ε#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ ([2026-03-12-1]) ˤĤơ塤Ѹֻˤδ鿼ꤷƤȹͤƤ뤬Ϥˡưβ˸¤餺<ough(t)> <augh(t)> ֻˤĤơȯбȤȤ˸Ƥ
ޤ<ought> ˤĤ Carney (345--46) ꡥ
O.15 <ought>/ɔː/ | <t>
Examples: bought, brought, fought, nought, ought, sought, thought, wrought.
Exceptions with /aʊ/ --- doughty, drought. Names such as Boughton, Broughton, Houghton, Oughton, Oughtred, Stoughton have /ɔː/ --- /aʊ/ variation and occasionally /u;ː/ or /əʊ/. Some are only given with one variant by EPD --- Loughton /aʊ/, Moughton /əʊ/, but with the pronunciation of a name one can never be fully certain.
³ Carney (285) ꡤ<augh(t)> ˤĤɤǤߤ褦
A.9 <augh>/ɔː/
Examples: aught, caught, daughter, distraught, fraught, haughty, naught, naughty, slaught, slaughter, taught; Baugh, Bradlaugh, Connaught, Haughtn, Laughton, McNaught, Shaughnessy, Waugh. The names Baughan, Maugham, Vaughan are single syllables (/bɔːn/, etc.). This correspondence is one straightforward part of the name Featherstonehaugh, pronounced /ˈfænʃɔː/.
Exceptions: with /ɑːf/ (AmE /æf/) in draught, laugh and derived forms.
Efficiency: in words 89 per cent; in names 77 per cent; a marginal rule with very strong bias toward high TF words and strong bias towards shorter words.
ñ֤餫ѤƯƤȵ졤ֻȯδطεҤϰǤϤʤ̸Τߤʤ餺̾ˤ褯Ƥ뤳Ȥˤդ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
37 heldio ˤ #1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơۿޤѸ춵˷Ȥ4Ԥˤ̲Ǥ
夲ϡѸ˸ȤˤȤäƤ礭ʾǤȯüϡعDZѸƤΥ饹Ρ̤ˤȯǤ
Ѹؽˤơ -ought Ե§ѲưϳؽԤǺߤμǤthink --- thoughtbuy --- bought, bring --- brought, fight -- fought ʤɡ¿ o ޤֻȤʤޤteach --- taught catch --- caught Τ褦ˡa ޤ -aught ֻˤʤΤ⤢ޤۤȤɤαѸؽԤϡ֤ΤפȤƴݰŵƤȤǤ礦ޤ̤4ԤƱͤǤ
ȤϥΡȤǡμݤζä٤ŦΤǤ teach a ޤޤƤ뤫顤 taught o ǤϤʤ a ˤʤΤǤϤʤȡ
λŦðŪʤΤϡñʤϤ碌䵭ѤμĶơѸֻ˸˻ǽˤޤѸˤδ餳 -aught ƸƤƤߤȡä٤¤⤭Ħˤʤޤtaught caught ʤɤθ¸ưǤʤˤβǵ§Ƥư굯ƤߤȡΡteach ˡ§פƤϤޤ㤬ĤĤΤǤ
ȤСߤϵ§ѲưȤʤäƤ reach ǤĤƤԵ§Ѳ raught Ȥ֤äƤޤ⸶ a ޤߡ -aught Ǥޤlatch ˤ⤫Ĥ laught Ȥ¸ߤޤ
ˡreck ȤưФƤ raught Ȥޤ a ޤޤƤޤe a Ʊ첻ǤϤޤˡ§ơָ a 뤤 e ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught ȤʤפȤлޤ
ŪˤߤСֻκϡĸ첻 (gradation) 䡤ޥΥ饦 (i-mutation)θ (analogy) ʣ߹ä̤ȹͤޤμ⤿ʤʴѻˤäƤΡˡ§פФȤϡƶä٤ȤǤ
ζ۵̤ǤϡλŦ˿ѸֻȤˤο¤ʹӤƤǽ뤫ޤޤǡͤΤۤ˶ʳ礭ʥͥ륮뤳ȤǤޤ
Ѹ˸ԤȤơĹǯȻפǸᤴƤˡۤɤޤǤ䤫ˡ§ƤȤ˲Фޤʾˡĥեåʻº˵դ졤˲Ǥ餢ޤteach ˡ§פŪդˤĤƤϡ夵ʤĴɬפǤƥʻߤˤʤȻפޤ
ѸؽԤγȶʱѸΡ֤ʤפñʤŵǺѤޤʬʤβΩƤƴѻƤߤƤˤϡȤäˡ§Ƥ뤫⤷ޤ
ʳ̤ƤϡҾ嵭 Voicy ꤪİ
ε#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε ([2024-12-11-1]) ³<gh> ˤƽиˤĤơѸֻˤθŵ路 Scragg (46--47) ˡΤ꤬롥
The use of <h> as a diacritic in <ch> and <sh>, indicating that <c> and <s> have a pronunciation different from that normally expected of those consonantsa, was not new to English when <ch> was introduced from French, for <th> had earlier been used alongside <þ> (cf. footnotes to pp. 2b and 17). Both <ch> in French and <th> in English derive from Latin orthography, use of <h> as a diacritic in Latin being made possible by the disappearance of the sounds represented by <h> from the language in the late classical period. As a result of the establishment in English of diacritic <h> in <ch> and <th>, other consonant groups were formed on the same pattern. The grapheme <gh> has already been discussed (p. 23c). <wh> has a rather different history, for it began in Old English as an initial consonantal combination <hw> corresponding to /xw/. Assimilation of the group to a single voiceless consonant /ʍ/ had taken place by the late Old English period, and Middle English scribes, associating the sequence <hw> for the single phoneme with the use of <h> as a fricative marker in other graphemes, reversed the graphs to <wh>.
English scribes' incorporation into their spelling system of the grapheme <ch>, and the 'consequential' changes which resulted in the creation of <sh> and <wh>, were made possible by their knowledge of Anglo-Norman conventions.
ΰʸΤʤƱؤλȤ꤬뤬ȤȽפʵҤߤĤäΤǡѼԤˤб뤫ǰʲ˻βʸǺܤ롥
a I.e. <h> as a fricative marker, allowing for the fact that <sh> is historically a simplification of <sch>. (fn. 2 to p. 46)
b Latin <th> had always been recognised as an alternative to thorn by English writers; even before the Norman Conquest, foreign names were spelt with either: Elizabeth or Elizabeþ, Thomas or þomas. (fn. 2 to p. 2)
c <ȝ> was also used in Middle English for the two allophones of /j/ which occurred after a vowel: [ç] and [x]. These two sounds gave scribes considerable difficulty in Middle English; among the many graphemes representing them are the Anglo-Norman <s>, the Old English <h>, the new grapheme <ȝ>, and the last two combined as <ȝh>. In the fifteenth century, when the distinction between <ȝ> and <g> became blurred, this combination was written <gh>, and this is the sequence which has survived in a great many words in which [ç] and [x] were once heard, or still are in northern dialects, e.g. high, ought, night, bough. (fn. 2 to p. 23)
ʾꡤ˴Ϣפվȡ̤ꡥ
(1) <th> ϸűѸˤѤ뤳Ȥä
(2) 2Ż <ch> <th> ϤȤϥƥˡͳ褹
(3) <h> ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡŵΥƥ h ̵<h> 줿
(4) 2ʸܤ <h> Ĵ¸2ŻΥѥΥޥֻΤäƤѸ̻μˤꡤ¾ؤ礷
(5) 2ʸܤ <h> 2Żϡh ŪʤΤǡ
<gh> ޤ2Żεȯã˸Ƥ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
2Ż (digraph) <gh> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ gh γƵˤƤ2Ż <gh> ˤĤƤϡ줬ɽ魯ȤȤˡѸ˾Ǥ⤤롥ΤʤǤܤ1Ĥ˵꤬롥űѸǤϡѸʹߤŵŪ <gh> Ѥ¿Υǡ<h> 1ʸȤƤѸˤʤȡδĶˤ <h> λѤϽ˿षƤä <gh> <ȝ> (= yogh) ƬƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥<gh> Ϥäɤ褿Τ
Upward and Davidson (182) ˤȡ2Ÿ <gh> ϥΥޥ̻ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤȤ
. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [ç] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.
Υޥֻˤ <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤ2ʸܤ <h> 2ŻλѤǧ롥餹٤ƤѸǸƤۤ¿ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ2Ż <gh> ⤳֤ä (cfAnglo-Norman Dictionary) Υޥ줿̻䡤αƶѸμ̻Ѹݤˤ <gh> ȤȤˤʤ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
(linguistics) Ȥ㡼ȤϤʤݥåפ˹Τ˹Ƥ YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸114˸줿ǿǤϡ1β˰³<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ 濴˱Ѹֻȯ̯ʴطȤʤäƤޤˤĤƤϡ#5009. ʤСʡɡ硼ֻͥghoti = fishפ϶˴Τ ([2023-01-13-1]) ⻲ȡˡ2ˤ錄䤬ƽƤΤǤβ⤿ؤڤΤǤʿطԤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ghoti, high, women, nation, debt ʤɤֻˤĤơٸη̯ޯæʥȡɤΤȥ֥ե֤졦ɮſߡ֤ͳճ롥ȯ2#194Ǥ
֥ե֤졦ɮſߡפȤե졼ǤѸֻˤΥĥܤΤ3¤ˤ⤷θƤɽȻפޤѸֻϡѸʹߤ˥եˤ֤줿ȤΤϻ¤ǤޤɮȤΤϼ̻ĿͤΰɮȤ櫓ǤϤޤüʻΤδϰɮȸ礬뤳ȤŦƤޤʺϽ (minim) ȤʤäƤޤˡſߤϡѹͥȽŤʤѸ˸ŵä˥ƥˤؤƴݤäȤؤƤޤ
ե줫֤ȡʥƥ˲ſߤϡưۤʤäƤϤޤҲŪˤСҿ (prestige) ؤܶȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤޤϡѸֻˤ̤ƴѻ礭ĬήǤ
2Ρ֤إ饸פǼ夲줿˴ؤơ伫Ȥhellog~Ѹ˥֥סVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥʤɤ̤ơ͡ȯƤƤޤ˥ޤȤѻˤʤꤽǤΤǡnote ߥڡ֤֡إ饸פ ghoti ˤޤĤĥäƤߤޤ碌Ƥ
ʤǿκǸΡ֤á줫衪פϡ#224. women ȯֻ (2) ([2009-12-07-1]) ΤȤǤ12ǯθĿŪʲʤȤⴶۡˤǡȼΤ˺Ƥޤ衤ʾСˡ
Voicy ѡʥƥꥹʡȤơ֤إ饸פ Voicy 뤳ȤҲ𤷤ƤȻפޤǿ֥ե֤졦ɮſߡ֤ͳճ롥#194Ǥ
˾Ƥ YouTube Podcast ο͵֤ͥإ饸110˸줿ǿghoti ȽƥեåɤࡩѸإ硼Ű˶ȯ1#193ǤѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) äΤȤƤ褯ΤƤ꤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ䤬Ѹֻˤ椷ƤȤȤ⤢ꡤΤ³ԤȤʤ뼡ȹ碌ƴƽƤȤˤʤޤʿäˤʤäƤޤˡ
<ghoti> Ȥֻ fish /fɪʃ/ ɤ롤ȤȥǥͥǤϱѸֻפ˴ؿƤɽпȤη George Bernard Shaw (1856--1950) ѸֻΤҤɤäΤȤƾҲ𤵤뤳Ȥ¿ǤShaw <ghoti> <gh> ˴ؤ hellog ȤơʲƤޤ
#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1])
#605. Shavian Alphabet ([2010-12-23-1])
#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])
#2085. <ough> β ([2015-01-11-1])
#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])
#3945. "<h> second" 2Żεȯã ([2020-02-14-1])
ʤ <ghoti> /fɪʃ/ ΩĤΤˤĤƤϡإ饸2ͤΥȡ˾ϤޤΤǡʤȤϽҤ٤ޤ
Shaw ϤȤƵ櫓ǡʤ䤿¦ⲿΰ´Ƥޤ<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ Υ饯ʬ뤱ɤ⡤ʤθղȴޤζδФϤɤΤǤ礦
䤿ϡɸѸˡ (orthography) ΤʤǤäʸˡ (graphotactics) ƤʤȿƤΤȻפޤѸֻν§ʣ¿ˤ錄ޤΤʤǤֻʸ (grapheme) ˴ؤ뵬§ꡤʸˡȸƤǤޤ<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ ΤʤǤȤ櫓Ҳбֻ <gh> <ti> ˤĤơʸˡε§ˤƤ롤ĤޤԵ§ȤФƤΤǤ
<gh> /f/ δطϳΤ cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough ʤŪ٤ι⤤ˤߤ졤ü櫓ǤϤޤδطΩĤΤϴŪˤϸʷˤˤƤǤꡤΤȤʸˡε§Ȥ߹ޤƤȹͤޤĤޤꡤñˤ <gh> /f/ δطƬʷƬˤǸ㤬ʤˡghoti ʸˡε§˰ȿƤȴΤǤ礦
Ʊͤ <ti> /ʃ/ δط⡤켫ΤϷ褷ޤ-tion -tious ñ¿ꡤ䤿⸫Ƥޤ (ex. nation, station, ambitious, cautious) /ʃ/ б <ti> ϴŪˤΩƸ櫓ǤϤʤ <on> <ous> ȼäƸΤʸˡε§Ǥ<ghoti> <ti> /ʃ/ ɤޤݤ˴붯ϡε§ȿͳ褷ޤ
ѸʸˡˤĤƤϰʲε⤴
#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1])
#3882. ֻȯΡб§פȤ̤¸ߤˡ§ס ([2019-12-13-1])
إ饸ˤ Voicy ⤢ꡤκǿȤʤäƤޤ
Voicy ǤϤإ饸⡤ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ⡤Ʊָءץ˥ƥ饤ƤͥǤ뤿ᡤޤξɤ¤֤ȤޤʾСˡ
Ѹˡˤ <ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤɡ2ʸ1Ĥβɽ魯2Ż (digraph) ʤ餺¸ߤ롥1ʸ1줤бΤե٥åȤۤȤС2ݏߤ뤳Ȥۤΰæˤۤʤʤ¤ˤϸűѸΤ鸽ߤ˻ޤǡ¿2ŻѤƤ켫Τˤαɸˤ餵Ƥ
ϡ˵2ʸܤ <h> 2Ż夲褦"verb second" θʤ "<h> second" 2ŻǤ롥 "<h> second" 2Żϡ§ȤñҲб롥<ch> /ʧ/, <ph> /f/, <sh> /ʃ/, <th> /θ, ð/, <wh> /w, ʍ/ ʤɤǤ롥<gh> ˤĤƤϡȤ /f/ ʤɤб뤬̵б뤳ȤŪ¿ȤդäƤʡ#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])ˡ
Ѹˤߤ "<h> second" 2ŻѸǻȤϤΤϡ褽ѸѸΤȤǤ롥θűѸѸǤϡ<ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <th> Ҳϳơ <c>, <ȝ>, <f>, <þ, ð> 1ʸ֤Ƥ<sh>, <wh> Ҳϳơ <sc>, <hw> Ȥ̤2Ż֤Τ̤ä
<ch> <th> ˤĤƤϡƥˡǺѤƤȤѸμ̻⸫ƤȤϤ˼ΤǤ롥ޤ<ph> ˤĤƤϥꥷʤ뤤Ϥ˼ѤƤƥˤμѤǤ롥
Ѹϡƥ䥮ꥷ줫Ѥ줿嵭Τ褦2Ż˿ȯǡ˥եǤʿŪ2ŻλѤߤ줿Ȥؤäơ2ʸܤ <h> Ŀ2ŻȯƤ˻ä<gh>, <sh>, <wh> ʤɤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡѸ "<h> second" 2Żϡƥˤä2Żľܡܤ˱ƶΩΤǤ롥ʤ⤽ƥǤ2ʸܤ <h> Ѥ2ŻȯŸΤϡ<h> ʸбꤵ /h/ ȤҲƥޥλ˸ƾüƤȤʬ̤ꡤŪʲǤäϢư <h> ʸ¾ʸ٤¸ߴäΤȻפ롥<h> Ȥʸϡ֤ͷƤȤ館졤ζ̤ƱȤä̤εǽƤ줿ȹͤ롥γŬ (exaptation)
¤ϡѸǤⲻǤȤƤ /h/ ¸ߤɬŪǤϤʤ̣ǤϥƥȻäξäΤ褦˹ͤСѸǤ⡤Ⱦü¸ߤǤ <h> 2ŻιǤȤѤǤĶäƤǤ롥cf. #214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1])#459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])ˡ
ʾ塤Ȥ Minkova (111) ȤȴϢơʲε⻲ȡ
#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])
#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1])
#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1])
#3337. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ (2) ([2018-06-16-1])
#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1])
#1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ɸˤĤơJones English Pronouncing Dictionary (12th ed.) Ѥơ<gh> ޤͭ̾졤졤ʣ90оݤȤĴԤʤäƤ롥ʲˡ (145--46) ƼƤ
1. Spelling ˤĤ
(1) Digraph 'gh' ΰ֤ˤʬ
Ƭˤ 6 (7%) ˤ 19 (21%) ˤ (-t ޤ 65 (72%)
Ƭ 'gh' Ϥ٤ gh [g] Ǥ롥
(2) 첻ˤʬ
- ough(t) ޤ 29 73 -igh(t) ޤ 24 -augh(t) ޤ 10 -eigh(t) ޤ 10 ¾ 17
2. Sound ˤĤ
(1) 'gh' ˤʬ
gh [g] 14 (16%) gh [f] 10 (10%) gh-mute 62 (70%) ¾β 4 (4%)
'gh' [g] ɬפ˺줿ѸǤ롥ѲˤΤȤƤ [f] 줬䤢볰ϤۤȤۻǤȤ롥
(2) gh-mute ʬ
[-ait] Ȥʤ 25 54 [ɔːt] Ȥʤ 19 [-eit] Ȥʤ 10 ¾β 8
βѲΩڤȤȤˡ 'gh' digraph 첻Ȥδط̩ܤǤäȤܤ٤Ǥ
(3) ˤʬ
ñ 68 (76%) 2 19 (21%) 3 3 (3%)
'gh' word ñ frequency ι⤤ܸ줬¿դ¿ϤۤȤɤü͢Ǥ롥
ȤƤϡ<gh> ޤñǤϡthough thought Τ褦ñ줬ǤŵŪǤ롥7ۤɤñǤ뤫2ŻĤ̵б뤫Ǥ롥
<gh> ˴ϢȤơ#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1])#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1])#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1])#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1])#2085. <ough> β ([2015-01-11-1]) ʤɤε⻲ȡ
ͺDigraph 'gh' ȯã˴ؤŪͻסعظ浪ס41967ǯ128--47ǡ
<gh> ֻб벻ˤĤƤϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1])#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1])#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1]) ʤɤˤƤѸˤɤΥꥨΤޤȤƤߤ褦֥륷 (145) ϡΤ褦ʥꥹȤƤ롥
[au] boughplough ʤ [ou] doughthough ʤ [ɔ:] boughtthought ʤ [ɔf] coughtroughѰ۷ [ɔ:f] ⤳Ʊ¸ߤ [ʌf] enoughtough ʤ [ɔk] hough [u:] through [ʌp] hiccough [ə] boroughthoroughǸ [ <ough> ] ȤΤʤˤ
<ough> Ȥ³ֻФơñˤä9ʤʤ10ˤȯб뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤƤ30ۤɤʤ褦ʤΤǡβ¿϶ä٤¤Ǥ롥줾βʤаޤƤŪȤʤȼ¤ʣʤΤǤ (1) ѸʳǤ첻ΰ㤤(2) <gh> ɽ蘆Ƥ̵ [x] ֤첻ѷʤäꤷȡ(3) [x] ü꿰 [f] ִ줿ȡ(4) ˤ֤ʤ(5) ̵֤ˤ첻μ岽νװۤʤʳ˰ۤʤˤƺѤȽҤ٤ˤȤɤƤnight ˤ <gh> Τ褦̵Ÿ [ç] ؤˤϤθβѲľŪľʤΤ̵ [x] ͿȻ֤ʣΤΤ褦ܺ٤ϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ǿ줿֥륷 (145--47) ˴ʷʵҤΤǤ⻲Ȥ줿
ΤȤ30ۤɤȽҤ٤äȥǡ١ǽ夲Ƥߤȸͭ̾졦ʣưʲ34줬ä
although, blough, borough, bough, bought, brough, brought, chough, clough, cough, dough, drought, enough, fought, furlough, hiccough, hough, lough, 'nough, nought, ought, plough, rough, slough, sough, sought, thorough, though, thought, through, tough, tought, trough, wrought
른塦֥륷ˡ 忡 СⲬ ͥˡرѸˡˤȸ١ݽǡ1999ǯ
ѸˤǤϡդɸಽδäϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƤΥɥۤ줿ȹͤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#306. Samuels ѸȯãȤɸ4ס ([2010-02-27-1])#929. ѸɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1])#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])#1245. ʣŪβȤƤνȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
λθ塤ѸˤưѤƳȯŸȤ⡤ֻɸಽή˴ŪʱƶڤܤȹͤƤ롥#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǶϤΰոФưФƤ뤬ʤȤѸ˾ΥߥȤƤϡѤоλֻɸಽˤ䤫˿ʤǤȤϤ褽ŤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤλˡäդǤѲ¿äƤ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; [2009-11-18-1]) ɮƬˡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1]) ǵ褦ʼλҲξüʹԤƤäդѲƤˤ⤫餺դɸಽƤȤȤϡ˾ȸ虜ʤǡḽѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) Ƥޤä
Τ褦ήؤơѸֻɸಽϡ˾塤ʥߥƤޤäȤ롥Ѳդ®ȤֺϡʬŪˤϡȤֺбƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤΰ̣ǤϤˤƤ뤳ȤϡˤǤȤȤǤ⤢Τ⤷ʤΤСѸˤˤֻɸಽϡδä14--15ۤ줿Ȥ¤ǤʤȤ°ɥϤۤ줿Ȥ¤ˤطƤ롥Horobin (84--85) ŦƤ褦ˡƱ椷ƤäݼŪäΥɥֻɸಽδפ˿줿Ȥΰ̣礭
㤨СǤϡ<gh> ʤɤֻɽ蘆Ƥ /ç, x/ ϤǤ̵ȤʤäƤꡤ"knight" <nit>, "doughter" <datter> ʤɤ֤ƤǤϤλҲϤޤƤ餺ä <gh> ֻ¸졤ḽɸŪֻ <knight>, <doughter> Τʤ˸경뤳Ȥˤʤä /ç, x/ ξüȤѲϸؤڤΤǡɡɸŪֻ <nit> Ȥʤ뤫 <knight> Ȥʤ뤫κϡֺǤȤȤǤȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ɸಽ <wh> ֻˤĤƤƱȤ롥ĤǤǤ /h/ ƤݼŪʥɥȯˤƤ /h/ ݤƤˡɸŪֻΤʤˤ <h> ȤƸ경뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäŪɾСȯˤĤƤϿŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤꡤֻˤĤƤݼŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤäȤϢơѸθѲΡ̤ءפȾŤˤĤơ#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ӡ#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1]) Ȥ줿
ʤ /x/ ˴ؤơǤ /f/ ؤȯŸdough ʴˤб duff ʥաʴθǤץǥˤؼѤ줿㤬ʡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ⻲ȡˡΤ褦ȯֻȤδط̩Ǥ㤬ä¿äʤСḽɸŪֻäľʤΤˤʤäȤϤꡤѸֻɸಽˤϡ֤Ǥʤ֤⺮äƤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ֻ <gh> Фȯ¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥϡ#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1]) #210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1]) Ǽˤ /f/ бϾʤʤ[2012-06-29-1]ε#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database SearchפθȤƵchough, clough, cough, enough, laugh, rough, shough, slough, sough, tough, trough ʤɤҥåȤʤΤΤĤϰۤʤȯΤ⤢ˡHough Brough ʤɤθͭ̾ˤ /f/ 롥ΰǡborough, bough, dough, plough, though, through ʤɡ̵ΤΤ⾯ʤʤޤ/t/ ³ĶǤ̵¿ (ex. aught, bought, daughter, naught, ought, slaughter, sought, thought, tought)
¿ͲˤΤ뤿ˡ<gh> βˤĴ٤Ƥߤ (443--44) ˤС/x/ > /f/ ѲϡĶˤäưۤʤ뤬14ѻ롥 /rx/ 뤤 /lx/ ȤҲϢ³Ȥʤˤϡ14 /rf/, /lf/ ؤȤ줾ѲűѸ dweorh ϡѸ dwerh Ф dwerf "dwarf" ϤθˤĤƤϡ̤Ȥɽ줿ȯ˹碌 <f> ֤äΤǡ <gh> ľܤˤϴطʤ
ˡ餯15˻Ϥޤäꤵ뤬/uː/ /aʊ/ ԤĶ /x/ /f/ ؤѲ첻ȤƱˤ /x/ /xw/ ؤȿ /f/ ؤѲȹͤ롥줬 enough laugh ΥǤ롥ͳǤ뤬δԤѲʤäbough, through Ǥ롥
/t/ ³ sought, daughter ʤɤˤĤƤϡ/x/ ϰ /f/ ؤѲ17ˤ /f/ Τ¿ä˺줿Ω餯ˤꡤ/f/ ݤ줿 laughter draught ⤢ꡤñǤϤʤ
plough ˤĤư<plough> ϡűѸ plōh ͳ褹뤬ѸǤʣ plōwes ˴Ť <plow> ¤Ωä17ʹߡꥹѸǤ <plough> 졤ꥫѸǤ <plow> 졤ߤʬۤ˻äƤ롥<enough> ȸŷ <enow> Ʊ͡Ǥ롥<gh> ˤޤĤ뤽¾ξܺ٤ϡUpward and Davidson (182--84) ȡ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ѸֻȯЪΥϡѸ˾μפǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ֤ȤʤäƤʴϢȢspelling_pronunciation_gapˡ
ϤЪΥˤҲ𤹤롥Gelderen (14) ǺܤƤΤǡ"unknown source" ȤƤ롥couplet ǵӱƧǤ뤬ۤܤ٤ƤȤֻۤʤäƤΤߥֻȯЪΥռ˼äȤͷӤȤƼ¤ˤ褯ǤƤ롥
I take it you already know
Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Some may stumble but not you,
On hiccough, thorough, slough, and through?
So now you are ready perhaps
to learn of less familiar traps?
Beware of heard, a dreadful word
that looks like beard and sounds like bird,
and dead is said like bed, not bead or deed.
Watch out for meat, great, and threat that
rhyme with suite, straight, and debt.
ĹʥС褦ǡWeb õưʥץդäYouTube⤢ˡȯĤΥץȤȤϡPDFɤ
äȾ <ough> ȯ¿ŪǤ롥through ֻˤĤƤϡ[2009-06-20-1]¾ȡ
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006. 163.
Ѹ֤ȯЪΥӤȤϤĤȤΤƤ뤬̤˸ƶ˰ݤŤ㤬 "ghoti" Ǥ롥Ρ֤Ĥפϡ
<gh> reads /f/ as in "tou gh "
<o> reads /ɪ/ as in "w o men"
<ti> reads /ʃ/ as in "na ti on"
ϡɽпȤκȡɾȡ֤ԤǤ George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) ΤȤƹΤƤƽǰѤ뤬Shaw äΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥Shaw Holroyd ˤȡǮ֤Ԥ "ghoti" 夲ȤˡݼŪʿ͡Ф줿ΤǡShaw βԤʸȤȤ餷
But when an enthusiastic convert suggested that 'ghoti' would be a reasonable way to spell 'fish' under the old system ( gh as in 'tough', o as in 'women' and ti as in 'nation'), the subject seemed about to be engulfed in the ridicule from which Shaw was determined to save it. (Holroyd, Michael. 1918-1950: The Lure of Fantasy . Vol. 3 of Bernard Shaw . London: Chatto & Windus, 1991. 501.)
줬¤ȤȡShaw "ghoti" ȯƼԤǤϤʤޤǤʸͤˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ⡤Ѹ֤κ֤Τ餷ӤϡϤ Shaw ˵Ƥ褤
֤ȯϰаδطĤޤ֤ȯפŪǤ롥֤Ǹ줬ѲΤǤ뤳ȤȤȡŪʾ֤ϼΤ褦ʿޤɽ롥֤ "written mode" ȯ "spoken mode" ȤƤ롥
spoken mode
written mode
time
spoken mode ¨
written mode
time
What did he want to do? Simply to get rid of the past, to give a part of mankind a fresh start by isolating it from its own history and from the ancestral bad habits of the other nations . . . (qtd in Holroyd 504)
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