̱²̾̾̾Ϥߤ˴ϢΡʸͭ̾̾ (onomastics) Ǥ demonym ethnonym ȸƤФƤ뤬ܲɤ³Ƥ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥åǤϸԤθƾΤѤƤ롥
ϥɥ֥å17ϡKoopman ˤ "Ethnonyms" ƬǤϡѸϪ롥ä "ethnic group" ̱²ˤȤ뤫ʸؾǤꡤ줬ʤ ethnonym ȤѸˤӲФ뤫ǧĤĥɤ߿ʤƤȡɤɤȵ⤷ʤäƤʲΥ٥θФƤмΤ褦ˤʤ롥
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Ethnonyms and Race
17.3 Ethnonyms, Nationality, and Geographical Area
17.4 Ethnonyms and Language
17.5 Ethnonyms and Religion
17.6 Ethnonyms, Clans, and Surnames
17.7 Variations of Ethnonyms
17.7.1 Morphological Variations
17.7.2 Endonymic and Exonymic Forms of Ethnonyms
17.8 Alternative Ethnonyms
17.9 Derogatory Ethnonyms
17.10 'Non-Ethnonyms' and 'Ethnonymic Gaps'
17.11 Summary and Conclusion
Ǹ "Summary and Conclusion" Ѥʬ̥ϤָƤ
In this chapter I have tried to show that while 'ethnonym' is a commonly used term among onomastic scholars, not all regard ethnonyms as proper names. This anomalous status is linked to uncertainties about defining the entity which is named with an ethnonym, with (for example) terms like 'race' and 'ethnic group' being at times synonymous, and at other times part of each other's set of defining elements. Together with 'race' and 'ethnicity', other defining elements have included language, nationality, religion, geographical area, and culture. The links between ethnonyms and some of these elements, such as religion, are both complex and debatable; while other links, such as between ethnonyms and language, and ethnonyms and nationality, produce intriguing onomastic dynamics. Ethnonyms display the same kind of variations and alternatives as can be found for personal names and place-names: morpho-syntactic variations, endonymic and exonymic forms, and alternative names for the same ethnic entity, generally regarded as falling into the general spectrum of nicknames. Examples have been given of the interface between ethnonyms, personal names, toponyms, and glossonyms.
In conclusion, although ethnonyms have an anomalous status among onomastic scholars, they display the same kinds of linguistic, social, and cultural characteristics as proper names generally.
̱²դѸˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ
#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1])
#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1])
#3706. ̱²ȿͼ ([2019-06-20-1])
#3810. ҲŪʹʪȤƤΡֿͼס ([2019-10-02-1])
ޤethnonym Τ⤷ˤĤƤϡϢ#5118. Japan-ese θꤹ by khelf Ĺ ([2023-05-02-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Koopman, Adrian. "Ethnonyms." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 251--62.
ܥ֥λǡǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤϡͭǤϤޤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤפꤹ륪饤ĶɲΥȾǯΤ褽ŪˤϤƤޤХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])
ǿȤʤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (34) The Names "England" and "English"ۿޤEngland English ȤѸ˾夭ƽפʸθ츻ȾڡʸϤ30ʬʾ夫ƲۤƤޤ
βۿƨˡ6ꡤVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)פǤۿȤʤޤȴϢ֡ڱѸˤ #77ۿǯľرѸ츻ŵ٤ England English ɤꤷƤϤͽǤ

߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ˤ긵֤ƤϤܤ֤ǤʤϺΤ˥βͤˡʹƤйǤƽפñθ츻ꤷƤޤ
helwa ϥץߥͥǤ1̵λİӥƤޤ heldio ̾ۿİΤʤˤϡץߥͥϵˤʤäƤɲݶ⤷ƻäˤϥϡɥ뤬⤤ޤϤɤʷϵʤΤİƤߤȤ⤤ä뤫⤷ޤҤ1ΤİƤ³Ƥ褤Ȼפäˤ2ʹߤ⤪դ礤ФȻפޤǤʤмƤȤȤǡޤääǤ
;̤Ǥ嵭ͽѤΥȥˤ⼨ƤȤꡤhelwa ǤϥץߥꥹʡΥ饤ǯλθ7鳫ͽǤ
ͽΤˡȴϢ hellog, heldio, ¾ΥȤưʲƤޤ
ϡ#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1]) Фɲäε5ȾФ˥ (Angles) (Saxons) 塼ȿ (Jutes) 濴Ȥޥν²֥ƥذܽƤƤ顤²礷ƸƤ̾Τ䡤餬ϤƤ̾ΤϡïɤθǸƤ֤ΤˤäƤѰۤäȤȤѲ⤷Ƥ̤ȤƤϡAngle ӤΤФ졤ƻ̾ English ̾ England ̲ʤ Saxon Jute ֤ Angle ͥȤʤäΤˤĤƤΤʤ¬Ǥ뤳ȤϤ롥
ʤȤ8顤ƥ Angli Saxones ȤɽѤƤǤ Angli Ϸƻ졤Saxones ʣ̾ǡ֥ϥͤפۤɤΰ̣äϡΦ˻ĤäƤͤ (Old Saxons) ȶ̤뤿θƾΤǤꡤƻ Angli ˤ줿̣ϡ֥ͤȰ˥֥ƥϤäפۤɤΰ̣äȻפ롥䤬ơΩƻ Angli ܤꡤ줬ͭ̾ȲΩȤȤϡꤽʤȤǤ롥⤷Τ褦ʷаޤ8 Angli ֥ƥ˽夤ޥ̱²Τ̾ȤƺƲᤵƤäȹͤС9 Bede θűѸ줬Ф줿ݤˡAngelcynn (gens Anglorum ˤŪѤƤ¤äԻĤǤϤʤʤ롥ޤƱ880ǯˤϡAlfred 粦 Guthrum Ȥδ֤Ǽ蘆줿Τʤ "Danish" Ф "English" ѤƤ롥ˡ̾ȤƤ Englisc ⡤ϤƱˡBede űѸ Alfred ΥƥȤ˸Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˡEnglisc 9˷ƻ줢뤤ϸ̾Ȥ夷̾ȤƤ Angelcynn Engla land ֤Τϡ11 Chronicle ԤͤФʤʤäEngla land ΤۤEngle land, Englene londe, Engle lond, Engelond, Ingland ʤɤԤʤ줿夹 England Τ14ΤȤǤ롥
ʾ塤Crystal (26--27) ˵ä
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
[2010-05-21-1]ε#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽפdzѤ褦ˡѸˤ㡤ޥϤν²5դ˥֥ƥϤꡤȷ轻̱նɤäơ꽻ϤäƻϤޤȤ롥ޥϤ̱²ˤϡ͡͡塼ȿͤΤۤե²եꥸͤʤ¾ϥޥϤο͡¿ϸäƤǽ뤬Ϥ鸫ΤȤƻ̤ä²Ǥꡤ1Ĥ̾ΤǸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿äơ֥ƥϤäƤϡ¿쾯ʤ졤֤Ǥ1Ĥ̾ǼΤ뽬ȯãϡ֥ƥϤäޥ²̾Ρ餬ǤΩƤ̾ΡäƤ̾ΤͳˤĤơBaugh and Cable (50--51) ˤäƳά
ɤΩƤ줿ȷ轻̱ϡڤ²ν礷 Saxons ȤƸڤƤʤ Saxons Ū̱²̾ȤФ줿ΤȿͤˤȤäơȤ櫓ͤˤάå̴ΰݤͿȤȤޥϤοάԤϡȷ轻̱礷 Wealas ֳͤפȸƤ Welsh εǤ롥
ơƥǤ⡤ϡޥϤοάԤϰ礷 Saxones ȸƤФ졤οάϤ Saxonia ȤƸڤƤ̱²̾ Angli Ȥơ̾ Anglia ȤƤڤ褦ˤʤäƤ㤨СPope Gregory ϡ601ǯȲ Æþelberht rex Anglorum ȾΤƤ뤷Bede ϼμˤʤ˽ Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum ȸƤǤ롥̤ȤơƥǤ Angli Anglia ̱²̾ؤ̾ΤȤ Saxones Saxonia ֤
ޥϤοάԤϡ餫顤θ Englisc ȤƸڤƤͤؤ Engle Ǥ[2009-09-07-1]ε#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩפȡˡϡϤ̾ˤ Angelcynn ȥͤӤ̾ΤѤƤ褽1000ǯˡEnglaland (ˤ haplology η̤ȤƤ England) 褦ˤʤäΥͤӤͳ1ĤȤơBaugh and Cable (51) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
It is not easy to say why England should have taken its name from the Angles. Possibly a desire to avoid confusion with the Saxons who remained on the continent and the early supremacy of the Anglian kingdoms were the predominant factors in determining usage.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
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