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#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1]) ơˤĤƤ⤦ͤƤߤƼθˡŵƤߤȡquite ȤϤȤˤȤȤʬ롥ƻΰ̣Ūʤɤ˱ơ֤ޤäˡפȤդɽ魯ȻפС֤ޤޤȡפȤष٤¤餲褦Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Τ褦¿ĸŪʶḤ̂ŪʬϤǤԿʤȤ¿䤽¾διͻɬפȤʤäƤ롥
(893) ϡquite a/an ιܤκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʤ quite a few/bit quite a lot ȤۤƱդնŪƹɽǤ롥Quite a few people turned up.---CEED ¿ο͡줿ˡ
ǤϡնŪפȤѸ줬ȤƤ롥Τ quite ˤϡ嵭̤ɽ¤餲Ȥǽǧ롥ŪˤСquite ̤Τ褦٤ĸȶȡŪˤ "downtoner" 䡤Ĥޤ٤ȤƸ̤ˤä٤졤Ʊ˶ȤƤΥĤ¤餲롥ޤնɽ (euphemism) ȤäƤ褤
Ȥquite a few ξ硤ͽ۳ȯŸ뤲褦Ȥȿ̤٤㤤Ȥ̣ a few ˾ʤ褦 quite դ¤餲ɽȤˡ̤ˤäƤޤޤȿž褦ʤΤǤ롥ϡŪʸ̮ˤ particularized conversational implicature ȤƤޤ߽ФŪʰ̣ˤʤäȻפ뤬줬֤Ѳ˵ڤǡgeneralized conversational implicature ؤȾʤΤǤϤʤ
⤷ζڽʤС̣ˤ֤äפλȤʤ롥
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ûƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿˤˤ -er, -est դĹƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿˤˤϡθ more, most դ줬Ѹεʸˡ뵬§ǤϱѸˤˤŪ§Ȥ٤ǤꡤŤŬѤƤ§ǤϤޤĹˤäƤӵ顦Ǿˡ뤫Ȥ§ϡˤʤΤǤǤϡβİ
⤽Ѹӵ顦Ǿˤ -er, -est դȤˡޤǤmore, most ֤ˡϡ餯եƥȤˡȤѸ˼졤ѸˤƳΩˡʤΤǤ
פ˱ѸΩ줫ߤȡޤ -er, -est ѤƷŪ˽ƤΤˤǥեƥ줫αƶˤꡤmore/most ѤŪɽ褦ˤʤäȤפǤ
ε˴ϢġȤƤϡ##3617,3032,456,2346,403,2347,3349,3619,3618,3615,3703εå
quite ȤϡˡʸǤ롥ŪˤϷƻɽ魯٤ĴȤȤ館Ƥ褤͡ʰ̣αƤޤ롥ΤʤǤⲿȤե졼ɸ quite a few Ǥ롥quite ٤ζĴȤȤǤС֤ȤƤ⾯ʤפΰդȤʤꤽºݤˤϸˤơ֤ʤΡΡפͽ۳ΰդȤʤ롥quite a lot (of) ͽ̤֤ȤƤ¿ʤΡˡפ̣뤳Ȥͤȡɤˤ˺롥
OED Ƥߤ褦quite a few ϡfew, adj., pron., and n. θФΤȤ Phrases 1ĤȤΩƤƤ롥
d. Originally U.S. quite a few.
(a) Used adjectivally: a considerable number of.
1833 Nolan County (Sweetwater, Texas) News 26 Jan. Quite a few White Flat people attended the singing at Trent.
1939 L. Hughes Let. 9 Dec. in Remember me to Harlem (2001) 159 That phase of Harlem's rise to culture and neo-culture seems to be of historical importance and interest to quite a few people.
2014 Providence (Rhode Island) Jrnl. (Nexis) 22 July (News section) 1 I went fishing yesterday afternoon and caught quite a few spotted trout.
(Hide quotations)
(b) Used as noun: a considerable number; also with of-phrase as complement.
1844 Christian Advocate Apr. 139/5 We were glad to find 'honorable brethren', quite a few 'tis true, prepared to go with us.
1883 P. Robinson in Harper's Mag. Oct. 706/1 There's quite a few about among the rocks.
1933 L. Bloomfield Language xi. 172 Quite a few of the present-day Indo-European languages agree with English in using an actor-action form as a favorite sentence-type.
2006 S. M. Stirling Sky People ix. 204 Cries of welcome greeted them; quite a few had observed the shot from a distance, and fresh meat was always welcome.
ˤȡ19Ⱦ˥ꥫѸޤ줿ŪɽǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ʤͽ۳ΰ̣ˤĤƤϡä˲Ϥʤ
ͤΤϡquite θŪˡȤд¤ͳ褹ǽǤ롥ܸΡ֤äȡʤˡפˤȤʸ̤ˤϡ־̡פ̣뤬֤äȥޥˤʤäƤʤפȤ֤ϤäͤĥޤפȤˤϡ־̡פǤϺѤޤʤʴޤߤ롥¼Ūˡ¿̡פ̣Τˡɽ̾ϡ־̡פɽѤ
quite a bit, quite a little ʤɤɽ⡤ȿžơ¿פɽ魯Ȥǡquite a few Ʊ롼פquite a little ˤĤƤϡOED Ǥ little, adj., pron., and n., and adv. ΤȤ "10. Used as an (ironic) intensifier in various constructions, as quite a little ---, quite the little ---, a nice little ---, etc." ȸڤꡤФ1763ǯȤʤäƤ롥ȤɽǤ롥
ε#4331. ѸˤΤβء ([2020-11-26-1]) ǡ (phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) ξʬŪʸҲ𤷤Ʊ첻ʬʤξԤ˰ۤʤΤȤˤĤơƹͤФˤĤƤϡ奢ʤ#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1]) εǾҲ𤷤ξԤζ̤ˤĤơäŪΩ줫ʸϤѤ粬ۤԡˤŪʸƬ (5) θǤ롥
(phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) Ϥɤⲻ椹Ǥ뤬θˡϼŪ˰ۤʤäƤ롥ʤؤϡΤʴѻȤεҤӲ䵡βͤ餤ȤƤΤФϡηϤ벻ΰ֤ŤӤ䵡ǽ뤳Ȥͤ餤ȤƤ롥
ؤȲγƸϼ֤ι¤ȥˤȤ뤳ȤǤ褦Ĥޤꡤɤʤ˥ä褯Ƥ֤ι¤˷٤Фμ֤ϰȤϤʤ֤ι¤ˤΤؤǡˤȤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ؤϲ¼ (phonetic substance) ȡΤʲҤϤξηϤŤʤФʤʤξԤޤ߹礦ȤǡȤƤοŸߤȹͤ롥ΤȤϲʳذ̤ˤĤƤ⤤뤳ȤǤ뤬ѻ (observation)--- (description)--- (comparison)--- (explanation) γ̤ӤطԲķǤ
طʤȤʤȤɬפȤʤΤϡоݤȤ֤٤ƴѻǤȤϤʤǤ롥κݤǥꤷ˽äƹͻʤᡤǽŪ˵Ҿ夹Ƥ뤫ݤȽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ؤϡоݤȤ벻¼ꡤɬɬפǤϤʤˤĤƤ硤̣Ȥδطǥǥɬȹͤ롥
ǤäѤȤۤ⽽ʬˤꤽ줯餤첻˴ؤ븦ǾҲ𤹤ΤϺǤ롥ءʻˡˤؤ٤гؤ֤ۤɡϸܼ˺ǤᤤȤȤⴶ롥첻ȤΤ¦μΤ˰Ĥƹͤ뤫ʹ¦ǧ˰Ĥƹͤ뤫ȤϡɤΤȤȤΤϲʤΤȤ˹Ԥ夫ʤΤ
粬 ֡ ԡˡزء١ҡ1999ǯ
Ȼפʤ顤ʤʤ줺ˤֱѸˤΤβءפϤޤĿŪʱѸ˴Ѥ˴ŤǤѸˤ뤿ˤϲءѲ˴ؤŪμ礫ޤѸˤΤ⤷ǽˤϡ첻ФȤɬפǤѸˤ̥ϤȾʬϲˤȸäƤޤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
ʤʤΤϲءȤΤϡ٤ŪʬȤȤǤѸؤγŵŪˤʸȩοʹ֤ȻפޤءȤʬˤŪǤ¿ʬ˴ޤޤƤޤռΤ̵̤Ȥ⤷ޤʤΤǡषѸˤ˴ؿäϡδؿ١ȤơɬפȤβءμؤ֤ȤϤΤ褤Ȼפޤ˲ؤؤӡ˲ؿʤΤˡǤ
ޤϡѸˤؤδؿȤ½νޤءνʲ˼ޤѸܸβӤȤؤܤˤȤ褤ȻפޤʤʤΤܸ첻ؤܤ⺮äƤޤˡǤиǤ դޤܤˤäƤϡɬǿǤǤϤʤ⤷ޤޤνҰȤȤǤ餺
ܸ첻١դ1977ǯ
ĤرѸβʳؤ١罤ۡ2007ǯ
סزء١ǡ1989ǯ
ס± رѸȯȱѻαΧ١ʱѸֺ7ˡĬҡ1991ǯ
ˡⶶ ͺ ͵롦± ز١αʸˡ3ҡ1985ǯ
ݡز١ؽӡ2003ǯ
ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ
ҡԡˡز١īоȸإ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ
رѸ첻ء١ҡ1996ǯ
ƣ ҡرѸ첻١罤ۡ2008ǯ
ԡˡزء١īоȸإ 2īҽŹ2012ǯ
ԡˡ˸ء١īоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ
塡ز١αѸإ3ҡ1994ǯ
رѸ첻ء١Ӥ˼1976ǯ
ҥرѸ첻١Ѹ졦ʸ祷ҡ1986
Abercrombie, David. Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1967.
Carr, Philip and Jean-Pierre Montreuil. Phonology. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
Davenport, Mike and S. J. Hannahs. Introducing English Phonetics and Phonology. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
Hayes, Bruce. Introducing Phonology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
International Phonetic Association. Handobook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the Internatonal Phoneti Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.
Jones, Daniel. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 18th ed. Ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011.
Ladefoged, P. A Course in Phonetics. 3rd ed Orlando: Harcourt Brace, 1993.
Laver, John Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.
Roach, Peter. English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ɸο²̾ (relationship_noun) ϡѸؤӻϤƺǽ˳ؤñɽʤǤäŵƽƤޤȡ֤ΤפȤªˤʤꡤȤ餷ޤѸؤӻϤФ̤λϰۤʤޤɸΤ褦ʥɥäȤ䤬ΤǤfather, mother, brother, sister Ȥ²̾δ4ñįȡλҲˤĤƳΤ sister ⤤Ƥޤ͡Ϥɤ櫓Ǥ礦βİ
ǯθűѸ嵭4ñ fæder, mōdor, brōþor, sweostor Ȥ֤Ǥ<þ> <th> űѸʸǤˡĤޤꡤ<th> ΤäƤΤϡ¤ brother äΤǤ5ο²̾ΤǤ daughter (OE dohtor) 碌ƹθȡ2ñ d Ѥ졤̤2ñ t Ѥ졤1ñǤΤ th Ѥ줿ȤȤˤʤޤĤޤꡤ brōþor þ (= th) ⤤ƤȤȤǽʤΤǤϡͤߤȶä٤¤Ǥ͡
ǵȤʤΤϡʤűѸ d äƤ fæder mōdor ޤǤλҲ th ѲȤȤǤѸʹߤβѲʤΤǤ첻˶ޤ줿 d ϤĤñ (fricativisation) ФޤȤ furder > further, gader > gather, hider > hither, togeder > together, weder > weather, wheder > whether, whider > whither Ƥޤ礦
ޤȤޤѸδߤȳΤ sister ⤤Ƥ褦ˤߤޤ²̾Τη֤ˤҤȤƤȡ¤ brother ⤤ƤȷŤ뤳ȤǤΤǤѸˤǤϤФнФ魯ֵžȯۡפιǤ
β٤ȤŪˤʤޤѲξܺ٤˴ؿΤϡ##698,699,480,481,703εåε⤪ɤߤ
ػ˾塤 (analogy) ˤĤƤ¿Ƥֲˡ§㳰ʤפ𤤾夲19ӸؼԤ analogy Ѳ㳰ȢȤưäǡѸˤޤ̸θ˵ҤˤƤϡanalogy 礤˽Фʤнͻ뤳ȤԲǽʤۤɤˡǰѸȤƤϹƩcf. #555. 2 analogy ([2010-11-03-1])#1154. ѲΥȢȤƤ analogy ([2012-06-24-1])ˡanalogy ͡Ω¸ߤϡ줬ѸǤ⤢ؽѸǤ⤢Ȥ˴ؤäƤ褦˻פ롥ؽѸȤƤ⡤ؤΤߤʤ餺ؤǧβʳؤʤɤdzơͿƤꡤӤƬˤʤäƤ롥
εǰѤƤ Fertig (12) ϡؤˤ analogy ȤʪܳŪ˺ƹͤƳ褦ȤƤ롥ɤߤʤ¿Υԥ졼Ƥ뤬Ȥ櫓פʤΤ Fertig ʤ analogy Ǥ롥줬ܽν (12) Τǡ˰ѤƤ
(3a) analogy1 [general sense] is the cognitive capacity to reason about relationships among elements in one domain based on knowledge or beliefs about another domain. Specifically, this includes the ability to make predictions/guesses about unknown properties of elements in one domain based on knowledge of one or more other elements in that domain and perceived parallels between those elements and sets of known elements in another domain.
(3b) analogy2 [specific sense] is the capacity of speakers to produce meaningful linguistic forms that they may have never before encountered, based on patterns they discern across other forms belonging to the same linguistic system.
(3c) an analogical formation is a form (word, phrase, clause, sentence, etc.) produced by a speaker on the basis of analogy2.
(3d) associative interference is an analogical formation and/or a product of associative interference that deviates from current norms of usage.
(3f) an analogical change is a difference over time in prevailing usage within (a significant portion of) a speech community that corresponds to an analogical innovation or a set of related innovations.
ȤΤϡɤǤʤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤʤޤ̯ʸΤʬʤȤ¿Ϥ analogy ˤĤƤƤϤޤ롥Fertig ο1Ĥϡ analogy Ѥ (3d) ιܤդäȤǤ롥Ūʡ㼰פѤ analogy ˤƤϤޤʤ̤δ analogy Ȥߤʤä뤿ˡ˸Ƥ줿Τ (3d) ä
Fertig Ȥ1Ĥ1ĤγˤƤɬפ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ɸϡѸˤޤ˸ŪԤʤݤ˾˵αƤݥȤǤ롥̾ˡפȤѲˤΤȤؤȤȤ館Ƥꡤ̵Ѳ丽ݻϹͻͤʤܤƤ롥̵Ѳ丽ݻϡѲȤХˤʤȤ
ǯǤϡѲ֤Ǥꡤ̵Ѳ٤Ȥĥʹ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥ȤƤϡξθΥХȤäơѲˤ̵Ѳˤ貿鸶ȲᤷƤΤȹͤƤ롥
ȴϢơFertig (9) ˤûϤΤĥ˼褦
Historical linguistics is commonly defined as 'the study of language change'. Some scholars do focus exclusively on changes and assume that if nothing changes, then there is nothing to account for. A large and growing number of scholars, however, recognize that lack of change can sometimes be just as remarkable and worthy of investigation as change (Milroy 1992; Nichols 2003). An obvious example from morphology is the apparent resistance of analogical change in certain highly irregular paradigms, such as English good--better--best; have--has--had; bring--brought; child--children, etc. . . . This all suggests that we should define historical linguistics as the study of language history rather than of (only) language change.
֤ʤѲʤäפ䤦Ԥ1ͤˤڤƤҲؼ Milroy Ǥ롥 Milroy ƶȤδϢǽƤȤơ#2115. ݻȸѲؤ ([2015-02-10-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2220. ѸǸƬͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1])#2574. ־ѰۤꡤѲäƤס ([2016-05-14-1]) Ƥ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Milroy, James. Linguistic Variation and Change: On the Historical Sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
Nichols, Johanna. "Diversity and Stability in Language." Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Oxford: Blackwell, 283--310.
Ѹˤ no ɮƬ not, none, nothing, no one, nobody, never, neither, nor ʤɡn- ǻϤޤΤ¿¸ߤޤ˼դνϤСno бե non ǤɥĸǤ nein Ǥ϶ǤϤޤνεǤĸˤƤ꤬ *ne ɽ蘆졤줬¹θˤѤ줿ȤȤʤΤǤʤܸΡ֤ʤפ n ǻϤޤΤϡޤäζǤˡǤϡİ
űѸǺǤ̤ϡĸȱĤ ne ȤǤƬΤ褦ˤѤ줿ᡤ¿ n(e)- 줬¸ߤޤȤȤƤߤޤ礦
ne + ought = nought, naught, not
ne + one = none, no
ne + ever = never
ne + either = neither
ne + or = nor
ΤۤƬǤ un- ʥޥϡ, in- ʥƥϡ, non- ʥƥϡ, a- ʥꥷϡˤ⡤Ϥĸ *ne ̤ޤ (ex. unhappy, unable, unimportant; inaccurate, incomplete, infinite; non-smoker, non-stop, non-rhotic; agnostic, asymmetry, amoral)
ˤĤƤϡ#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) ⤴Ȥ
Fertig (7) "Change vs. diachronic correspondence" ꤹߤĤ2Ĥ˸ؤˤƶ̤٤פʳǰǤ롥ζ̤ռƤʤȡפ̸˴٤뤳Ȥ롥
Linguists often use 'change' to refer to correspondences among forms that may be separated by centuries or millennia, e.g. Old English stān and Modern English stone or Middle English holp and Modern English helped. For purposes of comparative reconstruction, diachronic correspondences that relate forms separated by hundreds of years may be just what one needs, but such correspondences often mask a complex sequence of smaller developments that may have taken a very circuitous route. Linguists who are serious about understanding how change actually happens often point to the fallacies that arise from treating diachronic correspondences as if they directly reflected individual changes. Where plentiful data allows us to examine the course of a change in fine-grained detail, the picture that emerges is often very different from what we would posit if we only had evidence of the 'before' and 'after' states . . . .
ۤʤ2ĤλˤơʼȤƷˤĤơбطǧ1ȤθबȤ2Ĥθϲ餫̻ŪǷӤĤ٤Ǥ롥̻Ūθब뤲Ѳμ֤Ǥ롥֤˱äƤۤɺ٤ʾڵʤ¤ꡤľʤΤʤΤǤФɤʷζʤΤʬʤȤ¿βŤ˿¬ǤĤʤ뤳ȤǤеǤꡤ̩˼ȤʾϵΤ褦˻פ롥ݡŪ䤤Ȥơǽбطǧ2ĤθबбطΤȤߤʤƤ褤ΤȤȤʤФʤʤ⤷ʤΤǤ롥
1ĵ褦ɸѸˤϡָŤפ̣ old Ȥ줬롥űѸˤƱ eald Ȥ줬ǧ롥ǯλ֤γ֤ϤΤΡ̣ˡϤۤܰפƤꡤŪˤ⽽ʬ˶Ƥ뤿ᡤ2Ĥθδ֤̻ŪбطǧȤϸ̻ŪбطǧȤƤ⡤Ѳ̤ľŪ eald old ؤȯŸȷŤΤפǤ롥ǫ˲Ѳͻʬ뤬eald ϸűѸ쥦ȥˤ֤ǤꡤɸѸ old Ȥ֤ľܤǤϤʤषűѸ쥢ꥢ ald ̤Ȥߤ٤Ǥ롥ȤСeald old δطϡľŪǤľŪǤʤȤˤʤ롥ald old ʤľŪľŪʴطФơeald ʬǼФǤƤ롤ȤΤȤʤ롥
ľˤ˴ؤơפʬ̻ŪбطؤפʬѲؤȹͤƤФ褤
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Ϣ <oo> ֻбȯꤢƤ (cf. #4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-18-1])#4224. blood, flood Ǥʤ soot ⡩ ([2020-11-19-1])) ϡïǤΤäƤ <oo> ޤñ room 夲ѲȤʣΰü
room ȤܸǤ֥롼פ /ruːm/ Ĺ첻ĤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤û첻 /rʊm/ 褷ƵǤϤʤLPD Preference polls ˤȡû첻ȯϡꥹѸǤ19%ۤɡꥫѸǤ7%ۤɳǧ롥

ʣ bedroom ˤĤƤСꥹѸǤ37%ޤǤû첻ȯȤۤˤ broom ˤĤƤ⡤ϤꥤꥹѸ8%û첻ޤgroom ˤû첻ȯ롥
room, bedroom, broom ˤĤƤϡ#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) Ǥ夲ŪʲѲ /uː/ /ʊ/ ϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤŵŪˤ16--17ʽѸˤΤȤƤ롥ˤäƤϡƱѲ٤줿Ȥ褦䤯3ˤɤ夭ĤĤȤ⤤롥
ϤñǤϤʤUpton and Widdowson (39) ˤ room Υɽȯ˴ؤˤСʬۤˤܤȽƤ櫓ǤϤʤ
At this period [= as late as the seventeenth or even the eighteenth century] such words as BOOK, HOOD and SOOT, which had in the later Middle and early Modern English periods been pronounced with [uː], came to be pronounced with [u], and although ROOM was not properly part of this change it seems to have become connected with it for some speakers. Why the short sound in ROOM should have acquired the geographical distribution for the non-standard dialects which the map shows is quite unclear.
Although there is no firm evidence to support the claim, it is likely that the [u]- innovation in ROOM acquired some considerable popularity for a while in Received Pronunciation. Today it ranks as a quite acceptable minor variant in that accent, but not long ago its status was even higher. Daniel Jones (Outline of English Phonetics, para. 318) writes that 'In broom (for sweeping), groom, room, and soot both uː and u are heard, the u-forms brum, grum, rum, sut being perhaps more usual in Received English.'
Today one would not expect an RP speaker to use [uː] in SOOT. Conversely, although [u] is shown as an RP variant in pronouncing dictionaries of British English for use in several words with -oo- spellings, it is now somewhat unusual for such a speaker to be heard using it in BROOM, ROOM and (especially) GROOM. In a survey of a somewhat less-than-representative sample of British English speakers, Wells (Pronunciation Dictionary) discovered an eighty-two percent preference for [uː] in ROOM and a ninety-two percent preference for its use in BROOM.
RP ˤƤϡ嵭ñû첻Ǥȯषҿ (prestige) äƤǽȤäߤˤû첻ǤȯϡƤȤϤsoot ФޤǥޥʡȯȤ٤֤ŤФҲŪɾϡľ̤ɤƤȤˤ϶̣
ɴǯȤϤƤû첻ȤǤ롥¾ǡοδ֤Ĺû첻ѰۤμҲŪʰ֤ŤɤƤȤ롥2ĤŪʸ̮ѤĤġ room 2Ĥȯʻ¸Ƥ롤λ¤פǤ롥
ȤơUpton and Widdowson ꡤroom 2ĤȯʬۤƤ

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Ρ#4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡפβǿ줿褦ˡ<oo> ֻǤʤ첻 /ʌ/ ñȤ blood flood 2Ĥ2Ǥ¤Ϥ⤦1ĤθȤ soot Ȥ⤢롥ȤϤޥʡʸȸ虜ʤ
LPD ˤȡθȯϥꥹѸǤϡû첻 /sʊt/ ¾ͣȯǤꡤbook, good, look, stood ƱפȤäƤ褤ȤꥫѸǤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥89ȤŪΨĹ첻 /suːt/ ͥǤꡤû첻 /sʊt/ 10%ˤȤɤޤ롥˶̣Ȥˡ鷺1%ۤɤʤ /sʌt/ ΤǤ롥

ʤǤ <oo> ֻäƤʤŪ /uː/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ βѲФƤȤơblood, flood Τۤ soot ä뤫⤷ʤȤŸ
ֻ <oo> ǤϤʤŪƱѲФȤǤСۤˤ⾯ʤ餺ǧ롥#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ǿ줿 does, done, must, other, mother, Monday, nothing, none ⤽#4098. û첻б <ou> ˤĤ --- country, double, touch ([2020-07-16-1]) ǵ췲⤽Ǥ롥but, us äϢơ#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
<oo> Ȥֻ book, good, look, stood ϡû첻 /ʊ/ ȯޤƱ <oo> ֤ޤfood, pool, tooth, doom ǤĹ첻 /uː/ ȤʤäƤޤûĹɤ첻ˤʤΤñˤäƷޤäƤꡤŵ뤷ޤʤΤ褦ʾˤʤäƤΤǤ礦İ
Ūˤ <oo> ֤줿嵭ñϡȤȤϤ٤Ĺ /uː/ ȯƤޤΰ book, good, look, stood ɤ櫓û첻뤳Ȥˤʤޤˡû첻ñΤʤǡФ줷2 --- blood flood --- ɤ櫓岽 (centralisation) ޤ2ˤĤƤ -lood Ȥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤȤäơʤ2ĤФ줿ΤɬƤޤѲȤΤϡΤ褦˵ޤʤȤޤ
room /ruːm/ ǤϤʤ /rʊm/ û첻ĤĤˤޤ⺣奦åƤȤǤ͡
˴Ϣ뵭Ȥơ##547,1353,2293,2290εå⤴
Υԥ졼ǡɸιټ (agentive_suffix) ˴ؿĸϥեͳΤΤۤȤɤǤꡤȿǤơȤ˶Ȥħߤ롥Ĥޤȯ /ˈɪə(r)/ Ȥʤ롥engineer, pioneer, volunteer ϤȤơauctioneer, electioneer, gazetteer, mountaineer, profiteer ʤɤ롥츻Ūˤ -ier ⤽ηȤ٤Ǥꡤcachier, cavalier, chevalier, cuirassier, financier, gondolier ʤɤ -eer Ʊħͭ롥ե餷ʤѸˤƤΥեηȯֻˤ夷ΤȤǶ̣cf. #594. ѸʹߤΥեѸħ ([2010-12-12-1])#1291. եѸμѻκ ([2012-11-08-1])ˡ
Jespersen (15.51; 243) ꡤ-eer, -ier ˴ؤѤ롥
15.51 Words in -eer, -ier (stressed) -[ˈɪə] are mostly originally F words in -ier (generally from L -arius). Most of the OF words in -ier were adopted in ME with -er, and the stress was shifted to the first syllable . . . , as also in a few in which the i was kept . . . .
A few words borrowed in ME times kept the final stress, and so did nearly all the later loans (many from the 16th and 17th c.). The established spelling of most of these, and of nearly all words coined on English soil, is -eer, as in auctioneer, cannoneer, charioteer (Keats 46), gazetteer, jargoneer (NED from 1913), mountaineer, muffineer, 'small castor for sprinkling salt or sugar on muffins' (NED 1806), muleteer [mjuˑliˈtiə], musketeer, pioneer, pistoleer (Carlyle Essays 251), routineer (Shaw D 54), and volunteer, but many of them preserved the F spelling, e.g. cavalier and chevalier, cuirassier, and finanicier.
The recent motorneer, is coined on the pattern of engineer.
Sh in some cases has initial-stressed -er-forms instead of -eer, e.g. ˈenginer, ˈmutiner (Cor I. 1.244), and ˈpioner.
β˽С-eer ϻ䤿褯Τټ -er ΰѤäȤƤȤ館Ƥ褵
-eer ˤϰ̣ŪŪܤ٤롥ޤ줿ټ̾ϡŪʰ̣ӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤롥crotcheteer, garreteer, pamphleteer, patrioteer, privateer, profiteer, pulpiteer, racketeer, sonneteer ʤɤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡټ̾줬Τޤưʻž (conversion) 㤬ߤ뤳Ȥelectioneer, engineer, pamphleteer, profiteer, pioneer, volunteer ʤɤǤ롥Ͼ嵭ηŪʸȤ̩ܤ˴طƤ뤫⤷ʤʤcommandeer ϡưȤƤѤʤȤ̯ -eer Ǥ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
̡ȡشڥǥɴʡ٤ڥڥäƤȤ̿Τȯã˴ؤ뵭ܤˤȤޤä (1772--73) #2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 ([2017-05-06-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥ櫓̿ΤפǤܼŪʤȤХäͤƤƴ쥳ߥ˥ΤȯŸǡƶǤ롥ʲĹ٤ưѤ롥
̿ȯãޥߤ
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̿ˤΤȤΰջãȤСȯãϡ礿Τˤäơޤ˸Ƭɮŵ̿ߺŪ̿λʬव롥ʸʤˤ̿μʤϡƬˤ뤫СİФ̤Ƥο桦ޡʤΤݤʤɡˤˤ뤷ʤʸĤ褦ˤʤȻȯȤȤ˼ɮ̿ΤμפʼʤȤʤä
Ѥȯޤǡפʽʪϥȥåƻν̼ǽ̤ƤʿŪʸĿͤǽʽʪοϸꤵƤꡤΨ㤫äۤμήۤȤμѤȤä
Ѥȯϡʪ̤˳衼åѤǤ1455ǯ J. ƥ٥륯 (1397--1468) ˤäƶ°ˤǰȯ줿οʵѤϽʪιϤή̣ۤ16Ⱦνױư17ꥹԥ塼̿ΥǥζɬפˤѥեåȡʹʤɤγƼʪνиߤΨϤʤ㤯ȯαƶϤ˴ʤΤǤꡤΤ褦˰ʪ罰ΤȤΤˤʤäΤϥƥ٥륯ȯ顤380ǯвᤷ1830ǯΥꥫʺǽ罰ʹϴˤˤƤǤä
1844ǯ S. F. B. ⡼ (1791--1872) ѲſϿʹμã®٤ֻΤΤȤϤᡤ̿ˤοʲſ֤ϡ®dzμ¾˻ƤԤ侦ͤˤäơ19դޤ̥ޥޡͤĥᤰ餵졤̾
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ʹҤƤüѤȤơȯ100ĶǽȤȤȤʤä1890ǯ夫ȤΤȤ饸о줹1920ǯޤǤޥߥ˥ηǤ롥ŪˤķŪڤƥӤäꡤŵ̿ϥޥǥ̿μή롥
δ֡եࡤʤɤΤ٤λŪǥŤطʤȤơŪˤϹ̱ʸŪ硤гŪˤλʸŪήۤȤΤ˿ΤǤʤŤΤư줿λŪǥãϤ٤ơҤȤ꤫¿ؤξãդޤȤŪʰ̣⤫Ӿ夬餻롥
Ȥ뺣ˤ륽ϢϤҤȤ꤫¿ؤξΤ褦θ³Ѳż롥1980ǯܳʲ̿η֤ħϡ̿Ѥáեåѥ̿ˤߤҤȤ꤫ҤȤؤ̿ߺǤ롥Ĵ֤̿ˤƤ⡤ƥӲĤäȤꡤʸ֥ƥӡͭˤƤ¾롤¿ͥξġͤμפ˱ǡΰãǤϤʤ̿ϡĹ餯ʬǤƤʤ۶ν椹Ⱦ٤줿ȤޤͤꡦƤϤưɤƤ롥
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̿ˤϡƬɮŵ̿ߺŪ̿λ˰ʬव뤬ƬˤãϡʸȰѤȯθ⡤ߤȤƻѤ줿ɤŪŪʷưˤФȤƽפ餸饸ƥӤоȤ̤ựäƤʤʸλˤʤäƤह뤳Ȥʤʻ¸μʸβɤϺ˲Ȥºɤ뤿νפʻŻǤ롥ץʸμήȤʤäƤɮμ椬äºŤ뤳ȤФ𤵤褦ˡƬ饳ԥ塼ޤǤˤϿä˿ʤ褦ˤߤƤºݤϿϾǤ뤳ȤϤʤ
̿ΤŪΤνиϤ١ԤΤεǽѤ뤬ΤδʪȤϤʤ餺ɮŵ̿Ȥ⤤⸽ޤ³ԤƤ롥ϡ̿ˤΤѲȤȤˡ̤¿ɵᤷƤˤǤ뤳Ȥ
ϡ쥳ߥ˥ˤƾ̤ɵᤷ³βǼΤȯƤȤȤˤʤ롥μˤĤƤϤɤʤΤȹͤǤޤäϡΤȾа¸뤬ȾΩΤǤ⤢
ȴϢƽ̺ˤĤơ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1])#3116. ʪҤءѥԥ륹ء ([2017-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
شڥǥɴʡ١1995ǯ
Ѹˤ <x> Ȥʸϡ̥ŪԻĤʸǤ hellog 饸ǤϡΤäβʸ <x> ܤȻפޤ
Ѹ쥢ե٥å26ʸ1ĤȤʸǤϤޤƤ̤ꡤɤˤäȿѤǤʤŪʸǤ͡<x> 餳Τ褦äʷϵФƤΤϡʤʤΤǤ礦Ϥ90ʬäȤǤûƤߤޤʤȤϤ10ʬĹܡˡ
Ǥ礦<x> ϡ褷ƤȤȤαѸĴ¤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤƤгȤο⤤ȤޤʤޤǼѤ졤<x> ȤʸϡȾŪȾиջʷϵƤΤǤ¿ο͡ <x> ˴ؿΤϡβȤ⤤ʤΤΤʤ椨Ȼפޤ
ѳפλˤϡΤΤʤפϥݥƥʥåե졼Ǥˡ <x> ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ
<x> ˤĤƴؿäϡ##2280,3654,2918,4219εåɤޤε#4219. ʤ DX digital transformation άȤʤΤ ([2020-11-14-1]) ɤ
1114īʹīΥ֤ȤХץפˡɸ˴Ϣ꤬ǺܤƤޤˤĤƻ˼ĴаޤޤΤǡäǤΥߥǤξܺ٤ʲ˵ƤȻפޤ *
ܤǤΤʤǡ֥ǥȥե (= digital transformation = DX ) Ȥդˤꡤܤˤꤹ뵡Ƥǥˤѳפο侩Ǥ롥кѻȾʤ2018ǯ12֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤDX ȤάΤɽ⤹Ǥ˹ΤդƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥⤽ʤ digital transformation ά DX ʤΤΤ DT ꥫå褯뤫⤷ʤ
transformation ѷѼˤϡtrans- (= across, through, over, beyond) + formation ȤǡѸ˥եͳäƤƥͳñǤ롥ƥƬ trans- ϡ嵭̤ѸǤȤ across through ¤˸ through ȤϰĸΥ٥ƱǤ롥Τ褦 trans- Τˡ?ĶơͤȴơˡפȤޤߤ뤿ˡѲѷѳסѴѰۡפʤɤỌ̇̄Ū褤transcend, transfer, transfigure, transit, translate, transmit, transport, transpose ñ줬פ⤫֡ǤСѡפΤĻ˶ܤƬȤäƤ褤ѳפλˤϤƤϤ䤵Ϥ
ơ嵭Τ褦 trans- ϥƥͳƬѸȤ褽 across 롥 across ϡ#4189. across a + cross ([2020-10-15-1]) ǸȤꡤƬ a- ˡֽʲ͡ˡפ̣ cross ղäǤ롥ǡʲ͡ˤɤäʸȤƤ X ν֤Ȥʤ롥ʸ X ȤбѸ̾졦ư cross, cross ȤбѸֻ acrossacross ȤХƥƬ trans- ȤǡĤδ֤ˤ trans- X ɽ봷ȤʤäƤޤäEngland Engl& ȵꡤSee you later. CUL8R ȤꤹΤƱʸͷ (rebus) तȤäƤ褤ܸεˤ̤cf. #2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge ([2016-12-15-1])#2790. Engl&, 7honge ȷ̾ ([2016-12-16-1])
X ʸϰʾηаޤˤƥƬ trans- ȷӤĤ줿¾ˤ (a)cross ˷ӤĤ줿ꡤChrist ʱѸ <ch> ϥꥷ <> б뤳Ȥˤɽݤꡤȯ cryst- άȤƤѤ뤳Ȥ롥XMIT (= transmit), X-ing (= crossing), XREF (= cross-reference), Xmas (= Christmas), Xian (= Christian), XTAL (= crystal) ǡǤ롥ޤX Ϥäȥȥ졼Ȥ ex- άǤ⤢ (ex. XL (= extra large), XOR (= exclusive-or)) <x> ¿ǽ٤
Ѹˤơx ϡ#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ ([2019-04-29-1]) 褦ˡƬѤ뤳Ȥʤäơޤ˸Ƭ˸ȡ¾ʸ־͡פ⤤ݡƬʤ餺Ȥ x ܤܤ뤿ʸ䥭åե졼˺ŬʤΤǤ롥⡤̤Τɽ魯 x Ȥˡ⤢cf. #2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x ([2017-04-23-1])ˡѳפλˤϡ̤ΤؤĩȤ̣ǥݥƥɾΤ롥
ܸˤ DX ȤάΡɽϡ嵭Τ褦طʤĤġǯȤߤ˻夲褦ˤʤäƤѸˤƤƱ褦ήԸŪʰ֤ŤˤάΡɽǤ뤫ɤϵǤ롥Ѹ쥳ѥäƤߤȳΤ˻ǧ졤ήԤäƤɽǰǤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤѸˤܤ夬äƤۤɤ̤¸ߤɤϲ⤦ĴɬפǤ롥
ε#4217. ѸΥꥹѸˤ colour vs color ([2020-11-12-1]) ˰³colour ֻꡥOED colour | color, n.1 ˤȡθ̾Ȥ1300ǯ˰ʲΤ褦˽Ф롥
c1300 St. Patrick's Purgatory (Laud) l. 562 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 216 He..axede him of ȝwuch colur were heuene op-riȝt þere.
colur Ȥֻߤ뤬ϺǽֻŵŪʤΤ1ĤǤ롥θϥƥ color ľܡ뤤ϥե colur ͳƼڤ줿ΤȤ롥ʤȤ嵭κǽֻϡեͳΥ롼Ȥ褦ˤߤ뤬ϤۤñǤϤʤեˤֻѼ֤͡ǡOED θ츻ˤСΤ褦 variants Ϥ˭٤
Anglo-Norman colur, culur, coler, coloure, coleure, collour, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French color, colour, coulour, Old French coulor, Old French, Middle French, couleur, coleur, Middle French colleur, coullour, etc.
ե¦ǤΤΤ褦ֻ¿ߤ뤬Ѹ¦餱ƤʤOED ֻƤߤ褦
ME coleour, ME coleure, ME colewre, ME colovre, ME coulur, ME culur, ME kolour, ME-15 collore, ME-15 colowr, ME-15 colowre, ME-15 culoure, ME-16 coler, ME-16 coleur, ME-16 colore, ME-16 coloure, ME-16 colur, ME-16 colure, ME-16 cullour, ME-16 culour, ME- color (now U.S.), ME- colour, lME clour, lME (in a late copy) 15-16 collor, 15 colloure, 15 collyr, 15 cooler, 15 cooller, 15 coollor, 15 coollour, 15 coollur, 15 coolore, 15 cooloure, 15 coullar, 15 coulloure, 15 coulore, 15 cowler, 15-16 coller, 15-16 coolor, 15-16 coolour, 15-16 couler, 15-16 coullour, 15-16 coulor, 15-16 couloure, 15-16 culler, 15-16 cullor, 15-16 culloure, 15-17 collour, 15-17 couller, 15-17 coullor, 15-17 coulour; Scottish pre-17 coiller, pre-17 coller, pre-17 colleur, pre-17 collor, pre-17 collour, pre-17 colloure, pre-17 colore, pre-17 coloure, pre-17 colowr, pre-17 colowre, pre-17 colur, pre-17 couler, pre-17 couller, pre-17 coullour, pre-17 coulour, pre-17 culler, pre-17 cullor, pre-17 cullour, pre-17 culloure, pre-17 culour, pre-17 17-18 color, pre-17 17- colour.
ѸǤνиܤȡMED colour n. ǤϡФȤ colour Τۤ culur, colur, coler η֤Ƥ롥ޤLAEME ϡǽȤơ13ȾOED νǯ㴳ᤤˤ culur, colurޤ14Ⱦ colurs, colour, colures η5郎줿
Τ褦¿ͤʣޤʤˤơưפͭյʷŦ뤳ȤϤǤʤĸ뤳Ȥϡθ줬Ѹ˽иǽꡤǤ2첻1첻֤뤫2첻֤뤫ȤѰ --- colour vs color θ --- ǧȤȤäơʥϡ֥եֻ vs ƥֻפˡ⤷ϡ֥եѼΤֻ vs եѼ̤ΰֻפˤȤäƤ褤Ϣơ#4161. ꥫ color ϥƥŪꥹ colour ϥեŪ ([2020-09-17-1]) ⻲ȡ
ֻαƺŵ1ĤȤ colour vs color ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǰʲεʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ ([2018-01-12-1])
#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])
#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1])
#4161. ꥫ color ϥƥŪꥹ colour ϥեŪ ([2020-09-17-1])
#4169. GloWbE --- Corpus of Global Web-Based English ([2020-09-25-1])
ֻ˸¤餺Ѹˤƺλ¿뤬Ūˤߤȡκۤϡ륿ߥǡȤȤ⡤֤ΩΩƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥ꥫѸŪȤ color ֻ夹Τˤ⡤[2018-01-12-1], [2020-09-08-1] εǤߤ褦ˡ19οǯȤ֤äƤ뤷ꥹѸŪȤ colour ˤƤ⡤Ѹ˥饤Х color हˤϻäƤʤԤξˤĤơ1710--1920ǯΥꥹѸ쥳ѥǡ3,400줫ʤ른Хѥ CLMET3.0 ѤĴƤߤ
Ĵоݤϡcolo(u)r Τߤʤ餺촴ˤijƼƬդǡbicolor, colorless, colouration, discoloured ʤ͡ʼޤࡥʲ3ʬ̤ٿ
| Period (subcorpus size) | colour | color |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 1,273 (88.28%) | 169 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 1,650 (83.71%) | 321 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 3,242 (94.11%) | 203 |
Ƕᡤ줿ѤʵǤ-ly Ȥзƻ줫ŵŪʸƤޤ¤̾줫ƻݤˤѤ뤳Ȥޤɸ friendly Ϥbeastlyfatherlyknightlyscholarlywomanly ʤɤޤ֤ɽ dailyhourlyweeklyyearly ʤɤǤ
ʤ -ly ƻˤʤΤǤ礦ϡθˤҤȤв褷ޤǤϡİ
¤ -ly ϤȤȤȤƻäΤǤäơfriendly Τ褦ʸϡषͳΤȤޤѸˤѲη̡űѸηƻ -līċ -līċe ξεǽͤ褦ˤʤäѸ -ly ϡषȤƤϤȯƤ褦ˤʤޤĤ -ly ϡεǽȤ⤤٤ƻȤƤǤϤʤȤǧ褦ˤʤޤ
ˤĤƤ˱ѸŪϡ##40,1032,1036εå⤴ɤ
ε ([2020-11-09-1]) ˰³ʣ (intensive_plural) ˤĤơѸ Quirk et al. ʤɤˤϼ夲Ƥ餺ɤܤγعʸˡdz̤˸ڤΤΤ褦ǡƤŵ Kruisinga դΤ褦ȤƤڡ°ԡˤμŵꡤƱѤ (739--40) εμݤ֤Ȥˤʤ뤬餺
intensive plural ʶʣʷˡˡ̣Ĵ뤿ѤʣΤȡ̸ (mass word) ˸ʣǡʣθʪȤ̣ϴޤޤʸ¿롥ʪɽ̾ξ٤ζȤɽʪɽ̾ξϹꡦѡϢ³ʤɤɽ: the sands of Sahara---[Kruisinga, Handbook] / the waters of the Nile---[Ibid.] / The moon was already in the heavens.---[Zandvoort, 19757] ʷϤǤ˶ǵƤ / I have my doubts.---[Ibid.] ʻϵǰƤ / I have fears that I may cease to be Before my pen has glean'd my teeming brain---J. Keats ʻΥڥդФλפƤޤ˻ǤޤΤǤϤʤȶƤ / pure and clear As are the frosty skies---A Tennyson ƤĤΤ褦ʡ / Mrs. Payson's face broke into smiles of pleasure.---M. Schorer ʥڥͤϵޤ˴̤Ȥʤä / To think is to be full of sorrow And leaden-eyed despairs---J. Keats ʹͤ뤳Ȥᤷߤȳ赤Τʤܤ˾뤳ȡ / His hopes to see his own And pace the sacred old familiar fields, Not yet had perished---A. Tennyson ʲ²˲ʤĤζοϤƧ⤦Ȥ˾ߤϤޤääƤʤä / All the air is blind With rosy foam and pelting blossom and mists of driving vermeil-rain.---G. M. Hopkins ʰ̤絤Ф鿧ˢȷ㤷֤ȼĤĤ뿧αΤǴ⤯ۤɤˤʤ / The cry that streams out into the indifferent spaces, And never stops or slackens---W. H. Auden øʶ֤ήФƤäơ䤨⤷ʤߤ⤷ʤ㤭ˡ
ƱͤˡжԡˤμŵꡤLatinism ιफϢʬ (477) Ѥ롥
(3) ̾ʣѤɽˡ
붯ʣ (Intensive Plural) ΰǤ뤬Ȥ˥ƥɽˡ路16ȾκȤʸϤ¿졤αƶǸǤʸŪʤŪˡȤưݻƤ롥ȤСĤ˸褦 hopes, fears ϡVirgil (70--19 B.C.) Ovid (43 B.C.--A.D. 17?) ˸ƥ amōrēs [L amor love ʣ], metūs [L metus fear ʣ] ˤʤäΤȤߤʤ롥Like a young Squire, in loues and lusty-hed His wanton dayes that ever loosely led, . . . ȵ⤭ȤĤƢʤ㤤ԤΤ褦ʡġ---E. Spenser, Faerie Qveene I. ii. 3 / I will go further then I meant, to plucke all feares out of you. ͽʾΤȤơʤοۤ줤ˤ̤äƾ夲褦---Sh, Meas. for M. IV. ii. 206--7 / My hopes do shape him for the Governor. ʤɤ餽οͤϤ羭ȸ---Id, Oth. II. i. 55.
ۤۤƥΥȥåȤϡ줬ͥɤήԤ;ḽѸȤή졥ޤݤ߹롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
Ѹʤ䤽¾θˤˤ̾ʣ (plural) Ȥϲ˰Ū˸ˤ (number) Ȥʸˡƥ (category) ȤϲȤΤθˤ饤ե1ĤǤ롥δ顤ԻĤǤ⤷ʤȻפäƤΤɸʣ (intensive_plural) ȤݤʲŰʸˡ٤ꡥ
ޤ̾ -s ʣȤʤϤݳǰɽ魯̾ʡǥեȤԲĻ̾ˤդȼäƶʣȤ롥ξ硤̣Ūˤϡ١פζɽ魯ȤäƤ褤
It is a thousand pities that you don't know it.
She was rooted to the spot with terrors.
Τ褦ϡԲĻ̾줬Ū˲Ļ̾첽ʣƶդȤ֤ٴΤȹͤ롥ĻԲĻζ̤ñʣζ̤⤿ʤܸθѤǤʤνŪʡֵפǤ롥֤ɽ魯̾Ȥ despairs, doubts, ecstasies, fears, hopes, rages ʤɤ롥
嵭Ȥϰۤʤꡤ¿쾯ʤŪʥΤؼ̾ǤϤ뤬̾ԲĻ̾ȤưΤϢ³סֹסֽѡפȤˤ붯դ -s Ȥ롥
We had gray skies throughout our vacation.
They walked on across the burning sands of the desert.
Where are the snows of last year?
ۤˤ⡤ݸݤ˴ϢΤ¿clouds, fogs, heavens, mists, rains, waters ʤɤ㤬ߤ롥
ֶʣ (intensive plural) Ȥä֤ä̾ΤĤƤ뤬thanks ʤ꤬Ȥˡacknowledgements ʼռˡmillions of people ʲɴο͡ˤʤɡȶʱѸɽˤ⤤Ǥ⤢ꤽѸˤ̾βĻԲĻζ̤ȤΤ⡤ŪʤΤǤϤʤȹͤǤ롥
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
ɸθ input ϡ츻ŪˤϡƬ in- + ư putפΤ褦ˤߤΤǡ츫Ȳ꤬ʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤimpact, imperfect, imperil, impersonal, important ʤɤֻפ⤫٤ƤߤСƬ in- ³Τ p ǻϤޤΤǤС̾Ƭ im- η뤳Ȥʬޤȡʤ input ˤĤƤϡ*imput ֤ʤΤȤ䤬ͯƤޤ¤Ǥͤİ
Ƭ in- ϡ츻Ūˤ2̤ɬפäΤǤ͡1ĤϰŪ¿ɤƥͳ in- ꡤ뤤ϡפΰաˤǡ⤦1ĤϾɤȤΩʤѸ in- ʡפΰաˤǤȯ⸫ǤۤȤƱǤ̣פ˴ؤƤнŤʤäƤޤΤǡդƤʤ٤ƤޤޤۤʤʪǤԤϴΤƬ˽ä im-, il-, ir- ʤɤȲΤ§ǤԤϷ褷Ʋޤinput ϾɤθԤ°Τǡin- ʬϷ褷Ʋ<in> + <put> Ȥ¤ľֻȤʤäƤΤǤ
ʤֳפ̣еƬͤƤߤȡƥ in- ˤ ex- бѸ in- ˤ out- бޤǡimport/export ϥƥͳΥڥinput/output ϱѸΥڥȤʬޤ͡
ˤĤơ⤦ܤΤꤿϡ#3309. ʤ input *imput ֤ʤΤ ([2018-05-19-1]) ɤߤ
ؤDZĤƤΡֱѸ˥ߡפۡڡ Ω夬ޤǯ٤λϡʸʸ칶γ2ǯ3ǯ°뤳Ȥˤʤ祼ߤ˾ˤΤǡߤȤƤϤǤޤǤϻΥե饤䡼ʤɤäƤΤǤϤˤꥪ饤ͤڤؤ HP Ω夲Ƥ餤ޤɤ
HP "khelf" ǤäƤΤ "Keio History of the English Language Forum" Ƭ (acronym) ǤΥեϡΤˤлγαѸ˥ߤΤߤʤ餺رαѸ˥ߤޤߡʢषפʹԡˡˤ¾γطԤޤءפΥ롼פǤؤǤϤޤܥ֥¹ԤơѸˤγؽ桦˴ؤȯξȤʤ뤳ȤԤĤġε˥ѥ֥å뼡Ǥ
ξʥեǤϡǯǯ桤Ѹˤ˴ؤ벿餫꤬ӸäƤޤǶ夬äƤΤ1Ĥ֤ϤͥפǤˤäü郎졤ˤäƤ֥ͥסʶͭƤŻҷǼĤΥåɤΤȤƤǤޤˤǤŪˤϡֱѸΡȢäơϤʤפȤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤȯͥïĥ˥Ȥ¾ï뤯ޤޤ˥ȥХåꡤʤäꡤȤγưǤʤ졤Τ뽨ʡ֤ϤƤϡǤ˥ݡȤ´ΥơޤؤȯŸݥƥĤĤޤ HP Υ˥塼ַǼġ֤ȡ֤ϤͥפΥץƤؤΥˤɤĤޤĤƤߤȡʴǤ
four (4), fourteen(14), forty(40) forty 'u' ֤ʤϤ
Ǹߴλ ago ϶ǤʤȶΤˡưhave p.p. ago ȶǤΤϤϤ
Ʊפ̣Τˡؤ2ĤΥСȤ˲ǽall over the world all the world overäȤŪϤȹͤ롩
ȶʲ²ɽñǡ father mother brother -ther ǽäƤΤˡ sister 츻ϤޤĴ٤ƤޤϤ
Turkey ʥȥ륳ˤ turkeyʼĻˡƬʸʸǰ̣Ϥ
ȡʷڤΥǤǤ礦
ǥ쥳ǺǤʸ칶2ǯ¿Ȼפޤ HP ξͤˤƤ館ФȻפޤ
ϢεǡԢʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤εҲ𤷤Ƥcf. #4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ ([2020-10-31-1])#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1])#4208. It rains. ϹټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1])#4210. ;Τνи3;Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ12;ΤؤŸ ([2020-11-05-1])ˡǶᡤưˤĤƹƤȤäΤǡưΤˤ˻ͤȤƤäƤ롥
Ԣʬ (175--76) ϡưΤȤ顤ΡˤޤĹˤɸΤ褦Ƥ롥礭ʲǧθŪʴߤƤ⤭Ƽ٤ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
ټԤä
ϰǯʾ˵ڤ֤⤷Ĺˤפ
Ǥϡ̴ֶפλξ֤Ϥޤ륤ɡ衼åѸѲˤʾΤ褦ư줪֤ѲȤįȤ˸ФȤϲΤʤ䤤ˤƤߤ褦
Ѳˤΰ¦̤̤顤ټԤꤹؤΰʹߤˤȤФ褦˻פ롥
̾Ūʸλ塤ưñʤȤ줿ޤ줿ư⡤;η֤ˤꡤưιټԤǤϤʤƽΤΤҤƤ
ưϸ˿;Τˤäơư줬٤֤˷ӤĤȯۤδäޤ롥ȤϤư줬θ֤Ȥ֤⡤ưȹټԤȤδطĤƤϡưץ¦˹ټԤΤȤ⤽γ¦ˤΤޤޤαޤäƤˤäΤǽưưζʬä
θ塤ưϤ궯̣ǹ٤ټԤ˷ӤĤ褦ˤʤ롥ǽưȼưζ̤ˤäơټԤʬǤäΤɤ褦ˤʤ뤫
βˤȡϡưɽ魯ưΤΤܤ줫顤ưμïʤΤ˰۾ʴؿؤȲȤˤʤ롥Ԣʬ (178) ϾΰѤθǡԤ夤θֽͭפȤƤǤ롥
Ѹ˾Ȥ餷ƤСŪ졤ư¾ư졤ǽư֤ȼư֤ʤɡŪۤ˿мʸȤʤäƤ뤬ϡưιټԤꤵեפθȤȤˤʤ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
Ρ#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) ȡ#4208. It rains. ϹټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1]) ε˰³Ԣʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤˰͵Ĥġư (voice) ꤫; (person) ؤȵŸ
εǤߤ褦ˡĸꤵ̤äʳǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸưŪʹʸˤꥸʥư칽ʸȿǤƤȤǽ롥ˤʤС;ιʸϤ2ŪʹʸȤȤˤʤ
ưˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ;ΤȤϲȤˤ⿷ʸꤲ롥;ŪưŪʹʸư칽ʸȤȡ˿;ΤȤȯۤ;ϤϤʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ (category) ȤƤ븽λ䤿餹С⤷֤θ鹽ʸο;ΤϲפΤǤСȤꤢǤ1;ΤǤ2;ΤǤʤȤ̣ǡ˾öŪˡ3;Ρפ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ̤ʬäȤܤĸΤβŪʸηϤ顤Ʊ褦ȤȡȤ˵礹ΤǤ롥
䤬ƤΤ褦̤ʬξ֤顤ΤȤƤΡֻפȡνפäǤ֤ʤפʲˬ졤줾줬;ΤȤʸˡƥפʸѸǤ1;Ρפȡ2;ΡסˤȤʤäλˤ̾ΤǤä¿ʬ˾öŪưŤǡ3;Ρפ̾Ť뤳Ȥˤʤä123;ΤȤʬǤꡤߤ˻롥ȡʥȡ뤫⤷ʤ
Ԣʬ (171) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˲⤷ƤʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
˲פֻ䤬פ
ϤĤޤꡤưˤΤʤǿ;ΤγǰϤ֤ȸˤʤäȯΤȤȤǤ⤢롥
ȤСֻ䤬βפȽҤ٤Ȥƥˤ;ΤưѤ "me paenitet culpae meae" Ȥɽ뤬ʸ̤ˤϡֻβ˴ؤơ˲פǤ䤬ΤǤϤʤΤ顤ϡֲפʤΤɽ뤦Ǽ¤ŪΤʸȸͤФʤʤˡ
Τ褦ʸϿ;ΤȯãȤȤưγѤ˼äƤƱư;Τ˳Ѥ paeniteo ʻ䤬ˤȤ֤Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤǤ롥
Τ褦ʿ;ΤˤϤ̾Τ⤿餹Ƥ롥ư;η֤ˡֻ;ΡפȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ֤б뤳Ȥͤȡ;Ρʻˤ;ΡʤʤˤγǰưˤˤơˤʤäƤ鸽ƤΤȤȤˤʤ롥
ֻפˡ;ΡפȤ̾ΤͿƤ뤫Ȥäơ;ΤֻפϤޤä櫓ǤϤʤֻסʰ;Ρˤ֤ʤס;Ρˤؤȸˤ顤Ժߤμԡʻ;ΡˤؤȹäƤȤϤ̾Τ⤿餷Ǥ롥
ˤơޤ̤ˤơ;ΤȤϲȤκƹͤ¥ŦǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1])#2309. ưο;θε ([2015-08-23-1]) Ϥ person γƵȡ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
ɸϡ줿ǡȤƤ⤪⤷ʤȴޤΤ mini- ʤΤˡäȤȤϲȤϥĥܤĤƤȻפޤѤʵ˿ȯơäĴ٤Ƥߤޤİ
Τ mini- ϥƥǡ־פɽ魯 (combining_form) Ϣˤͳ褷Ϣˤͽ̤겿餫Ρ־פްդƤΤ¿ǤȤ mince, miniature, minimal, minimum, minion, minor, minus, minute ʤɤƤޤ礦ȤСminister ־áפȤƤ٤ȻפޤʤáפǤԻĤǤ
ºݡñ minister θϡ֡ʾ̤οͤ˻Ȥ˾Ȥ١פǤꡤͤäΤǤθ줬һաפΰ̣ĤΤֿΤ١פǤơáפޤҲǤϤȤƤΤͤǤ뤫Τ褦ʶޤŪˤϡַΤ١פˤޤǤminister еϡʤȡ礭Ρפ̣ƥ magnus Ϣޤ֤ȯã master ּ͡פǤˡ master ѷΤ mister/Mr Ȥʤ櫓Ǥ顤츻ȤϤ⤷ΤǤ
ߤǤϡ츻Ūͳˤ⤫餺 minister Τۤ master/mister/Mr ΤʤäƤޤޤ
ѤʵΤʤǤȤӤ1Ĥ It rains. It ȤϲȤ䤤Ǥ롥ε#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) Ǿ줿ޤ˲ˤϻʤڡ˰ʤǤ롥ͤҥȤϤ롥
Ǥܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ƤԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤ǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸѤư졤;ư (impersonal_verb) ưθηǤƤ롥ε ([2020-11-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡԢʬư̾줫ΤȹͤƤΤǡǤϤ rains Τ褦ưϡ̾줫ưΰƧ߹ư֤Τ褦ݻƤȤȤˤʤ롥طʬ (169--171) ĹѤ褦ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
It rains ϡ㳰פǤϤʤֵפǤ
ư줬ʸˡηϤˤƿΤǤꡤȤȤϡư̾ˤäƹ٤ɽ̾ŪʸѤƤΤȤСߤΤưªΤΤѹ褦ˤʤΤϡ;ιʸǤ롥
Ѹ "It rains" ȤʸǤ褯Τư;ŪѤϡˤϰ㳰뤤˳ʤΤ褦˸롥Ȥ֤줿 it ΤؼƤʤǤ롥ƥ "tonat" 뤬Ĥˤ䥮ꥷ "ὕŦ" ʱߤˤƱͤɽ黰;Τ˳ѤưϤ⤤ʤˤбƤʤ
ʸ㳰Ū˻פΤϡưν֤Ϲ٤֤˷ӤĤΤפȤͤˤ줬줭äƤޤäƤ뤫˲ʤ;ιʸϡºݤΤȤưκǸŤη֤ΤǤ롥
ά
Ȥȡư̾줬θ夿ɤäˤ褽Τ褦˲¬Ǥ롥ưȤôäƤ췲ư̾ˤüϰ̤ˤä̾줫̤褦ˤʤ롥ưθŪ֤ȯǤ롥Ϥޤ̾ȴڤΥƤϤʤ̾ǤäħƤϤʤĤޤꡤưɽȤϤǤƤ⡤ߤ˿;ΤɽܰΤ褦ʤľ˳櫓ǤϤʤ
Ƥޤñư뤤Ͻɽưޤ롥顼θȤΡñ; unipersonalפư¤Ǥ롥
Ϥޤˡñ;Ρư¤Ȥ٤ΤǤäơǡưӤϹ٤̿ΤΤˤɤ⡤ʤβ줿ټԤϢŤ뤳ȤʤĤޤꡤ;ŪɽΤǤ롥
ά
ưָβ줿ټԡפȷӤĤ뺣ΤΰռǤϡʸ㳰Τ˻פ뤬̾ŪʸӤȯŸưκǽˤäΤϡΤ褦ʸǤäȤȤǤ롥ưϤȤȡټԤؼ뤳ȤʤưؤƤ
ƶ顤It rains. ˤ뤳ȤǤIt rains. ϡټԺߤΤޤޤˡֹ߱פȤ¤ɽ路ƤˤʤȤȤIt ؤΤȤ䤤ϻ䤿ˤȤäƼ䤤Τ褦ˤߤ뤬䤤ΤäƤߤɬפ롥
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
#4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ ([2020-10-31-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ˡĸʳǤϡޤ̾Ūʸꡤ夫ưŪʸȤҲ𤷤Ƥʬ (165--66)
ư֤ǽư֤Ȥä֤γǰϡޤǤʤư˷ӤĤƤ롥ưϺΤ륤ɡ衼åѽˤơʸôΤ˸롥Ĥޤꡤư줬ʤ뤳Ȥ
¤ưϸΤʤˤ֤٤ƤǤǤ뤳ȤʬäƤ롥եθŵؼԥ顼ϡإƥʸˡ٤ΤʤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ưϤˤʸŪǤǤ褦ˤߤ뤬줬ΤäƤ褦ʷǤΤϡ¤ʸˡƤΤʤ٤ƤΤʤΤǤ롥ưŪӹʸˤƤϡ̾ŪӹʸäΤǤꡤΤʤưǤϤʤư̾Ǥäס
Ǥϡư줬٤ǤǤäȤ顤ϤĺΤʤΤ
Τǯꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤƱԡͭĽŦ褦ˡɡ衼åѽζ̤εȤꤵƤ̴ֶפϤǤưäƤȹͤΤǡǥ顼뤬ڤƤΤϤλθȤȤˤʤ롥
Τ褦ʴΩĤȡ̾ŪʸȤܤưŪʸˤλϡΤʤ˻Ȥ˸ĤʢǽưŪˡָĤפȤ褦ȻפäưŪˡָĤפȤƤˡ;ư (impersonal_verb) Ѥ;ιʸɽʤȤиѸ It seems to me . . . It rains. ȤȤˤưŪʰ̣礤¿ʬ˴ޤߤĤĤ⤢ޤ̾ŪʸǤäĤäƤȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ȸƤФߡ It ϡκۤ뤿ź줿ʸ̤ΤǤꡤιʸ seems rains ̾Ūʡֳѡפֹ߱פˤۤʤʤ
ζ繽¤ʬϤˤƤϡư¸ߤȤƤ롥ơư괬褦¾ǡʹˤ֤ȤƶŪǤ롥嵭˾Ȥ餻СϸŪȤŪ˼ΤǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
as ȤϡȯֻñǤû٤Ǥ⤢ޤʤۤ¿ˡꡤʻȤƤǤߤƤֻ졤³졤졤ط̾¿̤Ǥʲ͡ˡʸƤޤ礦
They were all dressed as clowns.
I respect him as a doctor.
You're as tall as your father.
As she grew older, she gained in confidence.
Leave the papers as they are.
As you were out, I left a message.
Happy as they were, there was something missing.
I have never heard such stories as he tells.
¿ϤäʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡ츻 as ¿äƤߤޤ礦ʤΤ
ʤΤǤso äΤǤƱפ˴ޤ so all Ƕ줿Τ also ǡalso ޤäΤ as Ȥ櫓ǤŪʤΤǡ¿̤ơˡ¿̤ˤʤäƤȤȤǤܤϡ#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1])
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ǽ: 2026-08-29 18:54
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