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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-12-12 Thu

#5708. 2Ż <gh> ε --- <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ȹͤ碌 [grapheme][graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

ε#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε ([2024-12-11-1]) ³<gh> ˤƽиˤĤơѸֻˤθŵ路 Scragg (46--47) ˡΤ꤬롥

   The use of <h> as a diacritic in <ch> and <sh>, indicating that <c> and <s> have a pronunciation different from that normally expected of those consonantsa, was not new to English when <ch> was introduced from French, for <th> had earlier been used alongside <þ> (cf. footnotes to pp. 2b and 17). Both <ch> in French and <th> in English derive from Latin orthography, use of <h> as a diacritic in Latin being made possible by the disappearance of the sounds represented by <h> from the language in the late classical period. As a result of the establishment in English of diacritic <h> in <ch> and <th>, other consonant groups were formed on the same pattern. The grapheme <gh> has already been discussed (p. 23c). <wh> has a rather different history, for it began in Old English as an initial consonantal combination <hw> corresponding to /xw/. Assimilation of the group to a single voiceless consonant /ʍ/ had taken place by the late Old English period, and Middle English scribes, associating the sequence <hw> for the single phoneme with the use of <h> as a fricative marker in other graphemes, reversed the graphs to <wh>.
   English scribes' incorporation into their spelling system of the grapheme <ch>, and the 'consequential' changes which resulted in the creation of <sh> and <wh>, were made possible by their knowledge of Anglo-Norman conventions.


ΰʸΤʤƱؤλȤ꤬뤬򻲾ȤȽפʵҤߤĤäΤǡѼԤˤб뤫ǰʲ˻βʸǺܤ롥

a I.e. <h> as a fricative marker, allowing for the fact that <sh> is historically a simplification of <sch>. (fn. 2 to p. 46)


b Latin <th> had always been recognised as an alternative to thorn by English writers; even before the Norman Conquest, foreign names were spelt with either: Elizabeth or Elizabeþ, Thomas or þomas. (fn. 2 to p. 2)


c <ȝ> was also used in Middle English for the two allophones of /j/ which occurred after a vowel: [ç] and [x]. These two sounds gave scribes considerable difficulty in Middle English; among the many graphemes representing them are the Anglo-Norman <s>, the Old English <h>, the new grapheme <ȝ>, and the last two combined as <ȝh>. In the fifteenth century, when the distinction between <ȝ> and <g> became blurred, this combination was written <gh>, and this is the sequence which has survived in a great many words in which [ç] and [x] were once heard, or still are in northern dialects, e.g. high, ought, night, bough. (fn. 2 to p. 23)


ʾꡤ˴Ϣפվ񤭤ȡ̤ꡥ

(1) <th> ϸűѸˤѤ뤳Ȥä
(2) 2Ż <ch> <th> ϤȤϥƥˡͳ褹
(3) <h> ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡŵΥƥ h ̵<h> 줿
(4) 2ʸܤ <h> Ĵ¸2ŻΥѥ󤬡󥰥ΥޥֻΤäƤѸ̻μˤꡤ¾ؤ礷
(5) 2ʸܤ <h> 2Żϡh Ū໤ʤΤǡ໤򼨤

<gh> ޤ2Żεȯã˸Ƥ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2024-12-11 Wed

#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][anglo-norman][scribe][yogh][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

2Ż (digraph) <gh> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ gh γƵˤƤ2Ż <gh> ˤĤƤϡ줬ɽ魯ȤȤˡѸ˾Ǥ⤤롥ΤʤǤܤ1Ĥ˵꤬롥űѸǤϡѸʹߤŵŪ <gh> Ѥ¿Υǡ<h> 1ʸȤƤѸˤʤȡδĶˤ <h> λѤϽ˿षƤä <gh> <ȝ> (= yogh) ƬƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥<gh> Ϥäɤ褿Τ
Upward and Davidson (182) ˤȡ2Ÿ <gh> ϥ󥰥Υޥ̻ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤȤ

. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [ç] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.


󥰥Υޥֻˤ <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤ2ʸܤ <h> 2ŻλѤǧ롥餹٤ƤѸǸƤۤ¿ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ2Ż <gh> ⤳֤ä (cfAnglo-Norman Dictionary) 󥰥Υޥ񤭴줿̻䡤αƶѸμ̻Ѹ񤯺ݤˤ <gh> ȤȤˤʤ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-12-1]

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2024-12-11 Wed

#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][anglo-norman][scribe][yogh][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

2Ż (digraph) <gh> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ gh γƵˤƤ2Ż <gh> ˤĤƤϡ줬ɽ魯ȤȤˡѸ˾Ǥ⤤롥ΤʤǤܤ1Ĥ˵꤬롥űѸǤϡѸʹߤŵŪ <gh> Ѥ¿Υǡ<h> 1ʸȤƤѸˤʤȡδĶˤ <h> λѤϽ˿षƤä <gh> <ȝ> (= yogh) ƬƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥<gh> Ϥäɤ褿Τ
Upward and Davidson (182) ˤȡ2Ÿ <gh> ϥ󥰥Υޥ̻ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤȤ

. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [ç] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.


󥰥Υޥֻˤ <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤ2ʸܤ <h> 2ŻλѤǧ롥餹٤ƤѸǸƤۤ¿ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ2Ż <gh> ⤳֤ä (cfAnglo-Norman Dictionary) 󥰥Υޥ񤭴줿̻䡤αƶѸμ̻Ѹ񤯺ݤˤ <gh> ȤȤˤʤ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-12-1]

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2016-02-28 Sun

#2498. yogh ʸ [grammatology][grapheme][alphabet][consonant][g][yogh][terminology][paleography]

Ѹ yogh /joʊk, jɔux/ ȸƤФ <ȝ> ʸѤƤȤˤĤƤϡ#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1]) Ǽ夲Ѹ <g> ʸμդ˴ؤŪˤʣ yogh ʸŪʤäƹͤƤߤ
ޤפʤȤϡ<ȝ> ϴŪˤѸˤѤ줿ʸ (grapheme) ФƾΤǤȤȤűѸǤ⡤ȤƤϤѤʤʸѤƤΤؤ yogh ȾΤ뤳ȤϤʤűѸΤϡޤ <g> Τˤ flat-headed gˤȸƤ֤٤Ǥ롥
λ⤦褦Ѹ <g> űѸʸϡhalf-uncial Τ饢ɽΤͳä <<Ӡ>> λ (flat-headed g) äƤꡤб벻Ǥ [g, j, ɣ] ǤäΥޥФѸȡAnglo-French ֻαƶΤȤǡ<g> /ʤ/ βˤб褦ˤʤꡤʸ <g> εǽ٤ϹޤäѸˤĤʤ round-headed g ϡΤͳ褷󥬽ΤΥޥ͢뤳ȤˤꡤѸν񵭤ˤƤ夷Ƥǡ<g> εǽ¿äȤưŤ⤢äΤۤʤΤ°뿷 round-headed g (<<g>>) ȸŻ flat-headed g (<<Ӡ>>) ǽʬ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥Ԥϥե󥹸ˤʤä [g, ʤ] βбԤϸűѸͳ໤ [j, x, ɣ] ɽ魯褦ˤʤäȤǡԤҤΤ褦˸ flat-headed ǤäƬݤؿʲѸޤǤˤϡ3פ˻ <<ȝ>> ˤʤäƤȤƤϸűѸ̤롤ƬδݤޤäѸʸؤ yogh ȸƤ֤ΤǤ롥Τ褦ˤơ<g> <ȝ> ȤϡѸδ֡ΰۤʤ2ĤʸǤȤơ줾̳̤
䤬 <ȝ> ϡ줬ɽ路Ƥ [j], [x], [ɣ] ơ <y>, <gh>, <w> ֤褦ˤʤ˵ڤӡषƤäѸʸ <g> μդޤȤСűѸ1äΤѸ2ʬθƤ1äơ˻ȤȤǤ롥
ʾ塤 (128--30) 򻲾ȤƼɮ˴Ϣơ#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1])#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡ

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-23-1] [2020-01-27-1]

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2014-07-24 Thu

#1914. <g> ֤ [grammatology][grapheme][alphabet][consonant][g][yogh][z]

Ѹˤˤ <g> Ȥ֤ʸδطϡȤ櫓ѸˤơʣǤ롥űѸꡤ<g> Ȥʸ (grapheme) ˤϡʸ (allograph) ȤơʿƬ <<Ӡ>> Ȥ (insular <g>) ȴݤĤƬ <<g>> Ȥ (Carolingian <g>) äűѸǤϡԤ̤ǤꡤԤϼȤƥƥ̤Τ˻Ȥ줿ˤʤ <g> ϡ첻ʻˤǤĺ /g/첻ʻˤǤϹŸ໤ /j/ б<god> (God), <gear> (year) ǡǤ롥̻ˤ2ĤβκѤ/j/ <i> ƤꡤŻ <ge> ѤԤ⤤yoke <ioc>, <geoc> ʤɤ֤ä㤬롥
Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȤѸȡ<<g>> (Carolingian <g>) ̲§ȤƤβ /g/ ä#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1]) Ǹ褦 /ʤ/ ˤб뤳Ȥä<<Ӡ>> (insular <g>) ϡ̤Ÿ໤ /j/ ɽ路³ƻĤä໤ /x/ ɽ魯褦ˤʤä顤ξ˴ޤ yogh θƤ̾Ȥʤäyogh λ <<Ӡ>> (insular <g>) 顤 <3> ե󥹸켰 <z> ˶ᤤǤ <<ȝ>> ؤȯŸѸ̤ƹԤ줿15˳ơβ <y> <gh> ʸˤ֤줿<ȝet> (yet), <ȝou> (you), <niȝt> (night), <liȝt> (light) 򻲾ȡ
<<ȝ>> ϡ15Ⱦ˰ѤƳ줿ȤˡScotland ǤäȤҤͤä줿˽Ҥ٤褦ˡλϥե󥹸켰 <z> λƤᡤåȥɤΰȤϸʤ <<ȝ>> <<z>> ȺƱƤޤäǡ<<ȝ>> ֤٤Ȥ˸ä <<z>> ֤㤬褦ˤʤ롥<zeir> (year), <ze> (ye), <capercailzie> (capercailye) ǡǤ롥ͭ̾ˤ⤽κƱκפĤƤꡤ#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1]) ǸȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡinsular <g> yogh ϡűѸ衤˻ޤǡ¾ʣʸʣ˴ؤ礤˺ʤʸȤơѸʸˤΰäΤǤ롥ʾ塤Horobin (86, 91) 򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2010-07-18 Sun

#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> [alphabet][g][yogh][spelling_pronunciation][personal_name][z]

ε[2010-07-17-1]DZƤʸ <z> ꤢåȥɷϤο̾ˤĤƱѸ˾ <z> ˤޤĤ붽̣ä ( Scragg, p. 23 ) ɸλĤο̾Ϥ <z> ޤǤꡤȯϤ줾 /ˈdælziəl/, /məˈkɛnzi/, /ˈmɛnziz/ /z/ ȼäȯΤ/z/ ȼʤṲ̄ȯ⤢ΤǤ롥ԤϤ줾 /diˈɛl/, /məˈkɛni/ ʸߤǤϤۤѡ, /ˈmɪŋɪs/ ȯ롥
礦ɾ󤬡֤פʤΤ֤פʤΤȽ̤Ĥʤ褦ˡMenzies ֻǤ /ˈmɛnziz/ ʤΤ /ˈmɪŋɪs/ ʤΤʬʤȤʼºݤ˥åȥɤǤϳعƱ饹ˡĤΰۤʤȯ Menzies 󤬤뤳ȤȤˡ
ʤΤ褦ʾˤʤäƤ뤫򤹤뤿ˤϡѸֻΤɬפ롥űѸ衤"yogh" /joʊk, joʊx/ ȸƤФʸ <ʒ> Ÿ໤໤ɽΤѤƤŪˤ [j], [x] ʤɤβб˲˱ <y> <gh> ִ뤳ȤȤʤä¿ӤʸǤ롥ѸǤδؤä <ʒ> ѸΰѤȯŸȼäƿष¾ʸִ뤳ȤȤʤää˥åȥɤǤϡȯб뤫ȤͳǤϤʤΤƤ뤫Ȥͳǡ<z> ФִȤʤä<z> ξʸɮΤפ⤫٤СΤ餫̾ʤɤ <ʒ> <z> ν񤭴ä̡ߤ <Dalziel>, <MacKenzie>, <Menzies> Ȥֻޤ줿
դˤФȤȤ <Dalʒel>, <MacKenʒie>, <Menʒes> ʤɤ֤ƤȤȤǤꡤ <ʒ> ɽϤ줾ͭŸ໤ [j] ͭ໤ [ɣ] ˶ᤤäȹͤ롥ȯΤޤ޸ߤޤǤȯŸƤΤ嵭ŪȽҤ٤ȯǤꡤ<z> ȼŪȯֻ <z> ڤؤäƤֻȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ȤȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡBBC ε Why is Menzies pronounced Mingis? ˤ⤷
ΤƤ뤬椨˺ѤκѤ̾ĤߤˤޤǻĤäƤƱͤȤƤϡ[2009-05-11-2]εǼꤢ "thorn" <y> 롥

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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