Ѹ˾塤2ټѤ줿ȤΤ롥ˤƥñʤɤѤ줿塤̤λˤƱ줬餿ƼѤȤΤǤ롥1ܤ2ܤǤϰ̣ʤӾ֤ˤۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿
㤨Сƥ magister ϡűѸᤤʳǼѤ졤㴳Ѹ첽ֻ mægester ѤƤ10ˤ餿 magister ȤƸֻΤޤ줿 (cf. #1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1])ˡ
ѸȽѸ褦ʻ㤬ߤ롥fastidious Ȥƥñ1440ǯˡ½ʡפθǼѤ줿1ˤϡ֤ʡԲʡפθѤƤʸԤϸΡֵʤʡפθϢʤˡޤChaucer artificial, declination, hemisphere ŷʸѸȤƳθθߤŪʸϡ16κƼѻθ˴ŤѸˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (222--23) Τ褦äƤ롥
A word when introduced a second time often carries a different meaning, and in estimating the importance of the Latin and other loanwords of the Renaissance, it is just as essential to consider new meanings as new words. Indeed, the fact that a word had been borrowed once before and used in a different sense is of less significance than its reintroduction in a sense that has continued or been productive of new ones. Thus the word fastidious is found once in 1440 with the significance 'proud, scornful,' but this is of less importance than the fact that both More and Elyot use it a century later in its more usual Latin sense of 'distasteful, disgusting.' From this, it was possible for the modern meaning to develop, aided no doubt by the frequent use of the word in Latin with the force of 'easily disgusted, hard to please, over nice.' Chaucer uses the words artificial, declination, and hemisphere in astronomical sense but their present use is due to the sixteenth century; and the word abject, although found earlier in the sense of 'cast off, rejected,' was reintroduced in its present meaning in the Renaissance.
ˤäƤϡ嵭ΥǤϡƱñ줬2ټѤ줿Ȥϡ¸μѸФƱѸ¦ǰ̣ѹäȤۤŬڤǤϤʤȤոϤ֤Ϣ³ȤСִ¸ؤѹפȤʤꡤϢ³ȤС2٤μѡפȤʤ롥Baugh and Cable ǻŦƤ褦ˡ츻ŪˤƱΥƥñˤΤܤȤƤ⡤Ѹˤδϡ¼Ūˤϰۤʤ˰ۤʤѸ줿ȤߤۤŬڤǤ롥
OED Τ褦Ū§˴ŤԻǰƬˤȡfastidious ʤ artificial ʤФơ1ĤθФΩơβ˸1ʵˤȸ2ʿˤʤɤ֤ΤQŪƻüԤζŪʴФ¤ǤȤʤСष fastidious1 fastidious2 Τ褦˸Ф̤ΩƤƤ褤餤ΤΤǤϤʤԤθʤСˤΤʤǵѤƤä硤ѵ (dead sense) ȤѸ (dead word) Ȥ٤Ȥʤ롥ʡΤˤѸù (dead lexical item; dead lexeme) ȸƤ֤٤
ȴϢơ#3830. űѸΥƥѸϸޤ³ݤ ([2019-10-22-1]) ⻲ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
4˥ߤγΩ夲ֱѸƳ2021ꡤåפ줿ƥĤȤּ֡ҲŪפʡֵΥפäƷɲҲ𤷤ޤᤷʡȤʤäƤޤäܸ֥롦ǥפȱѸ social distance/social distancing ˴ؤǤѸΤ2ĤɽˤĤơOED Ѥǫ˾Ƥ餤ޤ
ϡ褽1ǯܹΤߤʤ餺ˤƤޤ͡ʤ줫1ǯǤޤֱפʤֲ̡פȤΤᤷ¤ǤˡܸǤϡ֥롦ǥפ夷ޤѸǤ social distancing ȤɽΤۤŪǤdistance Ȥ̾Ȥ distancing Ȥưͳ̾Ѥ뤳ȤǡֵΥפȤưư٤̲Ƥȹͤޤäܸ˼ޤСȤȤαѸˤ̾ư̾ζ̤ʤɤϿǤޤ櫓ʤΤǡξʤ֥롦ǥפΤۤޤ줿ȤȤǤϤʤȡƤޤ
ʲҤ˸줿1ǯ;ؼԤ⤿㤴ꤷƤ櫓ǤϤޤ#4129. ֥ʲҤȱѸפʤ餳줷ʤǤ硪 --- OED ε ([2020-08-16-1])#4339. American Dialect Society ˤ2020ǯ "Word of the Year" --- Covid ([2021-03-14-1]) ʤɤʬ̤ꡤषŪȤŻʤƤޤCoronavirus Corpus ʤ륳ѥиƤΤǤΥѥϡ2020ǯ1鸽ߤޤǤΥʴϢΥ˥塼97300줫ʤ륳ѥǤñ㸡ˤޤsocial distance 17,180social distancing 243,636郎ҥåȤޤĤޤꡤԤΤۤ15ܶ¿ѤƤ뤳Ȥǧ줿ΤǤ
1ǯ֡बʤ٤äȤ social distancing ǤϤʤ physical distancing ǤϤʤäΤȤɽ˴ؤϡᤤʳ WHO ŦƤꡤ伫Ȥ⤺äȵˤʤäƤޤ嵭ƥǤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤsocial distancing Τ褦ˡְ夷ƤޤäΤ㤦֤뤳ȤưפǤϤʤΡפǤ礦
Ρַƻ̾פʤ̾ social distance/social distancing ϡּҲŪʵΥʤ뤳ȡˡפȤͽ¬ǽʰ̣äƤϤǤɽϼ֤ȤƤϤäѤʪŪʵΥʤ뤳ȡˡסŵŪˤ2ȥȸƤޤ͡ˤ̣ޤĤޤꡤ̣Ūͽ¬ǽƤΤǤ̾ǤϤʤʣ̾Ȥñ̤˶ŤƤȸƤ褤Ǥ礦Ĥޤꡤáʹܡ˲ (lexicalisation) ʤΤǤ
ʤߤˡsocial distance/social distancing ϡܥ֥Ǥ⡤ߤδɤȤ̵ط˼ҲؾѸȤѤƤаޤޤ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1]) ȡ#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1]) ѤƤޤΤǡ⻲ȡ
hellog 饸16ϡ¿αѸؽԤֽؼԤκ餺äȵˤʤäƤפȤĤ֤䤯ѤʵǤܸǤϡַפȡפζ̤Ϥܾۤ˽פǤѸǤξԤ brother 1ˤޤȤᤢΤ̤ǤΤ˱Ѹˤ elder brother younger brother ʤɤɽϤޤǯξ岼ȤʤüʾѤüɽȤ٤ǡϤǥեȤɽ brother Ǥ礦ʤѸ֤ˤϡñΰ̣μϰϤˤĤơΤ褦ʿ㤤ߤΤǤ礦Ǥϡβɤ
üŪˤСƸʤѡˤˤȼΡָפȤȤǤܸʸˤǯξ岼طŻ뤹ȯۤäƤ־岼طפȤʤäƤޤѸʸˤǤϡ־岼طפϸǤϤޤܸˤߤ岼طȤϡŪʼʸ餦Ȥ礭ȻפޤƸμˤϡФʸŪطʤؤäƤޤ
֤ñΰ̣μϰϤۤʤäƤΤ٤ƤʸŪطʤ뤳ȤϤǤޤʸŪطʤˤ°פϡʸͥˤȯŸ䤹դɬפȻפäƤޤѸ줫ñ夲ơΰ̣ΰ㤤ܸʸȱѸʸоȤ°פ뤳ȤˤϿŤǤ٤ȹͤޤְñʸפˤդǤ
Ѥʵϡ (linguistic_relativism) 䥵ԥᥦդβ
(sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ʤɤθ礭䤤˷ҤäƤޤϢơ##3779,1868,1894,2711,1337εåɤߤ
äθѤ붦ƱΤδؿȿǤƤȤȤϡԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) Humboldt Ρѡ (Weltanschauung) Ǥ⾧Ƥ̤ǤꡤˤĤƹؿ⤿1ĤǤʡ#1484. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ([2013-05-20-1]) )
ؤˤϸ (lexicology) Ȥʬ뤬θʤȤ櫓ŪˤͭյʤΤϡ1ĤˤϾ嵭뤫Kastovsky (291) դΤȤ˸ɽ路Ƥ롥
It is the basic function of lexemes to serve as labels for segments of extralinguistic reality that for some reason or another a speech community finds noteworthy. Therefore it is no surprise that even closely related languages will differ considerably as to the overall structure of their vocabulary, and the same holds for different historical stages of one and the same language. Looked at from this point of view, the vocabulary of a language is as much a reflection of deep-seated cultural, intellectual and emotional interests, perhaps even of the whole Weltbild of a speech community as the texts that have been produced by its members. The systematic study of the overall vocabulary of a language is thus an important contribution to the understanding of the culture and civilization of a speech community over and above the analysis of the texts in which this vocabulary is put to communicative use. This aspect is to a certain extent even more important in the case of dead languages such as Latin or the historical stages of a living language, where the textual basis is more or less limited.
äơȤбѸ˸ϡ1500ǯ;ˤ錄ѸüԶƱΤδؿʤʡѡˤɤȤʻߤȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻߤ1Ĥη¤OED Τ褦Ū§˴Ť缭ŵȤȤˤʤ롥
äѤȿǤȤϸ (linguistic_relativism) λǤ⤢뤷оȸŪʴؿƤӳФޤƤ⤯롥˴ؿΤϡ#1894. Ѹ͡ʡַסܸ͡ʡֱס ([2014-07-04-1])#1868. Ѹ͡ʡַס ([2014-06-08-1])#2711. ʸȸδط˴ؤ뤪⤷Ĥ ([2016-09-28-1])#3779. brother ȷ --- 11Ȥʤʤδط ([2019-09-01-1]) ʤɤȤ줿ñʸӤȤ˴ŤʸФƤդ٤⤢롥#364. The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax ([2010-04-26-1])#1337. ְñʸաס ([2012-12-24-1]) ˤܤ̤Ƥ餤
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.
ʤѸǤϷζ̤Ҥä brother ȤΤ褯ѤʵǤ롥ʸŪʴСܸҲǤǯξ岼ȤƽפʰյäƤꡤʹִطɽ魯äˤƤϤФзΰۤʤǤѰդƤ뤬ѸҲˤƤǯξ岼ŪˤۤɽפȤʤˡ1ˤҤäƤΤǤ롥ܸǤ岼ä˽פǤʤʸ̮ǤϡַפȤäƺѤޤ뤳ȤǤ뤷դ˱ѸǤ岼ζ̤ɬפȤ elder brother younger brother ȤȤǤ롥ǥեȤȤƤϡѸǤ brotherܸǤϷȤǤ줾Ѥ롥
褯ͤƤߤȡbrother ˤ餺¿ѸñˤĤơ줤11δطϤߤʤ츫б褦ˤߤߤñΰ̣ܤ٤ƤߤȡƤ餫Υ줬ΤǤ롥ǤʤС¼ŵ±ѼŵפʤϤñʤñбꥹȤнʬȤȤˤʤ뤫
ƣ߷ (237--38) ʲΤ褦Ƥ롥

ʤ brother, rice, give Τ褦ˡѸΤۤƤʬǡܸΤۤ٤⤢Сդ˲ʤΤ褦˱ѸΤۤ٤ܸΤۤƤ⤢롥ǤϤߤͤǤ롥ѸӤˤ餺ɤ2٤ƤߤƤ褦ʤΤ¿ξ硤̣ƤʸŪװؤäƤȤǽϤˤƤ⡤ˡȤϤΤ褦ʤΤǤƤΤǤ롥μоȤεˤȿƤƤϿȤʤȤ餤ӤθݤǤ롥
ϢѸζ̣Ȥơ#1868. Ѹ͡ʡַס ([2014-06-08-1])#1894. Ѹ͡ʡַסܸ͡ʡֱס ([2014-07-04-1]) 䡤#2711. ʸȸδط˴ؤ뤪⤷Ĥ ([2016-09-28-1]) λ⻲ȡΤ褦ʻϡФԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ΤʤǻФ뤬#1337. ְñʸաס ([2012-12-24-1]) Ȥپ⤬뤳Ȥ˺ʤǤ
ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ
Ρ#1961. ܥ٥ ([2014-09-09-1]) εǡܸä뤤ϴøä夲ȤˡSwadesh Ƥøä˸ڤϡ#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) ǵ100줫ʤ basic vocabulary ΤȤǤꡤ̸ŪŪʴøäǤȾƤ롥Ƚ¿Ӹؤ˸ؤǤ core vocabulary ˴ؤƶϤΤƤ1ĤǧƤ롥
core vocabulary Ʊꤹ⤦1ĤλߤȤơWierzbicka Goddard Ƥ롥Swadesh ƤӸؤפȤƤΤФWierzbicka Ƥϰ̣פȤƤ롥̣ˤϡ礦ɲˤŪꤵΤƱͤˡŪʰ̣θ (semantic primes) ϤȹͤƱꤷ褦Ȥ롥ϡ̣ʬʬ (componential_analysis) αĹˤ롥褷ƤȤϤʤ̣Υץߥƥɵ᤹Ȥ̥ŪʷײˤϡޤǤ¿θԤäƤGoddard ⤳ηײ̥줿1ͤǤꡤ̿äƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤCliff Goddard ("Lexico-Semantic Universals: A Critical overview." Linguistic Typology 5.1 (2001): 1--65. p. 3) Ѥ Saeed (78) ˡ
Natural Semantic Metalanguage
. . . a 'meaning' of an expression will be regarded as a paraphrase, framed in semantically simpler terms than the original expression, which is substitutable without change of meaning into all contexts in which the original expression can be used . . . The postulate implies the existence, in all languages, of a finite set of indefinable expressions (words, bound morphemes, phrasemes). The meanings of these indefinable expressions, which represent the terminal elements of language-internal semantic analysis, are known as 'semantic primes'.
ŪˤϡWierzbicka Goddard ˤꡤ60줬 "universal semantic primes" ȤƤƤSaeed 79ˡθäĴǤȴ줿ԤθǤȤ롥
| Substantives: | I, you, someone/person, something, body |
| Determiners: | this, the same, other |
| Quantifiers: | one, two, some, all, many/much |
| Evaluators: | good, bad |
| Descriptors: | big, small |
| Mental predicates: | think, know, want, feel, see, hear |
| Speech: | say, word, true |
| Actions, events, movement: | do, happen, move, touch |
| Existence and possession: | is, have |
| Life and death: | live, die |
| Time: | when/time, now, before, after, a long time, a short time, for some time, moment |
| Space: | where/place, here, above, below |
| 'Logical' concepts: | not, maybe, can, because, if |
| Intensifier, augmentor: | very, more |
| Taxonomy: | kind (of), part (of) |
| Similarity: | like |
homonymy Ʊˤ polysemy ¿ˤζ̤ȤˤĤƤϡ#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1]) #815. polysemic clash? ([2011-07-21-1]) εˤƱ֤2ĤθǤ2ĤƱǤΤ뤤1Ĥ¿ǤΤϡ̻Ūʰ̣ͤˤơ¾ǤüԤζŪľͤˤȽǤȤΤ̾٤2Ĥλ㤦Ȥ⤢롥
㤨СʥȥפΡȻʰΡ˥ġʾ٤3Ĥθ suit Ȥͤ褦3Ԥϸ츻ŪˤϴϢꡤˤȤʤ̣Ȥ "a following or natural sequence of things or events" ۤɤġȻפȡ֥ġפϰȡ³Ȥ̹Ǥ줽ʾ١פϸ餬æƤ褦˻פ롥ʾ١פϡŪǼήȤˡʤפͳ褷ŪˤϸȤĤʤݤäƤΤŪʴФȤƤϰæȤƤȤäƤ褤Voyles (121--22) ϡ̣Ω줫顤3Ĥθ1ĤθȤƶ¸ʳΰ̣§ (1) Ȥơ2Ĥθʬ줿Ȥ˶ᤤʳΰ̣§ (2) Ȥ꼰

(1) polysemous(2) homonymous ȤȤˤʤ뤬(2) ΤҤȤˤƤȤǤϡɬ2Ĥ̤θȤߤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤݥȤϡhomonymy polysemy ζ̤٤ȤȤǤ롥Voyles (122) ۩
We are suggesting that for most contemporary speakers the meaning of suit as a set of cards or a set of clothes is an instance of polysemy: these two meanings share certain semantic markers in common. The other meaning of 'legal action' has become completely divorced from the meaning of 'collection' in that it has virtually no features in common with this meaning. This is then an instance of homonymy. The question of whether two or more different sense of a word should be considered the same or separate lexical items is, we believe, a function of the number of semantic features shared by the two (or more) senses. Often such a question does not admit of a simple yes or no; rather, the answer is one of degree.
̣Ǥΰ̣ѲιͤˤĤơҤ٤ƤVoyles ˤС̣«ΰ̣ɽФợäꡤæꤹ뵬§ŬѤ뤳Ȥˤäơθΰ̣Ѳȹͤʸˡ̣ݤ˾˥쥹秤ȤʤΤϡɤΰ̣Ūʰ̣Ȥꤹ뤫ȤǤ롥Voyles (122) ⡤ɡƱˤ֤ĤäƤ褦Williams (462) ˤ Voyles ʸФɾϡŪ
A formal system for representing semantic structure is no less a prerequisite to describing most patterns in change of meaning. Voyles 1973 has attempted to represent change of meaning, building on the formal semantic theory of features and markers first proposed by Katz & Fodor 1963. He tries to demonstrate that semantic change can be systematically explained by changes in rules that generate semantic representations, much as phonological change can be represented as rule change. But a great deal of investigation is still necessary before we understand what should go into a semantic representation, much less what one should look like and how it might change.
̣ŪˤϲΤΤȤäƤ褤homonymy polysemy Τ褦ʸ̤ˤĤƤϡɤⲿ餫ΥҥȤͿƤΤǤ롥
Voyles, Joseph. "Accounting for Semantic Change." Lingua 31 (1973): 95--124.
Williams, Joseph M. "Synaesthetic Adjectives: A Possible Law of Semantic Change." Language 52 (1976): 461--78.
lexeme ʸǡˤϤΥ֥Ǥ⤿ޤ˽ФƤѸΤ褦Ȥ#22. ǥȱѸˡ ([2009-05-20-1]) ǤƤϡФȤޤǤϤʤĤαѸؼŵȤơɤΤ褦ʸñ̤Ǥ뤫lexeme ˤϤĤΥץ롥
(1) morpheme ʷǡˤ word ʸˤӤñ̤Ȥơmorpheme ϡ#886. ǤˤޤĤ̻Ū ([2011-09-30-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡǤϤʤBloomfield θŵŪˤ "a linguistic form which bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to any other form" (Section 10.2) Ǥ롥word ϡ##910,911,912,921,922 Ǽ夲褦ˡ̣ͭŪñ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ʤlexeme Ʊͤ˷ñ̤Ǥ롥ηˤϰ̣տ路Ƥ뤬lexeme ϤޤǤηỌ̇̄ͻΤǤ뵭ΤηʬؤǤϡmorpheme, word, lexeme Τΰ㤤ϤɤˤΤ㤨Сunderstand 12Ĥη under- -stand Ȥ롥θΰ̣2ĤηǤΰ̣¤ˤϤʤäƤ餺̣ΤȤ1ĤβȸʤʤǤϡñ̤Ọ̇̄ñ̤Ȥ줤бƤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ʊͤˡput up with Ȥǥϡ3Ǥ3줫äƤ뤬̣ñ̤ȤƤϤϤ1ĤβǤ롥Ǥ⡤ñ̤Ọ̇̄ñ̤ȤäƤ롥ǡunderstand put up with ʬǤʤ1Ĥΰ̣ĤΤ顤Ūˤб1Ĥñ̤ꤹΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥줬 lexeme Ǥ롥 UNDERSTAND PUT UP WITH ϡ줾1Ĥ lexeme ȤƻȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤälexeme ʸɽΤˡ
(2) 1ĤθΤߤ°Ȥơwater ˤ̾ư줬롥ĤޤꡤƱǤϤ뤬ۤʤ2Ĥθ°Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥̾ȤƤ water ưȤƤ water ̰뤳ȤǤ褦ˡword Ȥϰۤʤ lexeme Ȥñ̤ΩƤǤ롥ñ water ʣ waters ̾ lexeme ȤƤ WATER μ¸Ǥꡤ waterñ waters watered-ing watering ʤɤư lexeme ȤƤ WATER μ¸Ǥ롥
(3) ¸ۤʤޤȤᤢ뤿ɽȤơgo, goes, went, going, going Ϥ줾֤ۤʤ뤬ˤ lexeme GO Ǥ롥δ lexeme ϡheadword, citation form, lemma ʤɤȸƤؤ뤳ȤǽǤ롥
ľŪˤСˤơФ뤤ɤ߸ФȤϿƤꡤ̣ͿƤȻפ褦ʷñ̤ȤäƤФ褵̩ؼԡʳɡˤˤä͡ƤȤǤϡmorpheme, word, lexeme Τ褦ʸñ̤ɽ魯ѸΰǤ롥ʤlexeme Ȥñ̤ռԻ줿ŪʳؽѱѱѼȤơCambridge International Dictionary of English (1995) Ƥ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.
äαƺˤϡ͡ʼΤϡ[2010-04-19-1]ε#357. American English or British English?פȡˡθäαƺ̡ڤΤˡ췲νѸƳȹͤʲ褦
ѸˤϱƤѼ郎̤ȸ롥Ѽ줾 "the British variety of English", "the American variety of English" ȸƤ֤Ȥˤ褦ʤû̷줾 "British English" Ǥ "American English" Ǥˡ2ĤѼδ֤ˤ¿ "lexical variation" ʸŪѰۡˤѻ롥ѰۤΰĤҤȤĤ "a (lexical) variable" ʡʸŪѹˤȸƤ֤Ȥˤ롥㤨С"a rest of time" ʵٲˡˤ̣ΤˡŵŪ˥ꥹѸǤ holiday Ѥ뤬ꥫѸǤ vacation Ѥ롥ΤȤΰ̣˴ؤѼ֤ variable ϡ "the British variant" ʥꥹѸǤΰ۷ holiday ȡ"the American variant" ʥꥫѸǤΰ۷ vacation 2Ĥΰ۷ΤɤȤƵҤǤ롥1Τ褦ʵˡɽ魯Ȥˤ褦
1. ("a time of rest"): BrE holiday ~ AmE vacation
Ūѹˤ̼ΤΤ⤢롥pants ȤϡꥹѸǤ "underpants" ʲˤ̣뤬ꥫѸǤ "trousers" ʥܥˤ̣롥ϼ2Τ褦˵ҤǤ롥
2. (pants): BrE "underpants" ~ AmE "trousers"
ξѹ ( ) ǰϤळȤȤΤʸ "signifiant" Ǥäʸ "signifié" ɽ魯ΤȤ롥뤤ϡ̤ѸƳСΤʸ "lexeme" ʸǡˤǤäʸ "sememe" ʰյǡˤɽ魯ΤȤ롥
ŪѰۤΤʤǤ⡤1ΥפѹϡƱ sememe Фưۤʤ lexeme ѼбΤǡ"a synonymic variable" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥2ΥפѹϡƱ lexeme Фưۤʤ sememe ѼбΤǡ"a homonymic variable" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
ۤˤ⡤underground subway δطΤ褦ˡѼ֤ǤȤ "synonymic variables" Ǥ⤢ "homonymic variables" Ǥ⤢褦ʸ췲뤬Τ褦ʸ췲 "a lexical class (field) of variables" ƤɽǤfirst floor, second floor, third floor ⡤˴ؤ "a lexical class of variables" ȸƤǤ褤
ʾΤ褦ˡ"variation", "a (lexical) variable", "a variant", "a lexeme", "a sememe", "a synonymic variable", "a homonymic variable", "a lexical class of variables" ȤѸƳ뤳Ȥǡäαƺʣʾ뤳ȤΩĤΤǤϤʤʤǤ lexeme sememe ȤѸˡϡ̣Ѥݤȸ̩ˤϰۤʤäƤǽ뤬Ԥ variant ˤ signifiant Ԥ signifié ؤΤȤäλƤСбȤ˻Ȥ "word" ʸˤȤѸѤ"lexeme" ʤɤФΤϡɬפǤС#22. ǥȱѸˡ ([2009-05-20-1]) ǿ줿褦˥ǥΤ褦ñ̤ˤб뤫Ǥ롥
ѸħΰĤȤơɽ (idiomatic expressionǥ) ¿뤳Ȥ롥Ѹ˳ϷޤǤ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ( A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.) ǸڤƤΤǡΤƤ롥
ǥΤʤ¸ߤʤΤ٤ȻפΤ̤˱Ѹ¾٤ƥǥब¿ΤΥơޤǤӸˤĤƤϤ褯ΤʤΤǡȤʤľŪˤ¾Υ衼åѸ٤¿ΤʤȤݤϤ뤬ºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤޤ֥ǥפɤΤ褦뤫ˤäƤ⡤ѤäƤ褦˻פ롥ϥǥˤĤƹͤѸˤ˷ӤĤƤߤ
ŵŪʥǥȤơѸ put up with 褦Υǥ3ñ put, up, with ˤĤƤ줾ΰ̣ʬ뤬줬Ȥ߹蘆äƤǤ put up with ( = endure ) ΰ̣ϡ3ΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΥ奿ŪǥκħǤ롥
ΤȤ ( word ) ( morpheme ) ( lexeme ) Ȥۤʤ뻰ĤδͤƤߤ롥put up with ˼ȡΥǥ3줫äƤ롥ñϤ줾1ǤäƤΤΤȤƷǤο3Ǥ롥ޤput up with ΤǰĤΰ̣ʤΤǸǤȤƤ1ȿ롥äơΥǥϻĤδ鵭Ҥȡ3ñ졤3ǡ1ǡפȤʤ롥
( lexeme ) Ȥñ̤Ϥޤʹʤ⤷ʤ˺ܤäƤʤȺñ̤ȹͤФ褤put up with ΰ̣ΤꤿȤˡ put up with ǤҤȤƤ˾̣ˤϤɤĤʤȤ⡤ˤ put up with ΤȤƸФΩƤựƤ餤櫓Ǥ롥
θǤȤ饤ǥСʣޤäơΤȤưĤθǤб֡פȤȤˤʤ롥
դΤϡȷǤʪȤȤputupwithξ硤줬ΤޤǤ˰абƤ뤬줬ʣηǤ륱⤢롥㤨Сunderstand 餫˰under + stand ȤĤηǤäƤ롥ơȤƤΰ̣ϡĤηǤΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΤȤơפȤ̣б롥ǡunderstand Ĥδ鵭Ҥȡ1ñ졤2ǡ1ǡפȤȤˤʤ롥
˽Ҥ٤ǥĥơʣޤäơΤȤưĤθǤб֡פȤСunderstand ⥤ǥࡤС־ʥǥפȤȤǤ롥ŪǤ understand ϥǥȸʤǻŦȤϡput up with understand ⡤ΰ̣ʬʣʬΰ̣¤ȤϤʤäƤʤǶ̤롥ԤϡʣꡤԤʣȤ㤤Ǥ롥
ʾιͻѸˤؤȷӤĤƤߤ褦űѸǤϡunderstand 줬С־ʥǥλǤ롥Ѹˤʤꡤput up with ɽ¿߽Ф줿С礭ʥǥλǤ롥ѸǤϡζܤۣˤʤäƤ뤬ξפΥǥबδǤ롥Ѹˡʤ˸¤ʤˤǥ߽ФƤˤªΤǤСŪϰӤƤȤ褦ǥ߽ФƤѥϡűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ̤ȯŸƤȤ狼롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
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