤС줾 I -- my -- me ΤȤǤ롥űѸǤϡ ( nominative )г ( accusative )° ( genitive )Ϳ ( dative ) λͳʤ̤줿ѸνͭʤϸűѸ°ʤˡѸŪʤϸűѸгʤͿʤˤ줾б롥űѸγʤˤϡѸбʤβ̤ǽ¿εǽꡤդפ롥

ʤϡѸƱͤˡ̾줬Ư򤹤֤ʤǤ롧?ס?ϡ
гʤϡ̾줬ѸǤưľŪƯ򤹤֤ʤǤ롧?
ưǤʤֻθ֤ˤƤгʤ֤롥
°ʤϡ̾줬ѸǤͭΰ̣ɽ֤ʤǤ롧?Ρ
ֻθ֤ˤƤгʤ֤롥
Ϳʤϡ̾줬ѸǤưδŪƯ򤹤ˡ뤤¿ֻθ֤ˤơ֤ʤǤ롥?ˡ

űѸ̾θϡʾλʬäƽƳꤹ롥ºݤˤϤ⤦ĽפʥݥȤ롥ϡֶޥספȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥̾˺ǽ餫ͿƤΤƱͤˡ̾ˤϤɤΡֶޥספǶޤ뤫ǽ餫ޤäƤ롥̾ʤ餳ζɽФФ褯̾ʤ餢ζɽФФ褤ȤñäǤϤʤ̾Ǥ⡤ΥפζޡΥפζޤȴफζޥפ롥äơ̾Ȥʤˤϡġ̾줬ɤζޥפ°뤫ΤäƤɬפ롥ơޥפξƱͤˡ§ȤưȯǸʬˡϤʤȹͤƤ褤λͤܤΥݥȤǤֶޥספˤĤƤϡ˲Ʋ⤹롥

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2009-05-22 Fri

#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ [hel_education]

¿θͤˤȤäơʤѸؤ֤ΤȤ䤤ϼǤäơ䤦ɬפϤʤΤ褦ʹϤ䤤ɬ⼫ǤϤʤƳؽԤ˹ͤ٤ȻפäƤ뤬ҤȤޤεϤƤǤϱѸؽμҤȤޤǧƤȤˤ褦
ǤϡʤѸˤؤ֤ΤȤ䤤Ϥɤ¿αѸؽԤˤȤäƤϼǤϤʤ⤷ʤ٤äͤƤߤƤۤͤϡʬγؤǤ줬ɤäƤʸؤ֤Ȥϡؽ夭äʤȤˤʤȤȤؿƤ뤫⤷ʤͤϡʤѸ줬ޤǹѤˤʤäΤͳˤõꤿȤΤռƤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ͻإե󥿥ѸˡҤĤ˼1996ǯii--iiiǡˤϱѸˤؤְյˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ뤬βޤƤޤȤȼ3ˤʤ

Ѹ򿼤򤹤뤳ȤǤ
ˤ˴ŤѸѤ뤳ȤǤä˱Ѹ򶵤ΩˤԤˤɬס
ѸθѲͤݤκ뤳ȤǤ

ʤֱѸˤؤְյפϼ5Ǥ롥

(1) ѸʸˡäؤӤ䤹ʤ롥ʺޤǴϢθʤäݤˤĤʤ꤬Ƥ롥ԹԵ§˸븽ݤκΤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(2) Ѹβ̤ƱѸ̤ռ뤳ȤǡǽưŪάŪ˱ѸؤֻȤˤĤ롥̤ˤѸΩͽۤǤСѸؽɬפɤʬȽǤǤ褦ˤʤ롥Ѹؽư롥
(3) ѤΤǤꡤ¿ͤʤΤǤȤŪʸѤ졤餫˱Ѹؤ٤롤뤤϶褦ˤʤ롥
(4) ѸˤϰĤʪǤ뤫顤ϤʤȤ򤤡
(5) ʬȤƽ򤤡ʳ並ΩĤȤͳ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤޤоݤ椨ˤ˼椫ȤȤ並νȯǤ롥̤ȤΩĤȤ⤢뤷ǤʤȤ⤢롥

ѸˤϡѸؤּԤ٤ƤˤȤä礭ʰյȳοƤ롥ä˱Ѹ򶵤ΩˤͤˤȤäƤ(2)(3)ΥݥȤϽפʤΤǤϤʤ

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2009-05-21 Thu

#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 [etymology][semantic_change]

"ladies and gentlemen"ϥѡƥʤɤǻʲԤ˽ظƤӤݤηޤʸѸŪˤϤɤˤޤΰɽǤ롥 ladygentle ϥե󥹸줫μѸ졤 men Ǥ롥 and 󤵤ȡե󥹸줫 gentle ʤȤ⤤Ƥ褦˻ˤϻפ롥ѸǤϰۤʤκߤϤΤȤǤꡤɽХ󥹤ʤɤȤ̤ⵤŤʤХ󥹤ΤϡűѸǤ lady б lord äΤäƤ뤫Ǥ롥顤ѸǤ"ladies and lords"ȸʤ롥
lady lord ϸ츻Ūˤ̩ܤʴطäʲǤϡ lady 夲Ǹ lord ȴϢŤξñŪطʤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

1.

Ѹ lady ϡűѸλˤ hlǣfdiġe Ȥڥ󥰤¸ߤϡ hlāf + dǣġe ȤĤǤǤȹͤʹȤʤݤ¿βѲ뤿ᡤñ hlāfdǣġe ȤϤʤ餺 hlǣfdiġe Ȥʤˡ
Ⱦ hlāf ϡűѸǡ֥ѥפ̣ñǡѸǡְΥѥפ̣ loaf Ǥ롥űѸǤϡ bread ñϡ֥ѥפΰ̣ǤϻȤʤäᡤ̤ˡ֥ѥפȤС hlāf Ѥ줿
Ⱦ dǣġe ϡ֤ͤפ̣θϸѸˤľܻĤäƤʤϢȤ dough ʴѥϡפ doughnut ֥ɡʥåġסʥʥåȷʴˤ롥äơ lady θ츻Ūʸϡ֥ѥ򤳤ͤפǤä

2. ̣

֥ѥ򤳤ͤפäȤȤϾҤ̤Ѹ lady ϡֽʽפֽǫʸƾΡˡפȤ̣Ǥ롥ΰ̣ˤɤ夯ޤǤˡɤΤ褦ʰ̣ФΤǤ˸űѸλꡤ(1) ֥ѥ򤳤ͤפθ顤̣ϤȤ˹äƤºݡűѸǤ(2)ֲǿνۤ͡פȤ̣ä顤俩ȤδϢ̤(3)ֻۤפȤ̣ȯŸűѸǡֽסʸŪʻۼԡˤޥꥢסŪʻۼԡˤ̣Τϡ(3)ȹͤ롥
ˡȤޤǤϤʤȤ⡤(4)ֹ⵮ޤνסֿʬι⤤פ̤ lady ȸƤФ褦ˤʤä˰̣ΰ̲ʤߡ⵮ޤǤʤȤ⡤(5)־ʤʽʽפǤïǤ lady ȸƤ٤褦ˤʤäǸˡ̾ʤǤʤȤä¦(6)ֽפǫɽȤˤ lady Ȥ褦ˤʤạ̈ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(1) ѥ򤳤ͤ
(2) ͡ǿνۤ
(3) ۤʡֽפޥꥢפ
(4) ⵮ޤν
(5) ʽʤʽ
(6) ʰŪǫɽȤơ

Τ褦ˡ(1)?(3)Ѳϡؤоݤνοʬ缡夬äƤȤạְ̇̄ɲפȤ롥(4)?(6)Ѳϡؤоݤνξ郎ˤʤäƤȤạְ̇̄ΰ̲פȤ롥Ԥϡְ̣̱פȸƤ⤤⤷ʤҲ񤬻ȤȤ̱ƤͻҤ lady θˤȿǤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤǤ롥

3. ֤ȯ

űѸ hlǣfdiġe /hlæ:fdije/ȸѸ lady /leɪdi/֤ȯޤǰ㤦 lady ˤɤ夯ޤǤ˼λĤ礭ʲѲФȹͤ롥

/dije//i/ؤû̡1100ǯ
Ƭ/h/ξü1200ǯ
/f/ξü1400ǯ

ǯϤ褽ΤΤǤ뤬űѸ hlǣfdiġe 鸽ߤ lady η˶ŤΤ1400ǯȸƤ

4. lord Ȥδط

űѸǡ hlǣfdiġe бǤ hlāford ȤñǤäϡ hlāf + weard ĤǤǡѸ lord ַסּ͡פǤ롥űѸǤϴŪˤϡְȤμ͡פ̣ȾǤ lady ξƱ褦ˡ֥ѥפ򡤸ȾǤϡּԡסֿ͡פ̣ʸѸ ward guard ʤɤȸ츻ŪˤĤʤˡäơ lord θϡ֥ѥԡפǤ롥֤ȯû̲줿Τϡ lady ξƱ褦ʻˤ롥

奢󥰥μҲˤƤϡĤؤˤϥѥ򤳤ͤԤȤԤȤ᡼äΤͤˤĤϤ"ladies and gentlemen""ladies and lords"ΤۤؤźäƽαˤϤդ路᡼Ȼפɤ

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2009-05-20 Wed

#22. ǥȱѸ [idiom][pde_characteristic][lexeme]

ѸħΰĤȤơɽ (idiomatic expressionǥ) ¿󤲤뤳Ȥ롥Ѹ˳ϷޤǤ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ( A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.) ǸڤƤΤǡΤƤ롥
ǥΤʤ¸ߤʤΤ٤ȻפΤ̤˱Ѹ¾٤ƥǥब¿ΤΥơޤǤӸˤĤƤϤ褯ΤʤΤǡȤʤľŪˤ¾Υ衼åѸ٤¿ΤʤȤݤϤ뤬ºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤޤ֥ǥפɤΤ褦뤫ˤäƤ⡤ѤäƤ褦˻פ롥ϥǥˤĤƹͤѸˤ˷ӤĤƤߤ

ŵŪʥǥȤơѸ put up with 󤲤褦Υǥ3ñ put, up, with ˤĤƤ줾ΰ̣ʬ뤬줬Ȥ߹蘆äƤǤ put up with ( = endure ) ΰ̣ϡ3ΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΥ奿ŪǥκħǤ롥
ΤȤ򡤸 ( word ) ( morpheme ) ( lexeme ) Ȥۤʤ뻰ĤδͤƤߤ롥put up with ˼ȡΥǥ3줫äƤ롥ñϤ줾1ǤäƤΤΤȤƷǤο3Ǥ롥ޤput up with ΤǰĤΰ̣ʤΤǸǤȤƤ1ȿ롥äơΥǥϻĤδ鵭Ҥȡ3ñ졤3ǡ1ǡפȤʤ롥
( lexeme ) Ȥñ̤Ϥޤʹʤ⤷ʤ˺ܤäƤʤȺñ̤ȹͤФ褤put up with ΰ̣ΤꤿȤˡ put up with 򼭽ǤҤȤƤ˾̣ˤϤɤĤʤȤ⡤ˤ put up with ΤȤƸФΩƤự򵭤Ƥ餤櫓Ǥ롥
θǤȤ饤ǥСʣޤäơΤȤưĤθǤб֡פȤȤˤʤ롥
դΤϡȷǤʪȤȤputupwithξ硤줬Τޤ޷Ǥ˰абƤ뤬줬ʣηǤ륱⤢롥㤨Сunderstand 餫˰under + stand ȤĤηǤäƤ롥ơȤƤΰ̣ϡĤηǤΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΤȤơ򤹤פȤ̣б롥ǡunderstand 򻰤Ĥδ鵭Ҥȡ1ñ졤2ǡ1ǡפȤȤˤʤ롥
˽Ҥ٤ǥĥơʣޤäơΤȤưĤθǤб֡פȤСunderstand ⥤ǥࡤС־ʥǥפȤȤǤ롥ŪǤ understand ϥǥȸʤǻŦȤϡput up with understand ⡤ΰ̣ʬ򤵤ʣʬΰ̣¤ȤϤʤäƤʤǶ̤롥ԤϡʣꡤԤʣȤ㤤Ǥ롥

ʾιͻѸˤؤȷӤĤƤߤ褦űѸǤϡunderstand 줬С־ʥǥλǤ롥Ѹˤʤꡤput up with ɽ¿߽Ф줿С礭ʥǥλǤ롥ѸǤϡζܤۣˤʤäƤ뤬ξפΥǥबδǤ롥Ѹˡʤ˸¤ʤˤ򥤥ǥ߽ФƤˤªΤǤСŪϰӤƤȤ褦ǥ߽ФƤѥϡűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ̤ȯŸƤȤ狼롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2009-05-19 Tue

#21. űѸʸˡʤɤ򥪥饤dzؽǤ륵 [link][oe][glasgow]

饹ؤαѸزʤΥˤϡѸ˳ؽ˺Ŭʶब֤Ƥ롥ʲˡȤĤĤĥ󥯤ĥ롥

Essentials of Old English: 饤ǸűѸٶʤ餳űѸŪطʤʸˡʤɤؤ٤롥äˡA short grammar of Old Englishϼڤɬ
Readings in Early English: űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸΥƥȤȤɤ߾夲ǥե뤬Ǥ롥
Essentials of Early English : űѸζɽʤɤPDFǼ롥μܤؤΥ󥯤ĥƤ롥ܽ
The Basics of English Metre: ѸαΧˤĤƳؤ٤롥Ѹˤˤ⡤Χ䲻γؽɬס

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2009-05-18 Mon

#20. -dom ̾ [etymology][suffix]

[2009-05-14-1][2009-05-12-1]-th ˰³-dom ꡥμȤǡűѸθΰˡȤ( derivation )⤷ wisdom wise + dom Ȱ󤲤¾㤬˵󤬤ʤä𤱤ʤȤǤ롥󤲤Ƥ줿⤤ΤǡȿʤĤġ-dom ˤĤμޤȤƤ
-dom ̾졦ƻˤĤƿ̾ǡĤΰ̣롥

(1) ?ϰ̡ʰ̳ˡ??ϰϡ?Ρ?: cuckoldom ʺʤäפοʬ, Christendom ֥ꥹȶ, dukedom ָߤμ̡߰, earldom ߤμ̡߰, kingdom ֲ, martyrdom ֽ޶, popedom ֶĿ, sheriffdom ֥տ
(2) : boredom , freedom ּͳ, wisdom ηá, thraldom °֡
(3) ġޤϡʤνļҲΡήʤɡʤФзΤΥ˥奢󥹤ȼ: filmdom ֱDz賦, officialdom ִ, squiredom ϼ糬

ϸ츻ŪȤƤ doom ƱǤʵŪˤư do ȴطˡȤȤϡְ֡֡ϡפȤ̣äбűѸ dōm ˡסȽפ̣ȤƻȤ줿˸ߤΤ褦ʡֱ̿פΰ̣Ÿ줿-dom ϸߤǤȤơ׻η˻ȤȤ
ܸǻפФΤϡ֥ޥפȡ֥פǤ롥ĤưӤήԸ֤?󡤥ޥפϡѲʤ¤䤹ҥޥCMнǤ롥֤Ĵ٤¤ꡤ֥ޥפϡȤ "man" + "domain" άäΤ˽ʻȤؤ⻲ȼä "human & freedom" άѤäΤȤưΡ֥פΤۤϡˤ "gunboy" + "freedom (fighter)" ξά餷
ޥ⥬Ѹ-dom ȤƺƲᤷƤߤȿߤڤ뤫⤷ʤ˾֤ݤIJʡפȤֽƻȤͭεפȤ
Ȥǡޥ⥬ˤǤ롥⤷ȤˡűѸ dōm ̾ä-dōm ΤĤ⤹٤̾ˡ̤Ȥɤ͡ߥ󥰥󥹤򤷤ƤȤȤˤʤ롥?󡤥ޥࡥ

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2009-05-17 Sun

#19. 첻շ [vowel][ipa][phonetics]

[2009-05-15-1]ǸűѸȯȤˡ첻첻ȤѸȤä첻ηϤϡ첻շפȤȵҤ졤٤Ƥ첻ϡʲλĤδˤäƱꤵ롥

(1) γι⤵: close, close-mid, open-mid, open
(2) ΰ֡κǤ⤯ʤ֤ɤ: front, central, back
(3) δݤ: rounded, unrounded

첻շϡΰ֤ɽƤȹͤȤ褤äƺ衤Ȥ᡼Ǥ롥㤨С/i/ȯȤˤϡγϤۤȤɤʤ (close)夬ˤʤ (front)ʿ (unrounded) ϤǤ롥
Ĥβս˺ΥڥΤϡƱΰ֤Ǥ⡤Ωƴݤ᤿ʿǤ뤫Ǥ롥ڥΤ߿ǡ߿Ȥʤ롥̾첻Ǥ߿첻Ǥϱ߿Ȥʤ뤬Ǥʤ첻⤢ꤦ롥㤨СűѸե󥹸ɥĸˤ/ʏ/߿Ǥ뤷ܸΡ֥פϸ߿/ɯ/Ǥ롥
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) 򥿥פˤϡΥǤ롥ΤȤʤΤȤƤ IPA (International Phonetic Association) ΥȤ

vowel_trapezoid

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2009-05-16 Sat

#18. Ѹˤ򥪥饤dzؽǤ륵 [link][timeline][hel_education]

ϤäȤȤξҲBBC Ages of English Timeline ϡFLASH ˤͷӴФDZѸˤؤ٤롥

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-19-1] [2013-02-03-1]

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2009-05-15 Fri

#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ [oe][spelling][pronunciation][alphabet]

űѸϡ§Ȥƥ޻̤˲ɤФ褤Ѹ¸ߤʤʸ䲻¸ߤΤդפ롥ʲˡ򵭤

(1) űѸΥե٥å

ʸ: a, b, c, d, e, f, ȝ, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, x, y, z, þ, ð, ƿ, æ
ʸ: A, B, C, D, E, F, Ȝ, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, X, Y, Z, Þ, Ð, Ƿ, Æ

(2) դפʸȯ

ʲ֤<>ǡȯ//ǰϤࡥ

<c>
첻³Ȥ/tʃ/: bēce "beech", cild "child"
<ic>ȤʤȤ/tʃ/: dic "ditch", ic "I"
ʳϡ/k/: æcer "acre", weorc "work"

<f, s, þ, ð>
ͭ˶ޤȤ/v, z, ð/: hūsian "to house", ofer "over", sūþerne "southern"
ʳϡ/f, s, ð/: hūs "house", of "of", þanc "thank"

<g>
첻ˤȤ/j/: dæg "day", geong "young"
<l, r>³Ȥ/j/: byrgan "bury", fylgan "follow"
첻˶ޤȤ/ɣ/: āgan "own", fugol "fowl"
ʳϡ/g/: glæd "glad", gōs "goose"

<h>
Ƭǡ/h/: hand "hand", hlāf "loaf"
첻ˤȤ/ç/; cniht "knight", riht "right"
첻³Ȥ/x/: nāht "naught", seah "saw"

<y>
/y/: lȳtel "little", yfle "evilly"

<sc>
¿ϡ/ʃ/: asce "ashes", scild "shield"
¾ϡ/ks/: āscaþ "(he) asks", tusc "tusk"

<cg>
/dʒ/: bricg "bridge", secgan "say"

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2009-05-14 Thu

#16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡ [etymology][suffix][i-mutation]

[2009-05-12-1]-th 夲δΤȤʤäưƻϲ䤦ޤޤäΤǡDz򼨤졤󤬴ΤΤˤĤƤϸűѸʤ뤤ϤˤηǤϤʤѸб󤲤Ƥ롥Ѹ˻ĤäƤʤΤˤĤƤcf.ȤƴϢ󤲤롥

(1) ư줫(-th )

bath cf. bake
birth bear
death die
math mow; cf. aftermath
oath cf. б븽¸θϤʤ
growth grow
tilth till
stealth steal

(2) ƻ줫(-th )

filth foul
health whole
length long
mirth merry
strength strong
truth true
dearth dear
depth deep
breadth broad
sloth slow
wealth well

(3) ư줫(-t )

draught draw
drift drive
flight fly
frost freeze
gift give
haft heave
heft heave
might may
plight pledge
shaft cf. scape
shrift cf. script
thirst cf. dry
thought think
thrift thrive
weft weave
sight see

(4) ƻ줫(-t )

height high
sleight sly
drought dry

ƻ줫줿̾ˤĤơ˷ƻ-y ղä줿ΤĤ(ex. filthy , healthy , lengthy , wealthy )ϡַƻ좪̾좪ƻפȤϩФȤˤʤΤǡޤѤäƻפȤǤƤӤʤȤ

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2009-05-13 Wed

#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? [spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling_reform][webster][shaw][gh]

Ѹ֤ȯЪΥӤȤϤĤȤΤƤ뤬̤˸ƶ˰ݤŤ㤬 "ghoti" Ǥ롥Ρ֤Ĥפϡ

<gh> reads /f/ as in "tou gh "
<o> reads /ɪ/ as in "w o men"
<ti> reads /ʃ/ as in "na ti on"

ϡɽпȤκȡɾȡ֤׼ԤǤ George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) 󤲤ΤȤƹΤƤƽǰѤ뤬Shaw äΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥Shaw Holroyd ˤȡǮ֤׼Ԥ "ghoti" 夲ȤˡݼŪʿ͡޾Ф줿ΤǡShaw β׼ԤʸȤȤ餷

But when an enthusiastic convert suggested that 'ghoti' would be a reasonable way to spell 'fish' under the old system ( gh as in 'tough', o as in 'women' and ti as in 'nation'), the subject seemed about to be engulfed in the ridicule from which Shaw was determined to save it. (Holroyd, Michael. 1918-1950: The Lure of Fantasy . Vol. 3 of Bernard Shaw . London: Chatto & Windus, 1991. 501.)

줬¤ȤȡShaw "ghoti" ȯƼԤǤϤʤޤǤʸͤˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ⡤Ѹ֤κ֤򹭤Τ餷᤿ӤϡϤ Shaw ˵Ƥ褤
֤ȯϰаδطĤޤ֤ȯפŪǤ롥֤Ǹ줬ѲΤǤ뤳ȤȤȡŪʾ֤ϼΤ褦ʿޤɽ롥֤ "written mode" ȯ "spoken mode" ȤƤ롥

spoken mode  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
written mode 

   time      

֤ȯѲФȼä֤¨¤Ŭ뤷դ֤ѲФȼäȯ¨¤Ŭ롤Τ褦Ūʾ֤οޤǤ롥¤ˤϤΤ褦ʴطϤۤȤɸʤȤäƤ褤ϡȯ֤ȤǤϡѲ륹ԡɤŬ륿ߥ󥰤ˤ줬뤫Ǥ롥ŵŪ˸طϡषοޤǼطǤ롥
spoken mode  ¨
                                                       
                                                       
                                 
                                 
                                 
written mode 

   time      

ŵŪˤϡȯѲ뤬֤ɤĤʤĤޤꡤȯϿʤäƤƤ⤽б֤ϸŤΤޤޤȤط롥Τ֤ͤ٤֤ȯȤޤäδطˤʤ褦˰տŪˡɤĤư֤פȤȤˤʤ롥Shaw 褦ȤȤϤޤǤ롥
Ūˤϡä֤ȯ˰쵤ɤĤ褦Ȥ֤פϼԤ˽뤳Ȥ¿Shaw ֤פλߤ⤽ΰǤ롥ͳȤƤϡ֤ϤޤݼŪǤ뤫ȤȤ褯뤬⤦Ƨ߹ͳͤɬפ롥
ݼŪʤΤϡ֤ƥऽΤΤǤϤʤޤǤФѼԤ٤ǤϤ֤פϡ٤ä֤⤿餷ͤط쵤˽Ȥݥƥ֤¦̤򲡤Ф櫓ǣ¤λˤơλݤƤĹ֤ȤѤäȷ̤ȤȤ̣롥֤ϲˤ򵭤ʤǤȤȡ춦ƱΤˤȤäŪ֤Ȥη̤ϡˤȤη̤̣롥ơˤĸ춦ƱΤˤȤäƤϡ̾ﶲΤǤ
֤סä˵޿ŪʤΡˤ̤ˤΤϡΤ褦طʤ뤫ǤϤʤդˤСޤ򸫤ȡˤϲȷ̤Ȥפָ롥Noah Websterˤ륢ꥫѸ֤ˤ륤ꥹѸȤκ̲Ǥ롥Shaw֤פˤĤƤ⡤ꥫͺ Jacques Barzun ϤҤ٤Ƥ롥

What did he want to do? Simply to get rid of the past, to give a part of mankind a fresh start by isolating it from its own history and from the ancestral bad habits of the other nations . . . (qtd in Holroyd 504)

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2009-05-12 Tue

#14. ̾-th [etymology][suffix][i-mutation]

Ѹ-th Ȥ̾򤤤ĵ󤲤θϵϰĸ̤ꡤưƻ줫б̾ƤѸǤŪǤ롥츻ŪˤϡưˤĤȷƻˤĤ϶̤٤Ǥ롥Ѹ˻Ĥ󤷤Ƥߤ롥ʥߥζڤϡ줿ζ̤򼨤

(1) ư줫(-th )
bath , birth , death , math , oath ; growth , tilth ; stealth
(2) ƻ줫(-th )
filth , health , length , mirth , strength , truth ; dearth , depth ; breadth , sloth , wealth

-th ΰ۷-t Ȥ⤢ꡤƱͤǽġɤˤʤ뤫ϡĶˤ롥ʲ󤲤롥

(3) ư줫(-t )
draught , drift , flight , frost , gift , haft , heft , might , plight , shaft , shrift , thirst , thought , thrift , weft ; sight
(4) ƻ줫(-t )
height , sleight ; drought

¾㳰Ū̾줫 theft Ƥ롥
(2)(4)ηƻ줫ˤĤƤϡ첻бƻ첻ۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿ϡޥĸ-iþô ͳ褹뤳Ȥȴط롥/i/뤳Ȥǡi-mutation Ȥ줿Ǥ롥
嵭γˤĤơȤȤʤäưƻ¬Ƥߤߤ

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2009-05-11 Mon

#13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 [palaeography][spelling][spelling_pronunciation][thorn][th][pub]

ѹΥѥ֤ɤɤ٤ƤȤʹɤѡ˽Фʰ¤Υӡ롤кԶ륳Ǥ餷1ʿ6郎٤ƤȤε˾ܤѥ֤ʤǤϲᤴʤäαػפФȡΤ椷֤ò򤨤ʤ
ѥ֤ "public house" άǤꡤѹŪʼΤȤǤ롥ʪˤޤƤѥ֤¿㤨СɥǺǸŤΥѥ֤ȤΤƤΤ1528ǯ϶Ȥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" Ǥ롥
ϡ˸ǽñǤ롥ŹδĤβŤѥ֡뤤ϸŤäƤѥ֤ˤϡ Ye ǻϤޤΤ¿ȯ/ji:/Ȥɤޤ뤬¤Ϥ괧 the ΰ۷Ǥ롥ˤŪطʤ롥
űѸˤϡѸˤʤե٥åʸĤ¸ߤΤΰĤˡ<þ> "thorn" ȤʸäϡѸǤ<th>Ȥʸ໤ /θ/ /ð/ ɽ<þ> ϸűѸʹߤȤϤե󥹸줫ä<th>˽˼äƤääơѸ the ФƤϡȤ <the> ŷȤ <þe> ʻ¸뤳ȤȤʤä

thorn 1thorn 2y
thorn thorn y

ơ<þ> ޤȤʤʤꡤ໤ɽʸȤ˺褦ȤȤä񤭼ϡ<þ> ȷλ <y> ʸѤ<ye> ֤ä the ɽȤǡ<þ> ʸݤ줿櫓Ǥ롥<þ> ΤϺǽŪˤ˺졤λ򲿤Τʤο͡ϡ<ye> ֤򸫤ΤȤ /ji:/ ȯ ( spelling pronunciation )δߤ³Ƥ롥
ˤѥ֤ <ye> Ȥ³Ƥطʤˤϡʸξü spelling pronunciation ȤѸ˾βäΤǤ롥

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#12. How many carp! [plural][analogy][number]

ϲ᤮ƤޤäΤܤꡥĶˤΩߤΤܤե˹ԤäƤ羮350ɤθ񤬱ˤǤԴѡ

carp streamers

⤷ѸüԤθΤܤ귲򸫤ʤȶ֤ How many carp! ȴò뤫⤷ʤ"carps"ǤϤʤ"carp"s̵Ǥ롥 carp sheep ʤɤƱ͡ñʣƱñʤΤǤ롥䥸㥤ġסֺסֹΥספǤ롥
Ѹ̾ʣȤ sĤΤ§Ǥ롥㳰뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥㳰ˤ⤤Ĥפꡤ绨Ĥˤȼ̤

(1) -en: ox / oxen , child / children
(2) ̵Ѳ: carp / carp , sheep / sheep , fish / fish , hundred / hundred
(3) i-mutation: man / men , foot / feet
(4) Ѹ: phenomenon / phenomena , alumnus / alumni

Τ(2)̵ѲñʣƱˤظˤĹˤ롥űѸǤϡĹ̾ϸ§ȤƤ٤ñʣƱä㤨СǤsʣˤʤäƤ뤬 horse , house , land , thing , wife Ϥ٤s̵ʣäΤǤ롥餬٤ƸsʣˤʤäΤϡñˤС¾¿sʣΰϤˤ פη̤Ǥ롥ºݤˤϤäʣʤΤǾܤΤꤿϡ The Development of the Nomiral Plurals in Early Middle English 򤴰ɤ
ѸǤñʣƱȤƻĤäƤΤ sheep hundred ϸűѸǤϼºݤ̾äˤĤƤϡűѸ줫ĤȹͤƤ fish ̾ä carp ˤĤƤѸ˥ե󥹸줫äѸʤΤDZѸȤͿ줿ȤϤʤɤäаޤ
ѸǤϡűѸˤ餺ñ̡פּоݡפɽ̾줬ñʣƱȤʤ뷹äϰ̣ŪʣȤѤΤ̾Ǥꡤ¿ξ˿ȼˡѲʤȤʣǤ뤳ȤȰռ줿Ȥ
Mustanoja ˤС

The unchanged plural after an expression of number or quantity is in fact a linguistic phenomenon of universal occurrence. It has primarily a psychological background if the idea of plurality is obvious from the attributive numeral or adjective, no plural ending or other sign is needed to indicate the number of the governing noun. (58)

Ѹ줫󤲤Сʲθ줬ñʣƱäñ̡פȤƤϡ couple score hundred thousand year winter month night foot fathom mile pound ּоʪפȤƤϡ carp eel fish fowl goat
ϡߤܤǤϼȤƴѾ޵Ȥߤʤ뤬衼åѤǤϹѵȤ롥̤ӤǻȤϤּоݡפˤϰ㤤ʤ
Ǹ˰ carp ˤĤƤϡʤȤ18ޤǤϡñʣƱȤȤˡͽۤsʣʻ¸ƤȤդäƤˤΰĤθİʾΰۤʤäʣ¸ߤȤȤϡѸŪˤϤ̤θݤʤΤǤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2009-05-10 Sun

#11. פӸ츻 [etymology]

ΤȤ夬ͼ6ζͤäŶäȤΥ٥įƤ䤬ƾäƤޤ夫ǥợƤ򤹤Ф褫äȲī俷ʹˤμ̿ܤäƤΤǡˤʤYOMIURI ONLINEǸ
ϱѸ rainbow Ǥ롥ɤǻΤȤ"rain"+"bow"ʣǤꡤֱεݡפΰդǤ롥ȯۤȤƤñǤ롥ƱȯۤϡѸΤߤʤ餺ޥˤ⤢롥űѸ rēnboga ɥĸ Regenbogen ǥޡ regnbue
ե󥹸򸫤Ƥߤ arc-en-ciel Ĥޤ"arch in the sky"ֶεݡפǤ롥ȯۤȤƤϤäñǤ롥ƥ arcus caelestis Ʊ͡
ˡΤ˻ܤƤߤ褦ܸΡ֤ˤפθ츻Ͻ⤢褦ˤȡŷ֤̤ס֤ΤפḶ֤́ʤס֤ʤפ̤ƤȤ
ĹؤȴϢŤȯۤʤ褦ǡʴˤΡפǤ롥פϺȤؤɽֹפϺؤȿɽȤǤϡפ϶˽ζΰȹͤƤοिϾ˹ߤƤѤȤʤäƸȤΤǤ롥٥鸫ŤϡסʤˤȸƤФ졤줾λζΥȥ᥹ɽȤ츻ʻˤ˭ȯۤޤƤ
¾ˡȥꥢˤؤȸ褦ʲϡ OED ΰѤǤ롥

 1965 R. & D. Morris Men & Snakes i. 19 By far the most spectacular snakes in Australian aboriginal art are the mythical rainbow serpents. These usually live deep in waterholes during the dry season, but take to the thunder clouds when the rains come, sometimes appearing in the sky as rainbows.

Ǹˡ̤ǧϥ磻Ǥ ao akua ֿʱפȸƤ֤餷⤷¾θǤΰ̣츻ΤäƤͤ顤Ƥ
ʾ塤θ츻ʣӤƤߤĿŪˤʴˤظˤɥϤ깥Ǥ롥ʤϥͤǸ뤬ޤذФǸפʤɡ˭Ϥλʪ츻򤤤Τϡɥȯۤ˭ȯǤӤ뤫ɥפפ١ rainbow Ϥʤ˳ȤŤ double rainbow ȤƤɽǤʤᤷܸ狼ˡѸ̾Τˡ crock of gold at the end of the rainbow ַ褷뤳ȤΤʤ󤤡פȤϸ󤲤ƤˤϡκܤʪƤȤ¿ؤäƤꡤɥ褦ʵ롥
ѸؼԤ2009ǯ3˽Ǥ줿ظ츻ϡǡ츻֥᡼ι͸ųءפȸƤǤ롥ɽظˤϡθ칽츻ҤȤȤˤäƤθ߽Фͤȯָۤ뤳ȤǤȤͤ롥Ϥιͤ绿Ǥ롥
ͤȯۤϤƤͤˤϼƤȯۤǤꡤ츻Ĵǡڤ˿ȯۤ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥˺Ƥȯۤ츻ĴȤʤǤäɤ餻⿷ȯۤǤ뤫Τ褦󼨤СȯϤ˭ݤŤ뤫⤷ʤŻˤƿȯۤ븽餳򿶤֤äȯֺۤȯפ뤳ȤɬפʤΤǤϤʤηä̤ڤ곫츻ؤ̣Ǥ롥ο
θ츻ˤĤƤϡε⻲Ȥ줿

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2009-05-09 Sat

#10. Ͽ͹ [esperanto][language_change][invisible_hand][artificial_language][causation]

ڥ ( Esperanto )Ȥ줬롥1887ǯ˥ݡɤΰեۥ(Zamenhof)ˤäƹȤʤ٤ͰƤ줿Ǥ롥λˤϡEsperantoޤʣι줬³ȹͰƤ줿ǺǤ͹Ǥꡤ10ͰʾüԤȤ롥ʸˡäϥ衼åѤθ졤ä˥ޥ󥹸ϤƤ뤬ñ㲽Ƥꡤ⤫ĤƤäȤΤưפǤʢޤƤʤȤȤ򼨤ˡܤǤܥڥȳزȤɽؤΤǡؿΤϻȤ줿
Esperantoֿ͹(artificial language)ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ˰ϤʤǤܸѸʤɤ̾θϡּ(natural language)ȸƤǤ褤Τ˿ؤιֵȤΤ褦˸äƤΤפФֿʹ֤ФΤǤʾ塤ʤɤȤΤϤꤨʤϤ٤ƿ͹Ǥ롥
EsperantoȱѸֿ͹פȤư勞ˤˤϡϤ񹳤롥ʤΤ
ǡ[2009-05-07-1]ˡָ̽ڤȸѲפȤƼ夲KellerƤӰ礤˽ФΤˤϼʪȿ͹ʪ뤬ԤˤϿ͹Ū͹ʪȼŪ͹ʪबȤ򡤶ȤȤ˿޼Ƥߤ롥

	                    things
	                      
	  
	                                
	natural                      artificial(?)
	                                  
	                      
	                                        
	                 artificial             natural
	
	
	the Alps         Esperanto              English
	flowers          paper flowers          traffic jam
	waterfalls       euro                   'grown' towns
	bee language     satellite cities       the Latin alphabet
	                 the Morse alphabet     Buddhism

ȡΤʬˡǤϤʤʬˡǹͤɬפ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ǥϡartificial(?) β̶ʬȤƤ artificial natural ƤʬѸ줬ʤѸܸʤɤϡֱΡ artificial(?) natural פ°͹Ǥ⤢꼫Ǥ⤢ȤԻ׵ĤӤӤƤΤǤ롥°븽ݤϡŬѸ줬ʤΤǡ phenomena of the third kind 軰θ ˤȸƤФƤ롥
̽ڤѸѲ⡤ġλüԤΩտޤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡġιưޤ ( invisible hand ) ƳΤȤΩ˸Esperantoʤɤξ㳰ơ˸ؤϸ§Ȥ軰θݤ갷äƤȹͤƤ褤ȯѲϡïˤäƤ⤿餵ΤǤϤʤġοʹ֤ΰտޤʤŪʱĤߤη̤ȤợǡּˡΤʤΤ
ʹּҲˤ軰θݡפ¾ˤõƤߤƤ

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2009-05-08 Fri

#9. ȸGothicˤȱѸ [germanic][gothic][bible][map][family_tree]

ȤDZѸޤॲޥɤηޤؤϿޤϡ衼åѤˤ븽ߤΥޥʬۤǤ롥

Family Tree of the Germanic Languages

Distribution of the Germanic Languages in Europe

ޥɤ3ʬΤʤ쥲ޥɤϤȤʤäƤƤ褦˻פ뤬ΤʤΥȸϱѸŪˤϼĤδ˽פʸǤ롥
(1) ޥΤʤǺǤŤʸ¸롥Ūˤϡ4 Wulfila ˤä²Τ줿μܤߤäƤ롥űѸ䤽¾ΥޥʸΤ700ǯʤΤǡȸϤΩĤȼ¤4ۤɤȤᤤʳΥޥλѤ򸫤Ƥ롥ºݤ˸Ūˤϥ饦Ȥ򼨤ʤʤ˸ŤǤ⥲ޥĸ (Proto-Germanic) ˶ᤤȤΤǡűѸűѸˤΤΤ˽פʥҥȤͿƤ롥
(2) ȸôǤä²ϡե²ʤɤΰ̱²ȤȤˡ4˥μβˤꡤޤΥ֥ƥۤ410ǯ˽ᤷơΥ֥ƥ̵ܾ֤ˤĤǿΤ˱ѸȸƤФäƤAnglesSaxonsJutesȤäޥ²äΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤΦ衼åѤˤ르²γʤС֥ƥ˱ѸϺդʤäʤ⡩
ʤߤˡ֥åͼס֥åۡפʤɤѤƻȤƤΡ֥åפϡȿͤѤͼΤȤľŪ˻ؤ櫓ǤϤʤǤܤ²ڤƤʤ²ɾͥ󥹴Υҥ塼ޥ˥ȤήԤäͼƱͤˡڤƤʤפλ뤷Ȥͳ褹롥

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2009-05-07 Thu

#8. ̽ڤȸѲ [traffic_jam][language_change][invisible_hand]

緿Ϣ٤Ǥϡ߹®׸̤ǡƻϩ60kmĶ۾ʽڤȤʤä褦ϲȤǤΤӤȤäΤﳲȤ줿ҤɤܤˤäɼԤ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
ơ̽ڤȤݤˤĤƹͤȤ⤽⡤ʤ̽ڤϵΤΡ߹®פȤüʥ̤ˤƤ⡤̤ͳʤʾ˽ڤ뤳Ȥ褯롥ȳǤϤ "traffic jam out of nowhere" Ȥ餷¤Ϥ "traffic jam out of nowhere" θѲϤᡤҲ٤Ҳ񴷽̤ˤƱͤ˸뤳ȤŦƤ롥ʲˤKeller򻲾Ȥ(Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language . Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.)
"traffic jam out of nowhere" θ̽ڤϼΤ褦˵롥®100kmäƤƬA餫ͳǥ֥졼ڤƧߡ㤨СʿƸꡤ̥塼򳫤ꡤĴˡ®95kmȤʤ롥Ϥ®100kmäƤ³BϡA®٤ȤΤ򸫤ơ®90kmޤȤBϼºݤˤϻ®95kmޤȤǰʤΤAɤ줯餤®ΤʬʤΤǡѿ;פ˥֥졼ƧǤΤǤ롥Ʊͤ˸³CDEѿ;ʬ˥֥졼ƧࡥơS˻äƴ˥ȥåפ롥ơSʹߤϽڤˤϤޤäƤޤȤˤʤ롥
θݤϡAޤᡤïڤФȤտޤäƤʤȤBʹߤθġμ֤αžΰտޤȹư϶̤Ƥ롥Լ֤ʤ褦ѿɬװʾ˥֥졼ƧȤȤġͤȤƤϽڤФȤտޤϤʤΤΡΤȤƤϽڤ˹׸ƤޤäƤ롥Ĥޤꡤߥΰտޤȥޥη̤δ֤ˡġλĶ֥ۤåܥåŪϤƯƤΤǤ롥Υ֥åܥåŪϤ ( invisible hand )ȸƤФƤꡤкѳؤʤɤǤ褯ΤƤ롥
KellerˤȡѲθ⤳ invisible hand ˽ȤġüԤϸѲȤտޤƬʤ礦ɱž꤬Τ;ʬ˥֥졼ƧǤȹͤΤƱ褦ˡ˶̤ؿ˴ŤưĤȤƵȤ ˤꡤѲ̤Ȥ߽ФȤ櫓ǤϡѲξ硤ֳ˶̤ؿ˴ŤưפȤϲѲΥˤäưۤʤ㤨ĹñάȯȤ夨ƥեåʥ֥ʳΤۤ򹥤ѤȤäüԴ֤ǹͭ줦ߵ᤬ͤ롥
invisible hand theory ϸѲͤǤ˽פʤΤǡˤϤޤ줿

Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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2009-05-06 Wed

#7. ڥե륨󥶤γȻʥᥭȥꥫ [lexical_diffusion][epidemic][swine_flu]

[2009-05-05-1]³ΤȤƳǧ줿ץåȤSѻ줿ȤϽҤ٤ǤϹ񤴤ȤγѥϤɤʤäƤWHOˤᶷκǿΥǡդäơΡᥭꥫȻĤΥդӤƤߤ

Spread Rate of Swine Flu in Mexico and the USA

ʬΤϡᥭˤơϤͽۤ줿SƤ뤳Ȥ5/1դ꤬"take-off"ݥȤΤSϡ¿ʬ˥ᥭˤSƤ̤ȤȤѻ롥ꥫξǤꡤΤȤΤSȤϤʤäƤʤ褦˻פ롥ΤȤϡƶƤ뤢Υƥ꡼ʤξᥭȤˤˤSѻȡ¾Υƥ꡼ǤϤǤʤȤ⡤ΤȤƤSȤȤ򼨺롥
ѲΥǤ⡤ΤȤSȤˤϡƥ꡼̡ΥդƤߤɬפ뤫ΤʤΤSä˹׸Ƥ륫ƥ꡼ĤС줳θѲο̸Ʊꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥Ѳ٤ڥե륨󥶤Ӥ뤳Ȥդ٤ Lexical Diffusion ˺ݤƼ
ͤޤǤˡޤǤڥե륨󥶤οͥǡǤƤ

datecasescountriesUSAMexico
4/24_pm152718
4/25_am    
4/25_pm    
4/26_am    
4/26_pm3822018
4/27_am    
4/27_pm7344026
4/28_am    
4/28_pm10576426
4/29_am    
4/29_pm14899126
4/30_am    
4/30_pm2571110997
5/01_am33112109156
5/01_pm36713141156
5/02_am61515141397
5/02_pm65816160397
5/03_am78717160506
5/03_pm89818226506
5/04_am98520226590
5/04_pm108521286590
5/05_am112421286590
5/05_pm149021403822

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2009-05-05 Tue

#6. ڥե륨󥶤γȻ [lexical_diffusion][epidemic]

[2009-05-04-1]˰³ڥե륨󥶤γꡥ óȻ ( Lexical Diffusion )ȤδϢǴ礹ѥܤƤ뤬ޤ餫ܤ򥰥ղΤĤʤWHOˤᶷʥǡꤷơ10֤ۤɤξʬǥץåȤƤߤ

Spread Rate of Swine Flu

ΤǤγǧ줿ǡγǧ줿οǤ롥礹뤳Ȥǰ졤ʳȽǤΤޤ⤷ʤȤȤǤäǥդᤷƤߤ뤬˴ؤƤϸͽۤ줿SƤ롪 4/30 դ꤫ 5/3 ˤư쵤˾㤬äƤꡤ"take-off"λȤγǧ줿οϡSǤϤʤषľ˶ᤤȤ롥
ƹǤξˤĤƤӥդɬפꤽͽۤΤϤɤʶϤꡤ켫ȤSʤΤĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ѸˤθԤȤƤޤڥե륨󥶤δԿץåȤ뤳ȤˤʤȤ̴ˤפʤäɤѲµˤϡפä̤궽̣ꤽ

Referrer (Inside): [2009-05-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-05-04 Mon

#5. ڥե륨󥶤󼡴ȸóȻ"take-off" [lexical_diffusion][epidemic][swine_flu][speed_of_change]

[2009-05-02-1]εpandemicȱѸˡפǡóȻȤͤҲ𤷤ή¤ŤѥȸѲΥѥϻƤꡤȤ˻ּФSȤΤǤ롥
礬ǰƤڥե륨󥶤ϡ2008/05/04(Mon) ߡܤǤϵϤʤ16ϰ˹äƤꡤWHOϷٲǹΥե6ذ夲ǽ򼨺Ƥ롥ڹǤ󼡴εƤȤ
󼡴ȤϤޤ˳礬ƤַǤꡤSǤѲΥԡɤ޸ۤˤʤ "take-off" ΰȤʤꤦΤǤ롥ǡWHOƹܤϡݺ䴵ԤγΥʤɤʤ֤ơ "take-off" ɤȤƤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ҥ뤬äơѲSͤƤߤ롥Ѳμºݤλ򸫤Ƥߤȡ¤S뤳Ȥɬ¿ʤóȻSϤޤǸѲοʹԥѥŪʥǥǤꡤæϤǤ¸ߤ롥षŪϾʤ⤷ʤ¤ˤϡ¿ "take-off" ˸ΤǤ롥Ǥϡξ硤˸װȤϰβʤΤ
ѲŪSʤ硤礭ʬƻͤĤιͤΤǤϤʤ

(1) ⤽⤽θѲϸóȻή˿ʹԤƤΤǤϤʤ̤Υѥ˽äƤ롤뤤ϤɤʥѥˤƤϤʤ
(2) θѲ򼺤ߤޤäƤޤä
(3) Ǥϼ®뤤ߤ褦˸ǡäĹŪʥѥǸȡΤȤƤS
(4) ʹǡθѲ䴳ĤѲƱ˵äᡤΥѥ

ۤ˲ǽʹͤͤ϶Ƥˡ
㤨СѸˤ̾ʣȤ-s礹ϡ褽óȻήSȤ狼äƤ롥󥰥ɤ South-West Midland ʤɤǤϡä "take-off" ˻פ줿äȲ夬ꡤΤȺƤӾ徺ĤޤꡤSʤNǤ롥
irregularѲطʤˤäΤϡ-sȥ饤Хطˤä-nʸѸ oxen children ˸ˤγǤ롥-sǤʤ-nƱ˳礷Ƥᡤߤ˶礷äơŪSʤäȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ˵󤲤פǤ(4)Ǥ롥
Τ褦ʻǤ󽸤ơɤΥפ¿Τ륿פȤظˤɤΤ褦ʾĶΤ򸦵椹ɬפꤽ
ڥե륨󥶤ϡͰŪϤ(2)Υפ夤Ƥۤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-05-03 Sun

#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩 [japanese_english][metanalysis][article]

ɥåȥŹƬФǡ֥ȥåȥƥ塼פ֥ץפȤɽäܸǤϡ֥ȥåȥڡѡפȡ֥ץפ̾Ǥ롥ԤϱѸǤϳΤ toilet tissue ̤Ǥ뤷ԤαѸȯϳΤ/ˈeɪprən/

toilet tissue and apron

ϡŹôԤѸռƥʽ񤭤ȤĿŪʤȤʤΤ뤤ܸ˰ŪڤĤĤ뤳ȤʤΤɼԤɽ򥫥ʸȤ̤˸ȤϤޤʤޤ̿ξʤˤϳΤ toilet tissue Ȥ롥
ơ apron ȤСѸǤϤʤߤñǤ롥 ʬ ( metanalysis )ɽȤɬФǤ롥ʬϤȤϡȸζڤʤɤäʬϤƤޤ̤Ȥƴְ㤤˴Ťñ줬߽Ф褦ʸݤǤ롥
apron ϸ츻Ūˤ napron 괧Ĥ a napron ä an apron ȰʬϤƤޤä̡ apron Ȥ夷ƤޤäȤΤǤ롥
¾ɽȤƤϡ nickname ickname "ick"֤ޤΡס"name"̾סˤ orange cf. ڥ naranja ˤ롥¾ˡ pea peas(e) äs(e)촴ΰǤϤʤʣsȸäƲᤵ줿̡sΤʤȤ夷ΤǤ롥
ۤȤɤαѸǰʬϤˤƱ㤷󤲤ƤʤȤ˻פäƤ롥ǤϿʤΤǡޥʡޤᡤƤߤȻפäƤ롥
ɼԤ򽸤ƤߤƤơhellog ˹׸Ƥ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-05-02 Sat

#3. pandemicȱѸ [lexical_diffusion][epidemic][swine_flu]

ڥե륨󥶤򼨤Ƥ롥Ϣʹʤɤƻ򸫤ƤơepidemicpandemicȤäή¤ϡ¤ϱѸˤȤĤǴϢ뤳Ȥ̩˻פäƤ

(1) pandemic ϥꥷܼʤ
(2) 衼åѤι¤ȱѸδط
(3) ¤ŤΥѥϸѲοʹԥѥȻƤ

ʾˤĤPDF饤äƤߤ
(3)ǼΤ óȻ ( Lexical Diffusion )ȤѲǤ롥³ءҲءкѳءʪءؤʤɤǶͭ뿷ǥǡ䤬ܲȤ櫓ܤƤǤ롥⤳˿뵡ϤȤꤽ

Referrer (Inside): [2009-05-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-05-01 Fri

#2. ʾҲ [notice][bibliography]

αѸ˥֥("hellog")ν񤭼ϡδʤۤä夦ˡ2023ǯ3ߡʸDZѸˤ濴ȤȤ򳫹֤Ƥ롥

ʬѸ̾ǡä -s ޤʣη֤ȯã̻Ū˸椷Ƥ롥ʸΥȥ "The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English"Ʊ̾2009ǯ2ҤĤ˼Ǥ줿
깭ϡѸθѲ̤˴ؿ롥ġθѲŪطʤ顤ʤѲΤȤäŪޤǡѲ5W1H䤤³롥
ޤѸˤηäѸѸ̤ͤǤɤΤ褦ʻ󶡤뤫Ѹˤڤ鸽ɤ뤫βǽõäƤȹͤƤ롥
¾ԤȤƤξϡReaDԾǤƤ롥
δΥڡ⤴

ʲ2026/06/16(Tue) դ Ryuichi Hotta List of Publications

ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλ5󡡡ֱѸܸθä3ع¤סرѸ춵2026ǯ8桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ71444--45ǡ  *

ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλ4󡡡֤֤ʤפϤʤ Watch out! ˤʤΤ ž륹ԡȤӡסرѸ춵2026ǯ7桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ61244--45ǡ  *

رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ١NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ

ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλ3󡡱Ѹˤ3Ĥ⡧ȤФιͻ̻Ūʼ褵סرѸ춵2026ǯ6桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ51444--45ǡ  *

ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλ2󡡼Ҳؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײ򤷤ƤΤסرѸ춵2026ǯ5桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ41444--45ǡ  *

ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλ1󡡸ءѸؤˤ褦סرѸ춵2026ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ31342--43ǡ  *

ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ

߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

There is one review of the book published:

  • ߷ δʡֽɾ߷ ͧ ɹ δˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ʸҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2025ǯ9桤2025ǯ68ǡ  *

󥿥ӥ塼"Getting to know the back story of the English language" --- ѸΡ֤դפɤ߲򤯡ıεءδ춵סThe Japan Times Alpha J711桤12̡

ֱѸˤɤ߲򤯡줫αѸȤθ礤סؤƤա1792025ǯƹˡANAۡǥ󥰥2025ǯ533--40ǡ  *

ѤʵˡѸˡסArgument2025ǯ12025ǯղƹˡʸҡ2025ǯ51ǡ  *

ֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸסýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס Ϻ ԡ δԡˡˡؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥ޻ҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ42562--73ǡ  *

Ϻ ԡ δԡˡýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλסؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥ޻ҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ4254--136ǡ  *

1ýǯ٤˸ľѸûƳ --- ѸθȸûˤΤסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2025ǯ4桤2025ǯ30--31ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡12󡡥ե󥹸äñסؤդ󤹡2025ǯ3桤ҡ2025ǯ22052--53ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡11󡡶Υե󥹼Ѹסؤդ󤹡2025ǯ2桤ҡ2025ǯ12552--53ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡10󡡱Ѹֻˤե󥹸αƶסؤդ󤹡2025ǯ1桤ҡ2024ǯ122352--53ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡9󡡱ʸˡˤե󥹸αƶסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ12桤ҡ2024ǯ112552--53ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡8󡡱Ѹδɽˤߤե󥹸αơסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ11桤ҡ2024ǯ102552--53ǡ  *

δ졦· ʻʲ ܤʸϻĶסر۶ʸ١ʶڷҴֺ¡ʸֺ2023ˡʸ2024ǯ32965--95ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡7󡡥ե󥹸ϱѸβФѤסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ10桤ҡ2024ǯ92554--55ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡6󡡥ե󥹸촷줷ƤѸסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ9桤ҡ2024ǯ82352--53ǡ  *

֤ʤܸȱѸǤϸ礬㤦ΤǤ --- źˤϤޤޤʸ礬ޤסػҶβʳء2024ǯ9桤ʸƲҡ2024ǯ81044ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡5ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ줬ѸäͿ׷סؤդ󤹡2024ǯ8桤ҡ2024ǯ72352--53ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡4󡡥ե󥹼Ѹήסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ7桤ҡ2024ǯ62452--53ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡3󡡱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ6桤ҡ2024ǯ52352--53ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡2󡡤ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ5桤ҡ2024ǯ42362--63ǡ  *

ԡ Ϻ δ졦 ԡʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơס˸ء12˸زԡˡ2023ǯ89--182ǡ  *

ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡1󡡱Ѹˤϥե󥹸̣סؤդ󤹡2024ǯ4桤ҡ2024ǯ32362--63ǡ  *

you ŪˡϤɤ褿ΤסܱѸز41񡡥ݥָ̣襤Ԥ¿Ūפμ''JELS'' 41 (2024): 218--09.

ּ򴿡ȹԿʤθ츻סػɾ١2023ǯ4桤2023ǯ91ǡ  *

ֽɾƣ ˡرʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿ޼ҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2023ǯ4桤2023ǯ69ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡24󡡡֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼סδñѸ in English2023ǯ3桤NHKǡ2023ǯ214246--51ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡23󡡡֤ʤʬư̾Ʊ -ing ɽΡסδñѸ in English2023ǯ2桤NHKǡ2023ǯ114248--53ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡22󡡡֤ʤ衼åѤοͤϱѸ줬ʤΡסδñѸ in English2023ǯ1桤NHKǡ2022ǯ1214248--53ǡ  *

ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2023ǯ

There is one review of the book published:

  • ֽɾ ϺغǿѸءإ꡼21 ʸؤȱѸ˸ ջҡδ סرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2023ǯ5桤2023ǯ74ǡ  *
  • ɾ ɹֲջҡδʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2023ǯxii + 251pp.סرʸظ١1032026ǯ226--30ǡ

ѸѸ --- ¿ᤰȸαԡסʸ1233桤2022ǯ19--30ǡ  *

ֱѸQ&Aסإ˥¼ŵ6ǡ ͸ ˡԽ紴ˡˡ罤۽Ź2023ǯ

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡21󡡡֥ޥå eפäƲסδñѸ in English2022ǯ12桤NHKǡ2022ǯ1114248--53ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡20󡡡֤ʤѸʸˤϼ줬ɬפʤΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ11桤NHKǡ2022ǯ1014248--53ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡19󡡡֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ10桤NHKǡ2022ǯ914248--53ǡ  *

Ӿ δ졦 졡֥硼αѸסإ硼顡ŵΰ仺ο©Ƴơ١Ӿ 鹰ʴˡ ԡˡˡͪۡ2022ǯ93--124ǡ

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡18󡡡֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ9桤NHKǡ2022ǯ814252--57ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡17󡡡֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷סδñѸ in English2022ǯ8桤NHKǡ2022ǯ714252--57ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡16󡡡֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ7桤NHKǡ2022ǯ614248--53ǡ  *

ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

There are three reviews of the book published:

  • 翥ֽɾԡϺδˡظɸಽͤ롧ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤۽Ź2022סؼҲʳء262ʼҲʳزԡˡ2024ǯ73--78ǡ  *
  • һ ֽɾ¾ (2022)ظɸಽͤ롼ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤۽Ź248 p.סRevue japonaise de didactique du franais 18.1--2 (2023): 134--37  *
  • ջҡֽɾ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤۽Ź2022ǯ6viii+247pp.ˡס˸ء11˸زԡˡ2022ǯ47--54ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡15󡡡֤ʤ I ʸǽ񤯤ΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ6桤NHKǡ2022ǯ513248--53ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡14󡡡֤ʤ child ʣ children ˤʤΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ5桤NHKǡ2022ǯ414248--53ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡13󡡡֤ʤ one, two ϤֻǤȯʤΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ4桤NHKǡ2022ǯ314252--57ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡12󡡡ñ they äƲסδñѸ in English2022ǯ3桤NHKǡ2022ǯ214126--31ǡ  *

Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of ''English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact''. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63. https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.359.08hot.  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡11󡡡֤ʤ eleven, twelve ȤΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ2桤NHKǡ2022ǯ114128--33ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡10󡡡֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΡסδñѸ in English2022ǯ1桤NHKǡ2021ǯ1214128--33ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡9󡡡֤ʤѸθ SVO ʤΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ12桤NHKǡ2021ǯ1114128--33ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡8󡡡֤ʤ A ɤߤϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פʤΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ11桤NHKǡ2021ǯ1014128--33ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡7󡡡֤ʤ know high ˤȯʤʸΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ10桤NHKǡ2021ǯ914128--33ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡6󡡡֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more ΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ9桤NHKǡ2021ǯ814132--37ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡5󡡡֤ʤ̤ˤ will ȤΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ8桤NHKǡ2021ǯ714134--39ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡4󡡤ʤʸ do ΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ7桤NHKǡ2021ǯ614128--33ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡3󡡤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ6桤NHKǡ2021ǯ514128--33ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡2󡡤ʤ foot ʣ feet ˤʤΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ5桤NHKǡ2021ǯ414128--33ǡ  *

ֱѸƱѺεȯã --- color colour ˬסʸ1191桤2020ǯ50--63ǡ  *

ˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵ䡡1󡡤ʤ3ñ s ĤΡסδñѸ in English2021ǯ4桤NHKǡ2021ǯ314132--37ǡ  *

ֱѸˤˤߤ3ĤĬήסظ츦򳫤١ʲɼ࿦ǰʸԲԡˡҡ2021ǯ178--91ǡ  *

ֽɾⶶ ѸرѸˤؤӱѸؤ --- ѸθߤȲá١ʳҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2020ǯ9桤2020ǯ93--94ǡ  *

ֱѸˤ may ʸȯȯãס˸ء8˸زԡˡ2020ǯ67--80ǡ  *

ֱѸ˶ˤоȸˤλ Asterisk 282020ǯ153--67ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ12󡡤ʤꥫѸϥꥹѸȰۤʤäƤΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ3桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ21462--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11󡡤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ2桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ11462--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ10󡡤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ1桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ121362--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ9󡡤ʤѸΥڥ󥰤ˤۻ¿ΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ12桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ111462--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ8󡡤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻Ϥ줾ۤʤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ11桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ101262--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ7󡡤ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ10桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ91462--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6󡡤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ9桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ81462--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ5󡡤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ8桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ71462--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4󡡤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ7桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ61462--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ3󡡤ʤԵ§ưѤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ6桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ51362--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ2󡡤ʤԵ§ʣΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ5桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ41262--63ǡ  *

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ1󡡤ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ31462--63ǡ  *

ˤΤǼѸΡ֤뤢絿ססCNN English Express2019ǯ2桤īǼҡ2019ǯ41--49ǡ  *

Ѥʵ뤿αѸˤΥĥܡסرѸ춵2018ǯ9桤罤۽Ź2018ǯ81012--13ǡ  *

"Betwixt, amongst, and amidst: The Diachronic Development of Function Words with Final /st/." Sociocultural Dimensions of Lexis and Text in the History of English. Ed. Peter Petré, Hubert Cuyckens, and Frauke D'hoedt. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2018. 201--25.  

"Spacing in Three Manuscript Texts of Sawles Warde: Its Synchronic, Historical and Theoretical Implications." Linguistic Variation in the Ancrene Wisse, Katherine Group and Wooing Group. Ed. Harumi Tanabe, Koichi Kano and John Scahill. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2018. 57--77.  *

ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ35ϡηϤפӡ8ϡ̣ѲѲסīҽŹ2018ǯ89--105, 151--69ǡ  *

"Telling a Lie vs Lying: Exaptation of the Spelling <y> in the History of English." ʸ1132桤2017ǯ17--28ǡ  *

Late Modern English Ĭήסإȥꥢīʸ١15桤2017ǯ207--16ǡ  *

󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ(Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.)  *

رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡҡ2016ǯ

There are three reviews of the book published:

  • ߷ ⡡ֽɾδرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯx + 196pp.סرʸظ١962019ǯ176--82ǡ
  • ֽɾرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ666桡2017ǯ10桤2017ǯ81ǡʡֱѸءءǯΥ٥3פȤơ
  • ۰졡ֽɾرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ666桡2017ǯ10桤2017ǯ78ǡʡֱѸءǯΥ٥3פȤơ
  • к ۰졡ֽɾرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡδ סرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ661桤2017ǯ90--91ǡ

ѸˤƻޤοȤθŪ;ȡסإѥ狼ѲѰۤȸپ ˧Ĺ ҡ ϯԡˡҡ2016ǯ144--62ǡ  *

3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪסؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá (Can Knowing the History of English Help in the Teaching of English?). Studies in the History of English Language 5. ջҡԡˡν2016ǯ105--31ǡ  *

ֱѸηϤɽŪȯãסʸˡҤνIIؿʸʳظԡˡ2016ǯ183--216ǡ  *

"Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 30 (2015): 41--58. with 30ǯǰݥϢʸ "'Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?': Introduction to the Articles Derived from the 2014 Symposium." 15--16.)  *

ֽɾ°̭ΤäƤѸˡ١ʳѽ24ҡ2014ǯ9xii+253pp.ˡס˸ء4˸زԡˡ2015ǯ41--52ǡ  *

ָѲ¿ͤʻ --- 5W1H ˤסؿʸס81桤ؿʸʳظꡤ2015ǯ293--319ǡ  *

"A Phonological Motivation behind the Diatonic Stress Shift in Modern English." Historical Linguistics 2013. Selected Papers from the 21st International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Oslo, 5--9 August 2013. Ed. Dag T. T. Haug. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2015. 3--18.  *

"s-Pluralisation in Early Middle English and Word Frequency." Approaches to Middle English: Variation, Contact and Change. Ed. Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre and Javier Calle-Martín. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2015. 164--78.  *

ѸμԼסܸʸ5׶ԡˡˡϢؽǼҡ2014ǯ460--64ǡ  *

"The Decreasing Relevance of Number, Case, and Definiteness to Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus."إ硼įơ٥硼20ǯǰʸԡˡǡ2014ǯ273--99ǡ  *

"Textual Characteristics of the Poema Morale, M Version." Studies in Middle English: Words, Forms, Senses and Texts. Ed. Michael Bilynsky. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014. 185--98.  *

ֽѸʹߤ̾ưγSסܱʸز86Proceedings١2014ǯ99--100ǡ  *

"Betwixt and Between: The Ebb and Flow of Their Historical Variants." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 114 (2014): 17--36.  *

"Review of David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore, eds. Analysing Older English. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2012." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 28 (2013): 91--101.  *

"Frequency and Other Effects on Diatonic Stress Shift." Journal of the Institute of Cultural Science 75 (2013): 121--44.  *

"The Diatonic Stress Shift in Modern English." Studies in Modern English 29 (2013): 1--20.2013ǯѸ춨ͥؽѾ޼ޡ  *

"Representativeness, Word Frequency, and Keywords in the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 112 (2013): 67--84.  *

"The Order and Schedule of Nominal Plural Formation Transfer in Three Southern Dialects of Early Middle English." English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the Sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 22--27 August 2010. Ed. Irén Hegedüs and Alexandra Fodor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2012. 94--113.  *

"The Levelling of Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Institute of Cultural Science 73 (2012): 255--73.  *

"Noun-Verb Stress Alternation: Its Nineteenth-Century Development and Its Earlier Historical Backgrounds." Lexicon 42 (2012): 79--94.  *

"Noun-Verb Stress Alternation: An Example of Continuing Lexical Diffusion in Present-Day English." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 110 (2012): 39--63.  *

رѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ  *

There is a review of the book published:

  • 褦ҡֽɾδرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ򡽡ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯסرʸظ١922015ǯ184--89ǡ

Auchinleck MS Υޥ󥹤Ѹ̲λסܱʸز83Proceedings١2011ǯ117--19ǡ  *

"The Suffix -ish and Its Derogatory Connotation: An OED Based Historical Study." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 108 (2011): 107--32.  *

"Review of The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 25 (2010): 95--112.  *

ReviewˡRandolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman. 1972.ס켣ԡʸˡI١ұѸʸꡡ4ҡ2010ǯ120--22ǡ  *

ReviewˡRandolph Quirk & Sidney Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English. Harlow: Longman. 1973.ס켣ԡʸˡI١ұѸʸꡡ4ҡ2010ǯ122--23ǡ  *

ReviewˡGeoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik. A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman. 1975.ס켣ԡʸˡI١ұѸʸꡡ4ҡ2010ǯ124--26ǡ  *

"Leaders and Laggers of Language Change: Nominal Plural Forms in -s in Early Middle English." Journal of the Institute of Cultural Science (The 30th Anniversary Issue II) 68 (2010): 1--17.  *

"Thesauri or Thesauruses? A Diachronic Distribution of Plural Forms for Latin-Derived Nouns Ending in -us." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 106 (2010): 117--36.  *

"Variation in Nominal Plural Formation in the Southern Dialects of Early Middle English." Studies in English Literature. Regional Branches Combined Issue. Vol. 2 (2009): 285--304. (As Kanto Review of English Literature 2 (2009): 49--68.)  *

The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.2010ǯѸʸزϲޡʲº˼ޡ

There are three reviews of the monograph published:

  • Yonekura, Hiroshi. "Review of Ryuichi Hotta's The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." Studies in English Literature 87 (December 2010): 126--33. (CiNii: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40017430543)
  • Dance, Richard. "Review of Ryuichi Hotta's The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." Medium Ævum 79.2 (2010): 319--20. (The electronic text available here.)
  • ֽɾRyuichi Hotta's The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle EnglishסStudies in Medieval English Language and Literature26桥2011ǯ95--102ǡ

"Language Changes Walking Hand in Hand: The Spread of the s-Plural and Case Syncretism in Early Middle English." Individual Languages and Language Universals. Special Issue of Kanagawa University Studies in Language. Kanagawa University Center for Language Studies, 2008. 95--124.  *

Reviewˡ"Christian J. Kay and Jeremy J. Smith (eds.), Categorization in the History of English (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2004)." Studies in English Literature English Number 48 (2007): 132--40.  *

ReviewˡGeorge Philip Krapp, The English Language in America. 2 vols. (New York: Century, 1925)ס߷˧ͺԡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ170--71ǡ  *

ReviewˡHenry Louis Mencken, The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936)ס߷˧ͺԡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ168--70ǡ  *

"The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. Glasgow, November 2005.

"A Historical Study on 'eyes' in English from a Panchronic Point of View." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 20 (2005): 75--100.  *

"The Spread of the s-Plural in Early Middle English: Its Origin and Development." Studies in English Literature 79.2 (2002): 123--42.2002ǯܱʸز25󿷿;޲ºޡ  *

ʶˡAkasu, Karoru, Hiroko Saito, Akihiko Kawamura, Takahiro Kokawa, Ryuichi Hotta. "An Analysis of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Sixth Edition." Lexicon 31 (2001): 1--51.  *

The Spread of the ''s''-Plural in Early Middle English: Its Origin and Development. Master's thesis, University of Tokyo. Tokyo, March 2000.



ʲϡƬȯɽֱεϿ

2025ǯ412ֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸסѸ˸34񡡥饦ɥơָ֥äʸζ岽 --- оȸˤδסʵءˡ

2024ǯ622ֿΥڥ󥰤ɤɸಽ --- Ѹ줫ѸءסѸ춨41񡡥饦ɥơֽ֥Ѹˤ륹ڥ󥰡סءˡ

2023ǯ114you ŪˡϤɤ褿ΤסܱѸز41񡡥ݥָ̣襤Ԥ¿Ūפμסءˡ

2023ǯ311ֱѸ춵ȱѸ˸λ碌סJACET2022ǯ2㸦ֱʥ饤ˡ

2022ǯ12151222رѸˤˤߤ4ĤĬή١رʸظʱʸ칶رֵ̹ء

  1. 2022ǯ12151󡡤ʤѸʸˡѲƤΤ --- 礫ʬϤء
  2. 2022ǯ12152󡡤ɤΤ褦˱ѸϿƳƤΤ --- ȼѡ
  3. 2022ǯ12223󡡤ıѸֻޤäΤ --- ֻȯЪΥᤰäơ
  4. 2022ǯ12224ïѸɸ᤿Τ --- Ѹλء

2022ǯ1017ֱѸˤϤ餯ῴϤȱ --- Ѹ (World Englishes) Υ롼ĤõסʸХץȹֱءˡ

2022ǯ36֡첻ܡפαѸ춵ƸƤʶǯθưƧޤơˡס춵饨2022ΥݥֱѸˤѸ춵סZoom šˡ

2022ǯ122ֽѸˤóȽλߡסҤȡȤХեࡡݥָˤȸŪץå оȸˡפλסZoom šˡ

2021ǯ1123ֱѸ˲ܤθꡦơס2Ѹ춵ꥭࡦեΥݥ֥Τ줫?10ǯ򸫿?סZoom šˡ

2021ǯ1120 "English" "Englishes" ءסΩ̿عݸʸŹֱֹݱѸʸ¿˴ؤغݸסΩ̿ءˡ

2021ǯ821ָ츻ŪֻαѸ˾ΰյƸƤ --- Ѹ줫鸽ѸޤǡסѸ춨񡡥ݥּɽϤɤΤ褦˱ѸɸಽȴΤ --- 3Ĥλ㤫ͤסZoom šˡ

2018ǯ1124"Language-Internal and External Factors in the Growth of the ''s''-Plural Formation in the History of English." ܱѸز36񡡥ݥ "Language Contact and English Functional Items"ʲ͹Ωءˡ

2018ǯ830Hotta, Ryuichi and Yoko Iyeiri. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus"The 20th International Conference of English Historical Linguistics (University of Edinburgh)

2018ǯ313HiSoPra*˼Ҳء˸2󸦵񡡥ݥ֥ɤη̸ˤоȤƸƤΡѸˤξ硽סʳؽءˡ

2018ǯ34֡ɤѸ٤ȤƤɸѸȯãáֻʸˡ̻ŪʣŪɤסָȿʹ֡׸ (HLC) մߥʡʺػëѥˡ

2017ǯ624ֱѸˤˤ벻񵭤ߺ --- Ѹ줫ѸˤƤλ㤫 ---׶Ѹ춨34񡡥ݥֱѸ첻ѲβŸ˾סĻرءˡ

2017ǯ62"Spacing between Words in Early Middle English: Its Synchronic Description and Historical Implications."The 10th Studies in the History of the English Language Conference (University of Kansas)

2017ǯ314HiSoPra*˼Ҳء˸1󸦵ƤּҲȾ̤ΥƥȤˤ򸫤Ȳ뤫˼Ҳء˸θߤ̤סʳؽءˡ

2016ǯ97ABܥƥȤ˳֤ߤѸ̻ηִСסرʳظʡָѲѰ۸˥åȡ׼š3åסȽǤǤʤѲѰۤλ¤ȸסءˡ

2016ǯ823"Etymological Spelling Before and After the Sixteenth-Century"The 19th International Conference of English Historical Linguistics (University of Duisburg-Essen)

2015ǯ1017ѸˤƻޤοȤΡʼҲ˸Ū;ȡסܱʸز67񡡡ֱѸƻη֡졦̣ץݥ̾Ųءˡ

2015ǯ65"The Emergence and Diffusion of the Diatonic Stress Pattern in Modern English: A Synchronic and Diachronic Approach."The 9th Studies in the History of the English Language Conference (University of British Columbia)

2015ǯ51"From Paragogic Segments to a Stylistic Morpheme: A Functional Shift of Final /st/ in Function Words such as betwixt and amongst."The 9th International Conference on Middle English (Philological School of Higher Education, Wrocław)

2015ǯ36ֱѸˤȤƤλñ -sסʸرʸ칶ֵ̹ʸءˡ

2015ǯ218ָѲڤסؽʸԸ漼ȥԡʳؽءˡ

2014ǯ126"Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation." In the symposium "Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?"Ѹʸز30Ʊּءˡ

2014ǯ98ָѲˤ˥ѥβǽȲ꡽סرʳظʡָѲѰ۸˥åȡ׼š1åס֥ѥ狼Ѳȸסءˡ

2014ǯ715"The Ebb and Flow of Historical Variants of Betwixt and Between."The 18th International Conference of English Historical Linguistics (Catholic University of Leuven)

2014ǯ524ֽѸʹߤ̾ưγSסܱʸز86񡡡ֱѸˤˤѲΥ塼ץݥ̳ƻءˡ

2013ǯ922ѸμԼס޲桦ܸʸݥե Ϣܸʸرˡ

2013ǯ89"The Diffusion of Diatones and Frequency Effects"ICHL 21: International Conference on Historical Linguistics (University of Oslo)

2013ǯ53"The Representativeness of LAEME Corpus and Word Frequency in Early Middle English with Special Reference to the Lexical Diffusion of s-Pluralisation"The 8th International Conference on Middle English (University of Murcia)

2012ǯ823"A LAEME-Based Study on the Levelling of Adjectival Inflections in Early Middle English"The 17th International Conference of English Historical Linguistics (University of Zurich)

2012ǯ525ֶѸ21ˤƤΡ̾ưפγסѸ춨29Ļرءˡ

2012ǯ414ֽѸηƻ޸οʿLAEME ˤ복ѡסѸ˸22ʾءˡ

2011ǯ83"Textual Peculiarities and Textual Transmission of the Poema Morale, MS M"The 7th International Conference on Middle English (University of Lviv)

2011ǯ521Auchinleck MS Υޥ󥹤Ѹ̲λסܱʸز83񡡡ޥ󥹤ȡġ¿ץݥ̶彣ءˡ

2010ǯ1215The Poema Morale, MS M θħסѸʸز26رءˡ

2010ǯ824"What Determined the Schedule of the s-Plural Diffusion in Southern Dialects of Early Middle English?"The 16th International Conference of English Historical Linguistics (University of Pécs)

2010ǯ327"The Suffix -ish and Its Derogatory Connotation: A Historical Study"Ѹ˸20ʵء.

2007ǯ72̻ŪǤߤʣ -s ȯãסΩʸֱΩءˡ

2006ǯ1210ֽѸˤ̾ʣ֤ʬۤȯŸסѸʸز26ʵԻءˡ

2006ǯ624ƱʹԤѸηѲSʣĥȳͻѸʸز22󸦵ȯɽʴرءˡ

2002ǯ526ֻؼ֤˸ Peterborough Chronicle, Copied Annalsסܱʸز74رءˡ

2000ǯ129ֽѸˤ -es ʣĥεȯãסѸʸز16ʴءˡ



ʲϡʸ

2014--19ǯ١ʳظ׸ (C) ֶѸˤѲŪŪװѸؤȤĤʤư֤θסֹ桧26370575

2009--12ǯ١ֱѸˤˤóȻסʳظ긦 (B) ֹ桧21720178

2007--08ǯ١ֱѸ̾ʣ֤ȯŸ (The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in English)ʳظ긦ʥȥåסˡֹ桧19820038



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δΡؤΰ١A History of the English Language Baugh, Albert C. / Thomas Cable ˡסؽɽ͡32902019ǯ524ˡ5ǡ  *  *

7ϡֱѸˡ˸ءפΰɮ δ ůͺʴƽˡغǿѸءѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2015ǯ  *

֥ѥõѸαƺԡסWEBޥ Lingua521123ˡ졼Ϣܡdzؤ֥ѥѽ2015ǯ520

֥ѥõѸαƺԡסWEBޥ Lingua421022ˡ졼Ϣܡdzؤ֥ѥѽ2015ǯ420

֥ʸΩŪ˻סChuo Online2014ǯ1016


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