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lexicalisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-07-14 Sun

#5557. ¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯ [toc][grammaticalisation][idiomatisation][idiom][composite_predicate][syntax][lexicology][frequency][lexicalisation][preposition][phrasal_verb][voicy][heldio]


 ¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ



¼Ļر̾ˤɸνҤ򻲾ȤĤ̤ޤơͻҤ Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤȤۿޤȤǻԤ22ʬۤɤ̲ʤäƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ



¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯˤˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲ƤƤꡤȤ櫓#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) 1Ϥܼ󤲤ޤϺλȤΤˤܽΤܼǤƤޤ̤³ԤۿͽǤ



ǤϤ
Ϥ


1ϡʸˡ
1.1
1.2ʸˡȤΥᥫ˥
1.2.1Ū (Pragmatic inferencing)
1.2.2ɺ (Bleaching)
1.3 (Unidirectionality)
1.3.1̲ (Generalization)
1.3.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
1.3.3ز (Layering)
1.3.4ݻ (Persistence)
1.3.5ʬ (Divergence)
1.3.6ü첽 (Specialization)
1.3.7ƿ (Renewal)
1.4Ѳ (Subjectification)
1.5ʬ (Reanalysis)
1.6饤ʸˡϢ (Grammaticalization chains)
1.7ʸˡȥ (Iconicity)
1.8ʸˡȳŬ (Exaptation)
1.9ʸˡȡָ (Invisible hand)
1.10ʸˡȡή (Drift)

2ϡǥಽ
2.1
2.2ǥȤ
2.3ǥಽ
2.4ǥಽװ
2.4.1ŪŪ
2.4.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
2.4.3ʬ (Reanalysis)
2.4.4 (Frequency of occurrence)
2.5ǥಽʸˡڤӸò

ʬ
1ϡѸˤʣưȯã
1.1
1.2Ը
1.3ǡ
1.4ʣưΥǥŪħ
1.4.1Give
1.4.2Take
1.5֤ӡ The Cely Letters The Paston Letters
1.6

2ϡѸˤʣư
2.1
2.2Ը
2.3ǡ
2.4¤ħ
2.5ط̾첽
2.6ưħ
2.6.1Do
2.6.2Give
2.6.3Have
2.6.4Make
2.6.5Take
2.7ʣưʸˡ
2.8

3ϡGive ǥη
3.1
3.2Ը
3.3ǡڤ give ѥε
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.5

4ϡ2ĤΥפμưʸ
4.1
4.2Ը
4.3ǡ
4.4ǥಽ
4.5

5ϡƵưȴϢʸ
5.1
5.2Ը
5.3ǡ
5.3.1Content oneself with
5.3.2Avail oneself of
5.3.3Devote oneself to
5.3.4Apply oneself to
5.3.5Attach oneself to
5.3.6Address oneself to
5.3.7Confine oneself to
5.3.8Concern oneself with/about/in
5.3.9Take (it) upon oneself to V
5.4Ƶưʸˡڤӥǥಽ
5.5Ƶưưڤʣư
5.5.1Prepare
5.5.2Interest
5.6

6ϡFar from ʸˡǥಽ
6.1
6.2Ը
6.3ǡ
6.4ʸˡȥǥಽ
6.4.1ʸˡ
6.4.2̣ѲѲδطǥಽ
6.5

7ϡʣֻ
7.1
7.2Ը
7.3ǡ
7.4ʣֻȯã
7.4.1Instead of
7.4.2On account of
7.5ط (Rivalry)
7.5.1In comparison of/in comparison with/in comparison to
7.5.2By virtue of/in virtue of
7.5.3In spite of/in despite of
7.6õǽȯã
7.7ʸˡòǥಽ
7.8

8ϡưֻ
8.1
8.2Ը
8.3ǡڤʬ
8.3.1Concerning
8.3.2Considering
8.3.3Regarding
8.3.4Relating to
8.3.5Touching
8.4ưֻʸˡ
8.5

9ϡư pray ʸˡ
9.1
9.2Ը
9.3ǡ
9.415
9.516
9.617
9.718
9.819
9.9ʸˡ
9.9.1ʸˡ
9.9.2ǫɸʸˡ
9.10

10ϡ'I'm afraid' Ūȯã
10.1
10.2Ը
10.3ǡڤӤʸˡ
10.4ʸˡ---Hopper (1991) 濴
10.5

11ϡ'I dare say' Ūȯã
11.1
11.2Ը
11.3ǡʬ
11.4ʸˡʸ
11.5

12ϡưˤ after forth ο
12.1
12.2For ˤ after θ
12.2.1Ը
12.2.2ư
12.2.3After for ΰ̣ǽѲ
12.3Forth ο
12.3.1Ը
12.3.2Forth ȶưμ
12.3.3Out ˤ forth θ
12.4

13ϡWanting פư֤˸붥 --- desire, hope, want ڤ wish 濴 ---
13.1
13.2Ը
13.3Ѳ
13.3.1Desire
13.3.2Hope
13.3.3Want
13.3.4Wish
13.44ĤưỤ̄Ūħ
13.4.1°ˤˡڤӻ
13.4.1.1Desire + that/Ø
13.4.1.2Hope + that/Ø
13.4.1.3Wish + that/Ø
13.4.2Desire, hope, want ڤ wish to 칽¤
13.4.3That ξά
13.5ƥ˻ѲڤӺ
13.6





ʸ


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¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ

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2024-01-26 Fri

#5387. methinks ΤɤäѲʸˡǤ⤢뤷òǤ⤢ [lexicalisation][grammaticalisation][methinks][semantic_change][subjectivication][intersubjectivication]

2֤εạ̇̄񤤤򼨤 methinks 夲Ƥʡ#5385. methinks ˤޤĤ̯ʸ򤤤ĤҲ ([2024-01-24-1]) ӡ#5386. Ѹ˾夭˳ʤ3ñ -s ([2024-01-25-1]
Wischer ϡμŪɽˤĴ줬ФƤѲʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ¦̤ĤȤȤˡò (lexicalisation) ¦̤ѲǤ㤨Сmethinks ˡʴ֡˼Ụ̄ȯ̿Ụ̄ξüȤǤʸˡλȹͤ뤷ǵ̳ηǡȤǤϤषŪ򼨤Ƥꡤò1Ȥͤ롥Wischer (365) ꡤʸηѤ롥

   Methinks passed through a syntactic lexicalization process which was not accompanied by an addition of a specific semantic component, but rather by an opposite semantic change: Impersonal think has no longer a meaning of its own. It cannot combine with other persons any more (*himthinks, *us thought ...). So, methinks has lost its original propositional meaning denoting an act of cognition and has acquired an exclusively speaker-oriented, or interpersonal, meaning. This change can be regarded as an increase in subjectivity. Thus it operates as a marker of evidentiality, and as such it has become a member of a relatively closed class. Although we can notice an increase in frequency in Early Modern English, methinks never becomes obligatory, but always stands in free variation with expressions like I think, it seems to me, obviously etc. Grammatical elements of this kind are less constrained and therefore situated at the periphery of grammar.
   And this must also be the reason for the relatively shortlasting existence of methinks. Linguistic elements, once they are grammaticalized, normally have a rather stable position in the language, whereas lexical units are less constrained, more flexible and pass out of existence more easily.


ʸˡȸòȤ2ĤβϡɬȿΤǤϤʤ줾˽Ťʤ礦Ȥ⤢СۤʤȤ⤢롤Τ褦ʴطȤȤˤʤ롥methinks ο뤲ѲʣǤꡤ1ĤβȤΤ񤷤

Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.

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2024-01-22 Mon

#5383. 5θò [lexicalisation][grammaticalisation][terminology]

2֤εʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ħܤƤФС椷ò (lexicalisation) ȤݤѸ줬Ȥ롥ΤˡؤξQǤʸˡȸäϰۤʤ2ĤǤꡤߤ˰ۤʤ뵬§ƯƤ뤳ȤȤƤΤǡʸˡФƸòΤϼʤΤ⤷ʤ
褯оȤƤߤȡʸˡȸòȤɬߤȿиβǤϤʤȤȤ狼롥ΤΩ¦̤⤢뤬षƤ¦̤⤢ȤȤʬäƤΤ
绨ĤˤСòȤϡۤɸŪǤʤäΤŪӤӤƤȤäƤ褤Ƥߤȡʤʤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥Bauer (50--61) ò5ĤΥѥˤĤƤꤦݤ褯󤷤 Wischer (358) ꡤϢ1Ѥ

   As several mechanisms are involved in the process of lexicalization, not necessarily proceeding simultaneously, Bauer (1983: 50--61) distinguishes between different "types of lexicalization":
1. Changes of stress patterns and/or phonetic reductions are features of "phonological lexicalization" (cf. famous [ˈfeɪməs] -- infamous [ˈinfəməs]).
2. Linking elements and/or non-productive roots or affixes are features of "morphological lexicalization" (cf. eat -- edible).
3. Lack of semantic compositionality is a feature of "semantic lexicalization" (cf. understand).
4. Non-productive syntactic patterns and/or unusual functions of syntactic patterns are features of "syntactic lexicalization" (cf. pickpocket).
5. Many examples are "mixed lexicalizations", which can lead to a complete demotivation, so that the results have to be treated as simplex lexemes (cf. husband).


बŪˤʤȤϡפ˸ηϤΤʤǼΩ1ñȤʤȤȤǤ롥ʸˡ§줺ȼο񤤤򤹤ñ̤ȤƵ褦ˤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥쳦ˤ뼫ΩΩ --- Ƥ⤷ǤϤʤ

Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2021-04-23 Fri

#4379. social distance/social distancing θùܲ [corpus][oed][covid][lexeme][unidirectionality][lexicalisation][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

4˥ߤγΩ夲ֱѸƳ2021ꡤåפ줿ƥĤȤּ֡ҲŪפʡֵΥפäƷɲҲ𤷤ޤᤷʡ᤯ȤʤäƤޤäܸ֥롦ǥ󥹡פȱѸ social distance/social distancing ˴ؤǤѸΤ2ĤɽˤĤơOED Ѥǫ˾Ƥ餤ޤ
ϡ褽1ǯܹΤߤʤ餺ˤƤޤ͡ʤ줫1ǯǤޤֱפʤֲ̡פȤΤᤷ¤ǤˡܸǤϡ֥롦ǥ󥹡פ夷ޤѸǤ social distancing ȤɽΤۤŪǤdistance Ȥ̾Ȥ distancing Ȥưͳ̾Ѥ뤳ȤǡֵΥפȤưư԰٤̲Ƥȹͤޤäܸ˼ޤСȤȤαѸˤ̾ư̾ζ̤ʤɤϿ᤭Ǥޤ櫓ʤΤǡξʤ֥롦ǥ󥹡פΤۤޤ줿ȤȤǤϤʤȡ򤷤Ƥޤ
ʲҤ˸줿1ǯ;ؼԤ⤿㤴ꤷƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥡#4129. ֥ʲҤȱѸפʤ餳줷ʤǤ硪 --- OED ε ([2020-08-16-1])#4339. American Dialect Society ˤ2020ǯ "Word of the Year" --- Covid ([2021-03-14-1]) ʤɤʬ̤ꡤषŪȤŻʤƤޤCoronavirus Corpus ʤ륳ѥиƤΤǤΥѥϡ2020ǯ1鸽ߤޤǤΥʴϢΥ˥塼򽸤᤿97300줫ʤ륳ѥǤñ㸡ˤޤ󤬡social distance 17,180social distancing 243,636郎ҥåȤޤĤޤꡤԤΤۤ15ܶ᤯¿ѤƤ뤳Ȥǧ줿ΤǤ
1ǯ֡बʤ٤äȤ social distancing ǤϤʤ physical distancing ǤϤʤäΤȤɽ˴ؤϡᤤʳ WHO ŦƤꡤ伫Ȥ⤺äȵˤʤäƤޤ嵭ƥǤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤsocial distancing Τ褦ˡְ夷ƤޤäΤ㤦֤뤳ȤưפǤϤʤΡפǤ礦
Ρַƻ̾פʤ̾ social distance/social distancing ϡּҲŪʵΥʤ뤳ȡˡפȤͽ¬ǽʰ̣äƤϤǤɽϼ֤ȤƤϤäѤʪŪʵΥʤ뤳ȡˡסŵŪˤ2᡼ȥȸƤޤ͡ˤ̣ޤĤޤꡤ̣Ūͽ¬ǽƤΤǤ̾ǤϤʤʣ̾Ȥñ̤˶ŤƤȸƤ褤Ǥ礦Ĥޤꡤáʹܡ˲ (lexicalisation) ʤΤǤ
ʤߤˡsocial distance/social distancing ϡܥ֥Ǥ⡤ߤδɤȤ̵ط˼ҲؾѸȤѤƤаޤޤ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1]) ȡ#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1]) ѤƤޤΤǡ⻲ȡ

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2016-05-16 Mon

#2576. æʸˡȸò [grammaticalisation][unidirectionality][lexicalisation]

ε#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡʸˡΰβФȿȤơæʸˡ (degrammaticalisation) λ㤬Ȥ롥ʸˡŪǤŪǤѲȤǤϡæʸˡϸò (lexicalisation) ΥץȤᤤ#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1]) Ǥϡ2ĤѸµ
æʸˡȹͤȤ ifs, down, -'s ʤɤ󤲤¾ԡԡ (101, 223) 󤲤褦ܸγʽ֤פ֤礭פΤ褦Ӥ򶯤ȯã㤬𤵤Ƥ롥³֤פŪ˼Ωơ³ȤʸƬѤ⤢롥֤ǡפ֤ȡפ褦ȯã򼨤֤ƤˤϡפΤޤ̾ž줿äƤ褤⤷ʤŸνư֤פ顤֤ĤסʽˤˤȤɽޤ줿Τ⡤֤פ̾ؤžǤ롥
ѸǤϡomnibus θ bus Ω䡤 ism θȤƤΩȤƵ󤲤롥#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩ ([2009-09-07-1]) ǤߤñȤѤ Ish. Ǥ롥⡤æʸˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤷òȤȤ館롥
εǸ褦ˡϰؤοȿȤϤʤʤȤΩ⤢롥ޤȤȿǧˤ衤ϤȤƤŪˤޤǤȤ¤ưʤȤȡʤΤ褦ʬۤ٤ФäƤΤ䤦٤ȤʤʸˡæʸˡòȤơΥץˤĤơưŤʤɤõɬפ롥

סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ

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