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¡¡¡Ö̾Á°¥×¥í¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¡× (name_project) ¤È¤Î´ØÏ¢¤Ç¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Î¿Í̾ (personal_name)¡¤¤È¤ê¤ï¤±¸½Âå¤ÎÀ« (last name) ¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ë "by-name" ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï "family name" ¤Ë´Ø¿´¤òÊú¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤äÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë by-name ¤Îµ¯¸»¤Ï¡¤Clark (567) ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð4¼ïÎढ¤ë¡Ê¤¿¤À¤·¡¤¸ÅÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¸Â¤é¤º¡¤¤ª¤ª¤è¤½ÉáÊ×Ū¤ÊʬÎà¤À¤ÈÁÛÁü¤µ¤ì¤ë¡Ë¡¥
¡¡(a) familial ones, viz. those defining an individual by parentage, marriage or other tie of kinship
¡¡(b) honorific and occupational ones (categories that in practice overlap)
¡¡(c) locative ones, viz. those referring to present or former domicile
¡¡(d) characteristic ones, often called 'nicknames'
¡¡¤³¤Î¤¦¤Á (b) ¤Ï̾ÍÀ¿¦Ì¾¡¦¿¦¶È̾¤È¤È¤é¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÉáÄÌ̾»ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î»ÈÍÑ¡¤¤½¤·¤Æ by-name ¤È¤·¤ÆÅ¾ÍѤµ¤ì¤¿»öÎã¤ËÃíÌܤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿¦¶È̾¤Ï¿¡¹¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤Clark (570--71) ¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Ä¤Ä¡¤¸ì¸»Åª¡¦·ÁÂÖÏÀŪ¤ËʬÎह¤ë¤È°Ê²¼¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥
¡¡1. ¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¡Ê¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¥é¥Æ¥ó¸ì¡©¡Ë¤«¤é¤Î¼ÚÍѸì (French loanword)
¡¡¡¡¡¡barber, butcher, carpenter, cordwainer/cordiner, draper, farrier, mason, mercer, tailor; fourbisseur, pestour
¡¡2. ËÜÍè¸ì (native word)
¡¡¡¡¡¡A. ñ°ì¸ì (simplex)
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cok, herde, smith, webbe, wrighte
¡¡¡¡¡¡B. Ê£ÁǸì (complex)¡¤¤¹¤Ê¤ï¤ÁÇÉÀ¸¸ì¤äÊ£¹ç¸ì
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a. ư»ì¥Ù¡¼¥¹
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bruere/breuster, heuere, hoppere/hoppestre; bokebynder, bowestrengere, cappmaker, lanternemaker, lymbrenner, medmowere, rentgaderer, sylkthrowster, waterladestre
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡b. ̾»ì¥Ù¡¼¥¹
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bureller, glovere, glasier, madrer, nailere, ropere, skinnere; burelman, candelwif, horseknave, maderman, plougrom, sylkewymman; couherde, swynherde, madermongere, stocfisshmongere, ripreve, bulleward, wodeward, wheelewrighte
¡¡¸ÅÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿Í̾¤ò¤á¤°¤ëÏÃÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤°Ê²¼¤Î hellog µ»ö¤Ç¤â¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¿¤Î¤ÇÍ×»²¾È¡¥
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#590. last name ¤Ï¤¤¤Ä¤«¤éµÁ̳Ū¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤«¡× ([2010-12-08-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#2365. ¥Î¥ë¥Þ¥óÀ¬Éþ¸å¤Î±Ñ¸ì¿Í̾¤ÎÀ«¤ÎºÎÍÑ¡× ([2015-10-18-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5231. ¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿Í̾¤Ë¤Ï²È·Ï¤òɽ¤ï¤¹À« (family name) ¤Ï¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤±¤ì¤É¡× ([2023-08-23-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5297. ¸Å±Ñ¸ì¿Í̾³Ø¤ÎÍѸìÂÎ·Ï¡× ([2023-10-28-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5338. Ãæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ë¿Í̾¤Ë¤â¤¿¤é¤µ¤ì¤¿2¤Ä¤Î¿·µ¡¼´¤È¤½¤Î»þ´ü¡× ([2023-12-08-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5346. Ãæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ë±Ñ¸ì¿Í̾¤ØÀ«¤¬Æ³Æþ¤µ¤ì¤¿ÇØ·Ê¡× ([2023-12-16-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5299. Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¿Í̾³Ø¤ÎÍѸìÂÎ·Ï¡× ([2023-10-30-1])
¡¡¡¦ Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.
¡¡¡Ö#5388. YouTube ¡Ö¤¤¤Î¤Û¤¿¥Á¥ã¥ó¥Í¥ë¡×¤Ç200²óµÇ°¤È¤·¤Æ½é¤á¤Æ¤Î¥é¥¤¥ôÇÛ¿®¤ò¹Ô¤Ê¤¤¤Þ¤·¤¿¡× ([2024-01-27-1]) ¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤µÇ°¤¹¤Ù¤200²ó¤ò¥é¥¤¥ôÇÛ¿®¤Ç¤ªÆÏ¤±¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡¥¤½¤Î¸å¡¤300²ó¤Ë¸þ¤±¤Æ¤Î¿·¤¿¤Ê°ìÊâ¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤°ìºòÆü¤Î18»þ¤ËÂè201²ó¤òÇÛ¿®¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡¥¥ª¡¼¥×¥Ë¥ó¥°¤ä¥¨¥ó¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤ò´Þ¤á¡¤¤¤¤í¤¤¤í¤È¥ê¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¢¥ë¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡Ê¢«¤¹¤Ù¤Æ°æ¾å°ïʼ¤µ¤ó¤Ë¤ªÇ¤¤»¡Ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤¼¤Ò¤´Í÷¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡¥
¡¡¸À¸ì³Ø¤Î¸Åŵ¡¦´ðËÜ¥·¥ê¡¼¥º¤Î¤Ä¤â¤ê¤Ç¡¤ËÙÅĤ¬¥°¥ê¥à¤Îˡ§ (grimms_law) ¤ÇÍ̾¤Ê¥É¥¤¥Ä¤ÎÈæ³Ó¸À¸ì³Ø¼Ô Jacob Grimm (1785--1863) ¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡¥¡Ö¥ê¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¢¥ë¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡ª¸À¸ì³Ø¼Ô¥°¥ê¥à·»Äï¤Î°Î¶È¤È¤Ï¡©¡¼¤Ê¤¼Æ¸Ïäò¼ý½¸¡©¡×¤Ç¤¹¡Ê14ʬ¤Û¤É¤Îư²è¡Ë¡¥
¡¡¡Ö¥°¥ê¥à¤Îˡ§¡×¤ÎÆþÌç¤È¤¤¤¦¤è¤ê¤â¥°¥ê¥à¡Ê·»Äï¡Ë¤ÎÆþÌç¤È¤¤¤¦ÆâÍÆ¤Ç¤·¤¿¤¬¡¤º£¸å¤Ïˡ§¼«ÂΤˤâÃíÌܤ·¤Æ¤¤¤¤¿¤¤¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡¥¤³¤Î hellog ¤Ç¤â¡¤¤¹¤Ç¤Ë grimms_law ¤Î³Æµ»ö¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤Î¤Ç¡¤Í½½¬¤äÉü½¬¤ËÌòΩ¤Æ¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤À¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¥
¡¡¥°¥ê¥à¤Îˡ§¤Ï¡¤Èæ³Ó¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ë¤âÆæ¤Î¿¤¤²»ÊѲ½¤Ç¤¹¡¥¸½Âå¤ÎÈæ³Ó¸À¸ì³Ø¼Ô Ringe (93--94) ¤Îɾ¤òµó¤²¤Æ¤ª¤¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡¥
It remains unclear whether Grimm's Law was, in any sense, a unitary natural sound change, or a series of changes that need not have occurred together. It is true that no sound change can be shown to have occurred between any of the components of Grimm's Law; but since Grimm's Law was among the earliest Germanic sound changes, and since the other early changes that involved single non-laryngeal obstruents affected only the place of articulation and rounding of dorsals, that could be an accident. In any case, Grimm's Law is most naturally presented as a sequence of changes that counterfed each other.
¡¡¡¦ Ringe, Don. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Clarendon, 2006.
¡¡¤É¤Î³ØÌäʬÌî¤Ç¤â¤è¤¯¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤À¤¬¡¤°õ²¤¸ìÈæ³Ó¸À¸ì³Ø¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤âÀìÌç²È¤Ë¤·¤«Ä̤¸¤Ê¤¤Îत¤Î½Ñ¸ì¤Ï¿¤¤¡¥É¸Âê¤Ë·Ç¤²¤¿·ÁÂÖÏÀ¾å¤ÎÍѸ줬¤½¤Îŵ·¿¤À¤í¤¦¡¥´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëÏÃÂê¤Ï¡Ö#700. ¸ì¡¤·ÁÂÖÁÇ¡¤Àܼ¡¤¸ìº¬¡¤¸ì´´¡¤Ê£¹ç¸ì¡¤´ðÂÎ¡× ([2011-03-28-1]) ¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤¿¤¬¡¤¤½¤³¤Çµó¤²¤¿¤â¤Î°Ê¾å¤ËÆÃ²½¤·¤¿³Ø½ÑÍѸì¤È¤¤¤¦´¶¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥
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¡¡°Ê¾å¡¤Lass (123--26) ¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Æ¼¹É®¤·¤¿¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
¡¡ÀèÆü Voicy heldio ¤Ë¤Æ¡Ö#961. ɾ¸ÀÀá if you like ¡Ö¤½¤¦¸Æ¤Ó¤¿¤±¤ì¤Ð¡×¤ÈÂꤷ¤Æ¡¤¸ý¸ì¤ÎÉѽХե졼¥º if you like ¤ÎÏÃÂê¤ò¤ªÆÏ¤±¤·¤¿¡¥
¡¡¼Â¤Ï»ä¼«¿È¤â˺¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤Î¤À¤¬¡¤¤³¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï hellog ¤Ç¡Ö#4593. ¸ìÍÑÏÀŪ¤Ê if you like ¡Ö¤³¤¦¸À¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤±¤ì¤Ð¡×¤ÎȯŸ¡× ([2021-11-23-1]) ¤È¤·¤Æ¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡¥¤½¤Î²áµî¤Îµ»ö¤Ç¤â»²¾È¡¦°úÍѤ·¤¿ Brinton ¤ÎÏÀʸ¤ò²þ¤á¤ÆÆÉ¤ßľ¤·¡¤if you like ¤ª¤è¤ÓÎàµÁɽ¸½¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤Îò»ËŪ»ö¼Â¤òÃΤ俤Τǡ¤¤³¤³¤Ëµ¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡Brinton ¤ÏÁÞÆþŪ¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish ¤ÎÎत¤ò "if-ellipitical clauses" (= "if-ECs") ¤È̾ÉÕ¤±¤Æ¤¤¤ë (273) ¡¥°ÕÌ£ÏÀ¡¦¸ìÍÑÏÀ¤Î´ÑÅÀ¤«¤é¡¤2¼ïÎà¤Î if-ECs ¤¬¶èÊ̤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥1¤Ä¤á¤Ï¾Êά¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÌÜŪ¸ì¤¬Á°¸å¤Î¥Æ¥¥¹¥È¤«¤éÅý¸ìŪ¤ËÊ䤨¤ë¥¿¥¤¥×¤Ç¤¢¤ë ("elliptical form") ¡¥2¤Ä¤á¤ÏÌÜŪ¸ì¤òÁ°¸å¤Î¥Æ¥¥¹¥È¤«¤éÊ䤦¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤¤º¡¤¤â¤Ã¤Ñ¤é¥á¥¿¸À¸ìŪ¤ÊÁÞÆþÀâ¤È¤·¤ÆÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¥¿¥¤¥×¤Ç¤¢¤ë ("metalinguistic parenthetical") ¡¥³Æ¥¿¥¤¥×¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤Brinton (281) ¤¬Îò»Ë¥³¡¼¥Ñ¥¹¤«¤é½¦¤Ã¤¿Îã¤ò1¤Ä¤º¤Äµó¤²¤Æ¤ß¤è¤¦¡¥
¡¡1. I said no, they are copper, but if you choose, you shall have them (1763 John Routh, Violent Theft; OBP)
¡¡2. I ought to occupy the foreground of the picture; that being the hero of the piece, or (if you choose) the criminal at the bar, my body should be had into court. (1822 De Quincy, Confessions of an English Opium Eater; CLMETEV)
¡¡¤¤¤º¤ì¤â choose ¤È¤¤¤¦Æ°»ì¤òÍѤ¤¤¿Îã¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥Á°¼Ô¤Ï if you choose to have them ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¥Æ¥¥¹¥È¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤ÆÌÜŪ¸ì¤òÊ䤦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¸å¼Ô¤Ï¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤ÏÊ䤨¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤¢¤¯¤Þ¤Ç¥á¥¿¸À¸ìŪ¤Ë if you choose to say so ¤Û¤É¤¬´Þ°Õ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÍÑË¡¤À¡¥
¡¡Îò»ËŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤Á°¼Ô¤Î¥¿¥¤¥×¤ÎÍÑÎ㤬¡¤Æ°»ì¤ò¼è¤êÂØ¤¨¤Ä¤Ä18--19À¤µª¤Ë½é½Ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤½¤·¤Æ¡¤¤ª¤â¤·¤í¤¤¤³¤È¤Ë¡¤¸å¼Ô¤Î¥¿¥¤¥×¤ÎÍÑÎ㤬¤½¤Î¸å¿ô½½Ç¯¤«¤é100ǯ¤Û¤ÉÃÙ¤ì¤Æ½é½Ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Á´ÂΤȤ·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤ÎàµÁ¤Îư»ì¤¬Â«¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¡¤¤æ¤Ã¤¯¤ê¤È»÷¤¿¤è¤¦¤ÊÍÑË¡¤Î³ÈÄ¥¤ò¿ë¤²¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥Brinton (282) ¤Î "Dating of if-ECs" ¤ÈÂꤹ¤ëɽ¤ò·Ç¤²¤è¤¦¡¥¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü¤ÎÍÍ¡¹¤Ê¥³¡¼¥Ñ¥¹¤òÍѤ¤¤¿½é½ÐǯĴºº¤Î·ë²Ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
| Earliest elliptical form | Earliest metalinguistic parenthetical | |
| if you choose | 1763 | 1822 |
| if you like | 1723 | 1823 |
| if you wish | 1819 | 1902/PDE |
| if you prefer | 1848 | 1900 |
| if you want | 1677/1824 | 1934 |
¡¡¤µ¤é¤Ë¤ª¤â¤·¤í¤¤¤Î¤Ï¡¤¥á¥¿¸À¸ìŪ¤ÊÍÑË¡¤Î½éÎã¤ò¸Ø¤ë if you choose ¤Ï¡¤¸½ºß¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¿Íµ¤¤ò¼º¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤À¡¥°ìÊý¡¤ºÇ¤â¿·¤·¤¤ if you want ¤â¥á¥¿¸À¸ìŪ¤ÊÍÑË¡¤È¤·¤Æ¤ÎÉÑÅÙ¤ÏÌÜΩ¤¿¤Ê¤¤¡¥°ÂÄê´¶¤Î¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Ï¤½¤Î¾¤Î3¼ï¡¤like, wish, prefer ÊÕ¤ê¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥ÎàµÁ¤Îư»ì¤¬Â«¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤ÆÅö³ºÉ½¸½¤ÈÍÑË¡¤òȯŸ¤µ¤»¤Æ¤¤¿¤È¤·¤Æ¤â¡¤¸å¤Î°ÂÄê´¶¤Ëº¹¤¬½Ð¤¿¤Î¤Ï¤Ê¤¼¤Ê¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¤È¤Æ¤â¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Brinton, Laurel J. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
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¡¡Wischer ¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Î¼þÊÕŪ¤Êɽ¸½¤ÎÎò»Ë¤òÄ´ºº¤·¡¤¤½¤ì¤¬·Ð¤Æ¤¤¿ÊѲ½¤Ïʸˡ²½ (grammaticalisation) ¤Î¦Ì̤ò¤â¤Ä¤È¤È¤â¤Ë¡¤¸ì×ò½ (lexicalisation) ¤Î¦Ì̤â¤â¤ÄÊѲ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤ÈÏÀ¤¸¤¿¡¥Î㤨¤Ð¡¤methinks ¤Ë¡Ê´Ö¡Ë¼ç´ÑŪ°ÕÌ£¤ÎȯÀ¸¤äÌ¿ÂêŪ°ÕÌ£¤Î¾Ã¼º¤È¤¤¤¦ÅÀ¤Ç¤Ïʸˡ²½¤Î»öÎã¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¤·¡¤°ìÊý¤ÇµÁ̳À¤Î·çÇ¡¤È¤¤¤¦ÅÀ¤Ç¤Ï¤à¤·¤í¸ì×ÃŪ¤ÊÀ¼Á¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¸ì×ò½¤Î1Îã¤È¤â¹Í¤¨¤é¤ìÆÀ¤ë¡¥Wischer (365) ¤è¤ê¡¤ÏÀʸ¤Î·ëÏÀÉô¤ò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥
Methinks passed through a syntactic lexicalization process which was not accompanied by an addition of a specific semantic component, but rather by an opposite semantic change: Impersonal think has no longer a meaning of its own. It cannot combine with other persons any more (*himthinks, *us thought ...). So, methinks has lost its original propositional meaning denoting an act of cognition and has acquired an exclusively speaker-oriented, or interpersonal, meaning. This change can be regarded as an increase in subjectivity. Thus it operates as a marker of evidentiality, and as such it has become a member of a relatively closed class. Although we can notice an increase in frequency in Early Modern English, methinks never becomes obligatory, but always stands in free variation with expressions like I think, it seems to me, obviously etc. Grammatical elements of this kind are less constrained and therefore situated at the periphery of grammar.
And this must also be the reason for the relatively shortlasting existence of methinks. Linguistic elements, once they are grammaticalized, normally have a rather stable position in the language, whereas lexical units are less constrained, more flexible and pass out of existence more easily.
¡¡Ê¸Ë¡²½¤È¸ì×ò½¤È¤¤¤¦2¤Ä¤Î²áÄø¤Ï¡¤É¬¤º¤·¤âÁêÈ¿¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Ë½Å¤Ê¤ê¹ç¤¦¤È¤³¤í¤â¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¤°Û¤Ê¤ë¤È¤³¤í¤â¤¢¤ë¡¤¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê´Ø·¸¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥methinks ¤Î¿ë¤²¤¿ÊѲ½¤ÏÊ£»¨¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤1¤Ä¤Î²áÄø¤ËÍî¤È¤·¹þ¤ó¤ÇÀâÌÀ¤¹¤ë¤Î¤ÏÆñ¤·¤¤¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ»ö¡Ö#5385. methinks ¤Ë¤Þ¤Ä¤ï¤ë̯¤Ê¸ì·Á¤ò¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¾Ò²ð¡× ([2024-01-24-1]) ¤Î¸åȾ¤Ç¾¯¤·¿¨¤ì¤Þ¤·¤¿¤¬¡¤¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü¤ÎȾ¤Ð¤Ë methoughts ¤Ê¤ëÄÁ̯¤Ê·ÁÂÖ¤¬¸½¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡¥Ä¾ÀâË¡¡¦3¿Í¾Î¡¦Ã±¿ô¡¦²áµî¡¤¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡Ö3ñ²á¤Î -s¡×¤È¤¤¤¦Ç˳ʤθì·Á¤Ç¤¹¡¥À¸µ¯ÉÑÅ٤Ͼܤ·¤¯Ä´¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤»¤ó¤¬¡¤OED ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¤Shakespeare ¤«¤é¤ÎÎã¤ò½é½Ð¤È¤·¤Æ17À¤µª¤«¤é18À¤µªÈ¾¤Ð¤Ë¤«¤±¤ÆÍÑÎ㤬ʸ¾Ú¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¹¡¥±Ñ¸ì»Ë¾å¤¤ï¤á¤ÆÇ˳ʤǤ¢¤ê¡¤´õ¾¯²ÁÃͤι⤤·ÁÂ֤Ȥ¤¤¨¤Þ¤¹¡Ê±Ñ¸ì»Ë¸¦µæ¼Ô¤Ï¶½Ê³¤·¤Þ¤¹¡Ë¡¥
¡¡OED ¤Î methinks, v. ¤Î°Û·ÁÂÖÍó¤Ë¤Æ γ ·ÏÎó¤Î·ÁÂ֤Ȥ·¤Æ·Ç¤²¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë5¤Ä¤ÎÎãʸ¤ò°úÍѤ·¤Þ¤¹¡¥
a1616 Me thoughts that I had broken from the Tower. (W. Shakespeare, Richard III (1623) i. iv. 9)
1620 The draught of a Landskip on a piece of paper, me thoughts masterly done. (H. Wotton, Letter in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 413)
1673 I had..coyned several new English Words, which were onely such French Words as methoughts had a fine Tone wieh them. (F. Kirkman, Unlucky Citizen 181)
1711 Methoughts I was transported into a Country that was filled with Prodigies. (J. Addison, Spectator No. 63. ¶3)
1751 The inward Satisfaction which I felt, had spread in my Eyes I know not what of melting and passionate, which methoughts I had never before observed. (translation of Female Foundling vol. I. 30)
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¡¡¡¦ Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
¡¡Èó¿Í¾Îư»ì (impersonal_verb) ¤Î methinks ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡Ö#4308. ¸½Âå¤Ë»Ä¤ëÈó¿Í¾Îư»ì methinks¡× ([2021-02-11-1])¡¤¡Ö#204. Èó¿Í¾Î¹½Ê¸¡× ([2009-11-17-1]) ¤Ê¤É¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤Æ¤¤¿¡¥Èó¿Í¾Î¹½Ê¸ (impersonal construction) ¤Ç¤Ï¿Í¾Î¼ç¸ì¤¬¸½¤ï¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤Ê¸Ë¡¾å¤½¤Îʸ¤ÇÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÈó¿Í¾Îư»ì¤Ï¤¢¤¿¤«¤â3¿Í¾Îñ¿ô¼ç¸ì¤Î¸ºß¤òÁ°Äó¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¶þÀÞ¸ìÈø¤ò¤È¤ë¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¤Âç¿¿ô¤ÎÍÑÎã¤Ë¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤Ä¾Àâˡñ¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¤-s ¡Ê¸Å¤¯¤Ï -eth) ¤ò¤È¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤È¤³¤í¤¬¡¤ÍÑÎã¤òį¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¡¤-s ¤Ê¤É¤Î»Ò²»¸ìÈø¤ò¼è¤é¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤¬»¶¸«¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥Wischer (362) ¤¬¡¤Helsinki Corpus ¤«¤é½¦¤Ã¤¿Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤Î¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤Îãʸ¤ò¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤½¤ì¤ò¾¯¡¹²þÊѤ·¤ÆÄ󼨤·¤è¤¦¡¥
(10) þe þincheð þat he ne mihte his sinne forlete.
'It seems to you that he might not relinquish his sin.'
(MX/1 Ir Hom Trin 12, 73)
(11) Thy wombe is waxen grete, thynke me.
'Your womb has grown big. You seem to be pregnant.'
(M4 XX Myst York 119)
(12) My lord me thynketh / my lady here hath saide to you trouthe and gyuen yow good counseyl [...]
(M4 Ni Fict Reynard 54)
(13) I se on the firmament, Me thynk, the seven starnes.
(M4 XX Myst Town 25)
¡¡»Ò²»¸ìÈø¤òȼ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÉáÄ̤ÎÎ㤬 (10) ¤È (12)¡¤È¼¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤Î㳰Ū¤Ê¤â¤Î¤¬ (11) ¤È (13) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥(11) ¤Ç¤ÏÏÀÍý¾å¤Î¼ç¸ì¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ëÍ¿³ÊÂå̾»ì me ¤¬¸åÃÖ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤½¤ì¤È¸ìÈø¤Î·çÇ¡¤¬´Ø·¸¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤È¤âµ¿¤ï¤ì¤¿¤¬¡¤(13) ¤Ç¤Ï Me ¤¬Á°ÃÖ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤½¤¦¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤â¤Ê¤µ¤½¤¦¤À¡¥OED ¤Î methinks, v. ¤«¤é¤â»Ò²»¸ìÈø¤òȼ¤ï¤Ê¤¤ÍÑÎ㤬¾¯¤Ê¤«¤é¤º³Îǧ¤µ¤ì¡¤Ã±½ã¤Ê¥¨¥é¡¼¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤é¤·¤¤¡¥
¡¡¤Ç¤Ï¸ìÈø·çÇ¡¤Ë¤Ï¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÇØ·Ê¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥1¤Ä¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¿Í¾Î¹½Ê¸¤Î I think ¡ÊÅöÁ³¤Ê¤¬¤éʸˡŪ -s ¸ìÈø¤Ê¤É¤Ï¤Ä¤«¤Ê¤¤¡Ë¤È¤Î´Ö¤Çº®Æ±¤¬µ¯¤³¤Ã¤¿²ÄǽÀ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¤â¤¦1¤Ä¥Ò¥ó¥È¤È¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¤Åö³º¤Îư»ì¤¬¡¤¤³¤Îư»ì¤ò´Þ¤àÀá¤Î³°Éô¤Ë¤¢¤ë̾»ì¶ç¤Ë°ìÃפ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È²ò¼á¤Ç¤¤ëÎ㤬¸½¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤À¡¥OED ¤Ç°úÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¼¡¤ÎÎãʸ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤methink'st thou art . . . . ¤È¤¤¤¦¤¤ï¤á¤Æ¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤»öÎ㤬³Îǧ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥
a1616 Meethink'st thou art a generall offence, and euery man shold beate thee. (W. Shakespeare, All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 251)
¡¡¤µ¤é¤Ë¡¤Æ°»ì¤Î²áµî·Á¤Ï3ñ¡Ö¸½¡×¸ìÈø¤ò¤È¤ë¤Ï¤º¤¬¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤³¤Îư»ì¤Î·ÁÂ֤ϻö¼Â¾å methought ¤Ë¸ÂÄꤵ¤ì¤½¤¦¤À¤¬¡¤¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ï¸½ºß·Á¤«¤é¤ÎÎà¿ä (analogy) ¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯·ÁÂ֤Ȥª¤Ü¤·¤ methoughts ¤â¡¤OED ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¤ä¤Ï¤ê Shakespeare ¤Ê¤É¤Ë¸½¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤É¤¦¤â methinks ¤Ï¡¤Æ°»ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¤¤ï¤á¤Æ¼þÊÕŪ¤Ê¤È¤³¤í¤Ë°ÌÃ֤Ť±¤é¤ì¤ëÊѤï¤ê¼Ô¤Î¤è¤¦¤À¡¥ÃæÅÓȾü¤Ê¸ì×ò½¤È¤¤¤¦¤Ù¤¤«¡¤¤à¤·¤í¹Ô¤²á¤®¤¿¸ì×ò½¤È¤¤¤¦¤Ù¤¤«¡¤Ê¬Îह¤ë¤Î¤âÆñ¤·¤¤¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.

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¡¡»ä¼«¿È¤¬¸À¸ì´Ñ¤ò·ÁÀ®¤¹¤ë¾å¤Ç¡¤¤ª¤ª¤¤¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤ò¼õ¤±¤¿°ìºý¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¡¦ ¥ß¥ë¥«¡¦¥¤¥ô¥£¥Ã¥Á Ãø¡¤ÁáÅÄ µ±ÍΡ¦°æ¾å »Ëͺ Ìõ¡¡¡Ø¸À¸ì³Ø¤Îή¤ì¡Ù¡¡¤ß¤¹¤º½ñ˼¡¤1974ǯ¡¥
¡¡¤³¤Î2Æü´Ö¤Îµ»ö¤Çʸˡ²½ (grammaticalisation) ¤ÎÆÃħ¤ËÃíÌܤ·¤Æ¤¤¿¡¥¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð¡¤¤½¤ì¤ÈÂÐÈæ¤·¤Æ¸ì×ò½ (lexicalisation) ¤È¤¤¤¦¸½¾Ý¤äÍѸ줬ÏÃÂê¤È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥³Î¤«¤Ë¡¤¸À¸ì³Ø¤Î¾ï¼±¤Ç¤Ïʸˡ¤È¸ì×äϰۤʤë2¤Ä¤ÎÉôÌç¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¸ß¤¤¤Ë°Û¤Ê¤ëµ¬Â§¤¬Æ¯¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Á°Äó¤È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¤Ê¸Ë¡²½¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¸ì×ò½¤¬ÏÀ¤¸¤é¤ì¤ë¤Î¤Ï¼«Á³¤Ê¤Î¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤è¤¯Èæ³ÓÂоȤ·¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È¡¤Ê¸Ë¡²½¤È¸ì×ò½¤È¤Ïɬ¤º¤·¤â¸ß¤¤¤ËÈ¿Âиþ¤¤Î²áÄø¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤ë¡¥³Î¤«¤ËÂÐΩ¤¹¤ë¦Ì̤⤢¤ë¤¬¡¤¤à¤·¤í»÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¦Ì̤⤢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬Ê¬¤«¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¿¤Î¤À¡¥
¡¡Â绨ÇĤˤ¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤¸ì×ò½¤È¤Ï¡¤¤µ¤Û¤É¸ì×ÃŪ¤Ç¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤â¤Î¤¬¸ì×ÃŪ¤ÊÀ¼Á¤òÂӤӤƤ¯¤ë²áÄø¤È¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¤¤¬¡¤Ãæ¤òÇÁ¤¤¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È¡¤¤Ê¤«¤Ê¤«Ê£»¨¤Ê¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥Bauer (50--61) ¤¬¸ì×ò½¤Î5¤Ä¤Î¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤ê¤¦¡¥¤½¤ì¤ò¼êºÝ¤è¤¯Í×Ìó¤·¤¿ Wischer (358) ¤è¤ê¡¤´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë1Àá¤ò°úÍѤ·¤¿¤¤¡¥
As several mechanisms are involved in the process of lexicalization, not necessarily proceeding simultaneously, Bauer (1983: 50--61) distinguishes between different "types of lexicalization":
1. Changes of stress patterns and/or phonetic reductions are features of "phonological lexicalization" (cf. famous [ˈfeɪməs] -- infamous [ˈinfəməs]).
2. Linking elements and/or non-productive roots or affixes are features of "morphological lexicalization" (cf. eat -- edible).
3. Lack of semantic compositionality is a feature of "semantic lexicalization" (cf. understand).
4. Non-productive syntactic patterns and/or unusual functions of syntactic patterns are features of "syntactic lexicalization" (cf. pickpocket).
5. Many examples are "mixed lexicalizations", which can lead to a complete demotivation, so that the results have to be treated as simplex lexemes (cf. husband).
¡¡¤¢¤ë¸À¸ì¹à¤¬¸ì×ÃŪ¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤È¤Ï¡¤Íפ¹¤ë¤Ë¸À¸ìÂηϤΤʤ«¤Ç¼«Î©¤·¤¿1ñ¸ì¤È¤Ê¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥Ê¸Ë¡µ¬Â§¤ËÇû¤é¤ì¤º¡¤ÆÈ¼«¤Î¿¶¤ëÉñ¤¤¤ò¤¹¤ëñ°Ì¤È¤·¤Æµö¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¸À¸ì³¦¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¼«Î©¤ÈÆÈΩ¤ÎÌäÂê --- ¤¤ï¤á¤Æ¤ª¤â¤·¤í¤¤ÏÃÂê¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
¡¡¡¦ Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ»ö¡Ö#5381. ʸˡ²½¤ÎÆ»¶Ú¤Èʸˡ²½¤ÎÄøÅÙ¤ò¿Þ¤ë¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¡× ([2024-01-20-1]) ¤Ç¡¤Wischer ¤ò»²¾È¤·¤ÆÊ¸Ë¡²½¤ÎÆ»¶Ú¤È¡¤¤½¤ì¤È´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¡¥¤â¤È¤â¤Èʸˡ²½ (grammaticalisation) ¤È¤¤¤¦¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¤ºòÆü¼¨¤·¤¿Åý¸ìŪñ°Ì¤«¤é·ÁÂÖŪñ°Ì¤Ø¤ÎÊѲ½²áÄø¤¬¤½¤Î´ðËÜŪ¤Ê¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤È¤·¤ÆÇ§¼±¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¿¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¤¤¢¤¯¤Þ¤ÇÌ¿ÂêÆâÉô¤Ç¤ÎʸˡŪÊѲ½¤È¤·¤Æ¤È¤é¤¨¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¤Ì¿Âê¤è¤ê¥¹¥³¡¼¥×¤Î¹¤¤¥Æ¥¥¹¥È (text) ¤äÃÌÏà (discourse) ¤È¤¤¤¦¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ë´Ø¤ï¤ë¡¤¤â¤¦1¤Ä¤Î¥¿¥¤¥×¤Îʸˡ²½¤¬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¿¡¥Wischer (356) ¤Ï Traugott ¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Æ°ìÊý¸þÀ (unidirectionality) ¤ò´Þ°Õ¤¹¤ë¼¡¤Î·ÐÏ©¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
proposition ¢ª text ¢ª discourse
¡¡¤³¤ÎÃÌÏò½¤È¤â¤¤¤¦¤Ù¤¥¿¥¤¥×¤Îʸˡ²½¤Ï¡¤ºòÆü¼¨¤·¤¿¥¿¥¤¥×¤Îʸˡ²½¤È¤Ï¿¤¯¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¼ÂºÝ¡¤ºòÆüµó¤²¤¿¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ï¡¤º£²ó¤Î¥¿¥¤¥×¤Ë¤Ï¤¢¤Þ¤êÅö¤Æ¤Ï¤Þ¤é¤Ê¤¤¡¥(1) attrition ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤³Î¤«¤Ë²»·Á¤Î½Ì¾®¤ä°ÕÌ£¤ÎɺÇò²½¡Ê¤È¤ê¤ï¤±¼ç´Ñ²½¡Ë¤¬À¸¤¸¤ä¤¹¤¤¤È¤Ï¤¤¤¨¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤(2) paradigmaticization ¤Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤¯¤¢¤Æ¤Ï¤Þ¤é¤Ê¤¤¡¥(3) obligatorification ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤Ê¸Ë¡²½¤µ¤ì¤¿¹à¤ÎÉÑÅ٤Ϲâ¤Þ¤ë¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤Ê¸Ë¡µ¬Â§¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊµÁ̳²½¤Ïµ¯¤³¤é¤Ê¤¤¡¥(4) condensation ¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤Ï¥¹¥³¡¼¥×¤Ï¶¹¤Þ¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¤à¤·¤í³È¤¬¤ë¤·¡¤(5) coalescence ¤âÀ¸¤¸¤Ê¤¤¡¥(6) fixation ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤À¸µ¯¤¹¤ëÅý¸ìŪ°ÌÃ֤ˤϷ¹¸þ¤¬¸«¤é¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¤É¬¤º¤·¤â¸·Ì©¤Ë¸ÇÄꤵ¤ì¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥
¡¡Ê¸Ë¡²½¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë2¤Ä¤Î¥¿¥¤¥×¤¬ÏÀ¤¸¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¿¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤¬ÆÈ¼«¤ÎÆÃħ¤ò¤â¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¿¤á¡¤¶èÊ̤·¤ÆÍý²ò¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯¤Ù¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
¡¡¡¦ Traugott, E. C. "From Propositional to Textual and Expressive Meanings: Some Semantic-Pragmatic Aspects of Grammaticalization." Perspectives on Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Y. Malkiel. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1982. 245--71.
¡¡¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î¥á¥«¥Ë¥º¥à¤È¤·¤Æ¸¦µæ¤¬¿¼¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸˡ²½ (grammaticalisation) ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡Ö#417. ʸˡ²½¤È¤Ï¡©¡× ([2010-06-18-1]) ¤ò¤Ï¤¸¤á¿¤¯¤Îµ»ö¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¿¡¥º£²ó¤Ï¡¤Â¿¤¯¤ÎÀè¹Ô¸¦µæ¤ò»²¾È¤·¤¿ Wischer ÏÀʸ¤ÎËÁƬÉôʬ¤ò»²¹Í¤Ë¡¤Ê¸Ë¡²½¤Îŵ·¿Åª¤ÊÆ»¶Ú¤Èʸˡ²½¤ÎÄøÅÙ¤ò¿Þ¤ë¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ò¾Ò²ð¤¹¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤Þ¤º Wischer (356) ¤Ï Givón (1979: 209) ¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Ä¤Ä¡¤Ê¸Ë¡²½¤Î1¤Ä¤Îŵ·¿Åª¤Ê·ÐÏ©¤È¤·¤Æ°Ê²¼¤Î¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤òƳÆþ¤¹¤ë¡¥
discourse ¢ª syntax ¢ª morphology ¢ª morphophonemics ¢ª zero
ʸˡ²½¤ÎÍýÏÀ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤³¤³¤ÎÌð°õ¤Ë¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î°ìÊý¸þÀ (unidirectionality) ¤¬¤·¤Ð¤·¤ÐÌäÂê¤È¤Ê¤ë¡¥
¡¡Â³¤±¤Æ Wischer (356) ¤Ï¡¤Lehmann (1985: 307--08) ¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Ä¤Ä¡¤Ê¸Ë¡²½¤ÎÄøÅÙ¤ò¿Þ¤ë¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ò¼¨¤¹¡¥
1. "attrition": the gradual loss of semantic and phonological substance;
2. "paradigmaticization": the increasing integration of a syntactic element into a morphological paradigm;
3. "obligatorification": the choice of the linguistic item becomes rule-governed;
4. "condensation": the shrinking of scope;
5. "coalescence": once a syntactic unit has become morphological, it gains in bondedness and may even fuse with the constituent it governs;
6. "fixation": the item loses its syntagmatic variability and becomes a slot filler.
¡¡Í×Ì󤷤Ƥ¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤Ê¸Ë¡²½¤È¤Ï¡¤¹´Â«¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤Åý¸ìŪñ°Ì¤¬¹âÅÙ¤ËÀ©¸Â¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸Ë¡Åª·ÁÂÖÁǤØÊÑÍÆ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¯²áÄø¤È¤È¤é¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
¡¡¡¦ Givón, Talmy. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic P, 1979.
¡¡¡¦ Lehmann, Chr. "Grammaticalisation: Synchronic Variation and Diachronic Change." Lingua e stile 20 (1985): 303--18.
¡¡Fertig (76) ¤Ï "Analogical non-change" ¤ÈÂꤹ¤ëÀá¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤Îµ¬Â§Åª¤ÊÊ£¿ô·Á¤òºî¤ë -s ¤òÂêºà¤Ë¤·¤Æ¡¤Îà¿äºîÍÑ (analogy) ¤ÎÌò³ä¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÆÈÆÃ¤Ê»ëÅÀ¤«¤éÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
. . . stasis over time can be just as interesting a historical phenomenon as change (Janda and Joseph 2003: 83, 86). Although accounts of analogy rarely call attention to the fact, there are a number of examples in the literature where the mechanisms of morphological change are invoked to account for an absence of overt change, i.e. for the survival of an element, construction or distinction. Saussure (1995 [1916]: 236--7) reminds us that analogy2 is just as much responsible for the lack of change in the inflection of most forms that have always belonged to dominant, regular classes as it is for change in other, primarily irregular items. English speakers, for example, form the plural of dozens of nouns such as stone, eel, oath, comb, stool, etc. essentially the same way they were formed in Old English, not because each of these plurals has been transmitted perfectly across all the generations, but rather primarily because analogy2 yields exactly the same results as if the forms had been transmitted perfectly. These nouns all belong to the dominant class that formed their plurals with -as in Old English so even if English speakers never memorize any of them and always rely on analogy2 to recreate them, they continue to come up with the same forms that were used in the past.
¡¡Fertig ¤Ï¡¤¸À¸ì¤ÎÊѲ½¤Î¤ß¤Ê¤é¤º¸À¸ì¤Î̵ÊѲ½¤ÎÇØ·Ê¤Ë¤â´Ø¿´¤ò´ó¤»¤ëÏÀ¼Ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¡Ö#4228. Îò»Ë¸À¸ì³Ø¤Ï¡Ö¤Ê¤¼ÊѲ½¤·¤¿¤«¡×¤À¤±¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¡Ö¤Ê¤¼ÊѲ½¤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤«¡×¤ò¤âÌ䤦¡× ([2020-11-23-1]) ¤Ç¤â¡¤Fertig ¤«¤é¤Î½ÅÍפʻØÅ¦¤ò°úÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¸À¸ì¤Î̵ÊѲ½¤Ë¤â°ÕµÁ¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦µÄÏÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡Ö#2115. ¸À¸ì°Ý»ý¤È¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Ø¤ÎÄñ¹³¡× ([2015-02-10-1])¡¤¡Ö#2208. ±Ñ¸ì¤Îư»ì¤Ë̤Íè·Á¤Î¶þÀÞ¤¬¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ï¤Ê¤¼¤«¡©¡× ([2015-05-14-1])¡¤¡Ö#2220. Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÃæÉô¡¦ËÌÉôÊý¸À¤Ç¸ìƬË໤²»ÍÀ¼²½¤¬µ¯¤³¤é¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿Íýͳ¡× ([2015-05-26-1])¡¤¡Ö#2574. ¡Ö¾ï¤ËÊѰۤ¬¤¢¤ê¡¤¾ï¤ËÊѲ½¤¬µ¯¤³¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡×¡× ([2016-05-14-1]) ¤â»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡º£Ç¯¤Î Voicy ¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì¸»¤¬¿È¤Ë¤Ä¤¯¥é¥¸¥ª (heldio)¡×¤Î¼çÂê¤Ï¸À¸ìÊѲ½ (language) ¤À¤¬¡¤Æ±Íͤ˸À¸ì̵ÊѲ½¤â¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¤¤¿¤¤¡¥¿·Ç¯¤Î2²ó¤ÎÇÛ¿®²ó¤â¤¼¤Ò¤ªÄ°¤¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡¥
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#945. ¤Ê¤¼¸À¸ì¤ÏÊѲ½¤¹¤ë¤Î¤«¡©¡× (2024/01/01)
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#947. ¤Ê¤¼¸À¸ì¤ÏÊѲ½¤·¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤«¡©¡× (2024/01/03)
¡¡¡¦ Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
¡¡¶áǯ¡¤±Ñ¸ì¸ì×Ã¤Ë blend ¡Êº®À®¸ì¡Ë¤¬·ãÁý¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë»ö¼Â¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¤¹¤Ç¤Ë hellog ¤Ç¤â·«¤êÊÖ¤·¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¿¡¥
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#631. blending ¤Î³ÈÂç¡× ([2011-01-18-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#876. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤ÎÀ¸»ºÀ¤ÏËÜÅö¤Ë¹â¤¤¤«¡©¡× ([2011-09-20-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#4369. Brexit --- ¸½Âå¤ÎÉÂÍý¤ÈÍ·¤Ó¤Î¸ì·ÁÀ®¡× ([2021-04-13-1])
¡¡°ì¸«¤¹¤ë¤È blend ¤Ï¿ÍÌܤò°ú¤¯¸ÀÍÕÍ·¤Ó¤Ë¤¹¤®¤º¡¤·ÁÂÖÏÀ¾å¤¢¤¯¤Þ¤Ç¼þÊÕŪ¤Ê¸½¾Ý¤Ë¤È¤É¤Þ¤ë¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¶áǯ¤Î±Ñ¸ì¸ì·ÁÀ®¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¤½¤ÎÀ¸»ºÀ¤Î¹â¤µ¤Ï¡¤½¾Íè¤Î¸«Êý¤òÊѤ¨¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤ë¡¥Î㤨¤Ð¡¤Fertig (70) ¤Ï¡¤º®À®¤È¤¤¤¦¸ì·ÁÀ®¤¬ÍýÏÀŪ¤Ê°ÕµÁ¤ò¤â¤Ä¤³¤È¤ò¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÎÏÀ⤷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
Blends are often treated as a marginal phenomenon (Haspelmath and Sims 2010:40). Aronoff discusses them under the heading 'oddities' and considers them 'words which have no recognizable internal structure or constituents'; they are 'opaque, and hence uncommon' (1976: 20). Recent developments suggest that Aronoff may have had the relationship between opacity and frequency backwards here. Blends may have been rather opaque in 1976 precisely because they were still relatively uncommon. Today, at least in English, blends (of certain types) can hardly be called uncommon, and we generally seem to have little trouble parsing and processing them. As we will see in §7.3.8, this issue of the relationship between the frequency of a morphological pattern and its transparency/opacity has implications for some fundamental theoretical issues of great relevance to morphological change.
To the extent that some types of blending have become productive and predictable morphological operations in present-day English, it is no longer accurate to classify them as non-proportional. They amount to a kind of compounding with the two elements overlapping in accordance with well defined constraints. Within Paul's proportional theory, they could thus be handled by an extension of the (syntagmatic) proportional equations that he proposes for syntax (see §6.2 below). Blending as a type of word formation would fit even more easily into certain other theories of morphology. Insights and analytical tools from Prosodic Morphology (McCarthy and Prince 1995) have made it clear that (most) blends absolutely do have 'recognizable internal structure'. They are a type of non-concatenative morphology. Instead of combining two words into a linear string as in compounding, blends superimpose one word onto the prosodic structure of another (Piñeros 1998, 2004).
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¡¡¡¦ Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
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The fact that we say churchyard rather than *churchard, which would show the normal phonetic reduction of the second, more weakly stressed element of the compound (as in orchard), and the widespread pronunciation of forehead as /fɔrhɛd/ rather than reduced /fɔrɪd/ can be ascribed to speakers analyzing these compounds just as they do in cases of folk etymology, the only difference being that here their analysis is historically accurate.
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¡¡¡¦ Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
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¡¡¤³¤Îµ»ö¤Ç¤Ï J. R. R. Tolkien ¤ÎºîÉʤËÅо줹¤ëÍÅÀº¤¿¤Á¤ÎÀ¤³¦ Middle-earth ¡ÊÃæ¤Ä¹ñ¡Ë¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë¡Ö¥ß¥Ã¥É¥¬¥ë¡×¤È¤È¤â¤Ë¸ÀµÚ¤¬¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡¥
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¡¡Middle-earth ¤ÎͳÍè¤ò¤µ¤é¤Ë¾Ü¤·¤¯Ä´¤Ù¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È¡¤¤É¤¦¤ä¤é¸Å¥Î¥ë¥É¸ì miðgarðr ¤È¤Ï̯¤Ê¤Í¤¸¤ì¤Î´Ø·¸¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¹¡¥¸å¼Ô¤Ï¡¤¸Å±Ñ¸ì´ü¤è¤ê2²ó¤Û¤É̱´Ö¸ì¸» (folk_etymology) ¤Ë¤è¤ëÊÑ·Á¤ò¼õ¤±¤Æ¡¤º£¤Î·Á¤Ë¤¿¤É¤ê¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡¥
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¡¡¤È¤³¤í¤¬¡¤¤¹¤Ç¤Ë¸Å±Ñ¸ì´ü¤è¤ê middangeard ¤ÎÂè2Í×ÁǤ¬ geard ¡ÖÄí¡×¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤²»·Á¤Î»÷¤¿ eard ¡Ö¸Î¶¿¡¤ÁĹñ¡×¤È¼è¤ê°ã¤¨¤é¤ì¡¤·ÁÂÖ¾å¤Îº®Í𤬵¯¤³¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡ÊÂè1¤Î̱´Ö¸ì¸»¡Ë¡¥¤µ¤é¤ËÃæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤È¡¤º£Å٤Ϥ³¤Î eard ¤¬¤ä¤Ï¤ê¤è¤¯»÷¤¿²»·Á¤Î erthe (> earth) ¡ÖÃÏ¡¤À¤³¦¡×¤È¼è¤ê°ã¤¨¤é¤ì¤Þ¤·¤¿¡ÊÂè2¤Î̱´Ö¸ì¸»¡Ë¡¥¤Á¤Ê¤ß¤ËÎò»ËŪ¤ËÂè2Í×ÁǤȤ·¤ÆÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¿¾åµ¤Î3¤Ä¤Î¸ì¤Ï¡¤¸ß¤¤¤Ë¸ì¸»Åª¤Ë¤Ï̵´Ø·¸¤Ç¤¹¡¥
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The compound middle earth (re-popularized but by no means invented by Tolkien) can be traced back to early Middle English middelærde and OE middangeard and midanærd. Comparison with related words in other older Germanic languages, such as Old Saxon middilgard, Old High German mittilagart and Old Norse miðgarðr suggests that the second element originally corresponded to the Modern English word yard. We then see two successive folk-etymological identifications of this element, first with the Old English word eard '(native) land, home', then later with earth.
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¡¡¡¦ Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
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A book about analogy and morphological change? That is so not what I was expecting. I never imaginated there'd ever be such a book. I guess I had another thing coming. Who'd of thunk it?
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The short paragraph above contains at least four recognizable examples of some of the different kinds of innovations that we will be exploring in this book. That is so not . . . is an example of analogical change in syntax. Until recently, the intensifier so could only be used directly before an adjective or adverb. Now some speakers regularly use it in other syntactic contexts, such as before the negative particle not. This change can be attributed to the analogy of other intensifiers such as really . . . . The next sentence contains the verb imaginate, which sounds very odd to many English speakers today but has been around since 1541. It means the same thing as the much more common and older verb imagine and may have been created by backformation from the noun imagination, on the analogical model of pairs like speculation--speculate, dedication--dedicate, etc. The fourth sentence contains an altered version of the familiar expression to have another think coming, meaning 'to be seriously mistaken about something'. For at least a century, English speakers/learners have sometimes mistaken the word think in this expression for thing. This kind of change is called folk etymology. It occurs when speakers identify one element in an expression with a different, often historically unrelated element. The word of (for 've) in the final sentence of the paragraph could also be considered folk etymology. Finally, thunk is obviously an innovative past-participle form corresponding to standard thought. It is based on analogical models such as sink--sank--sunk or stick--stuck.
¡¡¤³¤³¤«¤éÂÀ»úɽµ¤Î¤â¤Î¤â´Þ¤á¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¥¡¼¥ï¡¼¥É¤È½¦¤¦¤È¡¤innovations, analogical change, backformation, analogical model, folk_etymology ¤Ê¤É¤¬µó¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤¯¤ë¡¥Fertig ¤ÎËܤǤϡ¤¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÍѸì¤ä³µÇ°¤¬ÃúÇ«¤ËµÄÏÀ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¯¡¥¸À¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÎà¿ä¡ÊºîÍѡˤ覵æ¤ÎɬÆÉ½ñ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
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¡¡¡¡¡¡The greatest and most important phenomenon of the evolution of language in historic times has been the springing up of the great national common languages---Greek, French, English, German, etc.---the 'standard' languages.
So wrote Otto Jespersen . . . , and the idea of a standard language has undoubtedly been one of the most seductive in the history of European linguistic thought. It has resulted in some of the most heated of debates on language matters, drawing in both academic and non-academic actors, and ranging from the learned Questione della Lingua in Italy around the turn of the sixteenth century . . . to nineteenth-century debates on how best to standardise a newly independent Norwegian . . . , to the ongoing and often passionate discussions in homes and in bars throughout the modern world about 'right' and 'wrong' usage. The notion of a standard language has underpinned language teaching and learning since the Middle Ages, based as language teaching is on the acceptance that there is a right form of a language and a wrong form. The belief in a standard has motivated much of the grammar and dictionary writing, and has also been a central ideology in the emergence and reinforcement of the modern European nations. In the period following the Renaissance, national pride was expressed through the notion that the European vernaculars were as rich and as ordered as the Classical languages. Under the influence of Romanticism this idea of the richness of the 'national common languages' was increasingly linked to a sense of there being some sort of natural relationship between a people and their language, and indeed the perceived link between language and nation, for better or for worse, remains a strong one . . . . (359--60)
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¡¡¡¦ Linn, Andrew. "Vernaculars and the Idea of a Standard Language." Chapter 15 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 359--74.
¡¡¡¦ ¹âÅÄ Çî¹Ô¡¦ÅÄÃæ ËÒϺ¡¦ËÙÅÄ Î´°ì¡ÊÊÔÃø¡Ë¡Ø¸À¸ì¤Îɸ½à²½¤ò¹Í¤¨¤ë¡¡ÆüÃæ±ÑÆÈÊ©¡ÖÂоȸÀ¸ì»Ë¡×¤Î»î¤ß¡Ù¡¡Â罤´Û¡¤2022ǯ¡¥

¡¡900¥Ú¡¼¥¸Ä¶¤ÎÆß´ïËܤÀ¤¬¡¤¤º¤Ã¤ÈÄÌÆÉ¤·¤¿¤¤¤È»×¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥Ï¥ó¥É¥Ö¥Ã¥¯¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥Allan Keith ÊԤΠThe Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ß¿©¤¤¤Ï¤·¤Æ¤¤¿¤Î¤À¤¬¡¤¤ä¤Ï¤êËܹø¤òÆþ¤ì¤Æ½ÏÆÉ¤·¤¿¤¤¡¥¤½¤Î¥â¥Á¥Ù¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò¹â¤á¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¤Ìܼ¡¤ò°ìÍ÷¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯¡¥
¡¡Front Matter
¡¡Introduction
¡¡1. The Origins and the Evolution of Language
¡¡2. The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics
¡¡3. History of the Study of Gesture
¡¡4. The History of Sign Language Linguistics
¡¡5. Orthography and the Early History of Phonetics
¡¡6. From IPA to Praat and Beyond
¡¡7. Nineteenth-Century Study of Sound Change from Rask to Saussure
¡¡8. Discoverers of the Phoneme
¡¡9. A History of Sound Symbolism
¡¡10. East Asian Linguistics
¡¡11. Linguistics in India
¡¡12. From Semitic to Afro-Asiatic
¡¡13. From Plato to Priscian: Philosophy's Legacy to Grammar
¡¡14. Pedagogical Grammars Before the Eighteenth Century
¡¡15. Vernaculars and the Idea of a Standard Language
¡¡16. Word-Based Morphology from Aristotle to Modern WP (Word and Paradigm Models)
¡¡17. General or Universal Grammar from Plato to Chomsky
¡¡18. American Descriptivism ('Structuralism')
¡¡19. Noam Chomsky's Contribution to Linguistics: A Sketch
¡¡20. European Linguistics since Saussure
¡¡21. Functional and Cognitive Grammars
¡¡22. Lexicography from Earliest Times to the Present
¡¡23. The Logico-philosophical Tradition
¡¡24. Lexical Semantics from Speculative Etymology to Structuralist Semantics
¡¡25. Post-structuralist and Cognitive Approaches to Meaning
¡¡26. A Brief Sketch of the Historic Development of Pragmatics
¡¡27. Meaning in Texts and Contexts
¡¡28. Comparative, Historical, and Typological Linguistics since the Eighteenth Century
¡¡29. Language, Culture, and Society
¡¡30. Language, the Mind, and the Brain
¡¡31. Translation: the Intertranslatability of Languages; Translation and Language Teaching
¡¡32. Computational Linguistics
¡¡33. The History of Corpus Linguistics
¡¡34. Philosophy of Linguistics
¡¡End Matter
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡References
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Index
¡¡¸À¸ì³Ø»Ë (history_of_linguistics) ¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÏÃÂê¤Ï¡¤ËÜ¥Ö¥í¥°¤Ç¤â¿¤¯¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¿¤¬¡¤¤È¤ê¤ï¤±¡Ö#1288. ¸À¸ì³Ø»Ë¤È¤¤¤¦Ê¬Ì1960ǯÂå¤ËËÖ¶½¤·¤¿Íýͳ¡× ([2012-11-05-1]) ¤Îµ»ö¤ò¤ªÁ¦¤á¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Keith, Allan, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2013.
¡¡¡Ö#5360. ¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¡ß̾Á°³Ø¡á¼Ò²ñ̾Á°³Ø¡× ([2023-12-30-1]) ¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿ "Names in Society" ¤ÈÂꤹ¤ë¥Ï¥ó¥É¥Ö¥Ã¥¯ÏÀʸ¤Î·ëÏÀÉô¤Ë¡¤º£¸å¤Î¼Ò²ñ̾Á°³Ø (socio-onomastics) ¤Î¸«Ä̤·¤¬µ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤½¤Î1Àá¤ò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥
Socio-onomastic research has been carried out for over forty years now. In spite of the multifaceted research thus far, many areas have still hardly been touched upon. In the socio-onomastic study of place-names, rural names have been in focus for decades, but urban names still lack comprehensive research. So far we know very little about what place-names --- both official and unofficial --- are used in multi-layered and often multilingual urban environments. The same topic also concerns personal names: How are they used in multilingual contexts? Research into commercial names is still rather scarce due to the young age of the field, and socio-onomastic studies are few. One of the most interesting questions for the future is to investigate the attitudes and stances that people take towards commercial names and how people talk about commercial products and businesses in actual language use. (380--81)
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¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5078. Ë¡¸À¸ì³Ø (forensic linguistics)¡× ([2023-03-23-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5085. ¸Þ½êËü¼Â¤µ¤ó¤È¤Î Voicy ÂÐÃ̤ǡ־¦É¸¸À¸ì³Ø¡×¤òƳÆþ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡× ([2023-03-30-1])
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¡¡¡¦ Ainiala, Terhi. "Names in Society." Chapter 25 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 371--81.
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By focusing on the types of associative relationships within a communicative transaction, we can also observe at least three important differences between the ways in which names function in daily speech vis-à-vis imaginative literature. One difference can be seen in the greater degree of prosodic inventiveness in literature. Although we may observe increasing coinages of personal names in recent years, these follow recognizable morphological patterns, but in literature, especially children's literature, we find more play with the sounds of language and fewer restraints --- for example Pooh. Another difference lies in the rhetorical uses of references, the ways in which authors sometimes manipulate the interpretive associations by delaying or totally withholding the identification of people, places, or things. A third difference is the greater frequency and degree to which names in literature may be interpreted symbolically. Our thematic understanding of literature arises largely from the symbolic nature of language, including the many associations possibly evoked by names.
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¡¡¡¦ Smith, Grant W. "Theoretical Foundations of Literary Onomastics." Chapter 20 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 371--81.
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¡¡¥Ï¥ó¥É¥Ö¥Ã¥¯¤ÎÂè17¾Ï¡¤Koopman ¤Ë¤è¤ë "Ethnonyms" ¤ÎËÁƬ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤³¤ÎÍѸì¤ÎÄêµÁ¤ÎÆñ¤·¤µ¤¬ÅÇϪ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥²¿¤ò¤â¤Ã¤Æ "ethnic group" ¡Ê̱²¡Ë¤È¤¹¤ë¤«¤Ïʸ²½¿ÍÎà³Ø¾å¤ÎÂçÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¤½¤ì¤¬ÅöÁ³¤Ê¤¬¤é ethnonym ¤È¤¤¤¦ÍѸì¤Ë¤âÈô¤Ó²Ð¤¹¤ë¤«¤é¤À¡¥¤½¤ÎÆñ¤·¤µ¤Ïǧ¼±¤·¤Ä¤Ä¥°¥¤¥°¥¤ÆÉ¤ß¿Ê¤á¤Æ¤¤¤¯¤È¡¤¤É¤ó¤É¤ó²òÀâ¤ÈµÄÏÀ¤¬¤ª¤â¤·¤í¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¯¡¥Àá°Ê²¼¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Î¸«½Ð¤·¤òµó¤²¤Æ¤¤¤±¤Ð¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥
¡¡17.1 Introduction
¡¡17.2 Ethnonyms and Race
¡¡17.3 Ethnonyms, Nationality, and Geographical Area
¡¡17.4 Ethnonyms and Language
¡¡17.5 Ethnonyms and Religion
¡¡17.6 Ethnonyms, Clans, and Surnames
¡¡17.7 Variations of Ethnonyms
¡¡¡¡¡¡17.7.1 Morphological Variations
¡¡¡¡¡¡17.7.2 Endonymic and Exonymic Forms of Ethnonyms
¡¡17.8 Alternative Ethnonyms
¡¡17.9 Derogatory Ethnonyms
¡¡17.10 'Non-Ethnonyms' and 'Ethnonymic Gaps'
¡¡17.11 Summary and Conclusion
¡¡ºÇ¸å¤Î "Summary and Conclusion" ¤ò°úÍѤ·¡¤¤³¤ÎʬÌî¤ÎÌ¥ÎϤò³À´Ö¸«¤Æ¤ª¤³¤¦¡¥
In this chapter I have tried to show that while 'ethnonym' is a commonly used term among onomastic scholars, not all regard ethnonyms as proper names. This anomalous status is linked to uncertainties about defining the entity which is named with an ethnonym, with (for example) terms like 'race' and 'ethnic group' being at times synonymous, and at other times part of each other's set of defining elements. Together with 'race' and 'ethnicity', other defining elements have included language, nationality, religion, geographical area, and culture. The links between ethnonyms and some of these elements, such as religion, are both complex and debatable; while other links, such as between ethnonyms and language, and ethnonyms and nationality, produce intriguing onomastic dynamics. Ethnonyms display the same kind of variations and alternatives as can be found for personal names and place-names: morpho-syntactic variations, endonymic and exonymic forms, and alternative names for the same ethnic entity, generally regarded as falling into the general spectrum of nicknames. Examples have been given of the interface between ethnonyms, personal names, toponyms, and glossonyms.
In conclusion, although ethnonyms have an anomalous status among onomastic scholars, they display the same kinds of linguistic, social, and cultural characteristics as proper names generally.
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¡¡¡¦ Koopman, Adrian. "Ethnonyms." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 251--62.
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α. OE Ænglaland, Anglaland (rare), Englalond, OE-eME Ængleland, Englaland, lOE Englæland, lOE-eME Engleland, eME Aenglelond, Englalande, Englelond, Englelonde.
β. eME Anglenelonde, Engleneloande, Englenelond, Englenelonde.
γ. ME Ægeland, Eangelond, Engelande, Engelond, Engelonde, Enguelonde, Enkelonde, Ingelond, Ingelonde, Inglond, Inglonde, Yngelond, ME-15 Englond, Englonde, Ingeland, Ynglond, ME-16 Englande, Ingland, ME- England, 15 Eingland, Eyngland, Yngellond, 16 Inglant (Irish English), 17 Englone (Irish English); Sc. pre-17 Engelande, Englande, Englonde, Ingland, Inglande, Yngland, Ynglande, Ynglond, pre-17 17- England.
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¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5031. ÀÜÈø¼ -ism ¤Îµ¯¸»¤Èȯã¡× ([2023-02-04-1]) (393)
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#5154. ¤Ê¤¼ height ¤Ï¤³¤ÎÄÖ»ú¤Ç¤³¤Îȯ²»¤Ê¤Î¡©¡× ([2023-06-07-1]) (355)
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