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semantic_prosody - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-01-08 Sun

#986. COCA "WORD AND PHRASE . INFO" [coca][corpus][dictionary][synonym][collocation][semantic_prosody][intensifier][web_service]

COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 򱿱Ĥ Mark Davies ᤬ǯˡCOCA١Ǹ˴ؤǤ륵ӥ WORD AND PHRASE . INFO lemma ٤Ǿ60,000˸¤ˤϤȡ뤴Ȥ٤䤽Υ󥳡󥹡饤ϤȤꡤWordNet ˴Ť췲ޤǤ̾˸롥ۤȤɤιܤåǽǡʤ뵡ǽؤȥǤ롥󥿡եľŪǻȤ䤹
츦 collocation ˤΩĻͤˤʤäΤǤϤʤ㤨Сsemantic_prosody 򰷤ä[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼פǡո utterly, absolutely, perfectly, totally, completely, entirely, thoroughly ˤĤƤθҲ𤷤WORD AND PHRASE . INFO utterly ϤС췲ɥ˰롥ȤϡƸ򥯥åƤ椯ǡ٤ collocation ξܺ٤롥Τ褦ĤΤ˸̤ȯ

utterly by WORD AND PHRASE . INFO

Referrer (Inside): [2012-03-03-1]

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2011-08-22 Mon

#847. Oxford Learner's Thesaurus [lexicography][dictionary][thesaurus][lexicology][synonym][semantic_prosody]

ѸˤϿ¿켭ŵ (thesaurus) ꡤ[2010-08-11-1]εtoilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords ǤߤפǼ褦˥饤Ǽλвġ⾯ʤ餺¸ߤ롥Ū켭ŵȤƤ⡤ǯ HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary) TOE (A Thesaurus of Old English) Ƥꡤ趷褷Ƥ롥
Ūˤ̻ŪˤѸäθĶäƤƤ뤬ȤƤαѸγؽĶȤ켭ŵϤޤǤޤΩäƤʤäؽδβˤĤƤϡOALD LDOCE ʤɤϷ޳ؽѱѱѼϤƤƤꡤȯѤαѸؽˤΩĤ⤷⤬ƤȲòؽ켭ŵȤΤϤޤǤƤʤäͣ졤American Heritage Thesaurus for Learners of English (2002) ä餤2008ǯˤʤäɸ Oxford Learner's Thesaurus (OLT) Ǥ줿μϻμ긵ˤ⤢äޤä˶ؿϤʤռŪ˳ȤϤۤȤɤʤäǶ Komuro and Ichikawa ˤ OLT μʬϤɤǡؽ켭ŵ˶̣襤ƤħΤäƤȤפʤΤǡʲ OLT ˤĤΤäƤƤ褤Komuro and Ichikawa 򻲾Ȥʤ餤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

OLT ϡOxford Thesaurus of English (2000, 2004) ʪǤϤʤष OALD7 (2005) Ȥδط (12) ºݤˡOALD7 ⤬¿ OLT ȿǤƤ롥ʤĤޤꡤǽ餫ؽԸ˥塼˥󥰤ƤꡤʿפǤ椤Ȥ˼꤬ϤҤԤ졤ºݤˤΤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
OLT ˸¤ʤؽ켭ŵμ礿뵡ǽϡ"(1) make users aware of different connotations or shades of meaning synonyms have and to (2) enable users to choose and use the most appropriate word, which may not be part of their (active) vocabulary, in order to express their idea" (14)
ФϳؽԸФ줿1973ĤǡñǤʤʣ礬ФȤʤäƤ⤢ (16)
1ĤθФͿƤοϡͤȤ5--6 (26) ¿ʤؽԤˤȤäŬڡ
󤲤ƤʸϤŬڤǡCD-ROMǤǤϳФʿ3.7Ĥۤɤʸ󤲤Ƥ (29)
֤ζ̤ˤȤ櫓פ register Υ졼٥⤬̤Ȥ˽¤Ƥ (35--45) ä˲ɤʪȤƤ⤷񤫤Ƥ (45, 49)
̣ζ٤ˤäƶ̤췲ˤĤơŪ "synonym scales" ʤˡƳƤꡤؽ塤˸ŪǤ (49--52)

ΤȤ Komuro and Ichikawa "a groundbreaking learner's thesaurus (55) ȹ⤤ɾͿƤꡤä˺Ǹ "synonym scales" ɾˤĤƤϡºݤ˸ƤߤƱ㤨Сafraid synonym scale ϰʲ̤ꡥΤ褦˰ȡƬ롥

Synonym Scale of

ӥ塼ʸɤǤ줫ѶŪ OLT ѤƤߤȻפäޤѸؽΩǤ뤳Ȥϸ˵ڤФ̣θ˺ݤƤ⡤ܳŪ켭ŵ䤽¾μѤθŤơõˤȤȤݤä㤨Сsynonym scale ͿƤʲ126θФ줫Ŭ췲ӽФѥѤ semantic_prosody θ򤹤ȤΤ⤪⤷

admiration [n], afraid [a], anger [n], anger [v], angry [a], annoy [v], approval [n], bad [a], beautiful [a], cheap [a], childhood [n], close [a], cold [a], concern [n], convincing [a], crazy [a], crisis [n], defeat [v], delicious [a], delight [v], determine [v], dictate to sb [pv], disappoint [v], disapprove [v], disgusting [a], distress [n], embarrass [v], emotion [n], exciting [a], expose [v], fast [a], fat [a], fear [n], flush [v], frequent [a], friendship [n], frighten [v], frightening [a], frown [v], funny [a], gap [n], glad [a], happy [a], hate [v], hatred [n], high [av], hill [n], hot [a], hungry [a], hurt [v], hysterical [a], immediate [a], impress [v], inspire [v], interest [v], interested [a], interesting [a], ironic [a], like [v], likely [a], lonely [a], lose your temper [idiom], love [n], love [v], mad [a], magnificent [a], mean [a], mentally ill [a], minute [n], modern [a], negative [a], nice [a], odour [n], pain [n], painful [a], plain [a], please [v], pleasure [n], poor [a], possibility [n], praise [v], press [v], pressure [n], probably [adv], quite [adv], radical [a], rain [v], rape [v], recession [n], recommend [v], remarkable [a], respect [v], revenge [n], ridiculous [a], rough [a], rude [a], ruin [v], run [v], ruthless [a], sad [a], serious [a], shock [n], shock [v], show [v], small [a], smile [v], soak [v], sorry [a], star [n], strict [a], suppress [v], sure [a], surprise [v], take advantage of sb/sth [v], taste [n], tear [v], temper [n], tight [a], tired [a], ugly [a], unhappy [a], upset [a], violent [a], well [a], wet [a], worry [v]


American Heritage Thesaurus for Learners of English. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2002.
Oxford Learner's Thesaurus: A Dictionary of Synonyms. Oxford: OUP, 2008.
Komuro, Yuri and Yasuo Ichikawa. "An Analysis of the Oxford Learner's Thesaurus: A Dictionary of Synonyms." Lexicon 41 (2011): 11--59.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 7th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1]

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2011-04-30 Sat

#733. semantic prosody ̻Ū¦ [semantic_prosody][semantic_change][terminology]

semantic prosody ϡѥؤοŸˤ20;ǯˤθݤդ줿ФŪǤ롥ѸˤĤƶŪʴ餷Ƥ⸦椬ʤǤʤΤ顤̻Ū¦̤θϤޤ̵ȤäƤ褵[2011-03-12-1], [2011-03-03-1]εǷڤڤ褦ˡ̻Ūʥǥ󥷥ϤϤạ̇̄ѲθȴϢơ太⤷ʬˤʤäƤ뤫⤷ʤȹͤƤ롥
ޤǿδϢʸܤ̤̻ŪʸڤϤۤȤɤʤͣ졤[2011-03-03-1]ǴϢʸȤƵ󤲤 Louw semantic prosody irony δطʤ顤̻ŪʴϢ˸ڤƤ롥

Prosodies, therefore, are reflections of either pejorative or ameliorative changes that have run their course sufficiently to allow irony to be instantiable against them through the deliberate creation of an exception to the trend. (169)


ɽ irony ǧ뤿ˤϡɽ semantic prosody äƤꡤʹ⤽ΤäƤ뤳ȤȤʤ롥ȯäϡɽȤ̾ﶦʤɽտŪȤ߹碌뤳Ȥˤäơʹͽۤ΢ڤ뤳Ȥܻؤ̤뤿ˤϡȤʹ꤬ semantic prosody ̵ռǤΤäƤɬפ롥μϡ¾ΰŪʸǽ (linguistic competence) ƱͤˡĿͤŪ˥뤳ȤǤʤμĿͤ콬βdzΤˤϰ㤤ʤǤϡ˺ݤƤΥץåȤϲȤȡѥФȽƲĻ벽ζɽȤ٤ζɽ٤ϡθ춦ƱΤŪ˰ޤƤΤθߤθǤ롥semantic prosody ̻Ūʥǥ󥷥ϳΤ¸ߤ롥
semantic prosody ˤΤɤʳΤ뤳Ȥϡʤʤ񤷤semantic prosody ˤδߤ㤬¿Ȥ顤䤤¿ϡ֤礬Ū (derogatory) ߤӤӻϤ᤿ΤϤĤפȤ褦ʤΤˤʤʸ̮ðǰĴ٤ơ1㤺 derogatory ݤȽꤷƤ椯ȤƻǺʺȤɬפȤʤˤɤɽ semantic prosody θˤʤꤦ뤫Ȥ褷ʤФʤʤʤʤСsemantic prosody Ϥ餷üԤʤľǤϥǤʤΤǤ ([2011-03-20-1]) ˴ؤơLouw ηپ

A common problem is what might be called 'twenty-twenty hindsight': the tendency to claim that one 'felt' the presence of a form which was inaccessible to one's intuition until it was revealed through research. The only cure for twenty-twenty hindsight lies in constant exposure, of the most humbling kind, to real examples. (173)


ʤǥǤʤ򸦵ơޤȤȤΤϡˡ̷Ǥ롥̻Ū¦̤ˡѸζŪ¦̤Ǥ semantic prosody Ϥޤ褯򤵤ƤʤΤǤ롥
semantic prosody ȤϲȤˤĤƤϡ[2011-03-02-1]1ĤҲ𤷤ªˤǰʤΤǵҴŪʵҤ񤷤षľʤ̯ˤ褯ǤΤǤ롥㤨СLouw μʤɤϡäȤ褯ľ˥եåȤΤǤ롥

[a] consistent aura of meaning with which a form is imbued by its collocates (157)


Louw, Bill. "Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies." Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair. Ed. M. Baker, G. Francis, and E. Tognini-Bonelli. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1993. 157--76.

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2011-03-20 Sun

#692. semantic prosody ħ [semantic_prosody]

Ƕᡤ狼ε semantic prosody 夲Ƥ ([2011-03-02-1], [2011-03-03-1], [2011-03-04-1], [2011-03-11-1], [2011-03-12-1]) ˵󤲤ΤΤۤˤɤΤ褦 semantic prosody λ㤬ŦƤΤȻפHunston äƤߤHunston (60--62) Ǥϡư sit through ֡ĹǤĤޤʤȡˤʹפȤŪɾȼäƻȤ뤳Ȥ򥳡ѥ餫ˤLDOCE5 Ǥ "to attend a meeting, performance etc, and stay until the end, even if it is very long and boring" ȤͿƤꡤΤ褦ʸ󤲤Ƥ롥

I wasn't the least bit interested in all the speeches I had to sit through.


Hunston ǸڤƤ¾λȤƤϡin vain ֡ϤȰտޤȼäư̵̤ˡʽˡסin the sticks ֡Բ񤫤Υơļˤˡˡסoff the beaten track ־ƻ򳰤ơˤäơʿϤ򳫤ơˡפ롥줾줫ä˼ "hidden meaning" ްդ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ
Hunston (142) semantic prosody ħ5ˤޤȤƤΤǡʲ󤷤Ƽ

(1) semantic prosody ϡġθ°ΤǤϤʤΤ°ΤǤ롥
(2) semantic prosody ϡŵŪˡ˽ΤǤ뤫ʥѥʤɤѤơ¿򸫤ʤİǤʤ
(3) semantic prosody ϡɾ˴ؤ connotation Ǥ롥̾ negativeޤ positive ɾӤӤ롥
(4) semantic prosody 򼨤ŵŪǤʤˡѤ뤳Ȥˤäơʤɤްդ뤳ȤǤ롥
(5) semantic prosody ϡФüԤΰռ˾ʤŦľŬ礹뤳Ȥ¿

⤦2ħդ­ȤС

(6) semantic prosody 򼨤礬ŵŪ hidden meaning ̷⤹ʸ̮˸줿ˤϡʸ̮ϤĤȤ⤢롥Hunston ϡsit through 餫˹ŪɾäƻȤƤʸ󤲡"In this case, it has to be said that the suggested 'hidden meaning' of SIT through can be overridden by the rest of the context. The connotation applies only in cases where the context does not contradict it." (61--62) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
(7) semantic prosody ϡ[2011-03-12-1]εǿ줿褦ˡ̣Ǥʤʸˡƥ꡼ʤɸ¾Ȥ⿼ؤ븽ݤǤ롥

Ǹ˴Ϣơsemantic prosody ϸȤդǤϤʤñ̤Ǥ semantic prosody ŦƤꡤ㤨 . . . may not be . . ., but . . . . ȤɽǤȾʬüԤۤްդƤȤ (Hunston 142--43) ʸǤϡüԤϲʳؼԤǤ뤳ȤۤȴްդƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Carey may not be a scientist but he is a doyen of the literary world . . .


presupposition ȤĤʤäƤǤ롥

Hunston, S. Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-04-30-1]

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2011-03-12 Sat

#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼ [semantic_prosody][grammar][corpus][intensifier]

äʿβϿ̤ˤĤޤơҼԤ˿ꤪ񤤿夲ޤ
[2011-03-03-1]εǡsemantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼Ȥδ֤˴ϢȤǽ˸ڤϡhappenutterly ޤදո semantic prosody 򥳡ѥˤäĴ Partington ʸǻŦƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
Partington happen, set in, occur, come about, take place Ĵθ췲ˤ٤κϤ졤Τ unfavourable semantic prosody տ路ƤȤڵ󤲤ʺǤ unfavourable ʤΤ set in Ȥ(144) Ʊͤˡutterly, absolutely, perfectly, totally, completely, entirely, thoroughly Ĵ줾 semantic prosody 뤤 semantic preference Ф (148) ơĤθտ路Ƥ벻ˤϡfavourable vs. unfavourable ȤñʲʹΩǤϤʤ̤ˤʸˡƥ꡼ȤƸڤ褦ħΩͿƤȤȤ狼ä
Ū˸Сhappen non-factuality 򼨤ˡ䡤Ȥäʸˡƥ꡼ȤδͿǧ졤it is unclear why to see what ʤɤɽȤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ (140--41) ǡtake place Ϥष factuality 򼨤ͽꤵƤ뤳ȤºݤȤްդѤ뤳Ȥ¿ (143)
ոǤϡutterly unfavourable semantic prosody 򼨤ǤʤħԺߤѲɽ魯򽤾뷹 ( ex. utterly helpless / unable /forgotten / changed / different / destroyed ) Ʊϡtotally, completely, entirely ˤ⸫롥entirely ˤ (in)dependency Ȥƥ꡼ͿƤꡤentirely dependent / self-sufficient / isolated ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥ¿absolutely superlative ްդ򽤾 ( ex. absolutely delighted / splendid / appalling )
factuality, absence, change, dependence, superlative Ȥɤϡ̾ʸˡƥ꡼˴ϢƸڤ٥ΰ̣ä semantic prosody semantic preference ȤƸڤ̣ȿؤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ͤƤߤСäʸˡηӤĤȤϡʤʤ㤨СưϼȤǤѤʤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ʤɤȤ¤Τ褦˻ŦƤؽѼ˹ȿǤƤ롥ΰ̣ΰɽ魯줬³ that ư subjunctive ׵᤹ȤʸˡܤĹƤ ([2010-04-07-1]) äʸˡδطϱѸؤǤϤ褯ΤƤ¤ѥؤȤ٤Ʊ¤ˤɤ夤ȤȤѥؤι׸ϡfactuality absence ʤɤΥƥ꡼ 0 1 binary ȤƤǤϤʤprobabilistic ȤƼ갷ȤǤˤ褦˻פ롥
Ѹˤ뤤̻ؤδϡ줬ʸˡƥ꡼ȷӤĤǧˡġɤΤ褦ˤηӤĤΤ˶̣롥㤨 happen ϱѸˤΤĺ unfavourable non-factual ʴߤΤ⤷ˤΤ褦ʴߤӤӻϤ᤿ΤǤСΰ̣ξ ( semantic field ) ¾Ȥδط碌ƹͤɬפ롥ơȤδطȤȤˤʤСoccur ʤɼѸΰϤθʤФʤʤѸˤ̣ξκ semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼ؤηӤĤȤή줬ȤС⤷speculation ˤʤ㤨[2009-08-17-1]εǿ줿ȲˡߤȤδطˤή줬ʤ

Partington, A. "'Utterly content in each other's company': Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9.1 (2004): 131--56.

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2011-03-11 Fri

#683. semantic prosody [semantic_prosody][semantic_change][suffix]

һҤ覻ҤκŪ󶡤Ƥ뤬ؤΩ줫餹ȡ뤪ʤ˷ۤ夬ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
ˤϡǶᡤ̾줫ƻĤ -ish ̻Ū򤷤ȤطƤ롥θξܺ٤ϳ䰦뤬[2009-09-07-1]εǼ夲 -ish εǽŪOED ˤ̻ŪפŤ褦ȤǤ롥 -ish ϡ̾̾ɽ魯̾줫餽ηƻФȤợŪˤΩä ( ex. Angle > English; Kent > Kentish ) -ish ³оݤʹ֤ưʪɽ魯̾س礹˵ڤǡ˷Ūʰ̣ӤӤ褦ˤʤä ( ex. child > childish; dog > doggish ) Ȥơ-ish ϴΤɽ魯¸ߤΤİħФơŪ connotation ķƻ뵡ǽȯŸƤ᤯äθǤ semantic prosody semantic preference ȤѸ줳ȤʤäϢǤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥Ƕ semantic prosody εǤϸʾñ̤ȤʤäƤ褦-ish Ȥ꾮ǤˤѤǤΤȻפ롥
-ish εǽŪϡΤɽ魯¸ߤΰħФȤ¿äƤꡤ˴ŤƤȸ櫓-ish 1Τߤڵ˵󤲤ƱѸʤ뤤ϸ̡ˤ˴ŤƤȼĥΤϡޤǤ롥ʤȤѸΰ̣Ϥȡ-ish ʳˤѸ negative ָ򼨺㤬Ĥ롥
㤨С[2010-08-13-1]εǸ褦ˡ̣Ѳʬ˰̣ɲ ( amelioration ) Ȱ ( pejoration ) ̤뤬ѸˤλȤƤϰΤۤ¿ ([2010-09-14-1])
ޤsemantic prosody [2011-03-04-1], [2011-03-02-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡutterly, happen, set in ʤɡunfavourable ʲӤӤΤۤդ¿Partington "It may be the case, one suspects, that humans have a greater tendency or need to communicate to each other the 'bad things' which happen in life and this could be reflected in texts" (133) ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤷Louw Ʊݤ "there seem, prima facie, to be more 'bad' prosodies than 'good' ones" (qtd in Partington, p. 133 as from Louw, p. 171) ȸäƤ롥
̲Ͽ٤ȤϻפĤġ-ish ˴ؤʸ (forthcoming) ǤϸʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤

Since in the nature of human beings it is arguably easier to criticise, rather than praise, others particularly in everyday, colloquial, or vulgar context, it is small wonder why -ish should tend to extract a negative rather than a positive aspect out of people's close neighbours.


ˤߤ negative ָƤ椭ȰŤΤǡpositive ָʸ߾ˤ˺줺ˡ (see [2010-09-11-1])

Partington, A. "'Utterly content in each other's company': Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9.1 (2004): 131--56.
Louw, B. "Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies." Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair. Eds. M. Baker, G. Francis and E. Tognini-Bonelli. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1993. 157--76.

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2011-03-04 Fri

#676. ѥθϤɤޤDzΩĤ [semantics][corpus][semantic_prosody][passive]

[2011-03-02-1], [2011-03-03-1]ε semantic prosody ꤢ붦ɽʼŪʡɾӤӤ븽ݤǤ롥semantic prosody ñʤΥ٥ˤȤɤޤ餺Ūʥ٥ˤ⸫롥㤨СStubbs (163--68) Ǥ be-passive Ф get-passive ΰ̣˴ؤ륳ѥѸ椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥꡤget Ѥư֤ϼ줬פȤʸ̮ʤ˾ˤäƤϼ줬פ˼ǤȤʸ̮ˤˤ˸Ȥ̤𤵤Ƥ롥
get-passive Ū semantic prosody ӤӤ䤹ȤȤϡ褫ʸˡǻŦƤȤѥĹ϶Ūʿ󶡤Ƥˤ롥Stubbs ĴǤϡbe-passive 25% "unpleasant" ʷ̤ްդ"pleasant" ްդΤ¿Ȥget-passive Ǥ60%ʾ夬 "unpleasant" ʷ̤ްդ"pleasant" ްդΤϤۤΤ鷺Ǥ롥̤ΥѥѤ̤θԤˤĴǤϡget-passage "unpleasant" ްΨäեѥ9ãȤ⤢ꡤget-passive Ū semantic prosody äƤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥Τ褦ʵҴŪʿͤˤ΢դcorpus semantics νפĹǤǤ롥
ѥˤä줿 get-passive ˴ؤ뤳θϡget-passive ޤŪʸβˤɤΤ餤ΩĤΤѥ줿Ȥʸͤ褦

I got praised for having a clean plate.


츫Ȥä "unpleasant" ްդϴޤޤƤʤget-passive ѤƤȤȤϡǤ "unpleasant" ްդᡤ餯Ūɤߤ׵ᤵƤȤȤʤΤѥˤθ뤳ȤϡŪ semantic prosody ȼäƤ get-passive ѤƤʾ塤⤤Ψ "unpleasant" ɤߤդ路"pleasant or neutral" ⳧̵ǤϤʤäΤ餳Ǥ㳰Ū "pleasant or neutral" ɤߤ⤷ʤפۤɤǤϾQŪΤäƤ뤳ȤȺʤѥθۤȤɳ褫ƤʤѥΥޤϡ̤㤫鷹õФȤդġβݾڤƤϤʤȤȤǤ롥ʸΤ˥ѥɽ̵ͭ٤Ĵ٤ȤȤŪ˹ԤʤäƤ뤬ǤĤפΤɽä顤٤äȤäơ줬ɬʸƳƤȤϸ¤ʤȤȤǤ롥ֻͤޤǤˡפǻߤޤäƤޤȤ¿äֻͤޤǤˡפǤϻͤˤʤʤȤ¿Τ
semantic prosody δȤ館ʤȡ붦ɽˤ semantic prosody δްդɤ٤ζ١괶ϤäƤС츫ȤΩŪŪʸ̮ʤɤŪʲӤӤȹͤΤ probability ͤȤƻФǤΤʤΤ
ġʸ̮ȽǤ٤ȸäƤޤФޤǤѥ̤ʸȤŪ˹׸ʤȤʤȡβͤ¤ƤޤΤǤϤʤStubbs ʸϡѥȲδطˤĤƾ嵭󵯤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤ̵Ǥ롥

Stubbs, M. "Texts, Corpora, and Problems of Interpretation: A Response to Widdowson." Applied Linguistics 22.2 (2001): 149--72.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-03-20-1] [2011-03-11-1]

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2011-03-03 Thu

#675. collocation, colligation, semantic preference, semantic prosody [semantics][corpus][collocation][semantic_prosody]

ε[2011-03-02-1]Ǽꤢ semantic prosody ˴Ϣꡥȸζطˤ4Ĥμब̤롥ʲMcEnery et al. (84--85, 149--52) 򻲾Ȥơ٤㤤Τ⤤Τؤ¤١줾γפ򵭤

(1) collocation: ùܤȸùܤȤδط
(2) colligation: ùܤʸˡƥ꡼Ȥδط
(3) semantic preference: ùܤȡ̣Ū˴Ϣ췲Ȥδط
(4) semantic prosody: Ụ߽̄Фùܤζط

(1) collocation ñ˸ȸ줬ȤطؤŪˤŪʳǰȹͤƤ롥ɤ٤٤äƶ "collocate" ƤȸʤȤǤΤ˴ؤơԤΤŪʴϰۤʤ see [2010-03-23-1], [2010-03-04-1] ) ̾ϡQŪˡֹ١פǤ collocation ȸƤǤ褦
(2) ̾ house ȺǤ٤Ƕ the a ʤɤδ줬뤬 collocation 򸦵椹Ǥޤ̣ͭǤʤ̾ǤдȶΤϼǤꡤhouse ˸ꤵ줿äǤϤʤcollocation ̣ͭʽѸȤݤĤˤϡhouse ȴΤ褦ʡʸˡƥ꡼δطɽ魯Ѹ줬ɬפȤʤ롥줬 colligation Ǥ롥
(3) semantic preference ϡ̣Ūͭ롤٤Ƕν˴ؤطǤ롥㤨Сlarge Ͽ̡Ϥɽ魯췲 ( ex. number(s), scale, part, quantities, amount(s) ) ȶutterly ħηǡ֤Ѳɽ魯췲 ( ex. helpless, useless, unable, forgotten; changed, different ) ȶ롥large utterly ϶ΰ̣ϰϤǤ롥
(4) semantic prosody Ϻε[2011-03-02-1]ǵ̤ǡ٤ɾȤäŪʰ̣߽ФطؤüԤΰռ˾ʤ줿ްդǤ뤳Ȥ¿semantic preference üʸȸ뤳ȤǤζܤɬΤǤϤʤ
μζǤ졤˴ؤܺ٤ʸŻҥѥǰ٤¿ʸ򽸤褦ˤʤäȤˤȯŸƤsemantic prosody θϡ̣ȯŸ˹׸뤳ȤϤޤǤʤ֤ζ̤餫ˤΤΩĤȤޤΤǸض伭ؤʬˤ׸뤳Ȥˤʤޤμθϸ̣ȶӤĤ븦ǤϤ뤬 utterly ȤδϢǼħηǡ֤ѲפȤ̣δͿͤȡpolarity modality Ȥäʸˡƥ꡼ȤδϢ⼨졤Ȥ⸫ơ֤뤳Ȥˤΰ̣夷Ƥ椯Ȥ˾ƤС̻Ūʸоݤˤʤ롥
semantic prosody ϡΤ褦˹ϤʱѤԤǤǤ롥McEnery et al. (84) ˺Ƕθν郎ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ʲƤ

Hunston, S. Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.
Louw, B. "Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies." Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair. Eds. M. Baker, G. Francis and E. Tognini-Bonelli. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1993. 157--76.
Louw, B. 2000. "Contextual Prosodic Theory: Bringing Semantic Prosodies to Life." Words in Context: A Tribute to John Sinclair on his Retirement. Eds. C. Heffer, H. Sauntson and G. Fox. Birmingham: U of Birmingham, 2000.
Partington, A. Patterns and Meanings. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998.
Partington, A. "'Utterly content in each other's company': Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9.1 (2004): 131--56.
Schmitt, N. and R. Carter "Formulaic Sequences in Action: An Introduction." Formulaic Sequences. Ed. N. Schmitt. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004. 1--22.
Stubbs, M. "Collocations and Semantic Profiles: On the Cause of the Trouble with Quantitative Methods." Function of Language 2.1 (1995): 1--33.
Stubbs, M. "Texts, Corpora, and Problems of Interpretation: A Response to Widdowson." Applied Linguistics 22.2 (2001): 149--72.


McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

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2011-03-02 Wed

#674. semantic prosody [semantics][corpus][collocation][semantic_prosody][terminology]

semantic prosody ϡǯΥѥؤζδˤä߽Ф줿ǰǤꡤȤƤܤ褦ˤʤäƤƱѥؤˤäܤ򽸤褦ˤʤä collocation Ȥ⿼ϢƤ롥Louw (57) ˤСsemantic prosody "a form of meaning which is established through the proximity of a consistent series of collocates" Ǥ롥⤦ʬ䤹Ȥ Crystal Ѥ褦

A term sometimes used in corpus-based lexicology to describe a word which typically co-occurs with other words that belong to a particular semantic set. For example, utterly co-occurs regularly with words of negative evaluation (e.g. utterly appalling). (428)


Ȥ utterly appalling 󤲤Ƥ褦ˡutterly ȤդϾˡŪɽ魯Ĵ롥¾ˡhappen set in ȤʶưԲʽɽ魯̾ȶ뤳Ȥ¿semantic prosody Ȥϡˤäƶ뤳Τ褦ʡְ̣βפΤȤؤμ礿뵡ǽüԤ٤ɾɽ魯ȤǤ롥¿Ūɾ˴ؤΤǤꡤŪɾϾʤʸԤȤƤϡŪʶ utterly ФƹŪʶ perfectly 󤲤褦ˡsemantic prosody collocation ȶӤĤƤ뤳ȤϡMcEnery et al. (83) ε󤲤Ƥ personal price 㤫餫Ǥ롥personal price ñȤǤϤɾΩŪ̾Ūʰ̣βȼ
ζˤä semantic prosody 줬ʬ夷Ƥȡζΰդ˰æ뤳Ȥˤä桼⥢ʤɤüʸ̤ɽ魯ȤǤ褦ˤʤ롥㤨СCobuild written corpus ˼Τ褦ʸ롥

Their relationship in fact was so complete that they were utterly content in each other's company.


semantic prosody ˴ؤ򤱤뤳ȤΤǤʤϡȸζˤäƤʤβʼŪʲˤΤ뤤Ū˳ƤΤȤǤ롥utterly ϤʤŪʲӤӤΤ䤤ФơŪʸȶ뤳Ȥ¿ä utterly ΤβӤӤ褦ˤʤäȤ뤫⤷ʤ⤽Ūʸȶ뤳Ȥ¿äΤϤʤʤΤ utterly ΤŪŪʲӤӤƤǤϤʤޤ˷ܤ褫褫˴٤äƤޤΤ褦ʾξȤơ(1) ŪŪ (2) ŪʸȤˤʶȤ2Ĥװߤ˺Ѥ̤ȤäȤⲺ򤫤⤷ʤŪǶᡤ -ish ŪʴްդγˤĤŪʸԤʤäˤȤäƤϡǺޤǤ롥McEnery et al. (84) ⤳˿Ƥ롥

It might be argued that the negative (or less frequently positive) prosody that belongs to an item is the result of the interplay between the item and its typical collocates. On the one hand, the item does not appear to have an affective meaning until it is in the context of its typical collocates. On the other hand, if a word has typical collocates with an affective meaning, it may take on that affective meaning even when used with atypical collocates. As the Chinese saying goes, 'he who stays near vermilion gets stained red, and he who stays near ink gets stained black' --- one takes on the colour of one's company --- the consequence of a word frequently keeping 'bad company' is that the use of the word alone may become enough to indicate something unfavourable . . . .


Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Louw, B. 2000. "Contextual Prosodic Theory: Bringing Semantic Prosodies to Life." Words in Context: A Tribute to John Sinclair on his Retirement. Eds. C. Heffer, H. Sauntson and G. Fox. Birmingham: U of Birmingham, 2000.
McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

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