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LAEME text database ǰƤ scribal texts οϡLAEME Index of Sources (PDF) ˤȡä168ĤΤʤϿΰ֤ꤵƤΤ121ġ72%ˤǤ롥־ Ordinance Survey National Grid Reference Ȥ뤷ƥƥȤˤĤƥդƤΤǡȤ߹碌СǡȤˤɤ٤εϤΥƥȤѥȤѤǤ뤫Ͽɽ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥κȤ[2011-08-21-1]εHelMapperUK --- hellog ͤαѹϿ CGIפǸϿġѤƹԤʤäʲ̤Ǥ롥

ۤʤǡ96ǡȴϢŤƥȡʷˤʿͤ6307ۤɤǤʥդ줿Ϥ㴳ˡȤϿޤα˼ɤαߤѤʿѸѤȤơƥǡѤȴִݤȤƤʻͤޤǤˡHelMapperUK ɤ߹ޤǡˡ
ϿޤįľŪˤ狼뤳ȤϡǡˤϿˤ衤South-West Midland South-East Midland ˿ʬȽ椷ƤȤȤǤ롥ϡLAEME ԼԤ1ͤǤ Laing ʸ "Never the twain shall meet" դƤ̤Ǥ롥LAEME ΥƥȤΰϡLALME Ԥ߽Ф "fit technique" ȤŪˡäƤ뤬μˡݤθ "anchor texts" ȸƤФμ¤ʽȯ¿뤫ɤȤˤ롥ǰʤȤˡѸȰۤʤѸǤ "anchor texts" ʤ˾ʤ"anchor texts" ϡŪʰ˺ݤƼФΤ褦˵ǽ뤿ᡤȯΥʬۤƤȡ줫 "fit" 褦ȻפäƤƥȤŪΤɤ餫¦˰ĤƤޤȤ̤ˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿Midland ˥ǡޤФʤΤϡΤ褦ʻˤⵢ롥
Ͽġ HelMapperUK ϡȾ LAEME γѤΤ˺ä褦ʤΤLAEME ΤʬϤΤˤѤǤ
ʤLAEME Index of Sources Žդ PDF Ǥ뤬¾ˤLAEME Υȥåץڡ Auxiliary Data Sets -> Index of Sources Ȥɤȡ͡ʥѥˤƥȤξǤ롥
Laing, Margaret. "Never the twain shall meet: Early Middle English --- The East-West Divide." Placing Middle English in Context. Ed. I. Taavitsainen et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 97--124.
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
óȻ (lexical diffusion) SǤϡͤäϤ"take-off" ȸƤФ롥̤ѸǤϡcritical mass ׳̡ˤȤƤФ롥LDOCE5 critical mass ߤƤߤ褦
1. the amount of a substance that is necessary for a nuclear chain reaction to start
2. the smallest number of people or things that are needed in order for something to happen or be possible
1ˤ褦ˡȤȤʪؤѸǡʬʪϢȿγ³Τɬפʪ̤ؤ̣ΰ̲ꡤʪؤ˸¤餺̤ˡĶȤʤϢȿߤ뤳ȤʤȤֶ̤פ̣褦ˤʤä
Ѳ lexical diffusion Ĺ餯ؿƤ"S-curve", "take-off", "critical mass" Ȥ褦ʥɤͭʤΤϲѲ˸¤ʤȻȤݤˤˤˤߤ뤷षѲγȻʤɤϳȻθ̤ˤƶˤƼŪǤ롥ȻϸѲʳΰǤǤꡤθѲᤷƤ뤳Ȥפȹͤ롥
ǡdiffusion Rogers Diffusion of Innovations ɤʸ471ǤȤΤܤˤĤƤθڤϡդɤ¤ʤȰ쥫ΤߤǤ롥⡤¾θԤΰʸΤʤǿƤˤʤʲϡcritical mass εΤʤǡԤ Schelling ȤԤѤƤսǤֻܥ֥ɮԡˡ
The notion of critical mass originated in physics, where it was defined as the amount of radioactive material necessary to produce a nuclear reaction. "An atomic pile 'goes critical' when a chain reaction of nuclear fission becomes elf-sustaining" (Schelling, 1978, p. 89). Various illustrations of critical mass situations, in which a process becomes self-sustaining after some threshold point has been reached, abound in everyday life. A single log must be present so that each log reflects its heat onto the other. When the ignition point is reached, the fire takes off, and the two logs burn to ashes. / The critical mass bears on the relationship between the behavior of individuals and the larger system of which they are part. It thus centers on a crucial cross-level analysis that is "characteristic of a large part of the social sciences, especially the more theoretical part" (Schelling, 1978, p. 13). "The principle of 'critical mass' is so simple that it is no wonder that it shows up in epidemiology, fashion, survival and extinction of species, language systems, racial integration, jaywalking, panic behavior, and political movements" (Schelling, 1978, p. 89). / The concept of the critical mass is fundamental to understanding a wide range of human behavior because an individual's actions often depend on a perception of how many other individuals are behaving in a particular way (Schelling, 1978). (Rogers 349)
βս꤬ܽͣθؤθڤȤäƼ˾櫓ǤʤषѲؤγȻαѤϻϤޤäФʤΤʤȥѥ줿Ȼ˳غŪǤꡤѲ̤ѶŪ˻ǤĶäƤ褦lexical diffusion ʤɤȸƤ֤Ȥʤˤ鸷ᤷɭѲ¾¿ʪƱ褦γȤΤ̤ʤȤϲʤ
¿ΰ̤γȻλǤϡȻγ礬5--20%ãȤʤȻߤ뤳ȤʤȤ (Rogers 12, 274, 360)פˡն critical mass ȹͤƤ褤ϸѲξˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤΤڤɬפ롥
Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. 5th ed. New York: Free Press, 1995.
Schelling, Thomas C. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York: Norton, 1978.
ɸˤĤ[2011-08-27-1], [2011-08-28-1]εˤƤѸǤˡ she ԸդȤʤäƤƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽ register ޤäƤƤΤϤʤ
ˤϡ1960ǯʹߡȤ櫓ꥫѸǹޤäƤ gender ˽ʿȤ political correctness (PC) ؤδؿäƤ롥δ顤ʹ֤ΤȤƤ man(kind) -essȿͤɽ魯ʣ -man̿;̾ȤƤ he λѤʤɤ뤵졤ɽƤƤʴϢϡ[2009-08-20-1]ˤο͵ϤʤΤ, [2010-01-27-1]ָѸλ;ñ̾, [2011-04-17-1]֥ȥåŪȥݥȤƤθ츻פʤɤεȡ
δ she üˡȡ̾ΩƤƽ̾ǼͳϤʤǤϤʤȤ롥ΰԤȤäȤѸˤȿǤƤ뤳ȤϳΤߤδѤ٤ϤʤȤͤǤ롥
ä˹̾ she ˡϡĥäդȤ register ˸¤ȡ1960ǯʹߡ㸺ƤƤ뤳Ȥ¾ڤ롥The Times corpus ѤƤڤ Bauer (148--49) ˤȡ1930ǯޤǤϹؼ she ˡɸŪäºݡ1900ǯ1930ǯδ֤ǡؼ it 3ΤߤäȤȤ1935ǯʹߡit 㤬³Ū˸1970ǯˤshe ư쵤ɸȤʤäshe 㤬ƤϵSƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤóȻ (lexical diffusion) פ碌롥ʲΥդ Bauer (149) Υդ˴ŤƳƺΤǤ롥

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
ε[2011-08-27-1]ǡѸ̾̾ she εϡűѸʸˡǤϤʤѸδŪʵˡˤ뤳Ȥ⤷ϸѸǤˡˤĤơʸʤ鸫Ƥ
֤ʤɤξʪؤ she ϡäѤȤ롥ϡʪоݤȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤫ȸ롥
Look at my sports car. Isn't she a beauty?
What a lovely ship! What is she called?
Hundreds of small boats clustered round the yacht as she sailed into Southampton docks.
There were over two thousand people aboard the Titanic when she left England.
̾ she ϡʸкŪʴȤ館Ѥ뤬Ū˸ˤ it Ѥ롥
Iraq has made it plain that she will reject the proposal by the United Nations.
France increased her exports by 10 per cent.
Britain needs new leadership if she is to help shape Europe's future.
After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the Commonwealth.
ɽ Australian English ǤϡϵͲʤΤǤ it she Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥ξ硤ʤɤδ𤬰ؤ (Quirk et al. 318)
Remember that battle? Yeah, she was a doozie.
She's an absolute bastard, this truck.
Τ褦ˡʸϽФƤ뤬ߤǤϤˡˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥פʳؽѱѱѼƤߤȡOALD8 ǤϤˡεҤʤLDOCE5 Ǥ "old-fashioned" Υ졼٥롤Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd ed. Ǥ "mainly literary" Υ졼٥롤Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary Ǥ "somewhat old-fashioned" Υ졼٥롤COBUILD English Dictionary Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary Ǥϥ졼٥ʤäˤäƥ졼٥˺뤬ΤȤƤˡ register ꤵƤƤ餷Ȥʬ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
űѸˤʸˡäѸˤʸˡʤʤꡤ˼ (natural gender) ääȤѲϡѸˤˤ˽פǤ ([2009-05-23-1], [2009-05-26-1]) ѸˤμȤʸˡ伫äȡޤäƴꥢڡѡ䤤롥ϡʤɤξʪ̾̾Ȥ she ѤȤѸδˤĤƤǤ롥줬űѸʸˡƤȤ¸ߤʸˡȲ餫δطΤεǤϡˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ȡ̾ she ǼȤϡűѸʸˡε§ȤϤޤäطʤ⤽űѸǡ (scip) ̾Ǥꡤ̾ǤϤʤäOED ˤȡʰʲ˰ѡˡ̾ȤƤ she ν1375ǯǤ롥14--15οˤĤƤʸˡĥե줫ȤƲᤷΤ⤢뤬Ūʵˡ (personification) ȸ٤
2. Used (instead of it) of things to which female sex is conventionally attributed. a. Of a ship or boat. Also (now chiefly in colloquial and dialect use), often said of a carriage, a cannon or gun, a tool or utensil of any kind; occas. of other things.
ʤɤξʪƻΤۤˡԻ̾̾⡤䤽¾ŷΤʤɤ she ǼƤˤ뤬űѸʸˡλ¸ȤϹͤʤѸ줫˭٤ϡMED entry for "she" (pron.) 2(c) ȡ
ŪʵˡȤȡĤɤΤ褦˴ƤȤȤȤʤ롥ʸؤΰĤȤѸʸؤǤŪͲ (allegorical personification) ԤʤƤҤ褦ˡեδʸˡΤޤޱѸȲ᤹٤⤢뤬ͿžƤ⤢ꡤȤư̲ǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥դλ Mustanoja (49--50) ˳⤵Ƥ뤬Ʊ̾ǤʤˤäƵͲͿۤʤʤɡȤϤʤμͳ٤ä褦ѸεŪ she ˡˤĤƤϡŪʸŪ뤳ȤɬפΤ褦ѸǤˡˤĤƤϡεǡ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ꥹѸޤαѸѼ郎ǯꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ƤƤ뤳ȤϤˤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ americanisation γƵǼ夲ƤꥹѸ (BrE) Americanisation ʤȡϤĺܳŪ˻ϤޤäΤ
[2009-10-02-1]ε֥ꥫѸλʬפǥꥫѸˤѤ褦ˡꥫѸ (AmE) ꥹѸ (BrE) ̤ѼȤȯŸƤΤϥꥫΩʹߤΤȤǤ롥Ωʹߤξ϶̩ʴطݤäƤƤꡤŪ߾ϤäMencken ˤȡΤȤ BrE AmE ؤήϽȤФ̤Ƥʤ줿ΤФAmE BrE ؤή¯줬濴ä
Americanisms get into English use on the lower levels and then work their way upward, but nearly all the Briticisms that reach the United States first appear on the levels of cultural pretension, and most of them stay there, for the common people will have none of them. (Mencken 272)
ߤǤϱƶϰŪ AmE BrE ؤǤ롥ܳŪ BrE Americanisation ϤޤäΤϡճ٤2椫Ǥ롥Bauer (65--66) Ѥ롥
Many American servicemen were stationed in Britain during the Second World War, and from that period on there was considerable influence from films and, later, television. Before 1939, very few people could afford to cross the Atlantic. At the start of the war, the 'talkies' were only about ten years old. While the printed word and popular music clearly did have an effect in terms of vocabulary before that time, reactions to the speech of American servicemen in Britain during the war suggests that the effect had not been all that great in other areas, and even in the area of vocabulary had not been all-pervasive.
ꥫˡ (Americanism) ܳŪήΤäޥǥǤϤʤ߱ƷȤľܤܿǤäȤ̣ФơߤαѸѼ Americanisation ϼȤƥͥåȡDz衤ƥӤʤɤΥޥǥDzݥåץʤɤ罰ڤ̤Ƥ
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
εä (2) ([2011-08-24-1]) ι (3) ǡŵŪˤäơդäդʬŪŪǤܸǤѸǤɸŪʽդȤˤĤƤԤˤȤäơϾQŪ˼դΤۤҤȤʸʸΤˤľϡŪʻͤθȤҡʹʸˡʸʤɤؤοˤäƤɽ蘆Ƥ롥
ʸȯʹ֤λͼѤȤΤϷ̤ȤƤϻ¤ΰ̴طä˽դȯŸŪͤȯŸΰ̴طɤΤ餤ľŪǤ뤫ˤĤƤǮ蘆Ƥ롥Kramsch (40--41) Ѥ롥
. . . as has been hotly debated in recent years, the cognitive skills associated with literacy are not intrinsic to the technology of writing. Although the written medium does have its own physical parameters, there is nothing in alphabet and script that would make them more suited, say, for logical and analytic thinking than the spoken medium. To understand why literacy has become associated with logic and analysis, one needs to understand the historical association of the invention of the Greek alphabet with Plato's philosophy, and the influence of Plato's dichotomy between ideas and language on the whole of Western thought. It is cultural and historical contingency, not technology per se, that determines the way we think, but technology serves to enhance and give power to one way of thinking over another. Technology is always linked to power, as power is linked to dominant cultures.
ΤˡդΤŪͤǽˤʤäȤΤŪ˴ְ㤤ȤϤʤľܤΰ̴طΤǤϤʤդŪͤϸߤ褤ȤϳΤɬŪ¾߽ФȤطˤϤʤ褦˻פ롥ξԤΤŪΥƥåפʳäƤ롥Ѥˤ륮ꥷե٥åȤȥץȥǹͤȡʲΤ褦ʥƥåפꤵ롥
(1) 1000ǯꥷ˽աʥե٥åȡˤ줿 ([2010-06-24-1])
(2) Ż뤹ץȥ (427?--347?BC) ůؤꥷ˸줿
(3) ƶ˥ꥷǽդӤĤ
(4) ξԤϰöӤĤϤ褤ΤǡθϤɬŪʴطǤ뤫Τ褦˸褦ˤʤä
ˤȤäƤʸȯ ([2009-06-08-1]) 䡤ʸؤνդƳϡ˾˳̿ŪǤɾƤ㤨С[2010-02-17-1]εֳ轡ѸܸͿŪƶפǼ夲褦ˡѸؤϥꥹȶطʤ˥ƥͳǥޥե٥åȤܸؤʩطʤͳǴ줾Ƴ졤ξΤθŪȯŸŤʸƳȤѰžΤΤθŪȯŸľܤοϤä櫓ǤϤʤե٥åȤȤʸθƤԤŪʸؤӼäȤľܤθưϤäϤǤ롥ʸϤޤǡʤ˶ϤʡΤǤʤäȤȤʸƳϤθŪȯŸˤȤäƳ̿ŪäפȤ⤤ϡȤȤªƤΤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
Τ褦˹ͤȡεΩ (3) ƤϡޤǷΤǤꡤλʸ˰¸ŪʤΤǤȹͤ٤ʤΤ
Kramsch, Clair. Language and Culture. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ä (speech) (writing) ΩˤĤƤϡ[2011-05-15-1]εäפʤɤǼ夲ޤξԤζŪʤΤǤϤʤorality literacy ħϤٸߤ˾ǽǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ[2009-12-13-1]εäȤФȽȤФΩŪפ
ä (ʹ S) Ƚ (ʹ W) ֤ϡW ƤԤˤȤäƤϡΤΰ㤤ȤƼǤ褦˻פ롥ŵŪ S ʲáˤ W ʸϡˤΤˤɤΤ褦ħκۤΤˤĤƤϡ٤äͤƤߤʤȤˤФʤ⤷ʤKramsch (37--41) ͤˡ7Ω夲褦
(1) S ϰŪ (transient) W ϱ³Ū (permanent) Ǥ롥
W ΤħˤꡤW S 礭ʸҤӤӤ롥Ķƾѡã뤳ȤǤ뤷ƤƤΤΤƱͤ˱³ŪǤȤۤ뤫Ǥ롥
(2) S ɲŪǴŪ (additive and rhapsodic) W ȷ« (ordered and cohesive) Ƥ롥
S ǤäߤȯäˤѤ߾夲Ÿ뤬äȤ⤿ʤ W ǤϤϤᤫ٤ʷ«ä¤롥S Ϥξ¨ǡW Ϥ餫ơȤۤȤϢ롥
(3) S ϼҲŪ (aggregative and phatic) W ʬŪŪ (analytic and logical) Ǥ롥
S ǤüԴ֤ʷϵŪȤɽ¿ʤ뤬W ǤƤˤĤʬϤͤ뤳Ȥ˽椹ɽ¿
(4) S ;Ū (redundant) W ;Ū (non-redundant) Ǥ롥
(1) ħ椨ˡS äʹû餶뤿˷֤¿Ѥ롥ǡW ϤΤ褦ûθɬפʤΤǡष;ŪǤ뤳Ȥ뷹롥
(5) S ʸˡŪ˴ˤǤŪ˴ (grammatically loose and lexically sparse) W ʸˡŪ˰ޤäƤŪ˶Ž̤ (grammatically compact and lexically dense) 롥
S Ρ֤ξ¨ǡפȤбơS ǤϸνȤʸˡŪˤŪˤäƤΤŬڤǤ롥ǡW Ρ֤餫ơפȤбơW ǤϺǽ餫ʤ̩٤ι⤤ʸϤäƤΤŬڤǤ롥
(6) S Ͽ濴 (people-centered) W 濴 (topic-centered) Ǥ롥
S ǤꤽΤΤǤʤʹδʤɤˤθɬפ뤬W ǤΤã뤳Ȥ˽Ǥ롥
(7) S ʸ̮¸Ū (context dependent) W ʸ̮Ū (context-reduced) Ǥ롥
S Ǥʸ̮ˤΤǡ뷹롥ǡW ϽƤǤʸ̮ɤȤˤϼƤʸ̮θƤˤȤ¿ᡤʸ̮˰¸ˤ
Ω֥쥹ȤС7ܰʳˤ⤤ȽФƤºݤ˼ȤDz٤֥쥹ȤƤߤ⤷ä
Kramsch, Clair. Language and Culture. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
[2011-02-09-1]εѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡פε³[2011-08-20-1]εָѸθäεȳפǤ줿 Philip Durkin κǶιֱ "Some neglected aspects of Middle English lexical borrowing from (Anglo-)French" ǡɸƤֱȤΥϥɥȤȤˡΰüҲ𤷤
줬եѸ줫ƥѸ줫ϡեˤθ˴Ť˸ȽǤ뤬¿ϤȤΤ褦ʥǤϡ줫μѤǤȤǽǤʤѶŪ˾뤳ȤǤʤĤޤꡤξ줫 multiple input ȤǽǰƬ֤Ƥɬפ롥
θǤ뤫ˤ餺ΥեƥѸ¿ǤꡤθѸȲꤷꤵ¿θޤǤ롥
Helsinki Corpus ˴ŤĴˤȡեƥѸǸ٤ι⤤ϡ餫٤ä櫓ǤϤʤѸ˹٤ȤʤäƤեƥѸϡȤ13--14˼Ѥ줿Ǥ롥
1380ǯˤϡΦեΤߤǤȾѸ¸ߤʤΤ褦ʼѸ줬ϤΤϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƤǤ롥
եƥѤνΥǥǤϡʲΤ褦ʰۤä(1) ѸϤ줫θʤ줫ȽǤʤȤƤˤѤ(2) ˡƱƱȯŸ¾θƱ졤뤤ϤϢ줫̣ѤԤʤȤˤäƸɲäƤȤä
Durkin ϡĴ̤˴ŤեƥѤˤĤƿʥǥƤƤ롥ƤϼΤ褦ǤѸ줫ѸˤƤλ塤ä˱Ѹ줬ϿθȤ̤λǤ⡤ɤˤƥեȥƥ¿ʬǸҤθǤ³ΥɿͤŪξȤο֤ܿƤΤ褦¿Ҳˤơɿͤϡ°ҲĤ˱٤κϤ졤Ѹ졤ե졤ƥΤǸߤбη֤Ọ̇̄ΤäƤȹͤ롥ˤ錄 "multiple input" η̤ȤơѸη֤Ọ̇̄ѤʣƤΤǤϤʤ
ǥǤϡθ줬ѸȤεϡΥ¿ҲˤƼѸη֤Ọ̇̄ɤΤ褦¿ƤȤε˾ƤƤ롥֤ľŪȯãȤϡߤʣŪʱƶβǽŻ뤵Ƥ롥[2010-08-06-1]εָ츻ؤϵݤʳؤפǡ츻ˤŪ츻ȳŪ츻뤳ȤҲ𤷤Durkins οǥŪ츻Τߤʤ餺Ū츻ˤܤХΥǥɾ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ѸˤϿ¿켭ŵ (thesaurus) ꡤ[2010-08-11-1]εtoilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords ǤߤפǼ褦˥饤Ǽλвġ⾯ʤ餺¸ߤ롥Ū켭ŵȤƤ⡤ǯ HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary) TOE (A Thesaurus of Old English) Ƥꡤ趷褷Ƥ롥
Ūˤ̻ŪˤѸäθĶäƤƤ뤬ȤƤαѸγؽĶȤ켭ŵϤޤǤޤΩäƤʤäؽδβˤĤƤϡOALD LDOCE ʤɤϷؽѱѱѼϤƤƤꡤȯѤαѸؽˤΩĤ⤷⤬ƤȲòؽ켭ŵȤΤϤޤǤƤʤäͣ졤American Heritage Thesaurus for Learners of English (2002) ä餤2008ǯˤʤäɸ Oxford Learner's Thesaurus (OLT) Ǥ줿μϻμ긵ˤ⤢äޤä˶ؿϤʤռŪ˳ȤϤۤȤɤʤäǶ Komuro and Ichikawa ˤ OLT μʬϤɤǡؽ켭ŵ˶̣襤ƤħΤäƤȤפʤΤǡʲ OLT ˤĤΤäƤƤ褤Komuro and Ichikawa Ȥʤ餤ĤƤ
OLT ϡOxford Thesaurus of English (2000, 2004) ʪǤϤʤष OALD7 (2005) Ȥδط (12) ºݤˡOALD7 ⤬¿ OLT ȿǤƤ롥ʤĤޤꡤǽ餫ؽԸ˥塼˥ƤꡤʿפǤ椤Ȥ˼꤬ϤҤԤ졤ºݤˤΤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
OLT ˸¤ʤؽ켭ŵμ礿뵡ǽϡ"(1) make users aware of different connotations or shades of meaning synonyms have and to (2) enable users to choose and use the most appropriate word, which may not be part of their (active) vocabulary, in order to express their idea" (14)
ФϳؽԸФ줿1973ĤǡñǤʤʣ礬ФȤʤäƤ⤢ (16)
1ĤθФͿƤοϡͤȤ5--6 (26) ¿ʤؽԤˤȤäŬڡ
ƤʸϤŬڤǡCD-ROMǤǤϳФʿ3.7ĤۤɤʸƤ (29)
֤ζ̤ˤȤ櫓פ register Υ졼٥⤬̤Ȥ˽¤Ƥ (35--45) ä˲ɤʪȤƤ⤷Ƥ (45, 49)
̣ζ٤ˤäƶ̤췲ˤĤơŪ "synonym scales" ʤˡƳƤꡤؽ塤˸ŪǤ (49--52)
ΤȤ Komuro and Ichikawa "a groundbreaking learner's thesaurus (55) ȹ⤤ɾͿƤꡤä˺Ǹ "synonym scales" ɾˤĤƤϡºݤ˸ƤߤƱ㤨Сafraid synonym scale ϰʲ̤ꡥΤ褦˰ȡƬ롥

ӥ塼ʸɤǤ줫ѶŪ OLT ѤƤߤȻפäޤѸؽΩǤ뤳Ȥϸ˵ڤФ̣θ˺ݤƤ⡤ܳŪ켭ŵ䤽¾μѤθŤơõˤȤȤݤä㤨Сsynonym scale ͿƤʲ126θФ줫Ŭ췲ӽФѥѤ semantic_prosody θȤΤ⤪⤷
admiration [n], afraid [a], anger [n], anger [v], angry [a], annoy [v], approval [n], bad [a], beautiful [a], cheap [a], childhood [n], close [a], cold [a], concern [n], convincing [a], crazy [a], crisis [n], defeat [v], delicious [a], delight [v], determine [v], dictate to sb [pv], disappoint [v], disapprove [v], disgusting [a], distress [n], embarrass [v], emotion [n], exciting [a], expose [v], fast [a], fat [a], fear [n], flush [v], frequent [a], friendship [n], frighten [v], frightening [a], frown [v], funny [a], gap [n], glad [a], happy [a], hate [v], hatred [n], high [av], hill [n], hot [a], hungry [a], hurt [v], hysterical [a], immediate [a], impress [v], inspire [v], interest [v], interested [a], interesting [a], ironic [a], like [v], likely [a], lonely [a], lose your temper [idiom], love [n], love [v], mad [a], magnificent [a], mean [a], mentally ill [a], minute [n], modern [a], negative [a], nice [a], odour [n], pain [n], painful [a], plain [a], please [v], pleasure [n], poor [a], possibility [n], praise [v], press [v], pressure [n], probably [adv], quite [adv], radical [a], rain [v], rape [v], recession [n], recommend [v], remarkable [a], respect [v], revenge [n], ridiculous [a], rough [a], rude [a], ruin [v], run [v], ruthless [a], sad [a], serious [a], shock [n], shock [v], show [v], small [a], smile [v], soak [v], sorry [a], star [n], strict [a], suppress [v], sure [a], surprise [v], take advantage of sb/sth [v], taste [n], tear [v], temper [n], tight [a], tired [a], ugly [a], unhappy [a], upset [a], violent [a], well [a], wet [a], worry [v]
American Heritage Thesaurus for Learners of English. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2002.
Oxford Learner's Thesaurus: A Dictionary of Synonyms. Oxford: OUP, 2008.
Komuro, Yuri and Yasuo Ichikawa. "An Analysis of the Oxford Learner's Thesaurus: A Dictionary of Synonyms." Lexicon 41 (2011): 11--59.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 7th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2005.
Ѹ椷ƤȡLALME Dot Map ΥϿޤȻפ롥LALME ϿޤѤΤǤХԡꥹꤹФ褤饤 LAEME Ǥ "Mapping" ǽ "Feature Maps" äܤ٤ܤ˴ؤϿޤϥǥ롥ԤǤϡ"Create a Feature Map" ʤ桼ˤϿǽ⤪ɲäȤΤȤǡѸؤΥ奢벽ϺŸƹԤȻפ롥
Ǥ͡ʺؤϤ롥㤨СLAEME Ǥ⡤ʬδؿΤܤ LAEME ΤǰƤʤϿǽΩʤ㤨СѸ̾ʣθǤ̾ŪʸˡפLAEME text database ǤդƤʤΤǥեˤϳѤǤʤäˡLALME ˤĤƤϤ⤽Ͽޤǥ벽ƤѤˤϿޤΥǥ벽ʤȤƥȾɸΥǥ벽˾ޤˡ
Ǥ⡤ޤͤԤäƤ櫓ˤϹԤʤ¸Υġȼʬδؿ糵ƤΤǤꡤ鸦ĶɬפΤѸϿޤ˴ؤ¤ꡤLALME LAEME ƥȤͿС齸ܤ˴ؤǡϿ˥ץåȤ뤳ȤϽʬ˲ǽǤ롥ʼפϾʤȻפ뤬ˤκȤǤز뤿ˡHelMapperUK ʤ CGI ƤߤѹΥ١ޥå˥ǡݥȤץåȤȤñǽòƤꡤĤʤɤղõǽϤʤ奢벽ƳѤĤȤӤˤϽʬȻפ롥
ѸθäˤȼѸΨˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲ƤĤĥäƤ
[2010-12-31-1]: #613. Academic Word List ˴ޤޤγ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-05-16-1]: #384. ÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤ
[2010-03-02-1]: #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: #201. ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-15-1]: #110. ѸμѸεȳ
οŪĴˤϡݤΥˤ뤫type-count token-count ɤΤ餤θõϤ츻ˤޤĤΤɤΤ褦˽뤫ʤɤιθ٤ब͡ꡤԤˤäƷ̤ޤޤȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ʣĴ٤С褽ʿͤƤΤΤǤ롥
äƤ ICOME7 (The Seventh International Conference on Middle English) ǡ84OED3 μ紴츻ؼ Philip Durkin "Some neglected aspects of Middle English lexical borrowing from (Anglo-)French" ꤹֱǴϢˤĤƿƤΤǡ⤷Ƥ
Durkin BNC 1000ΥꥹȤФ츻ʬϤη̡Ѹ줬489졤եƥ줬489졤Υɸ줬32졤ʳθ줬10Ȥͤ줿絬ϥѥ٥ꥹ (see [2010-03-01-1]) Ѥ츻ĴϤĤʬǤȻפäƤDurkin ΤǤϫϤʤȤǤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ˤꡤ嵭ΥǼĴȹ碌ơtype-count ˴Ť100졤600졤1000졤2000졤3000졤4000졤5000졤6000졤7000졤8000졤9000졤10000Ȥ12ʳθõϤǤθΨ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤʤ븽ѸäξʬϤ줾ۤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤܰ¤Ȥưʲʬ English, French and/or Latin, Scandinavian, Other Ȥ4줷
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εָѲͽκ ([2011-08-18-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡѲͽۤȤĤߤˤĤƤϡ˸ؼԤΤǤ͡ʰո롥Bauer ϡѲͽۤ "hazardous" "risky" ǤȤơپĤ餷Ƥ롥ϢսѤ褦
Dealing with on-going changes is a very hazardous undertaking. It is tempting to conclude that, because we can see the beginning of a change, it follows that the change will continue. This is not true. It may even reverse itself. Consequently, predictions based on current trends mean very little. 'If current trends continue, then we may expect to find people saying xyz in the year 2050' is about as risky as predicting the value of the pound or the rate of inflation. (21)
Not only can we not predict the speed of a change, but we cannot predict whether it will be followed through to the end, or even whether it might be reversed. Diachronic linguistics is not a predictive science. (25)
εǰѤ (2) Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѲϼʳؤˡ§ȰۤʤꡤˤʤϳΤǤ롥ȤСͽۤ뤳Ȥ˲βͤΤͽ۲餸ƤǤϤʤȤոФΤǤ롥ͽۤ뤫ʤȤäǽΤǤСỤ̄Ϥʤ
ͽۤγỤ̄ˡͽۤȤ٤ä¸ߤϤΡ̤ؤδؿѲȤºŤƤ褤褦˻פޤѲ椷Ƥ̤λѤͽۤʤ뵤Ǥ롥μʴؿȤΤϡˤƤ⸦ˤƤ幥ޤʤޤ鸽ߤؤȸѲƻڤɤѲɵ椷ƤԤˤȤäơλ̤˱ĹʤȤΤϤޤ˶ŪǤ롥
⤽⡤Ѳϡߤޤ³ƤѲή뤫⤷ʤȤ褦ʸŪʲǽռŪ˼ξݤ뤳ȤȤΩƤƤκȤϰۤλäΤǤϤʤ (2) θ褦ˡͽۤϸѲװϤΤΤǤϤʤϤ̤ĤߤǤȡѶŪɾ
ºݤΤȤBauer ƱΤʤͽۤ˶ᤤȤƤ롥Bauer ηپϡͽۤޤ "tempting" 餳Ūˤϸ̩ͽۤԲǽʤΤȤĴƤäΤȤƤ̤ǧBauer Ʊݤε Lass (Phonology, 328--29) Lass (Shape, 131) ǤʤƤȤΤǡǧ
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
ԡѲѸ١ҤĤ˼2003ǯ
Lass, Roger. Phonology. Cambridge: CUP, 1984.
Lass, Roger. The Shape of English. London and Melbourne: J. M. Dent, 1987.
(2) ǤϡѲͽȤκˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
̤ˤȤФѲˤĤƤͽϡ
(i) ߿ʹѲ
(ii) ˤƼºݤ˵äŪѲ
(iii) ƱϸˤߤѲ
(iv) Ļθ콬
ʤɤ˴ŤƹԤ롥
(i) (iv) ˤơΤݤءü줫̤ؤȴ⤯ʤäƤܤͤ롥(i) θߤˤѲλ¡(ii) βѲλ¡(iii) ƱϸθߤȲѲλ¡ drift εʤɤͿˡ(iv) ϸ줽ΤΤǤϤʤҥȤθ콬 (language acquisition) μʲ⸽ߤ̤ѤȤβǡˤˤ줾롥
(iii) θˡƱϡƱϸΡĤޤΤˤƸߤӲѲλ¤ȤäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤüŪˤС̸ŪʸѲ (typology of language change) ȤǤ롥ָѲͽκפβǤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ
Ρü á á(1) θѲʸߡ á á(2) θѲʲ á á(3) ƱϸθѲʸߡ á á(4) θѲʸߡ á á(5) 콬ȸѲʸߡ ݡ
ȤФѲϡޤäƱ郎äȤäɬȤϸ¤ʤΰ̣ǡȤФѲϼʳؤˡ§ (law) ȤϤ (trend, tendency) ˤʤ
ɡѲˤĤƤͽҤʤɤϡ֤ȤФѲװϲפȤŪϤ̤ΤǤ롥
ʸϤ顤ԤϸѲͽȤ٤βͤϡ줬뤫ɤȤͽȤƤ٤ˤΤǤϤʤѲθ餫ˤ褦ȤĤߤǤˤȹͤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥Bauer ȽŪ٤褯ʬΤŪˤΩƱդ
ԡѲѸ١ҤĤ˼2003ǯ
Sapir, Edward. Language. New York: Hartcourt, 1921.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
̤ th-sound ([θ], [ð]) ϸ첻ȤƤϤޤǤꡤ¿üԤˤȤäƽˤȸƤ롥ºݤ [θ] [t] [s] ѤüԤ¿θƹŪʹҶѸ Airspeak Ǥ three tree Ȥȯ뤳ȤˤʤäƤۤɤth-sound ϤΤ褦ǰ̾⤤ȯȤƤߤʤƤꡤѸ liability 1ĤȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
ºݤΤȤλϡѸΤۤˤ⥹ڥ䥮ꥷʤŪ褯Τ줿ˤⲻǤȤƸ롥ƱνβؼԤȡβˤޤʲʤΤȤäƤȤˡUPSID (The UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database) ʤ륵Ȥ¸ߤƤä451βηϤΥǡ١إǤ륵ȤǡSimple UPSID interface Υե̤ơ줴ȤβϿꡤʬȤŪ뤳ȤǤ롥
®ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤUPSID Segment Frequency ˤȡ0D ɽ [θ] ȡ6D ɽ [ð] Ͽ˴ޤϤ줾ʲΤȤǤ롥
[θ] or "0d" (voiceless dental fricative) occurs in 18 languages (3.99% of the 451 languages): Albanian, Amahuaca, Araucanian, Bashkir, Berta, Burmese, Chipewyan, Greek, Huasteco, Iai, Karen, Lakkia, Mursi, Rukai, Spanish, Tabi, Wintu, Yay.
[ð] or "6D" (voiced dental fricative) occurs in 22 languages (4.88% of the 451 languages): Albanian, Aleut, Burmese, Chipewyan, Cubeo, Dahalo, Fijian, Greek, Guarani, Iai, Koiari, Mari, Mazatec, Mixtec, Moro, Nenets, Nganasan, Quechua, Rukai, Spanish, Tabi, Tacana.
Ĵоݤ451줫줿ۤʤʬ919Ĥ뤬ٽ̤ȤƤ [θ] 126̡[ð] 113̤Ǥ롥̤ǹͤиۤɤޤʲǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ451Τ4--5%ۤɤˤʤǤȼСΤˤޤȸΤ⤷ʤ줿ۤʤ919ʬ8ʾ748ʬ10ĶˤϸʤȤͤȡ[θ], [ð] ϡθˤߤ¿Τޤʬ2Ĥˤʤ
ʤߤˡ̸Ū٤ι⤤ʬȥå10ϡ[m, k, i, a, j, p, u, w, b, h] νȤ
[2010-08-02-1]εBNC ФȯʤƬ <h>פ h-dropping ˤĤƿ줿ϸѸƤ̤βæ yod-dropping 夲롥yod Ȥ /j/ ɽ蘆Ⱦ첻ؤѸμפѼˤơΤ /juː/ /j/ æƤ뤳Ȥ𤵤Ƥ롥 <u(e)> <ew> ֻϤʬȯŪ /juː/ ǤäȤֻޤ¿θ줬ߤޤǤ /j/ äƤ롥
Bauer (103--10) ˤȡƹɸȯǤ blue, rule /j/ äȯԤʤƤ뤬dew, enthuse, lewd, new, suit, tune ǤѼˤä /j/ ̵ͭɤȤɤѼǤŪ /j/ ݤäƤ beautiful, cute, ewe, fume, huge, mute Τ褦ʸ⾯ʤʤ
Bauer Ĵˤꡤyod-dropping ϤѼ˸¤äȤƤä˰ͤ˺ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤä˥褦˽˿ʹԤƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤ줿߿ʹ óȻ (lexical diffusion) ιȤ˶̣ΤϡѼ鷺Ȼν褽Ǥ餷ȤȤǤ롥Bauer (106) ϡyod-dropping β˼Τ褦 "implicational scale" ƤƤ롥
/s/ > /θ/ > /l/ > /n, d, t/
scaleϡyod-dropping äλŪ /j/ ľλҲˤäƷޤäƤ뤳Ȥɽ魯 /s/ ǽ /n, d, t/ ǸˡƱˡscale Τʳ yod-dropping λƤ뤳ȤʬСκ¦Τ٤ƤʳǤǤ yod-dropping λƤϤȤͽ¬ǽˤ롥
⤫ϡνˤϲŪʺΤȤȤǤ롥Ҳ⤤Τ㤤Τؤȳ礷ƤäƤ褦˸뤬
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
82դ asahi.dom ǡĤ
ʪο𡤱ѸǤġƥ
ǯ֡ƥ˸¤Ƥʪοȯ𤬱ѸǤǤ褦ˤʤäȥꥢܥdz줿ݿʪزĤޤϻΤǤʤŻҽǤʸǧ뤳Ȥˤ
ʪؤǤϣǯ˹ݥ롼뤬Ǥϡ֥ƥΤߡפǡΤ˷Ǻܤ줿Τ˸¤äƤβʸȯɽ®졤ưפˤʤȴԤ롥
̿̾ѰѰĹΥɥ顦ʥåΡʱѹʪۡˤϡֿʪʳؤˤȤä礭ʰ⡥Ǥľ̤Ƥ뺣郎Ͽ졤õ䤹ʤΤư礤ΩĤϤפäȯɽ
2005ǯΥĤDz줿ݿʪ̿̾ (ICBN) 36ˤСпʪοʬෲ̿̾ˤϥƥˤ뵭ܤ̳ŤƤICBN βƤ6ǯ˰ٳŤݿʪĤǵķ褵뤬Υܥġ2011ǯ723?30ˤǤϡ˴٤ƤƤݷ褵Ƥ֥ƥ̳űѡפĤ˵ķ褵줿XVIII International Botanical Congress ˷ǺܤƤ Congress Resolutions ǡ𤬤ʤƤ롥ʲϢʬžܡֻϰѼԡˡ
Resolution 5
The XVIII International Botanical Congress, in Melbourne, Australia, resolves that the decisions of its Nomenclature Section with respect to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (now to be the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), noting with interest that specified types of electronic publication are now effective for nomenclatural purposes, that descriptions of new taxa may now appear in English or Latin, that, for valid publication, new names of fungi must include citation of an identifier issued by a recognized repository that will register the name, and that the Code will henceforth provide for a single name for all fungi and for all fossils falling under its provisions, as well as the appointment of officers and members of the nomenclature committees, made by that section during its meetings on 18-22 July, be accepted.
糰ʤΤǿʪؤʬෲ̿̾δˤĤƤϾܤΤʤεķϡˤƥʿƥʸɤϡʪؤθŵƥǽƤ뤳ȡƥθʤʥեޥåȤ椨˰ľʿʬෲܤ뤳ȡƥ줬ŪʸǤ뤳ȡʤɤͳ˵Ƥ뤬ͳǤϲڤʤۤɤ˥ƥ䤬ƤȤȤޤεķϱѸ줬ĤƤΥƥƱεǽô褦ˤʤäƤƤڵǤ⤢롥
ƥˤƤѸˤƤ⡤Ū˰ŪʸȤΤ¸ߤΤɤϵ路Ȥ˸ʤʵϤ줿ȤƤ⡤ϼΤȤȤѲ뤳ȤϤ롥ޤθ줬ҿݤ³뤫ɤϼҲ˰¸뤬ҲȤϻȤȤѤΤǤ롥ҲŪǽˤƱѸ줬ĤƤΥƥ˼ääƤƤȤȤϴְ㤤ʤѸ줬塤ĤƤΥƥĶƹŪ˰ŪʸȤʤȤͽ¬ϵ;Ϥ
Ϣơ̾ (scientific name) ˤĤơ[2010-09-21-1]εֳ̾פȡ
ܥ֥γƽ register ѰˤȤѸȤäƤǤϤ뤬ºݤˤʣʳǰǤ롥ʲؿѸؼŵ٤ "register" ιܤȤƼɮ롥
register ϸѼ1פǤ롥ϰ䳬ʤɤθѼϡ§ȤüԤäƤΤǡüԤտŪ˻Ȥʬ뤳ȤʤŪʥפѼ (user variety) ǤΤФơregister üԤ̤ˤäƻȤʬŪʥפѼ (use variety) Ǥ롥[2009-12-10-1]εֱѸѼΥǥפ variety classes бС(1), (2) user variety (3), (4), (5) use variety (register) Ȥregister ϤޤǰŪѼǤϤ뤬ѰͤǡפʳǰǤ롥
Halliday θ (Hallidayan linguistics) ˤСregister ϰʲΤ褦˲̶ʬ롥
(1) field of discourse äξˡˤϡ礭ʬƸǧλ (cognitive use) ˤΤȡŪ (phatic use) ˤΤ롥ԤäʹοŪʤĤʤۤ뤿θѤǡŪ䰧ŵǤ ( phatic function ˤĤƤ[2010-10-02-1]εָεǽȸѲפȡˡ줬Ѥ˱ƶͿΤϡƸƼʸˡܤǤ롥Ū졤ʥʥֵ̤θꡤʳʸˡΧʸ⡤ŻҥʤɤǤϡ줾ͭɽʸˡܤ롥Ȥäǰ˶ᤤ
(2) mode of discourse äΡˡ礭äȤСʲˤȽȤСʸˤʬ롥ξԤϸѤˤƤФ֤뤬ºݤˤξԤδطȤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ[2011-05-15-1]εäפ[2009-12-13-1]εäȤФȽȤФΩŪפȡ
(3) style (tenor) of discourse äΥˡäʹδط˱ĥٹ礤б٤ι⤤Τ frozen, formal, consultative (unmarked), casual, intimate ʤɤȡΤˤ϶ʬǤʤϢ³Τ롥
register ϰΤ褦ʬƹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬3Ĥβ̶ʬϤϢ³ΤǤꡤߴط¸Ƥ̤ΩƤ̤ꡤʣǤ롥register 1970ǯʹߤ˹ޤäѸȳǰǤꡤȤƤŪؼԴ֤ǴϢѸ˺ۤʤɤ꤬Τˤ椨
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
εָѲˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1]) ʤ顤ˤ֤뤤ϡ¡֤ȤϲͤƤؤξQȤơ̸ָϤ줬춦ƱΤܴۤΤǤꡤüԤˤȤäƤϤܴۤʵηϤǤפȤͤ롥ϡƸ줬üԤˤȤäƤϾˡפ˶ᤤ֤ˤȤȤ̣롥ιͤǤС̵Ȥϸ鷺Ȥ¡֤ˤ¸ߤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡ֤üԤˤȤäơפȤפǤꡤޤŪʴǡפ˶ᤤȤȤǤ (ŪʸѤˤĤƤϡ[2011-06-06-1]εMartinet ˤȤäƸȤϡפȡˡޤμԤʣθŪʴ٤ơAΤۤBַפǤʤɤȷ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥⤽⡤ŪˤɤΤ褦ʾ֤ǤСַפǤ뤫ˤĤƵҴŪʴ뤳Ȥ
Ūɾι꤬ʡַפפȤɽŪʴ̲ǤܤܤƤμ٤ABɾȤȤϲǽ⤷ʤ㤨СηϤо (symmetry) ѹ (balancedness) к (economy) ȤΤ̲ǤΤǤСλɸäơʬŪ˸ηϤΤΡַפȤȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤ[2010-02-14-1]εָ٤¬뤫פεȤط뤬ʤ̤˹ͤȤȤǤС̲Ϥ䤹[2011-08-11-1]εǽôפ functional load ιͤϲ߽Ф줿Ūʳǰʤ¾ˤѤ뤳Ȥϲǽ⤷ʤʤäȤⲻΤ褦˹٤˹¤줿ǤϤʤȼˡ
ηϤΡַפɾȤơоѹкȤäƤߤ⤦1ĤȤơΥɤǤ⤢ȥԡ (entropy) ͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷ȥԡȤηϤȤƤٹ礤ؤͤ㤤ۤηϤäƤ뤳ȤȤȤǮϳؤѸ˹ѤƤꡤؤαѤƻⳫƤȤ롥ηϤΥȥԡ¬ˡԤ߽ФȤưפǤϤʤñˤäơηϤȤƤε§ХȥԡԵ§Хȥԡ礹ɽ뤳ȤϤǤ롥
㤨СѲˤϡֲѲϵ§Ū뤬Ե§⤿餷˴ŤѲԵ§뤬ε§⤿餹뤬ȥԡѸѤСַˤơ§ŪʲѲϥȥԡ礵Ե§ŪѤϥȥԡפȴǤʴϢơ[2011-03-19-1]εָüȷ֥饹פǼ夲ξüݻ䡤[2010-11-03-1]ε2 analogyפεȡˡ
Ͼܤʤʸˡ˴פ֤ natural morphology ʤɤʬǤϡѲҡΤˡβμٹ礤θ롥ּפȤ⡤ȥԡоѹкʤɤƱͤˡηϤΡַפ魯1ĤǤ롥"natural", "balanced", "economical", "simple", "therapy" ʤɤȤɽˤݱʤ˲ʹѤɾޤޤƤޤ"entropy" ˤǮϳؤˡ§ȤäƲʳŪʶ뤷ΥɤȤϤޤ깤ĤƤʤ褦˻פ롥
Ǯϳؤ2ˡ§ˤСʪȥͥ륮ϰĤΤߤˡʤѲǽʤΤԲǽʤΤء뤤ѲǽʤΤԲǽʤΤء뤤Ϥޤ줿Τ顤̵줿ΤؤѲסʥեp. 45ˡĤޤꡤΰǥȥԡƤ褦˸Ƥ⡤ɬ¾ΰǤʾ˥ȥԡ礷ƤꡤΤȤƱΥȥԡΰӤɤȤȤǤ롥ʪؤŪʿȤǧƤΤϤˡ§ȸۤɤζˡ§ǤϡηϤȸηϤƤΤ⤷ȲꤹȡεָѲˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1]) ˤʤä Schendl (69) "therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part" may must ɤߤʤʤФʤʤȤˤʤ롥ʤȤˡȥԡˡ§ϷΤߤŬѤȤѲεǤ may ۤɤβǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
ߡե زǡȥԡˡ§١ҡ1990ǯ
Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.
2֤εֵǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1]) ȡǽôȸѲ ([2011-08-11-1]) ǡSchendl 礤˽Фʤ顤ǽ (functionalism) Ĵǽ (systemic regulation) (therapeutic power) ǽô (functional load) ʤɤѸѤƤ˴ϢƼΤ褦ʼ䤬줿
Schendl (69)ΰѤˤĤƤҤȤļƤ
'therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part'
ȤޤɤΤ褦㤬Τפ⤫ӤޤϤΤƤޤԶѹդȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤʤΤȤƤⵤˤʤޤΤǸꤤޤ
Schendl ƱǶŪƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡɼԤȤƤϳͤƤߤ뤷ʤ㤨вˤѲ¾㤨зˤ̤θѲϢŪ˰Ȥ褦ϱѸˤǤ¿뤬Ūˡ뼣Ū (therapeutic) Ѳ̤ΤȤǤ°Ȥʤ褦 (pathogenic) ѲϢȤΤϤäȡΤ˹ͤ줿
ʤ㤬פ⤫ФʤΤȹͤƤߤȡ"therapeutic" ȤѸ줬Ū˲ؤҴŪ˷Ȥطʤ뤫ǤϤʤȻפä̤ѸǤϡּפܻؤǽɸϡ֤ηϤˤơפȤϤʤ֤ؤΤǽΩΩäŪȤƤϡȤ "a symmetrical, balanced, simple, economical system" ظƤȤߤʤȤǤʤηƻ Schendl ˸ˡηϤʣβηϤʣȤ߹碌ˤäͭΤǤꡤΰѲ벼ηϤδ鸫 therapeutic ȤƤ⡤̤βηϤδ鸫 pathogenic Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ǤϡηΤδ餹ȡθѲϤɤ therapeutic ʤΤ뤤 pathogenic ʤΤꤹ뤳Ȥ
ȤƻפĤΤϡεǤ夲 /θ/ /ð/ Ωȯ̤θ /ð/ Dz (phonemicisation) ȤѲǤ롥űѸǤ,
[θ] [ð] 1Ĥβ (phoneme) 2Ĥΰ۲ (allomorphs) Ȥ֤Ťˤʤä˼ȤƵǽˤͭ [ð] Ԥʤ褦ˤʤ (ex. that, the, then, there, they, thou, though, with; cf. verners_law) thy vs. thigh Τ褦Ǿ (minimal pair) /θ/ /ð/ ̡βǤؤʬƤä
/ð/ βDzưŤǽŪʴȡҤ٤褦˼Τ褦ˤʤ롥Ѹ˳ (obstruent) Ǥ̵ͭΩ礭ʵǽô̤ôäƤꡤǤΩηǡ˳о»ʤ°פȹͤ롥/θ/ /ð/ βDzϤоǺѤ°ּפƤȲᤵ롥ºݤˤ thy vs. thigh κǾФϾʤΤǡ̵ͭΩϤѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩƤΤϡѸ첻ΤȤ̵ͭȤΩˤƵǽŪǤ롥ʾȤСεϤޤ therapeutic ʹͤɽƤȸ
ƱѲ (graphemics) Ω줫鸫ȡषηŪоƤȤͤ롥ˤơ1Ǥ1ʸбƤΤǤоŪǡѹդƤꡤñǡкŪǤ뤳ȤϵƤʤѸϤ˰̾⤤ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ơоŪǡѹդƤꡤñǡкŪʲǤȽǤδطɵ᤹褦ʸѲȤСϽδ therapeutic ѲȤȤǤȤҤ /ð/ βDz˹碌ƽηϤƱͤѲ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡ̤Ȥ <th> ȤŻ (digraph) ɽ蘆1ĤνǤ2Ĥΰۤʤ벻Ǥб뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäϡΩ줫餹ȡtherapeutic ǤϤʤष pathogenic Ѳȸ롥
ޤȤȡ/ð/ βDzȤѲϡδ therapeutic Ѳäδ pathogenic ѲäȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡ䤽¾٤ƹͤ碌ơѸȤηΤؤαƶȤǸȡѲϤϤƥץ饹äΤޥʥäΤƶμ̤ҴŪ˷¬뤳ȤΤǡȽǤϤܤĤʤȤˤʤʤΰ̣Ǥϡǽô̤ȤϱƶҴŪ˷¬褦ȤĤߤθǤꡤˡ1ĤʤΤ⤷ʤˡ
ˤơäơּפȤäơ¡פȤ뤫Ϥ褯狼ʤưʪξǤ顤Ʒڤ¤ͽɡ̤ͽܼιͤ롥ʤߤˡѤƤ pathogenic ȯ¤ˤȤƻ therapeutic еȤƺصŪѤޤǤǡѸȤ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ
Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.
εֵǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ([2011-08-10-1]) ǿ줿ǽô (functional load or functional yield) ˤĤơǽô̤ȤϤ벻ħ̵ǽι⤵ΤȤǡ¿̤ΩäƤۤɵǽô̤⤤Ȥߤʤ롥
㤨СѸǤϲ /p/ /b/ Ωϡ¿θ̤Ѥ롥̤θС¿Ǿ (minimal pair) (ex. pay--bay, rip--rib ) äơ/p/ /b/ Ωεǽô̤礭/ʃ/ /ʒ/ Ωϡmesher--measure ʤɤκǾФ߽ФƤϤ뤬ۤ¿θ̤ˤΩäƤʤƱͤˡ/θ/ /ð/ Ω⡤thigh--thy ʤɤκǾФ뤬ǽô̤Ͼȹͤ롥
ǽô̤Ȥǰϡ嵭Τ褦ʸ̲ǤΩФǤϤʤŪħ̵ͭΩˤĤƤͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨СѸˤ̵ͭ (voicing) ȤΩϡ٤Ƥ /h/ ʳˤĤƸΩǤꡤˤ˻ȤƤΤǡεǽô̤礭
Ǥϡǽô̤ȸѲɤΤ褦˷夯ȤΤǽŪʹͤˤȡ¿θ̤˹Ƥ̵ͭΤ褦ʵǽô̤礭Ω⤷äƤޤȤȡηϤ˵ڤܤƶ礭äơǽô̤礭ΩѲˤȤΩġȿФˡǽô̤ξΩϡ¾װˤäѲСۤɤʤǤ椯ȡ/θ/ /ð/ Ωϡǽô̤ᡤ⤹мʤȤ¤ʤΩǤϤ뤬ǤŪʼ̵ͭȤФʡǽô̤礭Ωˤäƻ٤Ƥ뤿ˡۤưפˤϲäʤȤȤˤʤǽԤμĥ롤ηϤߤȤо (symmetry) λظפȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ뤳Ȥʬ
ηŪΩ뤿ˡ뤤Ωβä뤿ѲȤͽɡפιͤϡƵǽŪʻǤ롥üԡʽġˤηϤͽɡפˤĤƤɤΤ褦˰ռΤüԡʽġˤθư̵ռˡͽɡ٤ԤʤäƤȹͤ٤ʤΤϡ[2011-03-13-1]ε֤ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1)פǸΤƱεǤ롥
Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.
Ѳˤ뵡ǽ (functionalism) ιͤϡǤϹƤ뤬¾ǤϸȽ롥ѲεǽŪκǤΤȤơΥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ⰷäƤƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) 롥homonymic_clash ˴ؤϢεΤʤǤڤƤεǽŪʸѲѤФ϶
ǤСǽŪʸѲѤȤϡˤ systemic regulation ȤĴǽäƤꡤ줿ηϤоŪǶѹդμ줿ηϤؤȼ (therapeutic) ϤȤͤǤ롥ȤƤϡ˿줿 homonymic clash ΤۤоؤλظꤹʻҲ /h/([2009-11-27-1]) ;̾ηϤо ([2009-11-09-1], [2009-10-24-1]) ꡤޤǽô (functional load) ꤬롥
줬üԡʤμҲˤΩƼĴǽϤäƤȤͤϡָʪפȤͤ[2011-07-13-1]εָޤʪޤפȡˤˤĤʤꡤꤽȤȤͽۤ롥ºݤˡǽٻԤ¿СȽԤ¿롥Schendl (69) ȽޤȤƤΤǡѤ褦
A basic problem with such functional explanations is how the individual speakers or the speech community as a whole could know about the actual or threatening asymmetry of systems and act accordingly. Another problem with the notion of 'therapeutic change' is that therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part; finally, if this was the main driving force behind change then we would expect all linguistic systems to have become balanced by now, which they clearly are not. (69)
. . . though linguistic factors such as functional load undoubtedly can contribute to linguistic change, there is no empirical proof of their coming into play in specific cases. (69)
ȽŪոɤΤϡָѲ⤿餹ϤޤüԤʹ֤ǤηϼȤǤϤʤסָηϤ˼ĴǽȤƤ⡤϶ĴǽǤϤʤסβȤƤϵǽǧ뤬иŪ˼¾ڤǤʤפȤĥ
Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.
饤 (Ukraine) Իԥ (Lviv) dzŤ줿 ICOME7 (The Seventh International Conference on Middle English) ˻ä϶褬仺ϿƤ롤Ǥ롥

θѸ쥹췲Υ饤ʸ (Ukrainian) Ǥ롥Ʊ췲°줿Ϥ˲ơΨ㲼ƤƤȸ뤬ָ (Slavic) ΤʤǤϥ饤ʸϥ˼ϤͭƤʹ3100͡ see Ethnologue: Ukrainian ˡUkrainian, Russian, Belarusian ϸߤʬŪǽȤ롥ʥɤʬϿޤϡ[2011-04-12-1]εǾҲ𤷤 Distribution of the Slavic languages in Europe ȡ饤ʹθϿޤϡEthnologue: Languages of Ukraine ȡ
饤ʤϰ̤ܿͤˤȤäƱǡ̾ϢۤΤ¿ʤȻפ롥ѸˤȤäƤƱΤ褦ǡOED Ǹ츻ȡ饤ʸ쵯Ȼפ̾줬3ۤɥҥåȤˤʤä
1ܤ palygorskite [ˌpæləˈgɔːskaɪt] ʡڹʪۻ륯ѥꥴ륹ȡʤΰˤǡ줬ȯ줿뻳ιۻ̾ˤʤࡥ1868ǯС
2ܤ gley [gleɪ] ʡϼۥ饤ԼϤ˸ĤߤäܤεͤäǴΤڡաˡѸ clay Ʊ (cognate) ǡƥͳ glue ȤϢ롥Ф1927ǯ
3ܤ gopak [ˈgoʊˌpæk] ʥѡԹ⤤ķħȤ륦饤̱²١աˡhopak Ȥ⡥Ƨι֤ȯ "gop" "hop" ˴Ť¤Ȥ롥ХƥåǤޤ®2ҤƧǡ٤ߤǤϽ⻲ä롥Ф1929ǯ
饤ʤŪʾˤĤƤϰʲȡ
Ukraine -- CIA: The World Factbook
Ukraine -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Test Your Vocab ȤȤǡѸθϿǥƥȤƤ3ʬ餤ǿǤǤΤǡƤߤȤΤǤʤʤФƤʤȤפΤ餵줿̤ȤơθϤ19,300졥οͤϡ18аʾüԤβ10%ϰϤ롥15ФαѸüԤʿͤǤ23,303Ȥ顤ؽԤǤȤϤʤαѸϤ˳˾𤱤ʤƻ˸Ϥ䤵ͤФȴǤ롥
ʾ˶̣ΤϡθϿǥƥȤɤΤ褦ʴǺƤꡤǤɤΤ褦˷ƤΤǤ롥ϤޤäƤʤץȤμ¸ȤߤƤ륵ȤΤ褦顤ǤäƤ⤼ҸƤ餤ȤǤ롥ȤΤϡCrystal (34--39) Ƥ褦ˡϤη¬ϡäƸϤȤߤʤäƸäȤߤʤˤ٤ƤäƤ뤿Ǥ롥äˡָáפʤϰϤ뤳Ȥϰʲ꤬뤫Ǥ롥
(1) äδñ̤Ǥ (word) ޤäǤ (see [2011-03-28-1]) ʣ (ex. flower pot, flower-pot or flowerpot?) ư (ex. get at, get by, get in) idiom (ex. kick the bucket, go West ) ϰ̣ȤƤϤҤȤޤȤޤȤƤ1ȿΤݤʤɤ꤬롥
(2) 줬¿Ǥ硤θƸ1ĤǤΤäƤФθΤäƤȤߤʤȤǤΤ뤤Ϥ٤ƤθΤäƤɬפΤhigh tea, high priest, high season high Ϥ줾ۤʤɽ魯Ʊ1ĤθȤߤʤ٤ݤ
(3) ϰѼҲѼͭθäϡϿǤ˥Ȥ٤ݤ졤¯졤ǿήԸ졤Ѹ졤ŸˤĤƤϤɤ濴ŪʱѸθáפ˸¤ȤƤ⡤濴ŪפδȤϲ ([2010-12-29-1]εMurray θפȡˡ
(4) flu, hi-fi, AIDS, FBI, UFO ʤɤγƼάϤɤ
(5) ̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾Ϥɤͭ̾ϱѸͭΤΤǤϤʤȤͳǥȤä˴ޤޤʤȤƤ⡤㤨Хɥδģ Whitehall ϸͭ̾ǤФǤϤʤֱѹܡפɽ魯̾ȤƤѤ롥
(6) ̵ˤưʪ̾ޤƼѸϤɤ
Test Your Vocab ˤɤΤ褦٤ȤäƿǥƥȤƤΤϡѤ˵ƤñꥹȤ餢ٿ䤷̤뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤǥƥȺˤϡ嵭ͳˤԤˤäƸߤ˰ۤʤȻפ졤̤οǥƥȤ̤δ̤̤Ф
ʤɤȡʬθƤϤޤʤޤϡ20ФʿͤǤ25,337ܻؤ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
every ϡ֤롤ȤȤΡɤΡĤפɽ魯ƻǡñ̾줬³뤳ȤϱʸˡǤ褯ΤƤ롥¿ΤΤˤĤƸġˤߤƤ礹Ȥǡall ̣Ȥ롥every ĴȤ single դȤ⡤̤˿ƤΡ֤٤ơפǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
ñ̲̾εǽôƻȤСֳơΡᤤᤤΡפɽ魯 each פФ롥every each ̣ǸˡƤ뤬⤽ΤϤ츻ŪˤԤϸԤζ˲ʤeach ϸűѸ ǣlc ̤ꡤ ā "aye, always" + ġelīc "alike" ʬϤ롥֤ĤƤʳơΡˡפۤɤθǤ롥ŪǤʤŪ each δްդϡ֤ĤפˤäƤȹͤ롥
ā ġelīc ͻ礷Ƭ첻 i-mutation ([2009-10-01-1]) ˤѲ (disguised compound; [2010-01-12-1]) Ȥ⤤ ǣlc ȡā ôƤ֤ĤפθȤʤäᡤơ֤ĤפĴɬפŪ֤줿Τ ǣfre "ever" Ǥ롥űѸǤ ǣfre ǣlc 2ʬƤ10ꤹǤʣȤǧƤ褦ǡѸˤ ev(e)rilc, æv(e)ric, everi ʤɤη֤Ϥ
Ѹ every Ϥ2ʳεȤ⤤롥every κǸʸ <y> each ͤޤƤꡤβ [i] ϡ֤Ĥפ̣ ā "aye, always" i-mutation Ǥ롥ĤޤȤevery θ "ever always" ȤȤˤʤ롥
every each ϤθŪȤ椨ˡ괧 a(n) 뤳ȤΤǤ夬롥MED entry for "everi" (pron.) 3 MED entry for "ech" (pron.) 3 㤬뤬OED ˤԤ14--15Ԥ12--15ʸڤ롥ˡϡmany a(n) Ӥ[2010-11-12-1]εMany a little makes a mickleפȡ
εsandhi ([2011-08-05-1]) ǡѸ괧 a an 2֤ꡤԤλѤ sandhi ΰǤȲ⤷εˡ¿αѸؽԤʤ뤤ȤΤѤʵ֤ʤ *a apple ǤϤʤ an apple ʤΤפˤĤơ̻ŪΩ줫ͤƤߤ
ˤPDFΥ饤ѰդΤǡʲβåˡ

ϡŪʵҤ̻ŪʵҤ礭ۤʤȤŤƤ롥ɤ֤פϷʤ⤽䤦٤ȤǤϤʤξλ1Ĥθݤį뤳ȤפǤꡤޤξβȿ̤ˤʤäƤ뤫餳ͤ롥
Ϣơ[2009-07-22-1]εone ȯפ⻲ȡ
[2011-08-02-1]εshe θ츻פ (3) ǡ"sandhi-theory" ˸ڤsandhi ʥǥˤȤϥåȸ (Sanskrit) ͳ褹ʸˡѸǡ椬ǤϢʤ礦ˤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ǥϡ֡ϡˤޤȤ롤Ĥʤפɽ魯 saṃ-dadhāti ̾ǡϢפ̣롥θȸ³θƬΤ˸벻 (euphony) ؤθϸˤä͡¿첻ҲƱ (assimilation) ޤࡥ
Sanskrit ˤ sandhi ֵ§ȤƿޤƤꡤβʸˤȿǤΤ˽פʲǤ롥ȸΤ뤤ʣιǤΤ˸ϢϳϢ (external sandhi) ȸƤФ졤θ촴ܼܼΤ˸ϢϢ (internal sandhi) ȸƤФ롥
Ѹ˸ʳϢȤƤϰʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥
did you [did juː] ǤϤʤ [diʤuː] ȤʤҲƱ
far ñȤǤ [fɑː] Τ褦 non-rhotic far away Ǥ [ˈfɑːrəˈweɪ] Τ褦 rhotic ˤʤ linking r θݡ
괧 a 첻ʤȤ̵ h ˤǻϤޤ֤ an Ȥʤ븽 (see [2010-07-30-1], [2010-08-01-1]) 嵭2Ȱۤʤꡤsandhi ̵ͭ۷֤ˡ̤ƤǡѸǤǤ롥
ϢפγǰϡֲءפȤѸˤܸˤѤƤꡤʰ²ˤΥˡ襦ʱۻաˤߥ祦ˡĥ㱣ˤåʻ̡ˤߤˤʤ褦ˡIJ˥ԡԡԲ³ĶǼȤƴ㤬¿롥12濴Ȥ뱡ޤǤˤäʩŵ֤ȯƤ褦ޤθݤǤꡤߤޤǤäƸŪ˸경Ƥ롥
ե vous aimez [vuzeme] est-il [ɛtil] ʤɤ˸ꥨ (liaison) sandhi ΰѸܸΤηŪǤ롥
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
εshe θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1]) dz⤷褦ˡshe θ츻ϽʶȤƤ롥ϢߡѤ߽ŤͤƤƤꡤνޤȤǤ̣뤫⤷ʤޤäŪǤϤʤʸ˺ܤäƤΤ濴ˤĤƤ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968. xxxvi--xxxviii.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958. lxvi--lxvii.
Dieth, E. "Hips: A Geographical Contribution to the 'She' Puzzle." ES 36 (1955): 209--17.
Flom, G. T. "The Origin of the Pronoun 'She'." JEGP 7 (1908): 115--25.
Lindkvist, H. "On the Origin and History of the English Pronoun she." Anglia 45 (1921): 1--50.
Luick, K. Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. Stuttgart: Tauchnitz, 1964. Section 705.
Ruud, M. B. "A Conjecture concerning the Origin of Modern English She." MLN 25 (1920): 222--25.
Ruud, M. B. "'She' Once More." RES 2 (1926): 201--04.
Samuels, M. L. "The Role of Functional Selection in the History of English." Transactions of the Philological Society. 1965. 21--23.
Sarrazin, G. "Der Ursprung von NE. 'She'." Englische Studien 20 (1895--96): 330--31.
Smith, A. H. "Some Place-Names and the Etymology of 'She'." RES 2 (1925): 437--40.
Stevick, R. D. "The Morphemic Evolution of Middle English She." ES 65 (1964): 381--88.
Vachek, J. "Notes on the Phonological Development of the NE Pronoun she." Sborník Praci Filosfické Faculty Brnenské University 3 (1954): 67--80.
Vachek, J. "On Peripheral Phonemes of Modern English." Brno Studies in English 4 (1964): 21--29.
ֿ֡;̾ she εˤĤ: enclitic *-se סر : ˭Ѳʳؿʸʳطϵס121990ǯ43--48ǡ
ƣ ů Havelok the Dane λ;̾ʽʡñ SHE ˴ؤơסʡصס22005ǯ27--45ǡ CiNii PDF ǽpp. 28--29 ˽⤬ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ۤȤɤ Bennett and Smithers Ť뼰˽Ĵ٤ΤǡǤ⿷1960ǯǤ롥ʹߤĴ٤СȽФƤդ顤嵭ȤƤ˲äƤ椭
εshe θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1]) (4) θ츻⡤ "Shetland-theory" ˤĤƾƤ [hj] ( > [ç] ) > [ʃ] βȯãꤹǡOED ˤƱȯãΥ륦˸Ȥ롥Ѹ˴طȤǤϡťΥɸ̾ Hjaltland, Hjalpandisøy 줾Ѹ Shetland, Shapinshay бȤ㤬롥ˡűѸ hēope "hip" б shoop ʤ֤ǧΤ⡤ťΥɸ *hjúpa ȯãȤƱͤˤߤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
ơѸ Shetland ϸťΥɸ Hjaltland ͳ褹ȤȤԤ hjalt "hilt" + land "land" ʣǤ롥ϡη֡Τ˷פ˻Ƥ뤳ȤˤΤȹͤƤ롥ȥɽ (the Shetland Islands) ̳μտޤʥåȥϿޤ Encyclopaedia Britannica: Scotland ȡȥɽξܺϿޤ Shetland Map ȡ


ϿޤǸ¤ꡤüΥǥޡΥե (the Faeroe Islands) ¤ǡ̳⤫䳤θȤݤǤ롥ȥɽϥꥹΤǥåȥɤκ̽Ƥꡤ羮100礫뤬8ʾ夬̵Ǥ롥̰60ն˰֤Ƥꡤ٤ȤƤǤϥإ륷ȥڥƥ֥륯䥯ĥ쥸ʤɤ¤֡1974ǯޤǤϸ Zetland ȸƤФƤ
ȥɽȷӤĤʪ仺ȤȤƤϡ趯ʻ Shetland pony, ȥӤӻԤ ShetlandʴϢ Shetland sheep Shetland sheepdog ΤƤ롥Ԥΰ sheltie <l> ĤäƤ뤳ȤաˡѸȤ롥1970ǯʹߤϡ濴Ի Lerwick ֥̳ĤθϤȤƽפȤʤäƤ롥
˻ˤϥԥȿͤľФʸƤ7--8˥ɤåȥɤ붵Ĥ褦ˤʤä8--9ˤϥΥ륦15ޤǥȥɤ1469ǯåȥɤ James III (1451--88) ȥǥޡ Margaret 뺧ȤˤꥷȥɤϥåȥΤȤʤä18˻ޤǸťΥɸ줫Υ (Norn; from ON Norrœnn "Norwegian" ) ȸƤФ줬ԤʤƤΤ褦˥åȥɻˤμή鳰줿ȼˤǤᡤߤǤ̱ˤ̲Ϥθ䴷롥
ȥɴϢξ Shetland Heritage VISIT.SHETLAND.ORG ͭסȥΥ Shetland Forwirds äȥΥڡ⤷
[2011-06-28-1]εshe --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθפǿ줿̤ꡤѸɸŪ3;νñ̾εޤƤ롥[2011-06-29-1]εshe --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡפǸ褦ˡǤ⥤Ǥ͡ʷ֤ѤƤ뤬she ϤΤ褦ʰ۷1Ĥˤʤä⤽ she ʤ뤤ϽǤ scæ ˤ۷ȤƸ줿аޤԾܤʤΤǤ롥
she εˤϿ⤬ƤƤ롥פʤΤޤȤ褦
(1) űѸλؼ̾ se [2009-09-28-1]εˤѥȡˤνñʷ sēo 뤤 sīo ȡ;̾[2009-09-29-1]εˤѥȡˤνñʷ hēo (blend) Ȥ⡥
(2) Ҥ sēo ΰưˤ siō Фơshō ȯŸ
(3) wæs hēo ʤ -s ǽư֤줿ȤˡϢ (sandhi) ơsēo ȤʤäȤ ("sandhi-theory") 뤤ϡhēo ˤϡưĸƬ h æ yo Ȥ۷ǧ뤳Ȥ顤 wæs yo ľ sjo ˤ sho Ȥͤ⤢롥
(4) hēo ζư [hjoː] > [çoː] > [ʃoː] ȲѲȤ ("Shetland-theory") Ѳ˳ǧ롥
(5) ťΥɸλؼ̾ν sú, sjá Ѥ졤;̾ȤѤ줿Ȥ⡥ʤȤ̤ˡ (2) ζΰư˸ťΥɸαƶäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥
(2), (3), (4) ϽϤ줿첻 ē ǤϤʤ ō Ǥ뤳Ȥդ she ˶ᤤ֤˻ˤϡ첻꤬ĤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥첻ˤϡ2ĤβƤФƤ롥1Ĥϡ̾ hē 2;ʣ̾ ȝē ˴Ťˤꡤ첻 ē ˤäִ줿ȤΤǤ (cf. [2009-12-25-1], [2011-07-06-1]) ⤦1ĤϡűѸνñʷ hēo ǤϤʤñгʷ hīe ˴ŤƸɸȯãȤǤ롥
첻βΤߤʤ餺Ҳβ [ʃ] ȯŸаޤ⤦Ĥ礭Ǥ롥(2), (4) Τ褦ˡβѲȤȯãȤ⡤(3) Τ褦 sandhi Ȥ⡤뤤 [ç] ޤǤϲѲȤȯŸ /ç/ βǤȤƤϰ̤ŪǤ뤿˺Ǥᤤ /ʃ/ ִ줿ȤʤɤƤ롥
첻ȻҲξɬ⼫ǤϤʤɬפȤȤˡshe 롥餯ϡŪ1ĤϤʤΤƼѲִ䡤ʤɤˤޤ졤Τʤ she ΤȤȤʤ֤ǽŪ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ
ʾεҤˤϡOED, رѸ츻ŵ١Bennett and Smithers (xxxvi--xxxviii), Clark (lxvi--lxvii) Ȥ
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958.
ϴܵɽ魯̾ƳȤǤ뤬how Ƴ줿̾¾ that Ʊεǽ̤㤬롥say tell ʤɤãư˸³㤬¿ۤit is strange [funny, odd] ʤɤνˡηƻθѤ㤬롥
- He told us how she had arrived at the end of the party.
- She told me how she had read it in the magazine.
- It is strange how he could persuade her.
how ϡμʤ֤ΰ̣ɽ路ƤȤǤ뤬ñ that ѤȤɤ롥ʤȤʹˤȤäƤۣǤꡤhow ΰ̣ƤȸʤΤˤ how ΤˡϡֱάפȤʸŪޤɸŪפȤ⤵뤬õȤʤŤȤ狼롥㤨СOED ǤϤˡ "how, adv.", 10 ˵äƤꡤϸűѸ Ælfric ȤʤäƤ롥
10. With weakened meaning, introducing an indirect statement, after verbs of saying, perceiving, and the like: = That. Formerly freq. how that, and in mod. dialect speech as how . . . see how still more or less calls attention to the manner.
ѸǤ how that Τ褦ʣ³ηǤ褯Ѥ졤 MED entry for "hou" (conjunctive adv.), 4. ˭٤˸Ĥ롥
how ΰ̣³ؤȶŤƤǡʸˡ ( grammaticalisation ) Ȥª뤫⤷ʤȤƤ when where ʤ¾εǤ褦ʤȤꤦ뤬how ϼʤ֤˸¤餺طʤɽ魯ΤˤѤ졤Ǥ٤Ǥ롥How are you? How do you do? ʤɤɽˤ how ΰ̣μ夵ȡ
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