01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 OED ĤƤ֥ˡTwentieth century English --- an overview ꤹ뵭롥20αѸΤ줿ɾȤʤäƤꡤɤǤ
Τʤ1 "Lexis: dreadnought and PEP talk" ǡ20αѸθȯͻҤŪʿȤȤ˵ҤƤ롥
The Oxford English Dictionary records about 185,000 new words, and new meanings of old words, that came into the English language between 1900 and 1999. That leaves out of account the so-called lexical 'dark matter', words not common enough to catch the lexicographers' attention or, if they did, to compel inclusion, words perhaps that were never even committed to paper (or any other recording medium). Even so, those 185,000 on their own represent a 25 per cent growth in English vocabulary over the century --- making it the period of most vigorous expansion since that of the late-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
20ʸ̩ˤ1900--1999ǯˤˡOED ˺Ѥ줿Τ˸¤äƤ185οʵˤääȤΤϡ䤹ȯ֤Ǥ롥ѤθȾǿƤ̤ꡤλǤСθȯ1600ǯαѹͥˤߤ줿#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ǸȤꡤGörlach (136) "The EModE period (especially 1530--1660) exhibits the fastest growth of the vocabulary in the history of the English language, in absolute figures as well as in proportion to the total." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
2017ǤϼҲξѲ®٤礭ۤʤΤǡñ˿ǤӤǤʤ20ϡʤƤޤФȤäƤ褤21⤪餯˱ѸθȯεϿɤؤ뤤ɤؤĤĤȤäƤ褤
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
رμȤɸˤĤƵȤ롥ޤϸĿͤ˹˱ѸˤΥɡե졼ѸʣƤ餤˳ɼǤ͵Τ륭ɤȤñͷӤǤ롥ߤδؿνߤ狼äƤ⤷ѸˤܼͤɥꥹȤǤ뤫⤷ʤѸ˳ιֵײ褷ꡤ̻ˤȤˤ⡤Ĥγ˿Ūʥɤ
MURAL Ȥ饤λХġѤƼºݤ˹ԤʤäƤߤ顤ȤƤ⤪⤷ɥꥹȤǤä̤֤10ĤޤǵƤߤ褦
Norman Conquest
semantic change
spelling-pronunciation gap
Great Vowel Shift
standardisation
World Englishes
Grimm's Law
Old Norse
loss of grammatical gender
inkhorn terms
ʤۤɡѸˤŤߤˤ褦Ȼפä顤10Υɤ濴˿Ǥ⡤ޤԤʵƤ1ͤƬ10ĽФƤʤСϤǤΰӤ̤ΥꥹȤǤäƤΤȻפ뤬餯ǽФΥꥹȤΤۤͥƤ뤷⤷ΤǤϤʤ¿ͤʻ̣줿ǤФ줷ɤ
ñͭסĤ⤷¸äϢơ#4084. ѸˤΤɬפʥߥ˥ޥʸŪμ ([2020-07-02-1]) ⻲ȡ

hellog 饸20ȤʤޤѤʵȤ⡤äȶä⤷츻Ǥֵҿ͡פ̣ guest ȡּ͡פ̣ host ϡʤȿո (antonym) ǤʤƱ츻ʤΤǤ2Ÿ (doublet) ȤޤˡԻĤˤĤơ4ǯȤѸεˤΤͤǤĸ (Proto-Indo-European) λˤޤ̤äƲ⤷ޤʲβɤ
2Ĥαñ夲ˤޤظˤϤ褽5ǯˤ錄ˤäΤǤо줹⡤ĸ˻Ϥޤꡤƥ졤ե졤ޥĸ졤ťΥɸ̲ˡƱѸ¿̤Ǥ
츻ؤ˸ؤ̥ϤϡΤ褦˲Ǥʤ褦ˤߤñظˤƤ뤳ȤǤƱ츻줫顤Ĺˤ錄벻Ѳ̣Ѳ̤ơ츫ȴطΤʤ¿ñ줬Ť뼰ƤȤ¤⡤ʤȤⶽ̣ȤǤˤĤơܤ##170,171,1723,1724εå
OED ǤϸűѸñϤɤΤ褦˰Ƥ뤫դϡOED Online Old English in the OED ̤Τ뤳ȤǤ롥
OED ϡ§Ȥ1150ǯĶƻĤʤäűѸñϼ갷ʤƤ롥Ū§Ӥ OED ȤƤϡΤ褦˽ñäȤñǤȤǧƤϤƱԻĹˤ餫ˤǤꡤ The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) ԻǤ뤳Ȥ顤ŪȤƤΤ褦ʸ§ΩƤƤΤǤ⡤1150ǯʸڤ졤ζǯӤ7500ۤɤθűѸñ줬ϿƤȤ¤ϻŦƤ
űѸλʬˤĤƤ⡤ OED Ǥ3ʬȤˤƤ롥'early OE' (600--950), 'OE' (950--1100), and 'late OE' (1100--1150) 3Ǥ롥礿űѸ200ΤۤȤɤ 'OE' (950--1100) ͳ褷ǾڵФ꤬뤳Ȥפʤʤ 'early OE' (600--950) °Τ20̤ˡ3ʬƤϤ뤬Ǥ뤫ؽŪˡǤꡤǯνǯεҤˤͭѤƤ롥
#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ʤɤεǸƤ褦ˡѸˤϰճ¿ܸñ줬Ǥ롥ξܿ16ʹߤΤȤǤ (cf. #4131. ꥹˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1]))ܸñμѤϱѸˤδ餹ŪݤȤϤ뤬¸ߴƤȤäƤ褤ΤȤϡ#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1])#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1]) ʤɤǤƤ
OED Online ˤϡ͡ʥѥˤꡤɤλˤɤΤ餤ñ줬Ѹä˲ääвƤ "Timelines" Ȥʵǽ롥ȤСܸ줬츻Ǥñפꤹȡܸ줫μѸ줬֤ġס֤ɤΤ餤ױѸήΤ¨¤˥ղƤ롥η̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

ȤƤ19ȾȯŪϤᡤ˻뤳Ȥ狼롥19ȾȤС椬ƤޤνȤǻ̩ܿϤݿλǤ롥
դåȡñΥꥹȤ롥ޤǴñǥղƤȤˤʤäʤ
hellog 饸19ϡΡ#4135. ʤ one ϡ֥פȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-08-22-1]) ³ƿ (numeral) Ǥ one ֻΤɤˤ <w> ʤΤȯˤ /w/ 롤ȤݤǤϤԿŦȻפޤtwo ֻ <w> Τȯˤ /w/ ФƤʤΤǤѸ줬̯ʸǤ뤫褯狼뤫Ȼפޤ
ˤŪطʤޤǤϡβɤ

two δϢ /w/ θ첻³ twelve, twenty, twin, twain ǤϤä /w/ ȯΤǤޤ첻³ two ˤĤƤϡ첻 /w/ ȤβŪħƤ뤿ˡˤβ /w/ æƤޤäȤȤǤæѸˤϤǤ˻ϤޤäƤ褦Ǥ
Τ褦ȯϤɤɤѤäƤΤǤֻϤѲΥԡɤդƤŤȯɽ路֤˿֤뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤѸˤֻȯЪΥȾϡȯѤäɤ⡤ֻΤξ֤˼ĤƤײη̤ȤǤޤ
ˤĤơܤ##184,1324,51,3630εå
ѸûˤˤơեѸήΥԡѸˤäȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ΤȤϡ#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1]) ʤɤΥդСưפǤ
OED Ƥ Middle English: an overview "Borrowing from Latin and/or French" ɤǤȤȴϢƶŪʿƤΤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ
By 1500, over 40 per cent of all of the words that English has borrowed from French had made a first appearance in the language, including a very high proportion of those French words which have come to play a central part in the vocabulary of modern English. By contrast, the greatest peak of borrowing from Latin was still to come, in the early modern period; by 1500, under 20 per cent of the Latin borrowings found in modern English had yet entered the language.
եѸήΥԡѸǤꡤƥѸΥԡ϶ѸäȤˤĤƤλŦϤ̤ܤΤϡѤκǽ˵Ƥ40%ȤǤ롥ѸäˤեѸΤ40%ѸμѤǤꡤ⸽ߤŪʸäȤƳƤȤСλ˼Ѥ줿եñϡųʤ⸽ߤ˻ޤͭݤ³ƤΤ¿ȤȤǤ롥¸Ψ⤤ȸäƤ褤
ФƥѸλ¸Ψϡǰʤɽ蘆ƤʤեΤ⤺ä㤤ȹͤ롥ԤǤʤ顤ߤޤǻĤäƤʤʤ뤤ϾʤȤͭѤʸȤƻĤäƤʤˤΤ¿ΤǤcf. #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])ˡѸˤˤơΥեȥƥθŪƶκۤ϶̣
ȴϢơ#3180. ˹ٸ̤ƤեƥѸ ([2018-01-10-1])#2667. Chaucer Ѥä10--15%եѸ ([2016-08-15-1])#2283. Shakespeare ΥƥѸäλ¸Ψ ([2015-07-28-1]) ʤɤ⻲Ȥ줿
ɤѤƤեѼȸƤ֤٤ȤˤϡĹ餯ƬǺޤƤѸˤǤ⡤ѼˤĤƤФиڤ뵡뤫ܥ֥εդƤ륿ȤƤ (anglo-norman) ѤƤʸǤ Anglo-French θƾΤ⼫ͳ˻ȤäƤ
ε#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤1 Middle English: an overview ɤǤȤ"A multilingual context" ꤹΤȤɸؤθڤĤ
What to call the French used in Britain in this period is a difficult scholarly question. Traditionally the term 'Anglo-Norman' has been used, notably in the title of The Anglo-Norman Dictionary. In fact, the present-day editors of that dictionary note that in many ways 'Anglo-French' is a more appropriate term, since it better reflects the wide variety of inputs shown by the French used in medieval Britain. OED3 retains the term 'Anglo-Norman' largely to maintain consistency with the title of The Anglo-Norman Dictionary.
Ѥ̤ꡤOED ˤȤƤϴ¸ The Anglo-Norman Dictionary θƾΤȰפ Anglo-Norman ѤȤȤΤ褦⿴ΤȤѼؤΥץåȤ Norman French ˸¤ʤȤ顤äȹ Anglo-French ȸƤŬڤȤϹͤƤ餷
ľ OED θäƤߤ褦ޤ Anglo-Norman "The variety of the French language spoken and written in medieval England after the Norman Conquest." Ȥ롥̾̾ȤƤ1818ǯƻȤƤ1735ǯ˽ФƤ뤬ޤǶˤʤäƤθƾΤǤ롥
Anglo-French äƤߤȡ"The variety of the French language spoken and written in medieval England." Ȥ롥ۤȤȰ㤤ʤ̾̾ȤƤ1862ǯƻȤ1884ǯ˽ФƤ롥Τˡνפä
Anglo-French developed after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and remained current in some functions until the mid 15th cent. The term 'Anglo-Norman' has traditionally been used in the same meaning (cf. Anglo-Norman n. 2), but 'Anglo-French' is preferred by many scholars since this variety was not solely based on Norman French. French in later legal use is normally distinguished as Law French (see law-French n. at law n.1 Compounds 3).
Ϥ OED ⿴ Anglo-French θƤ̾ΤۤäƤ褦˻פ롥Law French Ȥ̤λΤռƤ (cf. law_french) ̾ϡ˼ҲŪȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿#3558. ȸ̾ε ([2019-01-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ȯ䤵줿رѸ춵9ˡѸˤζرѸˤؤӱѸؤ --- ѸθߤȲá١ʹⶶ Ѹˡҡˤ˴ؤɾǺܤޤ

ɾܽɤѸ˱齬פɽޤºݡɤǤߤؤαѸ˱齬μ˻äƤ뤫Τ褦ʺФ˴٤ޤȾIϱѸ̻ˤȤ٤ݤǡäɤळȤǤޤϤȤOEDβ⤬ܤƤꡤOED˿ȤؽԤˤͭѤǤ
ȾIIϡѸνŪˤߤȤݤƤǡȤ櫓1718ϤԤĴǧθؤλεҤǡʸˡѲỌ̇̄Ѳ꤬夲Ƥޤ
ƾˤΤ褯ޤȤ줿פդƤΤݥȤǤΡפΤߤɤǤȤؽˡ⤢Ȼפޤ
ŪˡפѸȤ֤ŤνǤλʸˤϤ褯Ф줿¤ǤΤǡŤ뼰ɽƤȤ褤Ȼפޤ
ⶶ ѸرѸˤؤӱѸؤ --- ѸθߤȲá١ҡ2020ǯ
δ졡ֽɾⶶ ѸرѸˤؤӱѸؤ --- ѸθߤȲá١ʳҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2020ǯ9桤2020ǯ93--94ǡ
hellog 饸18ϡʤ <w> ֤Τʤ one /wʌn/ ȯΤǤȤѤʵǤѸֻȯδطϥ㥯ȸޤone ۤɤδܸǤ줬ѻȤȤϡϤꤿǤϤޤ⡤ź <w> ʸʤ /w/ ȯñʤ¾˻פĤޤäȤҤɤñȤȤˤʤޤǤϡŪطʤƤߤޤ礦
<one> = /wʌn/ ϡ鸽Ūʴ鶦ŪäƤ褷ޤѸȯȤθΥڥɸಽβͳ褹롤ŪǤϤΤ褦ˡޤäŪ¸ߤʤΤǤ
ϳΤηϤȤƤ¦̤ޤ餳ؤΩäƤΤǤ줬٤ƤǤϤޤħΤʤˤϡ夫Ѥ졤ɬ⸽Ū˺Ԥ줿ηϤˤŬΤޤĤäƤΤ⤢ޤθˤϡꤷħʬŪȿǤƤޤϡ头ȤˤäȥХȥ졼֤Ƥ̻Ū¸ߤʤΤǤ
/aːn/ one ȤδϢˤˤβǴĶ˱ /oʊn/, /wʌn/, /ən/, /ə/ ʤɤȯŸ餬ߤȤƶ¸ƤΤǤ
ˤȾʬŪޤ⤦ȾʬˤεǤǤȤϤäǤʤȤˤεȤƼ롥Ϥ줯餤δˤΤʤΤȻפޤ
ȴϢơ##86,89,3573,831,2723,3551εå
Ѹɮˤ (minim) ΥڥβɤˤθǤ뤳Ȥϡʲε͡˼夲Ƥ
#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])
#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])
#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])
#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1])
#3607. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (3) ([2019-03-13-1])
#3608. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (4) ([2019-03-14-1])
#3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1])
<i> ѸޤǤϥɥåȤʤ <<ı>> Ƚ줿ơ<m, n, u, v> ƱɥåȤʤ <<ı>> ʣȤ߹碌ˤʿؤΡϤפʤäȤ<<ııı>> ϡ<iii>, <in>, <ni>, <ui>, <iu>, <m> Τɤߤ⤢ΤǤ롥
ʤȤˡѸˤ͡ʽ䵤Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤäɥåȤդ <<i>> ꡤ˥եåդ <<j>> 줿ꡤ<<u>> <<v>> ʬʤɡʤ˴ĥäϤ롥
ˤΤ褦ʲ֤ʤäɤʤäƤνѸ minim ȸƤФ뤬ñʤɤϡı 10³ ıııııııııı ֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤˡˤϹޤȤäƤ褤
Ϲޤʤɡޤ䤵⤷ɥåȤʤ ı 䡤Ȥ߹碌 <m, n, u, v> ³Ƥ顤ѸνդϡˤऴɡιȲƤ̣̤ܰǡֽ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤϤñ졤5פõäƤߤ
5̡ʥ4̡ˤϡı 14³ aluminium mumming Ǥ롥ơ alıııııııııııııı, ııııııııııııııg ȤʤꡤۤȤʬʤ줾Ƭ <al> <g> ᤷۤɤ˰
3̤ϡminimum Ǥ15Ϣ³ˡԴѤʤ뤫 ıııııııııııııııΤߤǹñȤΩƤʤСʸʤΥȥۥǤ롥
ơɤ1̡ʥ2̡ˤϡunmummied unimmunized Ǥ16Ϣ³ˡ줾 ııııııııııııııııed, ıııııııııııııııızed Ȥʤʢʤɤ뤫ˡ
ͥȤƶ˺줿ñʤΤǤϤʤäơΤ unimmunized Ϥ˾ε뤬unmummied ˴ؤƤϡʤȤϤʤBNCweb COCA ǤϥҥåȤʤΤΡOED Ǥʸ3ĵ롥
1822 Ld. Byron Vision of Judgm. xi As the mere million's base unmummied clay.
1911 E. A. W. Budge Osiris & Egyptian Resurrection II. 43 An unmummied man lying on a bier.
2011 H. W. Strachan Finding Path 63 Unmummied kings disintegrating midst decaying leaves
ϡΥХ (1788--1824) 顥ˤϡӤ줿Ƕޤ֥ߥ鲽ƤʤפȥåפȤʤʬäȤϡ
OED ΥȤˤʤѸˤ˴ؤܤǤ롥äɤȤϤʤäΤзۤɽФƤѸˤΥƥĤˤOED ĤƤ֥ꡤѸ˳Ȥ٤ʲ˵Ƥ
OED 餷ûˤ濴ȤʤäƤΤϤԻδؿ¸ʬȿǤ줿ˡʱѸˤȤʤäƤꡤ¤ɤ߱롥Ȥ櫓ŤαѸ evidence manuscript dating ˴ؤʤɤϽȤۤʤ㤨 Middle English: an overview "Our surviving documents" ʤɤȡˡޤȤʤ20αѸɾʤɤϡαѸͤɬɤǤϤʤ
ʲäɤǤ館ФȻפޤ
Old English --- an overview
- Historical background
- Some distinguishing features of Old English
- The beginning of Old English
- The end of Old English
- Old English dialects
- Old English verbs
- Derivational relationships and sound changes
- cf. Old English in the OED
Middle English: an overview
- Historical period
- The most important linguistic developments
- A multilingual context
- Borrowing from early Scandinavian
- Borrowing from Latin and/or French
- Pronunciation
- A period characterized by variation
- Our surviving documents
Early modern English --- an overview
- Boundaries of time and place
- Variations in English
- Attitudes to English
- Vocabulary expansion
- 'Inkhorn' versus purism
- Archaism and rhetoric
- Regulation and spelling reform
- Fresh perspectives: Old English and new science
Nineteenth century English: an overview
- Communications and contact
- Local and global English
- Recording the language
- A changing language: grammar and new words
- The science of language
Twentieth century English: an overview
- Circles of English
- Convergence: the birth of cool
- Restrictions on language
- Lexis: dreadnought and PEP talk
- Modern English usages
hellog 饸17ϡ괧 the ȯ˴ؤǤ̤ the θ첻³ˤ [ði ˈæpl] Τ褦ȯ졤[ðə ˈæpl] ȤȯʤȽޤȯΤ䤹ȤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ㴳ε䤬ޤԤȯˤΤǤ礦ȤƤäʤ褦˻פΤǤºݡĴ٤ƤߤȸαѸüԤǤ [ðə ˈæpl] ȯ륱ʤΤǤ
Ǥϡʤ [ði ˈæpl] ŪȯȤƤΤǤ礦ʲβޤİ
ήǤƤСѸˤ̤ä th'apple, th'orange ʤɤ elision ȯѤƤޤ˵ϼŪʸѤΤȤ the apple ʤ⤽ȯñζܤȤΤˤʤ褦 [ði ˈæpl]ˤʷפȤơֿͰŪ줿פΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤȯˤ貿ˤ衤ټȯãǴάά줿ΤƤӤȤʣĹȤΤϡQǤϹͤˤǤˤϵŪŪͰŪȸƤӤŪϤƯȻפޤ嵭ϤޤDzǤͤޤǤˡ
ȴϢơ##906,907,2236εåɤߤ
ε#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ƱƥĤۤʤ٤įƤߤThe OED in two minutes ǸƤѸûϿΥƥĤǤ롥
ѸλϤޤȤʤ1150ǯ1ǯȤ˻֤ʤƤȡФ餯ư衼å˸¤ƤꡤƤ⤷ʤΤ15ȾˤʤäƤ̥եꥫʤɤ˻ȯŪƤ롥ơ16ȾˤʤȿΦ䥤̤ˤݥĥݥĤƤơܤо줷Ƥ롥ξ1718ˤƵǤϤʤʤäƤ롥ܤ٤ưФƤΤϡ18ȾΥ˥ʿΡեꥫȤäȾ濴ȤϰǤ롥19ȥեꥫޤιǤ褦ˤʤꡤƱȾˤꥫä롥20Ϥޤ˥ХǤ롥
¤ˤ⤷Ʊˡ¤˶16Ⱦ19ޤǤλȤ˴ؤ뤫ꡤΤޤޥꥹפûˤδѥե졼ƥĤ˸Ƥľܡܤ˥ꥹλ۸εڤڤɤĤ֤ˤϿޤϡַŪʡϿޤȤƸƤ뤷̣ʬ䤹Τ褦ʡָûŪʡϿޤ¿쾯ʤפȤΤϡȤ̣ơԤϿޤOED ȤѸʸؤοȤ٤ؽŪʪѤƺƤ뤳ȡޤμ켫ȤκǤ19ȾФδλʪǤ뤳ȤפФȤ̣ʾˡΤΤʤ롥
OED ϳؽŪʸŪ˰ζȤθġǤꡤǻޤ뤳ȤǤʤλ¤ǧĤġ켫Τ˫ȾФˤλʪǤ뤳ȤϴΤäƤϢưʲε⻲ȡ
#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])
#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])
#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])
#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1])
#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1])
The OED in two minutes ˡѸλϤޤ1150ǯ2010ǯޤǤαѸʼѡ˸ûˤϿǻвƥȤǼƥĤɽƤ롥ƥġ¤ˤߤȤ˱Ѹä¿ͲȳˤɽƤꡤ⤤ʰ̣ǹͤ롥ɤ

Ͽޤβˤ뿧դӤϡѸˤ老Ȥȡ٤ɽ路ƤظѤƤǡ١ Google Ngrams 1970--2008ǯʬȤˡ2010ǯߤϿޤ˼פߤƤߤȡȡ٤ˤơޥϤθáӡˤ49%ѸǤ˴Ťʣʤɡӡˤ26%ʤΤǡޤǤΤ3/4Ǥ롥ޥϤθáӡˤ18%ƥ줬7%Ƥ¾0.2%ѸˤǤϸäˤϼѤˤǤȤΤ֤ȡ٤ǹͤ¤ꡤߤǤѸθäϰŪ˥ʤ뤤ϥޥŪǤȤäƤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥λ¤ˤĤƤϡ#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) ȡĥäεȡ
Ͽǯ˽ŤʤäƤ볥ΥХ֥ϡ٤¿ñ줬ääǯۤ礭ʤꡤ٤ľñ줬ääˤʤǯˤϾʤ롥17̤Ū礭äХ֥뤬18ˤƤܤǤͻҤⶽ̣ (cf. #2995. Augustan Age θŪݼ ([2017-07-09-1])#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1])#4070. 18θŪ¤Τʤ ([2020-06-18-1]))
Ѹʸá˻ˤŤߤˤϡΤ褦ʥȤλХƥĤϤȯ롥
OED ȯ륳ʴϢϿεĤɤýȤʸȤäƤ褤ι⤵Ǥ롥ˤ褳ۤɥåĥꥢ륿μҲŪͤϡޤ긫ȤʤɤǤȶ줷ʤ뤫⤷ʤΤաʲĤפʵԥååפ롥
(1) New words list July 2020: 7οʵˤΰ
(2) Social change and linguistic change: the language of Covid-19: ܲΥʲҤΤߤʤ餺Ūʱ¡1417衼åѤλҤޤˤͳ褹äŪ⤹Ф餷夲ƤñȡCovid-19, WFH, elf-isolation, self-isolating, infodemic, shelter-in-place, social distancing, elbow bump, WFH, PPE, personal protective equipment, pestilence, pest, pox, pock, smallpox, epidemic, Black Plague, Black Death, self-quarantined, yellow fever, Spanish influenza, Spanish flu, poliomyelitis, polio, AIDS, SARS, coronaviruses Ȥʤ롥
(3) July 2020 update: scientific terminology of Covid-19: Ȥ櫓ʴϢΰŪʳŪѸ줬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ʳŪ¤餫ˤʤˤĤѤäƤȤޤ˸߿ʹԷǤ롥ʥ륹̣ Covid, C-19, CV-19, CV, corona ʤ͡ˤ뤳ȡܲ⤦1Ĥξά rona ꥫѸ䥪ȥꥢѸǥȥɤˤʤäƤƤȤ夲Ƥ (cf. #1102. Zipf's law ȸοա ([2012-05-03-1])) ʤCovid-19, n. ΤǶ줿褦
(4) Using corpora to track the language of Covid-19: update 2: ѥѤǯ46ˤƤΥȥɥɤĴҲ𤵤Ƥ롥ȥɥɤΥꥹȤϡޤˤλǤФƤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥ۤڼ¤ñꥹȤϸȤʤҲȸζä٤طĤ줿롥
ꥹѸǤ Covid-19 ֻꥫѸǤ COVID-19 ֻ¿Ȥ̤ⶽ̣6ΥꥹȤˤϡʴϢʶ "Black Lives Matter" ˴ؤ racism, injustice, police brutality, defund, Confederate statues ʤɤ⸽롥ʰ̣Ǥ©ФƤޤꥹȤǤ롥

hellog 饸16ϡ¿αѸؽԤֽؼԤκ餺äȵˤʤäƤפȤĤ֤䤯ѤʵǤܸǤϡַפȡפζ̤Ϥܾۤ˽פǤѸǤξԤ brother 1ˤޤȤᤢΤ̤ǤΤ˱Ѹˤ elder brother younger brother ʤɤɽϤޤǯξ岼ȤʤüʾѤüɽȤ٤ǡϤǥեȤɽ brother Ǥ礦ʤѸ֤ˤϡñΰ̣μϰϤˤĤơΤ褦ʿ㤤ߤΤǤ礦Ǥϡβɤ
üŪˤСƸʤѡˤˤȼΡָפȤȤǤܸʸˤǯξ岼طŻ뤹ȯۤäƤ־岼طפȤʤäƤޤѸʸˤǤϡ־岼طפϸǤϤޤܸˤߤ岼طȤϡŪʼʸ餦Ȥ礭ȻפޤƸμˤϡФʸŪطʤؤäƤޤ
֤ñΰ̣μϰϤۤʤäƤΤ٤ƤʸŪطʤ뤳ȤϤǤޤʸŪطʤˤ°פϡʸͥˤȯŸ䤹դɬפȻפäƤޤѸ줫ñ夲ơΰ̣ΰ㤤ܸʸȱѸʸоȤ°פ뤳ȤˤϿŤǤ٤ȹͤޤְñʸפˤդǤ
Ѥʵϡ (linguistic_relativism) 䥵ԥᥦդβ
(sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ʤɤθ礭䤤˷ҤäƤޤϢơ##3779,1868,1894,2711,1337εåɤߤ
ܥ֥ǡ6Ⱦˡ#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1])#4061. sprite spright ([2020-06-09-1])#4062. ƥ spirare ©ˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2020-06-10-1]) ε⤽ο OED3 ԽԤμˤ spirit ιܤ˴ؤ֥ That's the spirit: revising 'spirit', n. for OED3 åפƤ
spirit ϡΤΤʤĶŪʻؼоݤ¿Ǥꡤʸ˾פǡĻ٤⤤ñʤΤǡOED ΤʤǤ礭ΥȥȤʤäƤ롥ԽԤȤƤϡΤ褦¿˴ؤƸνˤ뤫ȤΤȤʤ롥Ȥ櫓ñξˤϡ¿ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡѸˤˤȤɤޤäƤ¤ꡤʣθֽȤȤޤ̣ʤʤΤºݡ͡ʸ14 Wycliffe αˤƽФƤ롥Ū§פ OED ΥݥꥷȤơ¿̻Ū˴طŤΤϤޤޤ OED ⤽ΥեˤƥˤˤޤǿƧ߹ळȤϤʤΤǡνϤʤǺޤä褦ǤʸᤷʤƸʬꡤʤ٤ŪʽܻؤƻԺʤɡޤޤԽϤͻҤε֤Ƥ롥
ۤˡǤǤ spirit ιΤȤǰƤ Holy Spirit ǤǤΩθФȤΩƤ줿ȤʸŪʰյˤƽפʲԤȤ٤
OED Τ褦ʡޤ philology ܤΤԽԤο͵ܤˤΤ褦ɸ崶εäOED ζҤƤϼԻˤޤĤϫ褯ʬ뵭Ǥ롥ᡥ
#3507. NURSE Merger ([2018-12-03-1])#4068. Ѹ -ir, -er, -ur ͻβŪᥫ˥ ([2020-06-16-1]) εǡr ֤첻Ūͻ礷ƤܤѸβѲȤǤ Dobson (724) "No consonant exercises greater or more varied influence on the development of the words in ME and ModE than r." ȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ˾夭ƱƶϤ礭ʲѲǤ롥
βѲˤĤ Hickey ʸɤൡäޤȤƤͭפʤΤǡβսѤ褦 (99--100)
The BIRD-TERM-NURSE merger
For his discussion of short vowel centralisation before /r/ Dobson discusses /ɛ/, /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ separately and in that order. However, he sees the development of all three vowels as similar and as having taken place in the early seventeenth century, in "Standard English", though earlier "in the dialects" (Dobson 1968, 746). The centralisation took place "because of the influence of the following r to the central vowel [ə]". He continues to state that "[t]he reason for the retraction was to anticipate the pronunciation of the r, for [ə] is a vowel closely allied to the ModE [r]". Lass (2006, 91) sees the centralisation for all three ME vowels as having taken place somewhat later and mentions Nares (1794) as the first writer to say that "vergin, virgin and vurgin would be pronounced alike".
Dobson (1968, 746) states that the schwa vowel "must have been of approximately the same quality as PresE [ə] which later develops from it when the r is vocalized to [ə]". There is an important conclusion from these remarks, namely that centralisation presupposes the existence of a following /r/ so that the loss of rhoticity must be dated after the centralisation. Confirmation of this is found from prescriptive authors of the eighteenth century. For instance, John Walker in his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of 1791 has 'bu2rd' for bird, his u2 represents schwa (in his principle 172 he states that the vowel value is the same as that in done, son). Walker also transcribes bird with "r" but we know that he favoured the retention of non-prevocalic /r/ even though he recognised that it was rapidly losing ground during his lifetime.
NURSE Merger ΥΥˤĤƲƥݥȤȴФȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
(1) ͻ礬ϡ1718ޤǤȽ֤
(2) ɸѸǤɸѸ٤ä
(3) ޤ첻ɤ岽ͻ礷θ˸첻ͻ礷
(4) 첻ͻ /r/ ξü
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
Hickey, Raymond. "Vowels before /r/ in the History of English." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 95--110.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 43--108.
Nares, Robert. Elements of Orthoepy. 1794. Reprint. Menston: Scolar P, 1968.
hellog 饸15ϡڥȯפʤ1Ĥ夲ޤwomen = /ˈwɪmɪn/ ϡɤҤä֤äƤǤʤڥȯδطǤñ woman = /ˈwʊmən/ ȤʤꡤޤǤΤǤʣ women = /ˈwɪmɪn/ ϡäʤΤȤǤʲİ
ǸΤȤDZѸˤζȤƽҤ٤褦ˡԵ§ˤߤΤŪˤϵ§ŪǤꡤפʤȤȤ¿ޤषߵ§ŪˤߤΤΤۤŪˤȤʤäƤѥ¿ΤǤ
ޤΤ褦ˡѸˤȲؤμϤФдؤ礤ޤܳŪ˱ѸˤؤǤߤȤϡȤⲻؤ⤤ä˳ؤǤѸˤΤ⤷ΤʤʬȯѲˤޤ夲ȤμդˤĤƤϡ##223,224εåɤ
ͥåȾνդǤϡASAP = "as soon as possible" CUL8R = "see you later" ʤɤΥե٥åƬ (initialism) ȸƤФäʾάˡѤ롥#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ ([2011-07-23-1]) ͡ϡ#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1]) #860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡƸŪʸѲηȿǤΤȤܤƤ롥
Τ褦ʥե٥åƬ줽ΤΤϼ¤ϸ夫¸ߤƤꡤȯۤΤΤ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤդ٤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3935. ե٥åƬ⤭ߤˡ ([2020-02-04-1]) ǸȤ
ɸ OMG = "oh my God" ⡤츫ȶǯΥͥåȾοˡȻפ뤫⤷ʤOED ˤȽϤʤ1917ǯΤȤǤ롥
Quot. 1917 is perhaps with punning reference to the Order of St. Michael and St. George, which at this point had had no Grand Master or Chancellor for several years: these were appointed on 4 Oct. 1917.
1917 J. A. F. Fisher Let. 9 Sept. in Memories (1919) v. 78 I hear that a new order of Knighthood is on the tapis---O.M.G. (Oh! My God!)---Shower it on the Admiralty!!
μ˵Ƥ1994ǯΤΤǤꡤߤܳŪʻѤȯü Netspeak ˤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʤǤϸ夫ȤϸʤΤΡ100ǯۤɤˤؤäƤȤϸ
Υե٥åƬˤĤƤϡܲ OED ΥڡýեåƥĤȤƼ夲Ƥ롥ˤ⤷ƥĤʤΤǡҤɤ嵭1917ǯν㤬 Winston Churchill ˰Ƥ줿ǤλäȤϡ
ɸؾνפƶǤ롥ؤǤϡΰ (dialect area) ʬΤ (isogloss) ϿȤ¿⡤ˤäƶʬ줿ΰ⡤ؽѾΥեˤʤ
ȤμդˤĤƤϡ#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1])#4114. äѸˤɤȤ館뤫 ([2020-08-01-1])#4119. isogloss ʤ heterogloss ([2020-08-06-1])#4120. isogloss heterogloss δط ([2020-08-07-1]) ʤɤεǤ⼨Ƥ
ϡϢƥꥫѸˤĤƹͻ Kretzschmer ʸɤǤߤμݤϼ¤Ǥ롥ΰϡɤΤȤؼԤμŪȽǤ˴ŤƤˤʤȤȤ
. . . through most of the twentieth century maps also commonly employed the interpretive device of the "isogloss," which added a theoretical dimension to the models underlying them which actually (in my view) undercut the validity of the maps. As I have written elsewhere . . . , an isogloss is supposed to be the "limit of occurrence" for a given linguistic feature, but there are problems in deciding what that means. Most often, isogloss users have drawn lines where they thought they ought to go, often when there were "isolated occurrences" of the feature on the wrong side of the line, or even when there was just a change in frequency of occurrence across the line, or when the line was generalized or smoothed in other ways.
Kretzschmer ˤСΰϼΤȤ¸ߤΤǤϤʤޤؾιʪȤȤˤʤ롥Kretzschmer ΰβͤꤷƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ褦ʳǰѤƤؼԤ¤ҴŪ "describe" ƤΤǤϤʤŪ "interpret" ƤΤƤСäϤʤȤ
夲ƶϰˤĤƤΰ⤤¾θѼˤĤƤŪƤϤޤ٤ƤθѼϥեʤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1]) ȡ
Kretzschmer, William A., Jr. "Mapping Southern English," American Speech 2 (2003): 130--49.
OED OED Text Visualizer ȤʪġäƤ롥˱ʸƥȤꤲȡOED ξ˴Ťظdzñ˥դ졤ǯȸ츻饤ǻŪɽƤȤΤĤΤ褦ʥġ뤬줿ʤ뤤ïäƤ줿ˤʤȻ䤬̴Ƥ褦ʸ츻ɽġǤ롥ޤǤŪˤϽʬ˲ǽäܳŪ˼ȤԤʤä OED Ƥ줿ȤΤϡǤ롥ȯΥ١ǤȤȤǡϤʸ500ޤǡޤ1750ǯʸαʸǤʤ٤ʤɤ¤Ϥ褦ʬ˳ڤ롥
ɴʹϰ츫ǡ#3276. Churchill We Shall Fight on the Beaches ([2018-04-16-1]) ꡤ308줫ʤʸ1Ǥߤ1940ǯαʤΤǡǯźĤ Vizualize ܥåȡΤ褦ʿޤ֤ʲådzˡ

ƥȤ˸ñʥޡˤХ֥ɽƤ롥Х֥κΰ֤Ϥθνǯбϸ츻ˡ礭Ʊƥ٤б롥Х֥˥ޥ褻Сθξܤ롥
̤Τ˲ˤϡñ줬 token ١ lexeme ١ǥդ줿졤CSV JSON ǥɤǤΤǡ夫ץѤƾܤʬϤ뤳ȤǽǤ롥
䡤äѸˤθˡɤɤѤäƤ
hellog 饸14ϡѸؼԤ줿ѤʵǤ;̾ˤƽͭʤŪʤϤ褽ۤʤ֤Ȥޤñ she ˴ؤƤΤ her ȤƱ֤ѤޤǤϳؤ֤Τ˺𤹤ΤǤϤʤȤ䤫Ȼפޤ
Ʊ֤Ǥʤ2İۤʤ뵡ǽôȤΤϡ츫ȳΤ˺𤷤Ǥºݾ塤Ȥʤ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤޤʤŪʤη֤ǹͤƤߤСyou it Ʊ֤ȤäƤޤǺ𤷤ȤȤʹޤ
⡤Ѹˤ֤äƤߤСۤʤ뵡ǽˤ⤫餺Ʊ֤Ȥ褦ˤʤäȤѲӤǤ㤨иο;̾ΡŪʡפϡȤȤгʤͿʤȤ̡η֡ǽƤΤˤβƱ֤˼̤Ƥޤä̤λѤǤޤŤѸǤ2;̾ñʣȤǷ֤̤ƤޤѸʹߤ you ˹줷ƤޤäȤаޤޤcf. #3099. Ϣ10֤ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢Τס ([2017-10-21-1])ˡ⤷Τ褦Ѳ˿äʤСѸ餱θȤȤˤʤäƤޤޤѸܲǤޤȤ˱ѤƤ褦Ǥ
ɸѸ줫ΥƱѸܤܤС she ˽ͭʡŪʤη֤б er Ѥǧޤcf. #793. she --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])#3502. pronoun exchange ([2018-11-28-1])ˡΤ褦ѤƲʤ褷ƤüԤΤ褦ˤ櫓Ǥ
ʪ¤ŪˤȤ館뽬ΤĤƤ븽ͤˤȤäơηϤǤʾ塤ǽۤʤз֤ۤʤϤ֤ۤʤеǽۤʤϤȹͤΤϼǤˤΤʤʣѲޤĤĸߤλѤˤʤäƤ櫓ǤΤǡɬɽŪˤ줤ʹ¤ƤʤȤ¿ΤǤ
εϡ¤ѤǤʤ⡤¤2000ǯȤĹּǰƬ˥ץ٤Ǥ뤳ȤƤ뵮Ť䤤Ȼפޤ
ȤμդˤĤƤϡ##4080,3099,793,3502εå
ε#4119. isogloss ʤ heterogloss ([2020-08-06-1]) ǡisogloss Ф heterogloss ȤؾγǰѸƳФȤʤ륭ɤˤĤƤϡŪ˹ͤƤ٤Ȥꤽ
Chambers and Trudgill (104--05) ˤȡξԤϸߤǽǤꡤʬ˴ؤۤʤɡ줬ͥ줿ȤǤϤʤȵƤ롥μݤ⤹ȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ܤƤ2Ĥΰ۷ꡤȤơ¾ȤϿ˥ץåȤ뤳Ȥͤ롥¤ʬۤܤˤơؼԤʬΤ˶Ȥ뤬κݤ2̤ΰǽǤ롥1ĤϡκޤΤ褦˰۷2ΰδ֤ζ֡ʡӶ֡פȸƤǤˤ1⤦1Ĥϡơΰ۷ΰβ¤Ⱦ¤δѻǤ2ܤǤ롥Ԥ isoglossԤ heterogloss ιͤȤȤˤʤ롥
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(dialectology) Ǥϡΰ۷ (variants) ʬۤϿ˥ץåȤƤߤŪɽФѤ롥۷֤Ĥ礦ȤϡʤϿˤ϶餷ΤФ롥ϡˤʤ館 (isogloss) ȸƤФ롥
㤨С˾ͭ̾1ĤȤơ#1506. The Rhenish fan ([2013-06-11-1]) Ǽɥĸ maken maxen ˴ؤΤ褦Ͽޤܸʬ̤ꡤ2Ҳ (sgcs) ФȷФƤʤ줤ʬ䤵褦˰ܰƤ롥
פϰ츫ʬ䤹ǰѸ¤ϤʤΤԤǤ롥1Ĥˤϡɤñܤ뤫ˤΰۤʤäƤ뤫#1532. ȾóȻްռ (1) ([2013-07-07-1]) ɽǼȤꡤ嵭2Ҳܤ˴ؤϡmaken/maxen ˤȤϿȤʤ뤬ik/ich ˤȤФޤ̤ξ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line ([2013-06-10-1]) ƱͤǤ롥ɤñŻ뤹٤ȤˤĤƤϡ#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) 褦ˡ٤λɸϤȤϤǽŪˤؼԤŪȽǤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤦1ĤϡñܤǤ顤Ϥ꤭줤1Ͽ˰Ȥϸ¤ʤȤǤ롥㤨Сmaken ǤϤޤäѻʤȤСǤϤʤΤ鷺¦ǤѤƤƱ褦 maxen Τ鷺¦ǤѤƤϤǤ롥ϿǤΤʤ1ƤȤƤ⡤ζϸ¤ˤƤäӤȤ¸ߤƤϤǤ롥ĤޤꡤȤ϶ΰȤäۤ褤ɤ̤ȤơζΰǤξ۷ѤƤ롥
maken maxen λʬۤʬ1ĤȤϡ۲줿Τˤʤ¤ˤ make ¤ maxen ̸¤Ρ碌2ܤꡤξԤ˶ޤ줿Ӥ¸ߤǰƬˤʤФʤʤСӤ֤ɤĤ֤1ܤΤ褦˸ΤȤȤؼԤϡư۷¤̸¤ơΤȤ"isogloss" 椵̣ "heterogloss" ȸƤǤ롥ˤĤơѸؤθ Williamson (489) ˼Ƥߤ褦
An isogloss is a cartographic construct, intended to show the geographical boundary between the distributions of two linguistic features. But the isogloss is problematic: it often distorts what typically happens when the bounds of two distributions meet, by sanitizing or idealizing the co-occurrence of the bounds. There is rarely a clear-cut line between the distributions of features. Rather, they may often overlap, so that there are areas when both forms are used to a greater or lesser extent in neighboring communities or used by the members of one community and understood by those of another. Where the boundaries of features meet, we find zones of transition. It is these zones of transition, shifting across space, which define the dialect continuum.
. . . . An isogloss makes assumptions about what is or is not there. . . . I have resorted to a variant of the isogloss --- the "heterogloss". A heterogloss is a line which attempts to demarcate the bounds of the distribution of a single feature. Where the bounds of the distributions of two features meet, there will be two boundary lines --- one for each feature. Heteroglosses allow us to see where there are overlaps between the distributions.
Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤϢ³ (dialect_continuum) θ¤Ǥ⡤"heterogloss" ȤǰѸƳϽפǤ롥Ϣơ#4114. äѸˤɤȤ館뤫 ([2020-08-01-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Williamson, Keith. "Middle English: Dialects." Chapter 31 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 480--505.
hellog 饸13Ǥٿɽ魯 once, twice one, two ȴϢ뤳ȤϤʬȻפޤǤʤС -ce ١פ̣ˤʤľǤ礦3ʾǤ three times, four times ʤɤɽΤǡ -ce = times ʤΤȡ
̣ŪˤϤ褽̤Ǥ -ce Ϥäɤ褿ΤǤ礦ϡΥڥ٤ƤޤΤǤʤ -s ʤΤǤʣ -s ǤϤޤݥȥեĤνͭʤ -'s ΤȤǤǤϡ?Ρפɽ魯ͭʤθʤŪѤٿܿȴطΤǤ礦ʲİ
ŪˤϡͭʡʱѸˤѸǤϡ°ʡסˤϡñ˽ͭɽ魯ˤȤɤޤ餺ŪʵǽôƤޤäʤ졤Ѹ always, sometimes, needs ʤɤˤߤ -s ŪˤϸŤ°ʸͳ褹ΤǤʣ -s ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤΤǤդ
ˤĤƤϡ##81,84,1793,2135,723,1306,1554,4081εåǿƤޤΤǡȤ
ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) ³ԡŪˤϤäꤷʤ of ˡŪˤߤȤ褽褹롥ϡιʸ of ˡˤĤŪˤҤȤƹԤ
OED of, prep. ˤȡˡ of ϡ"V. Indicating the agent or doer." ȤʬβǸ16˵Ƥ롥
16. Indicating the doer of something characterized by an adjective: following an adjective alone, as foolish, good, rude, stupid, unkind, wise, wrong (or any other adjective with which conduct can be described); following an adjective qualifying a noun, as a cruel act, a cunning trick, a kind deed, an odd thing; following a past participle qualified by an adverb, as cleverly managed, ill conceived, well done.
Usually followed by to do (something), as in it was kind of you (i.e. a kind act or thing done by you) to help him etc., and less frequently by that, both constructions introducing the logical subject or object of the statement, e.g. It was kind of him to tell me = His telling me was a thing kindly done by him.
ֹټԡפ of ȤƤ⡤ˤ狼ˤǼ⤷ʤɸʸǤСΤ you come ΰ̣μǤꡤäƹټԤȤ⤤롥Ǥ for Ѥ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤˤƤ⡤him get ΰ̣μǤټԤǤ⤢뤫顤of for ˡΰ㤤Фʤ2Ĥֻ줬ƱˡĤȼΤϤˤ衤ʤʤΤߤ
OED ΰѤ˵ҤƤŪطʤǫɤ߲СʤֹټԤ ofפʤΤʬäƤ롥ˡ of κǽϡɤƻľ³Ȥ⡤ƻޤ̾ľ³褦ʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤIt's a very kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʹʸäȹͤ롥θιʸФϰճ٤Ѹ̤ˤʤʲOED ǽοƤ
1532 W. Tyndale Expos. & Notes 73 Is it not a blind thing of the world that either they will do no good works,..or will..have the glory themselves?
a1593 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta (1633) iv. v 'Tis a strange thing of that Iew, he lives upon pickled grasshoppers.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 101 It was a brute parte of him, To kill so capitall a calfe.
1668 H. More Divine Dialogues ii. 383 That's a very odd thing of the men of Arcladam.
1733 J. Tull Horse-hoing Husbandry 266 Is it not very unfair of Equivocus to represent [etc.]?
1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. iv. 145 Indeed, it was very naughty of him.
ǽ4ϡַƻޤ̾ + ofפȤʤäƤ롥of "(done) by" ۤɤΡֹټԤ ofפȤɤؤ䤹ǻפФΤϡȤưɽ魯ֻϡǤ by ŪѸ줫ѸˤƤϡष of Ƥ¤ϸʾ of = "done by"ʤֹټԤ ofפδФǻäΤǤcf. #1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1])#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ ([2015-07-14-1])ˡ
˵Ǹ2ˤĤƤϡǤŪάơַƻ + ofפιʸؤȰܹԤƤꡤΡֹټԤ ofפδФƤƤ褦˸롥ɸιʸϡιʸΤ褦˾άʤ⡤ޤǷѾƤΤˤۤʤʤΤǤ롥
ɸΤ褦ˡĤηƻϡof + ͡פȤֻȼ
It's very kind of you to come. ʤ虜虜ƤäƤߤޤ
It was foolish of you to spend so much. ʤʤˤȤäϼͤ
It was wrong of him to tell lies. ʱĤơ褯ʤä͡
It is wise of you to stay away from him. ʷȤĤʤΤϸ
It was silly of me to forget my passport. ʥѥݡȤ˺ȤϤĤä
ŵŪ It is ADJ of PERSON to do . . . . Ȥʸʤ櫓PERSON is ADJ to do . . . . ȤʸȤ뤳ȤǤǶ̣Ȥɸ You're very kind to come. Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥ǡŪʡfor + ͡פȼ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤιʸȤϰۤʤäƤ롥Ԥ *He is important to get the job. Ȥϥѥե졼Ǥʤ
ɸιʸƤƻ --- ʤ important פǤϤʤ kind פηƻ --- Ƥߤȡcareful, careless, crazy, greedy, kind, mad, nice, silly, unwise, wise, wrong (Quirk et al. 16.76, 16.82ˡ̣ŪˤϿͤιưɾƻǤ롥̤γ٤ߤȡɸʸǤ kind ʿڤʡˤʤΤϡƤ줿ȡפǤ⤢ꡤƱˡ֤ʤפǤ⤢ȤطΩġ
Ҥ important ʽפʡˤѤʸǤϡפʤΤϡֿ뤳ȡפǤꡤפʪǤ櫓ǤϤʤ顤Ϥξפΰ̣Ūۤʤ뤳ȤʬĤޤꡤimportant פ for ѤʸȤϰۤʤꡤkind פ of ѤʸǤϡkind of you ʬ you are kind Ȥ̣طޤƤΤǤ롥
Ȥȡֻ of ˡϲȸƤ֤٤Ʊ (apposition) ˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ɤǼޤ꤬cf. #2461. an angel of a girl (1) ([2016-01-22-1])#2462. an angel of a girl (2) ([2016-01-23-1])ˡֿʪưɾ ofפʤɤȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤˤ衤ŪõäƤߤɬפ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
hellog 饸12ϡ1ĤθȤƳؽ뤳Ȥ¿ɸιʸˤĤơ
The longer you work, the more you will earn. ĹƯƯۤɡ¿ΤԤޤ
The older we grow, the weaker our memory becomes. ǯȤФȤۤɡϤϿꤨޤ
The sooner, the better. ᤱᤤۤɤ褤
ιʸǤϡӵѤ2Τǡ?Фۤ?פȤ̣ˤʤ뤳ȤϲȤʤʬ뵤ΤǤʤ괧 the ФƤΤ礦 the ϤäʤΤǤ礦ϡƤޤ
¤϶äۤˤθŤʸʤΤǤ͡⡤the (adverb) ȤƵǽƤȤϡͤȤƤϡwhen . . . then, if . . . then, although . . . yet, as . . . so Τ褦عʸƱ˰Ф褤ȤȤˤʤޤ
ˤĤƾܤϡ##812,811εå
(dialect) ɤߤ뤫ȤϡʼҲ˸ؤθŵŪʥơޤǤ롥ˤϡζ̤Ȥ¦̤⤢СɤζʬȤ¦̤⤢cf. #4031. ָ줫פεåȡ ([2020-05-10-1])#1501. Ϣ³Τϰ褫 ([2013-06-06-1])ˡ⤽ȤϸŪˤǤΤȤܼŪ䤤⤢롥
Ѹ˸ǤѸ (me_dialect) ĴƤߤʬθҤ1ͤȤäƤ褤 Williamson (481) ѸȤϲȤ˿Ū˸ڤƤ롥νȯȤʤꤽƶ٤Ŧ¿ΤǡĤѤƤ
The most significant and paradoxical finding of dialect geography has been the non-existence of dialects, the objects which it purports to study. A "dialect" is a construct: a reification of some assemblage of linguistic features, defined according to criteria established by the dialectologist. These criteria may be linguistic, extra-linguistic, or some combination of these two kinds.
A (Middle English) dialect can be considered to be some assemblage of diatopically coherent linguistic features which co-occur over all or part of their geographical distributions and so delineate an area within the dialect continuum. Adding or taking away a feature from the assemblage is likely to alter the shape of this area: addition might reduce the area's size, subtraction, increase it. Any text which contains that assemblage of features can be considered as having its provenance within that area.
Linguistic variation across space exists because languages undergo change as a natural consequence of use and transmission from generation to generation of speakers. A linguistic change takes place in a community and subsequently becomes disseminated through time and across space as the next generation of speakers and neighboring communities adopt the change. A "dialect continuum" emerges from the language contacts of speakers in neighboring communities as they share some features, but not others. A continuum is thus made up of a set of overlapping distributions of linguistic features with varied geographical extents --- some extensive, some local. A continuum is not static and is constantly shifting more or less rapidly through time.
ä2Ĥ3ĤΰѤϡϢ³ (dialect_continuum) ΤȤʤäƤ롥Ѥϡ#1502. Ⱦʤ̼ҳȻ ([2013-06-07-1]) Ȥ̤
Williamson, Keith. "Middle English: Dialects." Chapter 31 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 480--505.
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