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biology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2025-01-22 Wed

#5749. ߡ [meme][internet][netspeak][biology][speed_of_change][evolution][variation]

ؤȡ֥ߡ (meme) ˤĤơޥδ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1]) #3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1]) ˤƤ
򺣤ϥͥåȾǡߥʰ̣ǤθΡ֥ߡפήԤäƤ褦˥ͥåȥǥǷ֤Ѥ졤ѥǥʤ饦륹Τ褦̢䤷Ƥư衤ûʸƥȤǤ롥ŪˤϤûʸƥȤȤƤΥߡबȤʤ롥
Ȥ meme Ȥñϡ嵭βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ褦˥ꥹοʲʪؼ Richard Dawkins ¤Ǥ롥OED ˤ1976ǯ˽ФƤ롥ʪѸȤƤ meme ʸŪФơ2Ȥơʤ "An image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations. Also with modifying word, as internet meme, etc." ȤѤ줿1998ǯμʸǤ롥

1998 The next thing you know, his friends have forwarded it [sc. an animation of a dancing baby] on and it's become a net meme. (Sci. & Technol. Week (transcript of CNN TV programme) (Nexis) 24 January)


ǤϡͥåȾǿΥߡब̢䤷ƤϻǤƤäƤ롥Crystal (97) ꡤlinguistic memes βɤǤߤ褦

LINGUISTIC MEMES

The word meme was introduced in 1976 by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in Chapter 11 of The Selfish Gene as a shortened form of mimeme, from a Greek word meaning 'that which is imitated'. As Dawkins put it: 'I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like "gene". I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.' The word echoes the -eme suffix used in linguistics (phoneme, morpheme, etc), but lacks its notion of minimal contrastivity. A meme is a unit of cultural transmission which spreads throughout a population and which can persist for a considerable time. Dawkins illustrated from tunes, ideas, fashions in clothing, ways of making pots or of building arches, and --- of relevance to this book --- catch phrases.
   The notion has achieved great prominence as a result of the Internet, which promotes the rapid spread of images and text, while at the same time allowing a potentially infinite number of variations. Most are photos with superimposed captions (similar to speech bubbles) that have humorous or satirical intent, though many convey messages of political or social seriousness, and some try to express notions of philosophy.
   For a meme to work, it has to be unique, distinctive, and consistent --- something that is easily achievable using language. The chief linguistic feature is the use of nonstandard forms --- in earlier developments such as text messaging, chiefly deviant spelling; in more recent varieties, deviant grammar. Among the best-known inventions are Leetspeak, LOLcats, Doge, and Doggolingo (pp. 458--9). But standard English can also be a fruitful memic source, as the examples below illustrate.
   No language domain is sacrosanct, and political correctness is conspicuous by its absence. Y U NO uses upper-case textese (p. 455) to parody the simplified speech of foreign learners, using a sketch of a character from a Japanese manga series: its memic origin began with I TXT U / Y U NO TXT BAK!? Ermahgerd shows a young woman holding several books from the children's horror fiction series Goosebumps; the name is a version of 'Oh my God', as spoken by someone with a speech impediment; it is also known as Gersberms and Berks (books).
   There are hundreds of meme wannabes on the Internet now, all hoping (but few achieving) a permanent place in language history. Some sites provide instruction in 'how to create your own meme'. We must expect a significant increase in the amount of linguistic idiosyncrasy both on and off the web now, srsly.


ߡήԤϱѸ˸¤ʤܡʸˤǤ⡤򺣡¿Ρ֡ʸפ߽ФƤ뤬ΥߡΰȤäƤ褤

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2021-12-14 Tue

#4614. εȯãΤȺ [evolution][origin_of_language][history_of_linguistics][anthropology][biology][philosophy_of_language]

#4612. εȯã ([2021-12-12-1]) ǰѤ Mufwene (51) ϡεȯãˤĤơǶᲿƤФƤƤȤ¤ϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ֽפ18ůؼԤμˤꡤǤ˽ФäƤȤǧ

For instance, the claim that language is what distinguishes mankind the most clearly from the animal kingdom is already evident in Condillac. It is also hard to sharply distinguish eighteenth-century arguments for the emergence of human language out of instinctive cries and gestures from Bickerton's position that the predecessor of his 'protolanguage' consisted of holistic vocalizations and gestures. The idea of gradualism in the evolution of language is not new either; and Rousseau had already articulated the significance of social interactions as a prerequisite to the emergence of language. And one can keep on identifying a number of current hypotheses which are hardly different from earlier speculations on the subject.


ǤϡȤäƤΰˤ븦椬ʤǤʤȤС櫓Ǥʤ Mufwene (51--52) ϵ³롥18ůؼԤ19θؼԤȡβ桹Ȥδ֤ˤϽפʰ㤤ĤȤ
1ܤϡ桹10--20ǯβпȲ桹Ȥ˶ŪˤֳŪˤۤʤä¸ߤǤ뤳ȤǧƤ뤳ȤεȯãǡǧϽפǤ롥
2ܤϡ桹εȯã⤬ "speculative" ʵǤȤȤǧƤ뤳Ȥ̤θ򤹤С桹Τۤ夲äƲʳŪμθ³˼ŪʤΤǤ롥
3ܤϡ桹ϸȯãˤĤƳͥ˥ƤȤȤ줬ˤäͿ줿ǽϤǤȤΩԤ⡤ɤǤȤϤ¸ߤ롥ήθǤϡǽϤѰۤˤäƤΤȤƤ롥
4ܤϡ桹ϸι¤⥸塼벽줿ΤǤ (modular) ȹͤƤ롥ĤƤΤ褦˸ιǤ٤ƤȤƱȯȹͤɬפϤʤȤȤߤϡ줬ȯãƤȤȤƤ褤롥
Τ褦ˡˤʤäƲ⤬Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ18--19ˤȤƤʤäȤǤȤƤ褦ˤʤäȤȤϡ줳ʤΤ

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 13--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-06-1]

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2021-12-12 Sun

#4612. εȯã [evolution][origin_of_language][history_of_linguistics][anthropology][sign_language][biology][philosophy_of_language]

εȯãˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ origin_of_language evolution εǼ夲Ƥ夫鸽˻ޤ䤤³ƤŤƿȤ櫓򺣤ϳغŪʥץԲķǤ롥ޤ˿ΰǤꡤˤ̤˾Τ񤷤ۤɤMufwene (14--15) "The Origins and the Evolution of Language" ꤹͤǡϢΰüꥹȤǼƤΤǡѤ롥

1. Was language given to humans by God or did it emerge by Darwinian evolution?
2. From a phylogenetic perspective, did language emerge abruptly or gradually? If the emergence of language was protracted, what plausible intermediate stages can be posited and what would count as evidence for positing them? Assuming that the structure of modern languages is modular, would gradual evolution apply to any of the modules, only to some of them, or only to the overall architecture? What is the probable time of the emergence of the first real ancestor of modern language?
3. Does possessing Language, the non-individuated construct associated exclusively with humans, presuppose monogenesis or does it allow for polygenesis? How consistent is either position with paleontological evidence about the evolution of the Homo genus? How did linguistic diversity start? Assuming Darwinian (variational rather than transformational) evolution, can monogenesis account for typological variation as plausibly as polygenesis?
4. What is the chronological relationship between communication and language? What light does this distinction shed on the relation between sign(ed) and spoken language? Did some of our hominin ancestors communicated by means of ape-like vocalizations and gestures? If so, how can we account for the transition from them to phonetic and signed languages? And how can we account for the fact that modern humans have favoured speaking over signing? Assuming that language is a communication technology, to what extent are some of the structural properties of language consequences of the linearity imposed by the phonic and signing devices used in their architecture.
5. Is the evolution of language more biological than cultural? Or is it the other way around, or equally both? Are languages as cultural artifacts deliberate inventions or emergent phenomena? Who are the agents in the emergence of language: individuals or populations, or both?
6. What is the relationship between language and thought? Did these entities co-evolve or did one cause the other?
7. Is there such a thing as 'language organ' or 'biological endowment for language'? How can it be characterized relative to modern humans' anatomical and/or mental makeups? What are the anatomical, mental, and social factors that facilitated the emergence of language?
8. Can we learn something about the evolution of language from historical language change, especially from the emergence of creoles and pidgins? Can we learn something from child language and/or from home sign language? And what can be learned from 'linguistic apes'? Does it make sense to characterize these particular communicative 'systems' as fossils of the human protolanguage . . . ? In the same vein, what can modelling contribute to understanding the evolution of language. This is definitely the kind of thing that scholars could not do before the twentieth century; it is important to assess its heuristic significance.


į䤤ȤȤ褯ʬ롥θ椷ƤѸˤѲ (language_change) ϡΤʬߤ¸ߤˤ⤳ʬľŪ˻񤹤뤫ʬʤٻǤ롥

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 13--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-06-1] [2021-12-14-1]

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2021-09-10 Fri

#4519. "ecolinguistics" Ȥʬ [ecolinguistics][linguistics][biology][world_languages][language_death]

Ƕ褯褦ˤʤä ecolinguistics ȤѸ졥ήԸʤΤȤʤȥɤǻäʤäꤹ뤬Ϥ褯ʬäƤʤȸؤγݤ碌ȤȤʬ뤬̣ƤΤ
Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas (318) ˤȡ"ecolinguistics", "language ecology", "linguistic ecology" Ϥ褽ƱǤꡤΤ褦ʥǤ "ecology" ϴˤ "context" "language environment" ؤΤȤޤˡִĶפǤϡִĶפȤϲʤΤȤȡߥޥμҲŪŪкѳŪŪطʤΤȤȤƤľˡήԸǤ᥿եʤΤǡΤȤϥȤƤ롥ɤΤȤ褯ʬʤ
ȤδϢǤ "ecology" äȸ̩˹ͤƤԤ⾯ʤʤPhillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas ¤ϤΤ褦ʹͤΤ褦ǡʪŪʪŪӼҲŪĶפΤȤªƤ褦 (319) ȤδϢǡּҲŪפȤΤʬ褦ʵΤʪŪפȤΤϤɤȤɤ Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas ϡܵǸäƤ롥
Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas μĥ󤹤Τ񤷤#601. ¿ʪ¿ ([2010-12-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȤȤƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥פˡˤ¿ʪ¿ʬۤشطˤȤ¤˴ŤۤΤ褦ξǡʪ¿ݻ뤿μϿʹ֤θΤʤѤƤꡤԤºŤ뤳ȤˤäԤݤ롤ȤΩȤäƤ롥¿ξüˤʪ¿ξüˤľ뤹롤Ȥ
εˤĤƤɤͤФ褤ΤʬʤޤޤʤΤǡޤ Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas (323--24) ε򤽤ΤޤްѤƤ

Most of the world's megabiodiversity is in areas under the management or guardianship of Indigenous peoples. Most of the world's linguistic diversity resides in the small languages of Indigenous peoples. Much of the detailed knowledge of how to maintain biodiversity, including TEK [= traditional ecological knowledge], is encoded in the language of Indigenous peoples. If we continue as now, most of the world's Indigenous languages will be gone by 2100. ICSU [= International Council for Science] states (2002) that "actions are urgently needed to enhance the intergenerational transmission of local and Indigenous knowledge...Traditional knowledge conservation, therefore, must pass through the pathways of conserving language (as language is an essential tool for culturally-appropriate encoding of knowledge)." Since TEK is necessarily encoded into the local languages of the peoples whose knowledge it is, this means that if these local languages disappear (without the knowledge being transferred to other, bigger languages, which it isn't) the knowledge is lost. By killing the languages we kill the prerequisites for maintaining biodiversity. Ecolinguistic diversity is essential because it enhances creativity and adaptability and thus stability.


ʪŪʪŪʥȼҲŪŪϥ󥯤ƤΤȤӤ򤷤Ϥɤͤޤ

Phillipson, Robert and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas. "English, Language Dominance, and Ecolinguistic Diversity Maintenance." Chapter 16 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 313--32.

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2021-06-01 Tue

#4418. ʻ硤Subassembly Strategyʲܲ --- ʲؤˤŪʻε [syntax][biology][evolution][exaptation]

˸ز2019ǯΥݥֿʲؤؤξԡפǤδĴֱ˴Ťʸ˸ء٤κǿ˷ǺܤƤ롥ʲؤȤʬˤĤƻ伫Ȥ糰ƣʸֳŪ󥿥ȡʼʡ˲ܲפɤߡΤ褦ʵʤƤΤȶ̣ФƱʸϡƬ (p. 69) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

äˡʹָ礭ħȤʤäƤŪŪ󥿥ˤĤơ줬ʪΤȤ߹碌γŬŪʲˤȤֱư浯 (Fujita 2009, 2017, ƣ 2012 ¾ˤ򿶤֤ꡤǻĤƤ֡ʼʡ˲ܲ ((self-)-domestication)פδ褹ǽˤĤƹͻƤߤ


ʲؤʸˡˤơʻ (merger) ϡ2ĤΡʸùܤӸùܤʤ뽸ˤȤ߹碌1Ĥ̵ (unordered set) Ū黻סƣġp. 71ˤؤ꼰ȡMerge(, ¡ {, } ȤȤ2ĤΤǤȤ߹碌ñ1षʤʤ "Pairing Strategy" ȸƤФˡ3ĤΤȤʤȡάפϤäʣˤʤ롥
A ʾ, B , C ˤ3ĤΥåפꤷ褦3ĤΥåפ򤹤äݤϤ2̤ꤢ롥B C ˤϤᡤǸ˺Ǿ A 碌ƤϤȤ1 ("Pot Strategy") ⤦1Ĥϡ A B ˤϤƤΰβΤ C ˤϤȤ ("Subassembly Strategy")
ƣĤβˤСάοʲϡ"Pairing Strategy" "Pot Strategy" "Subassembly Strategy" νǵäƤΤǤϤʤȤΤ褦ʡֹưʸˡפοʲϢưǡΤʻʲƤΤǤϤʤȡơβΤȤֱư浯פȸƤǤ롥
"Subassembly Strategy" κħϡ˷򵭲ߤƤΤʬʤȤƺѤסƣġp. 76ˤˤ롥ȿٱ䤵ǽϡʿкȤϤȤȤ館Ƥ褤⤷ʤϿʹ֤椹ǽϤ˴ؤΤǡּʲܲפȤФƤȤ
糰ȤƸѤˤĤޤޤ줿뤬ʲؤεʷϵΤ뤳ȤǤ

ƣ ̻ʡֳŪ󥿥ȡʼʡ˲ܲס˸ء9˸زԡˡ2020ǯ69--85ǡ

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2020-01-09 Thu

#3909. Ʊ (homology) (analogy) [biology][evolution][terminology][onomatopoeia][arbitrariness][borrowing]

#3905. ؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤ (1) ([2020-01-05-1]) ȡ#3906. ؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤ (2) ([2020-01-06-1]) ǡʪؤȸؤϢȲǽ˿줿ʪʲʬǵˤʤäƤѸ졦ǰˡƱ (homology) (analogy) 롥2ĤΤΤߤˡֻƤפȤƤͳˤ2बȤƶ (11) ˤ⤬ʷפƤ롥

A α äƤȤͳǻ¹ B C α ݻƤΤǤСη α ƱǤȤ롥¾ A α äƤ餺¹ B C 줾̸ĤĶŬƷ α Ƥ硤ηǤȤ롥


Encyclopaedia Britannica β󤲤Ƥ

Homologous structures develop from similar embryonic substances and thus have similar basic structural and developmental patterns, reflecting common genetic endowments and evolutionary relationships. In marked contrast, analogous structures are superficially similar and serve similar functions but have quite different structural and developmental patterns. The arm of a man, the wing of a bird, and the pectoral fins of a whale are homologous structures in that all have similar patterns of bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and similar embryonic origins; each, however, has a different function. The wings of birds and those of butterflies, in contrast, are analogous structures---i.e., both allow flight but have no developmental processes in common.


2ΡֻƤפƤϤȤɤʤ2ĤθˤƷǽȤ˻ƤʤȤñˤߤ硤ϤƱ2ब̤롥Ʊ츻ˤΤܤ뤬椨˻Ƥ硤ȤбѸ one ȥե󥹸 un ϡƱǤ롥Ѹ bow-wow ȥե󥹸 ouah-ouah ϸĤ (cf. onomatopoeia) ΩϤ̡Ƥ륱ȹͤΤǡȤ롥
ʪˤϤۤȤɤߤ줺ˤ̤ˤߤ3ΡֻƤפ롥 (borrowing) ʤʪˤָ򻨡פλϤˤϤˡѸ people ȥե󥹸 peuple ϻƤ뤬ԤԤѤǤ롥Ѥˤְפ1ѥȤȤ館ΤǤаƱطȤ⤤ʤϤʤˤϰ⤢ѤǤϤʤƱȤ⤤ˤͭΡֻƤפ
Ϣơ#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬 ([2012-06-06-1]) ⻲ȡ

ʸβ뤳ȡʸʲΥѥȥץסʸؤؤξԡ ԡˡҦ˼2012ǯ1--16ǡ

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2020-01-06 Mon

#3906. ؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤ (2) [evolution][methodology][biology][archaeology][historical_linguistics][comparative_linguistics][phylogenetics]

ε ([2020-01-05-1]) ˰³ؤˡ˸ؤ˱ѤˤĤơ
Ѥϡֹ͸ųؤϿʲؤ鲿ؤפꤷ̤ͤǡʪηؤ¾ʬŬѤ褦ȤݤˤȽФȿŸĤġ֥Ȥ˱̥ץõ᤹뤳Ȥν⤤Ƥ (207--08) ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡ͸ųŪʰʪηǤ롥

ʸŪʪȤƤι͸ųŪʪΡַطפȤϲͻ뤳Ȥ礭ʰ̣롥Ūʹ͸ųظФ趯ȿаոΰĤȤơʪŪʸݤȤȯγǰȷˡ򤳤ΰʪˤΤޤŬѤ뤳ȤϤ⤽ޤǤϤʤȤȿǤ롥
ˡʪʪˤä߽ФȤ̣ǡʪʪ櫓ǤϤʤ͸ųŪʰʪˤɬ򹩺Ͽͤ롥ιԤǽ俴ݤ뤤ʸṲ̄ơʪϰʪ߽ФȤ롥ά
оݤǤ륪֥ȤɤΤ褦ʰŪطʤΤȤ褫¹ؤƤϡȯΥѥǤϤʤष줾Υ֥ȸͭͳ˴ؤץǤȲ᤹ФΤǤϤʤżܤϤĤܤܤȤ̤Ȥ̥ץȤʤ롥ͭ򤹤ʪĤǤϤ줾θΤǤϰʤͺ¸ߤηȤƤϤƷȯDzʹԤ롥ޤʤʣüԤʤ뽸ġ²ˤꤷƤϤƸοʲ뤳ȤǤ
֥Ȥ鷺ϥޡɸˤȤʤ󸻤ˤäƥ٥ȤηӽФʪξǤäƤ⡤ȤзַˤƤ餷ξ硤ɽǤġηʤȤХȤ塞γѡˤˤȤŤϡ­­פȤֳѤѤפȤ褦ʲ֤Ƥ櫓ǤϤäƤʤ­ѤηϷΤΥޡˤʤǤ롥
ȤޤäƱͤˡξ󸻤ȤƤΰʪ͸ųŪޡȤߤʤʤСǽ˵󤲤褦ȿऱ뤳ȤǤ


ǤϡȤ֥Ȥꤷؤˤơʬΰ̥ץޡϲˤʤ19˶δӸؤξǤС̥ץβϡѲε§ ("Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze") ȡͭ롿ʤüԽĤΥ罸ȤȤˤʤޤޡϸβȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦ʰ̥ץޡ꤬ɬ٥ȤȤϤʤϵǤ뤫⤷ʤؤѤӸؤΥƥ㤽ΤΤϽʬͭȤߤƤ褤

ֹ͸ųؤϿʲؤ鲿ؤסʸʲι͸ųء ɧ ԡˡҦ˼2017ǯ125--65.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-09-1]

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2020-01-05 Sun

#3905. ؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤ (1) [evolution][methodology][family_tree][biology][comparative_linguistics][manuscript][abduction][phylogenetics][historical_linguistics]

ʪʲʪʬθȯŸƤ (phylogenetics) ˡѲãʤɤʸʲˤŬѤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤȤդΤϤۤɿΤǤϤʤνܤ褦ˤʤäΤϺǶΤȤǤ롥ؤνʬؤΰŪŬѤ˴ؤŪ˷سưԤʤäƤԤ1ͤˡ椬롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤˸ؤδ#3162. Űء ([2017-12-23-1])#3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥ󤫤ǤϤʤʸؤ ([2018-01-02-1])#3175. group thinking tree thinking ([2018-01-05-1]) εǾҲ𤷤Ƥ
ɤΤϡˤֹ͸ųؤϿʲؤ鲿ؤפꤹͤǤ롥ʪؤ˸ؤδϢҤ٤ս (129--30) ߤĤΤǡѤ褦ʰʸؤθڤάˡ

ְ̲֥ȷءפϡʬˤ򿶤֤ʤСۤʤʬǷ֤ȺȯɤƤåǤ롥ȤСܷϿ޳ؤ˸ؤˤƺˡʬءˤ˴Ťˡʪؤ¹ԤΩˡȺȯɤƤޤ󤲤٤ܤž̲βѲǤʤѰۤ뤲Ȥ̥ץǤȤ¸¹ܤ¹ξ˴Ťܤĸꤹ뤳ȤŪ˲ǽǤ롥ơηѲǾȤ֤СʪΤߤʤ餺ܤηط̤κˡˤäƿǤ롥䤬ꤷƤ̲֥ȷؤϡΡ֥֥פˤͼŪΥåȤߤʤƤ롥
ʤǤ⡤ʪؤȤδؤǯƤ˸ؤǤϡʪʬҷؤΤޤޤץǥѤĤĤ롥ͽۤ褦ˡʪȸϤλŪѲô̲˰㤤Τ顤̤ηˡ򤽤ΤޤŬѤΤϤޤäƤΤǤϤʤȤȽºݤ󵯤Ƥ롥̤ΥåŬѤ뤳Ȥȸ̤ξĴ뤳Ȥ̤Ǥ롥ȤƱʪǤäƤ⡤ͭ򤹤뤫ʤɤ򻨤䤹ɤʲ뤫ɤϾˤä礭ۤʤꡤ˱Ʒ¹ԤȤǥ礭Ѥǽ롥ͤʤС֥ȴ֤ΰ㤤ˤοõˤȤäƤϼ¤ϿǤϤʤȷƤʤष֥ȤΤΰ㤤θοʲιͻŬڤ˹ԤäƤ뤫ɤΤۤϤ뤫˽פǤ롥͸ųؤ˳ؤˤƤ⡤ޤäƱͤˡʪʤʸʪη򸦵椹ݤˤϡ̤ȤƤΥåȸ̤γȤƤΥ֥ȤʬƵɬפ


ʪؤȯŸƤˡ򤽤Τޤ޸ѲθƤϤȤˤϡȽ⤢ʪȸϤޤäۤʤ륪֥ȡʿʲҡˤǤꡤѲѰۤΤ礤˰ۤʤäƤˤ⤫餺Ʊˡ¹ŪŬѤΤϴǤȡϷؤμˡ֤ΤޤޡŬѤʤɤȤϰҤ٤Ƥʤष֥ȤۤʤȤˤϡ¤դʧ٤ȼĥƤ롥֥Ȥ˱ƺ٤塼˥󥰤ɬפʥåˤΤΤ϶̤ƻȤ롤⤷ƤΤ
ŪˤؽŪˤ⡤ʪȸϤФиߤȤƤ2ĤϤޤǰۤʤ륪֥ȤǤꡤûŪӤϿޤʤФʤʤ⡤ޤǤˤդƤĤǤcf. #807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1])#2529. evolution evolution (3) ([2016-03-30-1])#3146. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (1) ([2017-12-07-1])#3147. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (2) ([2017-12-08-1])#3148. ˤְŪطפδñ̤ϸΤ狼 ([2017-12-09-1])#3149. ʤŪʬहΤ ([2017-12-10-1])ˡûŪǤʤθ줿ӤʤС¿ξ硤ͭפʤϤˤʤؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤơ⤦˹ͤƤ褵

ֹ͸ųؤϿʲؤ鲿ؤסʸʲι͸ųء ɧ ԡˡҦ˼2017ǯ125--65.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-09-1] [2020-01-06-1]

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2019-03-05 Tue

#3599. ȿͼ (2) [comparative_linguistics][indo-european][family_tree][biology][race][language_myth]

#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1]) ³ԡεǤϡָͼפȤ¯פ˸ƤȿͼƱ뤹뤳ȤϤǤʤȼĥ櫓äΤˤСξԤ־ˡƱ뤹뤳ȤϤǤʤȤ٤Ʊ뤹븫˷پĤ餷ΤǤäơطΩľ⤢뤷ºݤˤϷ褷ƾʤʤȻפ롥ʤʤ餳̲¯ؤȯŸ䤹Τ
ǯΰؤؤȯŸˤꡤۥ⡦ԥ󥹤οǯˤ錄衼åѤʤɤǤΰưͻҤĤ褦ˤʤäƤȴطŤǰŸᤷ褦ȤưФƤΤ褦ʸϡ嵭Τ褦¯˷پĤ餹رĤȽŪȤʤ뤬ȿͼڥǹͤƤ褤򤿤󤲤뤳ȤˤꡤȽ򤽤餽ȤƤ롥
McMahon and McMahon (19--20) ⤽Τ褦ҤǤ롥ŪˤäơҤȸδ֤شطʤȹͤۤԼǤϤʤȤ

. . . since we are talking here about the histories of populations, which consist of people who both carry genes and use languages, it might be more surprising if there were no correlations between genetic and linguistic configurations. The observation of this correlation, like so many others, goes back to Darwin . . . , who suggested that, 'If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world'. The norm today is to accept a slight tempering of this hypothesis, such that, 'The correlation between genes and languages cannot be perfect . . .', because both languages and genes can be replaced independently, but, 'Nevertheless . . . remains positive and statistically significant' . . . . This correlation is supported by a range of recent studies. For instance, Barbujani . . . reports that, 'In Europe, for example, . . . several inheritable diseases differ, in their incidence, between geographically close but linguistically distant populations', while Poloni et al. . . . show that a group of individuals fell into four non-overlapping classes on the basis of their genetic characteristics and whether they spoke an Indo-European, Khoisan, Niger-Congo or Afro-Asiatic language. In other words, there is a general and telling statistical correlation between genetic and linguistic features, which reflects interesting and investigable parallelism rather than determinism. Genetic and linguistic commonality now therefore suggests ancestral identity at an earlier stage: as Barbujani . . . observes, 'Population admixture and linguistic assimilation should have weakened the correspondence between patterns of genetic and linguistic diversity. The fact that such patterns are, on the contrary, well correlated at the allele-frequency level . . . suggests that parallel linguistic and allele-frequency change were not the exception, but the rule.


McMahon and McMahon Ȥơȿͼط1ǤȤϤޤäҤ٤Ƥʤ0Ȥ櫓Ϥʤ⤤ͤȹͤΤʤΤǤϤʤȤۤɤΥ󥹤ϤǴְäƤʤȻפ־˸ͼפ¯⤿뤳Ȥ򲡤ǤξԸεȤȤ館ɬפ

McMahon, April and Robert McMahon. "Finding Families: Quantitative Methods in Language Classification." Transactions of the Philological Society 101 (2003): 7--55.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-12-31 Mon

#3535. ֤ͤʸפȤ⤢äƤ褤 [language_change][evolution][biology]

(ƽˡء֤⤷ʲΤդͤʤλŵ١ʹⶶŹ2016ǯˤʤɤΡäȴȴʪ򰷤äܤƤ褦ǶᡤФƤƵˤʤäΤǸ ɧʴƽˡڲ ˡؤͤ󡪡񤤤äʪ --- ̵ǰˤǤӤƤޤä ---١ʳҽǼҡ2018ǯˤǤ롥
ʤ餻ۤɤδ̯ʷ֤Υѥӥ˥䤬äƤϤäꤷʤǥȥɥ󡤱ͤʤΥޥʤɡɤƤ˿ʲΤȶ̣Ĥʤ120θʪ餷饹ȤȾФ륳ȤäƾҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
󥹥饤Ԥ֤ˡ (pp. 156--67) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤΤܤ

⤽ֿʲפȤϡɤΤ褦ʤΤʤΤǤ礦
ñ˸СϤΤǤ
ѲĶƼѤƤȡ
äȴñ˸СֿʲȤѲפǤˤϥݥƥ֤ʰ̣⡤ͥƥ֤ʰ̣⤢ޤ󡥤ñʡѲפʤΤǤ
ޤޤѲѤ뤳Ȥǡ̿¿ͲƤ֤áʤǡʪˤʤäΡפȤפ밦٤ʪ򤿤߽ФƤΤǤ


ʸϤϡʪפָפѤƤ⡤ۤܤΤޤ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥

⤽֡ʸΡ˿ʲפȤϡɤΤ褦ʤΤʤΤǤ礦
ñ˸СϤΤǤ
ѲĶƼѤƤȡ
äȴñ˸СֿʲȤѲפǤˤϥݥƥ֤ʰ̣⡤ͥƥ֤ʰ̣⤢ޤ󡥤ñʡѲפʤΤǤ
ޤޤѲѤ뤳Ȥǡ¿ͲƤ֤áʤǡʸդˤʤäΡפȤפ밦٤򤿤߽ФƤΤǤ


ѲĶƼѤƤפȤʬˤĤƤϡʸˡλҶײΩ줫ȿ佤ոФ뤫⤷ʤˤ᤹СΤޤǤ롥ѲϲʹѤȼʤѲǤꡤη̤Ȥ¿¿ͤʡȤ˶ðŪħİ٤줬ޤƤΤǤ롥
֤ͤʸפ̾ؤ顤üԤܤ줽Ρ֤ͤʡפʪξƱ褦мȤƤΰȷɰդΤäǤꡤषȿƤ롥ܸѸ⡤ȡ֤ͤʡʬϤΤޤΤΡ֤ͤܤ⤤ФƤȤ⤷ʤ̴ۤ롥
ѲβΩˤĤƤϡ#1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1])#2525. ָѲ롤ס ([2016-03-26-1])#2544. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ (3) ([2016-04-14-1])#3354. ָѲϥեǤס ([2018-07-03-1])#3529. Ͽ⤷ƤΤƤΤ ([2018-12-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ǹ ɧʴƽˡڲ ˡؤͤ󡪡񤤤äʪ --- ̵ǰˤǤӤƤޤä ---١ʳҽǼҡ2018ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-02-16 Fri

#3217. ɡ󥹤ȸѲ (3) [evolution][biology][language_change][semantic_change][bleaching][meme][lexicology]

2֤ε ([2018-02-14-1], [2018-02-15-1]) ³ɡ󥹤Ρܤλ׿͡٤ꡤʪʲȸѲˤĤƹͤ롥Ʊˤϡ֤ȤȤ˶ո줫鶯դƤ碌뿷ʶո줬ޤ븽ݡʤֶˡ§פȸƤ֤٤ꤢƤս꤬ (349--50) ֲַԡפ̣ñ star ˤޤĤ붯˿Ƥ롥

̸ˤϡͽŪDzʹѤʤ̣ŪʡʲΤ褦ʷõƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ợΥ졼Ȥǡʤ뤤̤γ٤餽򸫤СಽȤȤˤʤΥեɥХåξڵ򤬸줵ȤС֥פȤñϡޤäޤ̾DẓͥΤȤƻȤƤ줫餽ñϡDzǼоʪΰͤ餸뤯餤̤̣ͥ褦ಽäơޤ̾ȤȤΰ̣᤹ˡñϡ֥ѡפ˥졼ȤʤФʤʤäΤDz襹֥ѡפȤñߤʤʹȤʤ褦ͥˤޤǻȤΤǡ֥ᥬפؤΤʤ륨졼󤬤äƤޤǤϡ¿ФΡ֥ᥬפ뤬ʤȤ䤬ޤʹȤʤʪʤΤǡ֤󤽤Υ졼󤬤Ϥ⤦֥ϥѡפαʹȤˤʤΤȻ褦ΥեɥХåϡ֥աפȤñβͤ򤪤ȤƤޤä󡤤ñϥե󥹸Υաɡ奤̤Ƥꡤ˼Υդ뤤Ḷ́Ƥ롥ϥåեɼŵ˺ܤäƤ̣Ǥ롥ĤޤϿ˼ͤΥդʤϤȤ餯̤ݤĤ̾ΡˤΡ˥å䤫ΥϥС֤Ǥ⤬ʬΤȤ֥աפȸƤӽФη̡ޤǤϡ֥ĹפʤƱȿŪʸޤ路Фʹ褦ˤʤäƤ롥


ɡ󥹤ϡǡ֥פ֥աפΤȤȤΰ̣ߡ (meme) ȤƤȤ館ƤΤ⤷ʤʴϢơ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1])#3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1])ˡˤ衤Ѳ˲ʹѤޤʤȤǡɡ󥹤ŰƬŰ˥ȤǤ롥
դ˴ؤȤƤϡ#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])#2190. μޤäո ([2015-04-26-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ ͵ƣ ƣ ɥ ءˡ δʴƽˡܤλ׿͡϶١˼2004ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-03-1]

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2018-02-15 Thu

#3216. ɡ󥹤ȸѲ (2) [glottochronology][evolution][biology][language_change][comparative_linguistics][history_of_linguistics][speed_of_change][statistics]

ε ([2018-02-14-1]) ˰³ɡ󥹤Ρܤλ׿͡٤ǸˤĤƸڤƤսܤ롥ϡɡ󥹤ʬʬˤĤơʪξȤΰƱŦʤƤʬꤢ褦 (348--49)

ϲ餫η򼨤ʬʬƤ鲿ФĤˤĤơߤǤʤʤäƤޤΤǡ餫˿ʲȸ롥ʿΤ⤫¿硹ϡʲθΤγʹκ󶡤Ƥ롥ۤʤθϤ餫˻̤äƤꡤΤǰäƤñοˤäƤ餬ɤäƤ뤫Τ¬뤳ȤǤ褦ʪϡάʬʬؤʪȤؤ褯Ƥ롥ʬñο¬֤ΰ㤤ϡޥ¬֤εΥФƥվΥץåȤ줦롥վ˥ץåȤ줿ϤζŪˤɤʷ򤷤Ƥ뤫ˤäơ礫ءñˤȻƤ®٤ˤĤƲȤ狼Ϥñϥ̡ˤäưưȤɤΥƤ뤫ˤäƤ㤷ֳ֤ķӰܤäƤĤΤʤǤϡҤȤѰۤ򵯤ΤȤۤȤƱ褦ˤơñϰ®٤Ѳ롥⤷礬˳ΥƤСθϻ֤ФĤˤĤƲ餫οʲŪѲ򼨤ä¾θ줫ʤˤʬƤ᤯ˤɤϡ󤯤ˤɤ٤ơ̡ˤñθή®٤餫®ޤθϡΥ줿θ⿷̤äƤ롥ݤϡΤǴѻΥѥΤǤꡤȤϤȸХ㡼륺˥󥹥ԥ졼Ϳѥΰۤʤäˤե˴ؤ¤̩ܤʥʥΩġ礦ñ줬̡ˤä礫ķӰܤäƤ褦ˡҤĻΤˤä礫ķӰܤäƤ


ºݡʿΤ硹ν֤δطõΤˡŪʼˡѤ븦Ǥ롥ʿΤΥư²θƤ⡤Ȥ˿ŪʼˡŬѤƤʡ#1129. ĸʬϵ5800--7800ǯ ([2012-05-30-1]) 򻲾ȡˡSwadesh ˤǯؤ⡤ȽƤΤΡƶ̥ϤϴˤϼƤʤ褦˸ʡ#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) glottochronology γƵ򻲾ȡˡǯΥѥؤȯŸ䥳ԥ塼η׻Ϥθˤꡤ׳ (lexicostatistics) ȤʬäƤƤ롥ʪؤˡؤˤѤȤɡ󥹤ȯۤϡľǤ⤢뤷ºݤˤĤˡDZѤƤƤ⤤ΤǤ롥
Ϣơ⤦1սꡤɡ󥹤ƱǸʬʪʬˤʤ館Ƥս꤬롥ǤϡʬǤϤʤ礹뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥǡʪ㤹ȻŦƤ (412)

ʬǤϤʤäƤޤȤ⤢롥ѸϡϤ뤫ʬޥȥޥ󥹸λǤꡤäƤɤΤ褦ʳŪҤο޼ˤ⤭äޤäƤʤѸϤؤϤɤǸ򺹤ꡤʬŪ˽ʣꤹ뤳Ȥ狼ʪŪʬؤϡФˤΤ褦˸򺹤ꤷʤΥ٥ʾʪʲϤĤͤʬǤ롥


ʪˤϺϤʤȤĥʪʲˤơȤȸ˺˦äߥȥɥꥢΤƿ˺˦Ȥ붦⤬Ƥ뤳ȤդƤϽκӤ븽ݤ⤷ʤ

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ ͵ƣ ƣ ɥ ءˡ δʴƽˡܤλ׿͡϶١˼2004ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-03-1] [2018-02-16-1]

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2018-02-14 Wed

#3215. ɡ󥹤ȸѲ (1) [teleology][evolution][biology][language_change]

ɡ󥹤̾ܤλ׿͡١ʸ The Blind Watchmaker (1986)ˤϡʥͥ˥˥κDZνǤ롥ѲˤȤäʪοʲȸοʲѲȤɤޤͭȤϷŪʽäƤꡤⶽ̣šʤΤȤͭȸ³ζܤΤ񤷤
ɡ󥹤ξǽɤ뤫ꡤľܡܤ˱ѲǽʲսŦС3褦˻פ롥(1) Ū (teleology) θ(2) ʬʬࡤ(3) ̣ɺ򲽤ȸŪŶ (1) ŪˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɡ (24--25) ϡʪʲ̵Ūʤܤλ׿͡ˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥οʲѲˤĤƤ⡤ΤޤƤϤޤȹͤ롥

ͣλ׿ͤϡ̤ʤϤ餭ǤϤΤΡܤʪŪʽϤʤΤʪλ׿ͤθ̤äƤ롥ʤǾŪ򸫤ƻ֤Хͤǥ󤷡ߤˤɤȤ߹碌뤫פȤ̿ʤ¸ߤ뤫줬ʤŪäƤ褦˸뤫ΤȤơȯΤμϡܤΡռ⤿ʤưŪǤꡤŪäƤʤΤˤϿʤпʤ⤢ϤʤײʤС⡤̤⡤Ÿ˾ⲿʤ⤷λ׿ͤ餸ƤȸäƤ褤ʤ顤ܤλ׿ͤʤΤ


Ѳ⡤θüԤôäƤˤϰ㤤ʤüԤα餸ȤϤޤ̵ŪΡܤλ׿͡פǤȹͤ롥ΤˡüԤϤλκΥߥ˥Τ˻׹ͤդӡºݤȯƤ뤫⤷ʤϤ̤ʤΤˤ줬뤹뤫⤷ʤѲˤĤơǤˤʳüԤǤȤϻפʤѲϤΤ褦ͽꤵƤΤǤϤʤΰ̣ˤ̵ŪǤꡤܤʤΤǤ롥ϡġüԤϡܤλ׿͡פ餸Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤŪˡֻ׿͡פݤܤλ׿͡פݤˤʤΤ
ѲˤŪ˴ؤˤĤƤϡteleology γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ ͵ƣ ƣ ɥ ءˡ δʴƽˡܤλ׿͡϶١˼2004ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-19 Fri

#3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) [anthropology][biology][meme][teleology]

ε ([2018-01-18-1]) ˰³ɡ󥹤ΥߡˤĤơεǸߡªƳդ٤ϡŪ (teleology) ϰڴޤޤƤʤȤɡ󥹤ŪȷӤĤΤϡŪʰҡ (selfish genes) ȤɤФаƤǤ롥Ʊ˱Ѥˤ⡤ˤϵĤƤʤФʤʤɡ󥹤ⲿ٤ȤʤǰƤ뤬ߡ˴ؤս꤫Ѥ褦 (303--04)

ߡȰҤäĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦ܽΤ̤ƻϡҤ򡤰ռŪָŪ¸ߤȹͤƤϤʤʤȶĴƤҤϡŪʼΤϤ餭ˤäơŪäƹư¸ߤǤ뤫Τ褦˻ΩƤƤ롥ǡȤФȤΩ줫ϡŪռˤɽҤƤϤƤޤäۤȤ櫓äȤСְҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬΥԡο䤽ϤƤפɽ硤ºݤΰ̣ϡ֤줬ˤƤθ̤ܤˤ뤳ȤǤҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬοŪä뤳ȤΤǤ褦ʵư򼨤ҤפȤȤʤΤʤ¸ΤŪָŪˤϤ餯ǽưŪ¸ߤȤưҤͤ뤳ȤäΤȤޤäƱͤˡߡ˴ؤƤƱ褦˹ͤʤΤǤϤޤξ⡤ɽŪ˲ᤵƤϺ롥ŪδǰϤˤƤñʤȤˤʤΤҤξˤȤɤʤͭѤäϤǤ˸ȤǤ롥ϡ줬ñʤȤǤ뤳ȤʬΤǡҤФơŪʡפȤֻǦʡפȤƻ򤵤ѤۤɤǤ롥ξȤޤäƱǡŪʥߡǦʥߡʪ뤳ȤǤ


ɡ󥹤ϺǸμˡYes Ƥ롥ߡϰռ踫ǽϤ⤿ʤʣҤǤꡤޤŪŪ¸ߤǤ롥äơߡȤƤθꤹʤСޤŪŪ˿񤦤ȿ¬롥
Ѳˤ teleology ˤĤƤϡ#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])#1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1])#2525. ָѲ롤ס ([2016-03-26-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2837. ˤȸˤŪ ([2017-02-01-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ󡦱 ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-22-1] [2018-02-16-1]

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2018-01-18 Thu

#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) [anthropology][biology][meme][teleology]

ʪѤ˳̿򵯤㡼ɡɡ󥹤ΡŪʰҡ (1976ǯˤϡʪˤ (gene) бΤʹ֤ʸˤ¸ߤȤơʸʳؤˤ⶯ʥѥȤͿƤʸκǤΤǤ뤫顤ɡ󥹤ϸѤˤƶڤܤƤ롥ºݡɡ󥹤ˤϸˤĤƿƤս꤬ (291--92)

ʹ֤ᤰðϡʸפȤĤΤȤФˤۤǤ롥󡤻ϡΤȤФ¯Ūʰ̣ǤϤʤʳؼԤѤ뤵ΰ̣ǻѤƤΤŪˤݼŪǤʤ顤οʲǡʸŪãϰŪãƤ롥ե꡼硼ϡϢʤ³ۤɤαѹͤΩȤơѹͤȷӤĤäƤ롥ΩȤʤäƤ뤽줾ο͡ϡȶο͡Ȥ顤©ҤƤä򤹤Τ褦˸ߤäǤϤ硼ȸѹͤȤδ֤Dzä򤹤ΤԲǽˤʤϡŪʼʤˤäơֿʲפ褦˻פ졤⡤®٤ϡŪʲʤ®ΤǤ롥


ɡ󥹤ϡȤ뤳Τ褦ʸˤŪʼʣҤߡ (meme) ̾դɡ󥹤ꡤ̾դ˴ؤפʲսѤ褦 (10)

ιͤȤǤϡμʣҤǶޤˤо줷ƤΤǤ롥䤿ϤȸɡĤ碌ƤΤϤޤ̤ȯãʾ֤ˤꡤȤƤθϥפԴѤɺäƤ롥ǤˤϤʤ®٤ǿʲŪѲãƤꡤҤȤŻμʣҤϤϤ뤫٤ƤǤ뤢ꤵޤǤ롥
оΥפϡʹ֤ʸȤפǤ롥оμʣҤˤ̾ɬפʸãñ̡뤤ñ̤Ȥǰ̾Ǥ롥륮ꥷθ캬Ȥ <mimeme> ȤȤˤʤ뤬ΤۤΤ <ʰҡ> ȤȤФȯλƤññǡΥꥷθ캬 <ߡ (meme)> Ƚ̤ƤޤȤˤ롥ͧͤθŵؼԽˤϸ洲Ƥ𤦼⤷֤᤬ȤСߡȤñ < (memory)>뤤Ϥե󥹸 <même> Ȥñ˳ݤ뤳ȤǤȤȤʤñϡ֥꡼פƱƧޤȯƤ


ʤ¾ʸݤ˰ҤƱŪˡʤŪŪˡ˼ʣƿʲΤȤ櫓ơҤʪҵ餷Ƥ褦ˡȤߡüԤǤʹ֤ߡൡ餷ƤȤȤˤʤȡϳΤ˿˾夫ʤƤߡȤäƤ褵

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ󡦱 ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ

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