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race - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-02-07 Wed

#5399. ¿˴ؤεҤϡ֥Х٥פǤʤ֥ࡤϥࡤڥơפ˺줺 [bible][origin_of_language][language_myth][tower_of_babel][popular_passage][race][ethnic_group]

ε#5398. إɥȥˤߤ ([2024-02-06-1]) ǡ#2946. ˤߤȳȻ ([2017-05-21-1]) ˿줿ˤߤγȻ¿˴ؤäȤƤϡ11ϤΡ֥Х٥ (tower_of_babel) η郎Ȥ櫓ͭ̾¤Ϥ105˥Υ3ͤλҶǤ륻ࡤϥࡤڥƤλ¹줾ϤǤ줾θäƤȤҤ롥King James Version Ѥ褦

By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.


ˤĤƤϡMufwene (16) ¾θԤ򻲾ȤĤġǻŦƤ롥

Hombert and Lenclud (in press) identify another, less well-recalled account also from the book of Genesis. God reportedly told Noah and his children to be fecund and populate the world. Subsequently, the descendants of Sem, Cham, and Japhet spread all over the world and built nations where they spoke different languages. Here one also finds an early, if not the earliest, version of the assumption that every nation must be identified through the language spoken by its population.


ȹȡ̱²ͼδطȤȴʤʤ꤬ǤޤƤΤǤ롥ϢƼε⻲ȡ

#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1])
#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1])
#3706. ̱²ȿͼ ([2019-06-20-1])
#3810. ҲŪʹʪȤƤΡֿͼס ([2019-10-02-1])
#4846. ȸδط ([2022-08-03-1])
#5368. ethnonym ̱²̾ˡ ([2024-01-07-1])

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 13--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-01-07 Sun

#5368. ethnonym ̱²̾ [demonym][onomastics][toponymy][personal_name][name_project][ethnonym][terminology][toc][ethnic_group][race][religion][geography]

̱²̾̾̾Ϥߤ˴ϢΡʸͭ̾̾ (onomastics) Ǥ demonym ethnonym ȸƤФƤ뤬ܲɤ³Ƥ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥åǤϸԤθƾΤѤƤ롥
ϥɥ֥å17ϡKoopman ˤ "Ethnonyms" ƬǤϡѸ񤷤Ϫ롥ä "ethnic group" ̱²ˤȤ뤫ʸؾǤꡤ줬ʤ ethnonym ȤѸˤӲФ뤫񤷤ǧĤĥɤ߿ʤƤȡɤɤȵ⤷ʤäƤʲΥ٥θФ󤲤ƤмΤ褦ˤʤ롥

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Ethnonyms and Race
17.3 Ethnonyms, Nationality, and Geographical Area
17.4 Ethnonyms and Language
17.5 Ethnonyms and Religion
17.6 Ethnonyms, Clans, and Surnames
17.7 Variations of Ethnonyms
17.7.1 Morphological Variations
17.7.2 Endonymic and Exonymic Forms of Ethnonyms
17.8 Alternative Ethnonyms
17.9 Derogatory Ethnonyms
17.10 'Non-Ethnonyms' and 'Ethnonymic Gaps'
17.11 Summary and Conclusion

Ǹ "Summary and Conclusion" Ѥʬ̥ϤָƤ

In this chapter I have tried to show that while 'ethnonym' is a commonly used term among onomastic scholars, not all regard ethnonyms as proper names. This anomalous status is linked to uncertainties about defining the entity which is named with an ethnonym, with (for example) terms like 'race' and 'ethnic group' being at times synonymous, and at other times part of each other's set of defining elements. Together with 'race' and 'ethnicity', other defining elements have included language, nationality, religion, geographical area, and culture. The links between ethnonyms and some of these elements, such as religion, are both complex and debatable; while other links, such as between ethnonyms and language, and ethnonyms and nationality, produce intriguing onomastic dynamics. Ethnonyms display the same kind of variations and alternatives as can be found for personal names and place-names: morpho-syntactic variations, endonymic and exonymic forms, and alternative names for the same ethnic entity, generally regarded as falling into the general spectrum of nicknames. Examples have been given of the interface between ethnonyms, personal names, toponyms, and glossonyms.
   In conclusion, although ethnonyms have an anomalous status among onomastic scholars, they display the same kinds of linguistic, social, and cultural characteristics as proper names generally.


̱²׼դѸ񤷤ˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ

#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1])
#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1])
#3706. ̱²ȿͼ ([2019-06-20-1])
#3810. ҲŪʹʪȤƤΡֿͼס ([2019-10-02-1])

ޤethnonym Τ⤷ˤĤƤϡϢ#5118. Japan-ese θ򿼷ꤹ by khelf Ĺ ([2023-05-02-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Koopman, Adrian. "Ethnonyms." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 251--62.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-02-07-1]

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2022-06-26 Sun

#4808. ʤ˴ؤ롿Ф륿֡¿Τ [gender][taboo][race][anthropology]

֡ (taboo) Ȥ̤˹᤿Ӥϡ18󥰥ɤҳ James Cook (1728--79)̾ Captain Cook ˵cf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])#4802. Ū֡¸ߤʤ ([2022-06-20-1])ˡ㤨 Cook 1768--71ǯΥҥؤιҳˤơҥνȰ˿򤷤ʤȤ˿졤 "Tabu" ȤƸڤƤ롥
ϤȤơˡФơײݤΥ֡ϸź˹ߤ褦Ʊ褦ˡˡִؤץ֡䤽μդˤ礫ʤ㤨С#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1]) #1909. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (2) ([2014-07-19-1])#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1])#1483. taboo ŪȤʤͳ ([2013-05-19-1])#1507. taboo ŪȤʤͳ (4) ([2013-06-12-1]) ʤɤ⡤򴶤뤳ȤǤ
̤ (gender) ˴ؤ륿֡ŪǤꡤΤʤǤȤ櫓˾Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤȻפ뤬ʤǤϤʤʤΤ1ĤθˤС¿μҲˤƽؤΥ֡ߤ뤳ȤϡäƤȤŪ١ۤȿǤȲǤΤǤϤʤȤAllan and Burridge (4) ϡ嵭ΥҥΥ֡λǰƬˡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . we can look at this taboo in another way, as the function of a kind of caste system, in which women are a lower caste than men; this system is not dissimilar to the caste difference based on race that operated in the south of the United States of America until the later 1960s, where it was acceptable for an African American to prepare food for whites, but not to share it at table with them. This is the same caste system which permitted men to take blacks for mistresses but not marry them; a system found in colonial Africa and under the British Raj in India.


嵭ΥҥϽˤޤĤ륿֡θˤվΥ֡ˤĤƤŪȡפδʬϤƤߤͤꤽ

Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.

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2019-10-02 Wed

#3810. ҲŪʹʪȤƤΡֿͼ [race][terminology][anthropology]

ܥ֥ǤϡȤδطˤƿͼ (race) ɤȤ館뤫ˤĤơ#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1])#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1])#3706. ̱²ȿͼ ([2019-06-20-1]) εǹͤƤܡġԡˡؿ񥢥եꥫˡǡ٤ɤߤʤ顤ƿͼȤϲʪŪʺϤΤμҲŪʰ̣Ťϲʤɤؤֵ񤬤äϢ1 (33--34)

ͤȤСȩȱӤ̤졤ɡȸĿʹ֤򥤥᡼Ʊ֥ͥɿͼפ°ȤϤ¿ʤΤɡɡʤɤͼ֤ѰȾ֥ͥɿͼǥСƤ뤷ؤ⤯餻Υ̥ͤޥͤ⡤Ĺ㤤֥ԥߡפƱ֥ͥɡפʤΤǤ롥ޤο⡤Ǥʤ㡤֡˶ᤤΤޤǡ礭Ѱۺ򼨤Ƥ롥ʤΤ褦¿ΤΰĤ䤨뺮ˤ롥⤽ͼϡ䤿Ƥۤɸ̩ΤʶäʹֽĤǤϤʤĤƤϿʹ֤ŪħȤʬह뤳Ȥʳؤ̾ΤȤƤ夬äξ硤򡤹֡ʤɤοȤƤʹ֤οŪꤹΰҤΤʤȩο̤˼ФϡʳŪʤȤۼʼҲŪĿͰŪǤꡤŪǤ뤳Ȥ顤ȩο˿ʹ֤ʬ褦ȤʪŪǰȤƤοͼϡβʳؤΤʤǤͭꤵ졤ҲʸŪ뤤кŪǰȤǧƤ롥äʪŪʡּΡפΤ褦˸ͼϡĤΤȤŪνи٤ˤäߤ˶̤롤ҤΥסȤƤΥҥȤΥ롼פˤʤƤΥ롼פϡ䤨ϤΥ롼פȸήߤѲ³Ƥ롥եꥫξ硤ܿȸήĹ֤򤫤ƤƳȯ˹Ԥ줿η̡ߤΡ֥ͥɡפ¿ĤƤΤǤ롥


ֿͼפϡʪŪ΢դ뤫Τ褦ʶäƤ뤬¤ΤȤҲŪʹʪǤȤȤ񤷤ʳǰѸǤ롥եꥫˤͼ¿ʿŪ˹ͤ롤եꥫθ¿ˤĤƤϡ#3807. եꥫˤ¿ (1) ([2019-09-29-1])#3808. եꥫˤ¿ (2) ([2019-09-30-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ԡˡؿ񥢥եꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ

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2019-06-20 Thu

#3706. ̱²ȿͼ [ethnic_group][race][sociolinguistics][category]

ɮԤϳ˸ؤ˴ؿ˸ءƼҲؤؤȴؿ򹭤Ƥޤ̱²פȡֿͼפȤäȴʤʤҲŪ򰷤ȤˤʤȤ̴ˤפʤä鿴äơ̱² (ethnic_group) ȡֿͼ (race) ˤĤƤߤŪˤԤʸŪʤΡԤϷŪʤΤȤȤ館Ƥ򺣤Ǥɬ⤽Τ褦ˤȤ館Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤޤϡ̱² (ethnicity) ˤĤƸƤA Dictionary of Sociolinguistics ethnicity ι (100--01) ꡥ

ethnicity An aspect of an individual's social IDENTITY which is closely associated with language. Ethnicity is usually assigned on the basis of descent. In addition, the subjective experience of belonging to a culturally and historically distinct social group is often included in definitions of ethnicity. Thus, DEAF people usually consider themselves to be part of the Deaf community, which is defined by specific cultural and linguistic practices, although they may not have been born into the community (they may have become Deaf only later in life, or they may have grown up among hearing people). Questions of identity and ethnicity are also problematical in the context of migration. Second-generation migrants may not wish to identify with their traditional ethnic group but with the new society (e.g. second-generation German migrants in the USA may see themselves not as German but as American; such shifts in identity are often accompanied by symbolic actions such as name changes --- Karl Müller to Chuck Miller). To assign individuals unambiguously to distinct ethnic groups can be difficult in such contexts. Sometimes RELIGION is also considered to form part of ethnicity.
   Language forms a central aspect and symbol of ethnic identity (see e.g. Smolicz (1981) on language as a 'core value' of an ethnic group). Sociolinguists who study multicultural societies have often included ethnicity as a SOCIAL VARIABLE. Horvath (1985), for example, included speakers from different ethnic groups (Australians of English, Italian and Greek background) in her study of English in Sydney.


̱²˸줬礭ؤΤϻ¤ΤߤǷꤵ륫ƥ꡼Ȥ櫓ǤʤˤϡʳʸˡҲŪʥƥ꡼⤷ФдͿ롥ʣŪװˤäƷ륢ǥƥƥȤ٤ΤǤ롥
ˡֿͼפϤɤñʪŪʶʬȤߤŪʸ⤢뤬켫ΤǤ˼Ҳ񲽤줿¤ʪǤȤ⤢롥ƱѸ켭ŵѤ롥

race Highly contested term. Whilst it has no basis in biological or scientific fact, 'race' is in widespread everyday usage to refer to particular groups or 'races' of people, usually on the basis of physical appearance or geographical location, who are presumed to share a set of definable characteristics. The term ETHNICITY is sometimes used to refer to the identity of different groups on the basis of their assumed or presumed genealogical descent. 'Race' in social studies of language is viewed as a social construct rather than a fact (hence the use of inverted commas around 'race'): that is, 'race' or 'racial groups' only exist because particular physical characteristics (such as skin colour, facial features) are attributed a special kind of significance in society. This attribution usually involves differentiation between 'races' in terms of status and power, resulting from a particular IDEOLOGY. It is acknowledged that 'race' has considerable force in continuing to inform policies, behaviour and attitudes, including those relating to language and behaviour (see discussions in Omi and Winant, 1994). For this reason, 'race', usually within the context of RACISM, has been a focus of study in sociolinguistic research (e.g. Reisgl and Wodak, 2000).


̱²ͼϤ줾Ωƥ꡼Ǥʤ⡤ʣʻߴطݤäƤ롥椨˳ƥƥ꡼ϡʬŪ߻ȤʤʤʤФʤʤ̿ʤΤ
Ϣơ#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1])#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1]) ⻲ȡ

Swann, Joan, Ana Deumert, Theresa Lillis, and Rajend Mesthrie, eds. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2004.

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2019-03-05 Tue

#3599. ȿͼ (2) [comparative_linguistics][indo-european][family_tree][biology][race][language_myth]

#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1]) ³ԡεǤϡָͼפȤ¯פ˸ƤȿͼƱ뤹뤳ȤϤǤʤȼĥ櫓äΤˤСξԤ־ˡƱ뤹뤳ȤϤǤʤȤ٤Ʊ뤹븫˷پĤ餷ΤǤäơطΩľ⤢뤷ºݤˤϷ褷ƾʤʤȻפ롥ʤʤ餳̲¯ؤȯŸ䤹Τ
ǯΰؤؤȯŸˤꡤۥ⡦ԥ󥹤οǯˤ錄衼åѤʤɤǤΰưͻҤĤ褦ˤʤäƤȴطŤǰŸᤷ褦ȤưФƤΤ褦ʸϡ嵭Τ褦¯˷پĤ餹رĤȽŪȤʤ뤬ȿͼڥǹͤƤ褤򤿤󤲤뤳ȤˤꡤȽ򤽤餽ȤƤ롥
McMahon and McMahon (19--20) ⤽Τ褦ҤǤ롥ŪˤäơҤȸδ֤شطʤȹͤۤԼǤϤʤȤ

. . . since we are talking here about the histories of populations, which consist of people who both carry genes and use languages, it might be more surprising if there were no correlations between genetic and linguistic configurations. The observation of this correlation, like so many others, goes back to Darwin . . . , who suggested that, 'If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world'. The norm today is to accept a slight tempering of this hypothesis, such that, 'The correlation between genes and languages cannot be perfect . . .', because both languages and genes can be replaced independently, but, 'Nevertheless . . . remains positive and statistically significant' . . . . This correlation is supported by a range of recent studies. For instance, Barbujani . . . reports that, 'In Europe, for example, . . . several inheritable diseases differ, in their incidence, between geographically close but linguistically distant populations', while Poloni et al. . . . show that a group of individuals fell into four non-overlapping classes on the basis of their genetic characteristics and whether they spoke an Indo-European, Khoisan, Niger-Congo or Afro-Asiatic language. In other words, there is a general and telling statistical correlation between genetic and linguistic features, which reflects interesting and investigable parallelism rather than determinism. Genetic and linguistic commonality now therefore suggests ancestral identity at an earlier stage: as Barbujani . . . observes, 'Population admixture and linguistic assimilation should have weakened the correspondence between patterns of genetic and linguistic diversity. The fact that such patterns are, on the contrary, well correlated at the allele-frequency level . . . suggests that parallel linguistic and allele-frequency change were not the exception, but the rule.


McMahon and McMahon Ȥơȿͼط1ǤȤϤޤäҤ٤Ƥʤ0Ȥ櫓Ϥʤ⤤ͤȹͤΤʤΤǤϤʤȤۤɤΥ󥹤ϤǴְäƤʤȻפ־˸ͼפ¯⤿뤳Ȥ򲡤ǤξԸεȤȤ館ɬפ

McMahon, April and Robert McMahon. "Finding Families: Quantitative Methods in Language Classification." Transactions of the Philological Society 101 (2003): 7--55.

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2014-06-11 Wed

#1871. ȿͼ [race][language_myth][indo-european][comparative_linguistics][evolution][origin_of_language][ethnic_group]

˴ؤ뺬¯1ĤˡָͼפȤΤ롥¯ˤϡ­롥ʤϸŷŪǤꡤͼŷŪǤ롤ȸкѤʤʤǤΡָפȤϡҥȤθǽϤȤ̣ǤΡָפǤϤʤȤƽ̤ΡָפǤˡ͡ΰռΤʤǤϡФФ2Ĥʬ񤯷ӤĤƤꡤۤɴñˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ˤϡȿͼƱˤꡤϢ¿θޤƤ㤨С19ˤϥɡ衼åѸ (the Indo-European) ȤؾѸ줬ͼŪʴްդäѤ줿ɡ衼åѸȤϡӡ˸ؾιʪˤʤˤ⤫餺ǯˤĸäƤʹֽĤʤɡ衼åѿ͡ʼˤǤȤä߽Ф졤ȿͼȤӤĤ줿ĸθϤõߤʤüԽĤεõߤǤȲᤵ졤κǤʸѼԤɥ̱²ǤȤͤǤȤä20ɥĤΥʥˤƤ⡤ޥ줳ɡ衼åѸ²μĹǤꡤޥ̱²ɡ衼åѿͼɽԤǤȤơȿͼζƱ뤬ߤ줿
¯θäƤ뤳Ȥϡ͡ʷdzǧǤ롥ɡ衼åѸ²ǹͤС衼åѤΥɥĿͤ쥤ɤΥ٥󥬥ͤϡ줾̴طˤɥĸȥ٥󥬥äƤȤϤͼȤƶᤤϤȿԤϤʤޤǹͤƤ⡤ɤʿͼǤҥȤȤޤ줿ΤǤСޤĶˤäơɤʸǤ⽬뤳ȤǤȤȤ򵿤ԤϤʤ
Τ褦˾ͤʬ뤳ȤʤΤȤäƴñˤʤΤ¯ȤΤǤ롥㤨С롼ޥ˥ͤϥ롼ޥ˥Ȥޥ󥹷ϤθäΤǡƥϤοͼ˰㤤ʤȤ褦ʹͤƤ롥ºݤDNAĴɤΤ褦ʷ̤Ф뤫Ϥ狼ʤ롼ޥ˥ͤϿͼŪˤϾʤȤ⥹ڥͤݥȥͤʤɤȴطŤΤƱ١뤤Ϥʾˡ٤ΥͤʤɤȤطŤΤǤϤʤδ֡٤ο͡Ⱥ򤷤ƤϤʤΤǡΤ褦ͽۤȤƤޤää٤ȤǤϤʤΤ¯⤬򤹤롥
ؤŪΰǤ顤κǰϱƤȤߡεήɤΰոǤϡεϡǯΥۥ⡦ԥ󥹤νиȥۥ⡦ԥ󥹤θȯãŸȴϢŤ뤳Ȥ¿ͼ郎ޤۤɳȻƤʤȻȤǤεǤȤϤƤ⡤ϤƤϷ¯˴٤äƤʤȸڤ
ϢơTrudgill (43--44) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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2012-12-29 Sat

#1342. ظƶؤȽ [substratum_theory][causation][celtic][contact][race][ethnic_group][celtic_hypothesis]

Ѳ벾ΰĤˡظƶ (substratum_theory) 롥ԤԤθݤˡȤθħäȯħˤϢƤ椯Ȥǡ¦θ˸ѲȤͤǤ롥ѸˤȴŪ˴ϢȤǤϡˡ§ޤ First Germanic Consonant ShiftSecond Germanic Consonant Shift ʤɤΤˡβ⤬Ф뤳Ȥ¿#416. Second Germanic Consonant Shift Ϥʤä ([2010-06-17-1]) #650. ˥ȥˡ§ ([2011-02-06-1]) #1121. Grimm's Law Ϥʤ ([2012-05-22-1]) ʤɤǿ줿̤Ǥ롥
βκμߤϡ¿ξ硤ؤʤƤˤĤƤμ­Ƥ뤳Ȥˤ롥ä˸θѲˤˤϡμߤ˸롥㤨Сˡ§˼СƶͿƤȤظ줬ʤΤȤǤ鴰ʰפ򸫤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ˤ줬ȸäλ򤵤Ƥ⡤θѲľܤǤΤΥȸѼθηϤ뤳Ȥ񤷤פˡѲڤܤȹִͤظפ򡤵Թɤ褦˻Ωƾ夲뤳ȤĤǤǽʤΤǤ롥θħžܤȤݼΤϸ콬ʬǤ⹭ΤƤ뤬ζŪʸѲľƤϤ뤳Ȥ񤷤
Jespersen Bloomfield ⡤Ʊ˲ŪΩäƤ롥ȽδĴϡȤƤѲȡؤδͿꤵƤ̱²ȤŪ뤤Ūɬ礷ƤʤΤǤϤʤȤǰǤ롥̱²ꡤ̤ȤƸؤʹԤƤޤˤλ֤ȾˤơθѲäȤȤǤСظƶϾʤȤ⸡ڤͤѲؤλ֤äƤꡤѲ뤲ŪʬۤŪʬۤȰפʤΤǤСʬظƶʤåȤϾʤʤ롥ष̤θõä褤ΤǤϤʤȤȤ
ظƶԤˤϡʥ˥βǽΤȤ⤻ظ㤨Хȸˤαƶ͡ʻ˴Ф褦ȼĥԤ⤤롥Jespersen ϤΤ褦ʹͤȿ롥

I must content myself with taking exception to the principle that the effect of the ethnic substratum may show itself several generations after the speech substitution took place. If Keltic ever had 'a finger in the pie,' it must have been immediately on the taking over of the new language. An influence exerted in such a time of transition may have far-reaching after-effects, like anything else in history, but this is not the same thing as asserting that a similar modification of the language may take place after the lapse of some centuries as an effect of the same cause. (200)


Jespersen μĥϡظƶˤϳ (atavism) ϤʤȤĥ (201) ƱݤȽBloomfield Ǥⷫ깭Ƥ롥

The substratum theory attributes sound-change to transference of language: a community which adopts a new language will speak it imperfectly and with the phonetics of its mother-tongue. . . . [I]t is important to see that the substratum theory can account for changes only during the time when the language is spoken by persons who have acquired it as a second language. There is no sense in the mystical version of the substratum theory, which attributes changes, say, in modern Germanic languages, to a "Celtic substratum" --- that is, to the fact that many centuries ago, some adult Celtic-speakers acquired Germanic speech. Moreover, the Celtic speech which preceded Germanic in southern Germany, the Netherlands, and England, was itself an invading language: the theory directs us back into time, from "race" to "race," to account for vague "tendencies" that manifest themselves in the actual historical occurrence of sound-change. (386)


ǯѸˤ夬äƤƤ륱ȸαʸˡؤαƶȤ⡤ظƶΰ֤ª뤫⤷ʤǤȤСʤȤŪˤϡ嵭ȽƤϤޤ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) #1254. ѸäդθѲϽ񤭸դߤäƤ뤫 ([2012-10-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ظƶ⤬ƤѲȤƤϡJespersen (192--98) 򻲾ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin. 1922. London: Routledge, 2007.
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1] [2019-08-07-1]

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