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֤ǡμͭӥ Mond ˴ƤѸϢѤʵ (sobokunagimon) 5ۤɲޤ¤١ͭޤ
(1) ɤƱѸˤϴ줬ΤǤ礦ʤƤ̣̤褦ʵޤ줬ʤȺ륱ϤΤǤ礦ޤϡϸ˾Ƥäꤹ륱ϤʤΤǤ礦
(2) ɤƱѸ "a" Ǥ⤤ȯΤǤ礦ñ줴ȤˤäꡤñΤɤΰ֤뤫ˤäƤä ͳʤɤϤΤǤ礦
(3) ΰ̣μˤĤƼǤ
a. I want him to win the game.
b. It's easy for me to solve the problem.
c. It's kind of you to give me a call.
3ĤαʸΤ褦ˡʤֻ줬Ĥʤäꡤfor of Τ褦ֻ줬ĤꤹǤΤȤ줷ƤäȲ٤פޤ
(4) 2ǯ̼ poor ݡȯƤޤϥץäɤ衤ȸ po ä¤ǤΤϥݤפäɤΤϤǼƤޤ츻ǼΤǤäƤǤΤǤ礦
(5) Ѹ˼줿ܸθ "e" ˤĤƤʹǤ sake ǤϤʤ饪 karaoke 饪ǤϤʤꥪ karate 쥤ȤǤϤʤ饡ƥߤȯˤʤޤŪʱѸȯ롼ǤϤʤȻפΤǤθ /iː/ äݤʤΤϤʤǤ礦
Ȥ櫓 (1) δεˤĤƤϡ X ݥܤ졤ץå2.5ĶƤޤ
ˤƤ⡤ʤѤʵפȤΤϤ̥ۤŪǡΤΤǤ礦פʤ٤ܡ뤬ǤơQɤ֤ޤMond ءäȶä
轵塦θ6ˡƱνΰʼȤȤ֤ΤۤإͥϤƤޤβϡָإХפꤷȤޤƥӡߤʤ顤ζŤʤưۿƤޤ
ָܲإХפǤϡ轵Ϥޤä4֤ˤ錄ꡤƱναʸؼпʤǤ餿ȤȤƤ3ͤǥȡ깭ƤޤΤϡChristopher Marlowe (1564--1603) William Shakespeare (1564--1616) 濴ȤηȤȤμդǤ
轵1ư֥ԥͼԡпʷءˤ륷ԥθȼҲʾ嵭κ¦ưˤȤƳβǤ줿2ưαΤͤФ狼ʤ!?ʱ¦ưˤǤ3ͤȤĴҤФƤޤ轵ʹߤ³Ԥ⤪ڤߤˡ
ơ桹3ͤν°ʸʸ칶Ǥַʸʸ칶ͥȤ YouTube ͥ뤬ߤƤޤɬ⥿ߥä櫓ǤϤʤΤǤǶθͥǻϤޤäֱƥեץ1ˤо줷Ƥޤְпʱʸءˡ߸Ϲԡʱʸءˡ߰ʼʱѸءˡ碌ƻİС
ȴϢơʲγƼǥΥƥĤ⤴Ȥ
hellog #5507. YouTube ֱƥե1ְпʱʸءˡ߸Ϲԡʱʸءˡ߰ʼʱѸءˡס ([2024-05-25-1])
hellog #5357. пȤ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤᤰäơ ([2023-12-27-1])
heldio #934. إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ --- ԤΰпȤ̡
Τۤإͥ #195. пإԥ줬 --- ԥڤ߿Ԥɴɴ١罤۽ŹˤΤҲ
ǯ٤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ
ޤǤ1ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427ڡˤˡ2ֱѸäˤѤפ58ڡˤ˳֤ޤ줾äۤ¿ˤäȤʤޤؿؤפޤ
3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ轵68ڡˤ 17:30--1900 ˳֤ޤ̤ơ̡饤ˤϥ֥åɷǤγ֤Ȥʤꡤֵ1֤Ρָƨۿץӥ⤴ѲǽǤֺ¤ǤϤޤƲϤΩƤޤפɬפʬ䤤ޤΤǡ椫λäǤꤢޤؿΤϡꤪߤ

2ƤΥȥ3ϡ褤ѸûˤγäƤޤΥɤˡ§ (grimms_law) Ǥ̾ʲ§ (sound law) 뤳ȤǡѸûˤΤ̥Ū¦̤˵ŤǤ礦ˡ§αѸû˾ΰյϡפΤۤĹǿǤѸóؽΩĤȤϤ²¾θäؤδؿͯƤȻפޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯϤȤ츻ŵ䡤̤αѸ켭ŵޤᡤλȤɤμ¤ѤäƤϤǤ
ֺ¤Ǥϥˡ§δؤ¿θ츻ŵǰҤɤ߲ʤ顤ŪƱˡ§ƤͽǤɤñ줬夲뤫ͽۤĤĹֺ¤פǤޤȡޤޤڤʤϤǤرѸ츻ŵ٤ϡΡָ츻زפ 3.4.1. Grimm ˡ§ 3.4.2. Verner ˡ§ ɤͽƤȤᤷޤ

ͤޤǤˡܥ˴ؤ hellog βؤΥʲĥäƤޤ3ֺ¤⡤¿γΤäԤƤޤ
#5453. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
#5481. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
#5486. 518ڡˤī뿷ֺ2ֱѸäˤѤפΤ ([2024-05-04-1])
ʰʲ嵭2024/05/30(Thu)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Robins ˤػ˳2ϤǤϸ奮ꥷθؤ롥ǤμפȤƤϡnaturalist vs. conventionalist analogist vs. anomalist 2बꡤˤĤƤϡ#1315. analogist and anomalist controversy (1) ([2012-12-02-1]) ӡ#1316. analogist and anomalist controversy (2) ([2012-12-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤
嵭2Ωϡߤ߹礦ʣФĤġΩؤȯŸƤäůŪʳ٤ߤ뤫뤤ʸŪʳ٤ߤ뤫ΩοΩϡ夫ˤƤθػˤ줹ơޤȤʤạ̈ǶḽˤޤǻۤƤ롥Robins (28) Ѥ롥
Linguistics, like other sciences in Antiquity, lay under the general influence of Aristotelian scientific method, but in the contrasting tendencies of the Stoic philosophers and the Alexandrian literary critics one sees the opposition between philosophical and literary considerations as the determining factors in the development of linguistics. With the later full development of Greek grammar, literary interests predominated, but throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages this conflict of principle, now tacit, now explicitly argued, can be observed as a recurrent feature of the history of linguistic thought and practice.
Τ˸ؾε¿ϡ§㳰ϤҤ¤ѥ뤫Ȥä2ΩŸƤȤ¿Τ褦ʵʥϡ奮ꥷ˵ȤȤ
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.

*
ǯ١Ҥηؤդ٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤؤդ6Ԥޤ3Ȥʤ뵭ΥȥϡֱѸ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñפǤʲξФΤȡ2ǤۤɤɤʪȤʤäƤޤ
եȤȤ
ǽʩѸϸűѸ
Υޥ2ϰճ̣
ե֤줿ˡΧѸ
Ѹä˥ե줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤ⤽ʩθܿ (contact) ˤϤɤΤ褦طʤäΤǤ礦εǤϡξνвȡܿκǽξҤޤǽˤϥե줫αƶϰճȸŪäȤʤɤ礿ȤʤäƤޤ
եȱѸˤݤ碌˭٤ˤꡤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥ¿夲ƤޤͤޤǤˡϢۿĤƤޤ
#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪
#329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ
#370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμ
#1087. ѸѸϥեȤȤˤ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡3Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñסؤդ2024ǯ6桤ҡ2024ǯ52352--53ǡ
ε#5506. be to do ʸϸűѸ줫餢ä ([2024-05-24-1]) ˰³ be to do ʸˤˤĤơ
ιʸϸűѸ줫ѻ뤬ŪȤơƥбʸΤʤǤϤʤȤ롥طʤˤϡ˥ƥ줫ʸ˸뤳ȡƥƥбʸϢưƼư (passive) ΰ̣ѤΤ̤ǤȤ¤طʤˤ롥ۤʤ⤢ΤǿŤ˵ɬפ뤬Ǥϥƥƶٻ Mustanoja (524--25) ꡤϢսѤ褦
PREDICATIVE INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE WITH 'To' AS A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE (THE TYPE 'TO BE TO'). --- The construction to be to, implying futurity and often obligation (the infinitive being originally that of purpose), is comparatively infrequent in OE and early ME, but becomes more common in later ME and early Mod. E. It probably arose under Latin influence, the infinitive with to being used to render the Latin future participle (-urus) or gerundive (-ndus), as in wæron fram him ece mede to onfonne ('aeterna ab illo praemia essent percepturi') and he is to gehyrenne ('audiendus est'). In OE this infinitive occurs mostly in a passive sense (he is to gehyrenne; --- hu fela psalma to singenne synt 'quanti psalmi dicendi sunt'). This usage continues in ME and even today. ME examples: --- þi luve . . . oþer heo is to ȝiven allunge oþer he is for to sullen, oþer heo is for to reaven and to nimen mid strengþe (Ancr. 181); --- that ston was gretly for to love (RRose 1091). The periphrastic passive appears in the 14th century: --- þey beþ to be blamed (RMannyng HS 1546).
In OE the predicative infinitive of this type is comparatively seldom found with an active meaning (wæron ece mede to onfonne 'aeterna praemia . . . essent percepturi'). This use continues to be rare in early ME, but becomes more frequent later in the period. In many instances the implication of futurity is faint or practically non-existent: --- þes fikelares mester is to wrien ant te helien þet gong þurl (Ancr. 36); --- al mi rorde is woning ant to ihire grislich þing (Owl&N 312); --- myn entencioun Nis nat to yow of reprehensioun To speke as now (Ch. TC i 685). In many instances, however, the implication of futurity is prominent: --- Crystes tresore, Þe which is mannes oule to save, as God seith in þe Gospel (PPl. B x 474); --- whan the sonne was to reste, so hadde I spoken with hem everichon (Ch. CT A Prol. 30). There are scholars who believe that this construction is used as a real future equivalent in late ME.
ʤ뤤ϤŪưˤǽưŪǤäƤ̣ϼưŪѤˤĤƤϡʲεȤ줿
#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])
#3611. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤ ([2019-03-17-1])
#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1])
Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤ be to do ʸϸǽưŪˤѤ褦˳ĥߤ˻äƤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
1ǯۤˡ䤬°Ƥʸʸ칶 YouTube ַͥʸʸ칶ͥץޤ
Ǥ2ܤưַʸʸ칶Τ⡦2023ǯ١2ǯַʸδʸ̾˺ǽֵιΥʥƥʸظס2023ǯ319ˡػĥѥƤޤ
ޤǤ̤ʥ٥ȤεϿȤǤΤӿˡֱƥեפꤹ륷褬Ω夬ޤƱ칶°θԡ͡Ȥ߹碌ǥ奢ˤäƤȤǤ
ֱƥեפεǰ٤1ְпʱʸءˡ߸Ϲԡʱʸءˡ߰ʼʱѸءˡǤ19ʬۤɤưǤҤİ⤪йǤ
1ǤϡʸؼԤΤ͡пʤǤ餿ϹԡʤϤΤ椭줾ʸؤȤäƤޤʹϡֱƥեפΥץǥ塼ǥ쥯ǤʼǤ
ֱƥեפ̤Ʊʸ칶ȱѸʸʸ̥ϤƤФȻפäƤޤͥϿΤۤɡꤤޤ
YouTube ͥȤСĤ轵ʿˡڡˤθ6ŪˤϤƤ֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥסˤɤ
пˤĤޤƤϡʲΥǥˤ⤴б餯äƤޤ碌Ƥˬ䤤С
heldio #934. إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ --- ԤΰпȤ̡
Τۤإͥ #195. пإԥ줬 --- ԥڤ߿Ԥɴɴ١罤۽ŹˤΤҲ
Ѹˤ be to do ʸȤΤ롥be ưθ to 줬³ʸǡͽꡤ̳̿̿ᡤǽջ֤ʤ͡ʰ̣ѸؽԵ㤫ιܤǤ롥ʸˡˤĤƤϡ#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1]) Ǿ줿
Ǥϡbe to do ʸˤϤˡ¤˸Ť餢ꡤűѸǤ⤹Ǥ˾ʤȤֹʸμפȤƳǧ롥űѸǤϹ٤櫓ǤϤʤѸʹߤǤ٤Ūʡֹʸפ餷ΤؤĹƤѸˤƤϡ¾ιʸȥȤۤɤ˰褦ˤʤäĹˤ錄ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤäƤ褤
ԸϾʤʤǤ Denison (317--18) βĹˤ錄ȯãûˤޤȤƤ롥
11.3.9.3 BE of necessity, obligation, or future
This verb too is a marginal modal, patterning with a to-infinitive to express meanings otherwise often expressed by modals. For Old English see Mitchell (1985: §§934--49), and more generally Visser (1963--73: §§1372--83). One complication is that the syntagm BEON + to-infinitive is used both personally [158] and impersonally [159]:
[158] Mt(WSCp) 11.3
. . . & cwað eart þu þe to cumenne eart . . .
. . . and said are(2 SG) you(2 SG) that (REL) to come are(2 SG)
Lat. . . . ait illi tu es qui uenturus es
'. . . and said: "Are you he that is to come?"'
[159] ÆLS I 10.133
us nys to cweðenne þæt ge unclæne syndon
us(DAT) not-is to say that you unclean are
'It is not for us to say that you are unclean.'
In Middle and Modern English this BE had a full paradigm:
[160] 1660 Pepys, Diary I 193.7 (5 Jul)
. . . the King and Parliament being to be intertained by the City today with great pomp.
[161] 1667 Pepys, Diary VIII 452.6 (27 Sep)
Nay, several grandees, having been to marry a daughter, . . . have wrote letters . . .
[162] 1816 Austen, Mansfield Part I.xiv.135.30
You will be to visit me in prison with a basket of provisions;
Visser states that syntagms with infinitive be are 'still current' (1963--73: §2135), but although there are a few relevant examples later than Jane Austen (1963--73: §§1378, 2135, 2142), most are of the fixed idiom BE to come, as in:
[163] But they may yet be to come.
ޤȤȡbe to do ʸϸűѸ줫餽˨꤬ߤ졤Ѹ줫ѸˤƤȯã¾ιʸȤȤŪˤƤϤषŪˤñΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ˻롥
Denison, David. English Historical Syntax. Longman: Harlow, 1993.
褯ΤƤ褦ˡ奮ꥷͤϥꥷʳθ졦̱²ˤĤƤϡ֥ХХפλ뤹ꥷˤĤƤϤɤΤ褦˸ƤΤRobins (15) ˡ奮ꥷ¾Ф٤䥮ꥷνؤδ㺹⤷Ƥս꤬롥ä˸ԤäƤսѤ褦
. . . . the Greek designation of alien speakers as bárbaroi (βάρβαροι, whence our word barbarian), i.e. people who speak a language other than Greek, is probably indicative of their attitude.
Quite different was the Greek awareness of their own dialectal divisions. The Greek language in Antiquity was more markedly divided into fairly sharply differentiated dialects than many other languages were. This was due both to the settlement of the Greek-speaking areas by successive waves of invaders, and to the separation into relatively small and independent communities that the mountainous configuration of much of the Greek mainland and the scattered islands of the adjoining seas forced on them. But that these dialects were dialects of a single language and that the possession of this language united the Greeks as a whole people, despite the almost incessant wars waged between the different 'city states' of the Greek world, is attested by at least one historian: Herodotus, in his account of the major achievement of a temporarily united Greece against the invading Persians at the beginning of the fifth century B.C., puts into the mouths of the Greek delegates a statement that among the bonds of unity among the Greeks in resisting the barbarians was 'the whole Greek community, being of one blood and one tongue'.
ѺǸΥإɥȥ (8.114.2) ؤθڤ̣餯奮ꥷͤΤʬƤꥷ¸ߤߤǧƤơۤʤȤªƤϤۤʤȤªƤʤäʤ륮ꥷϡꥷ̱²ʥڥ륷йơˤޤȤ夲̤ƤȤȤ
ͤƤߤСꥷ dialect Ȥñ߽ФΤǤꡤ֤ʿಽ̸ (koine) ؤäǤ⤢äϢơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1])
#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1])
#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])
#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1])
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.
#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" äɤǤߤ褦
Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.
Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.
Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.
OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ
(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥѸˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä
嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ
Robins θػˤܤɤľƤ롥ϤǤϸػˤؤְյ⤫Ƥ뤬ԤǮäƤɤ߱롥ޤ Robins (2) ϡˤƸػˡʤҤƤϰ̤˲ʳػˡˤȤʬϻϤΤΤ褦롥
The sciences of man, which include linguistics, arise from the development of human self-awareness. But equally these sciences, or more strictly their practitioners, may become aware of themselves for what they are doing and for what they have done. When this scientific self-awareness includes an interest in the origin and past development of a science, we may recognize the birth of that specific discipline known as the history of science. In recent years the rapid and at times bewildering growth in linguistics as an academic subject, both in the numbers of scholars involved and in the range of their activities, has led to a corresponding growth in the interest of linguists in the past history of the subject. In part this may be due to the feeling that some earlier generations may be a source of stability during a period of unprecedentedly swift changes in theory, procedures, and applications.
Robins (3) ϡػˡʤҤƤϰ̤˲ʳػˡˤؤְյ1Ĥϡۥå˴Ѥ鼫ȤѤȤˤĤ뤳ȤˤȽҤ٤롥ˤּפβ
It is tempting, and flattering to one's contemporaries, to see the history of a science as the progressive discovery of the truth and the attainment of the right methods, something of a counterpart to what has been called 'Whig history' in political historiography. But this is a fallacy. The aims of a science vary in the course of its history, and the search for objective standards by which to judge the purposes of different periods is apt to be an elusive one. 'The facts' and 'the truth' are not laid down in advance, like the solution to a crossword puzzle, awaiting the completion of discovery. Scientists themselves do much to determine the range of facts, phenomena, and operations that fall within their purview, and they themselves set up and modify the conceptual framework within which they make what they regard as significant statements about them.
³ Robins (5) ϡξľܤĤʤܤܤΤǤϤʤˤβǻ䤨Ƥޤäܤˤαդ٤ɬפǤȤ
One should strive to avoid the deliberate selection of only those parts of earlier work that can be brought into a special relationship with present-day interests.
ؤȤϲȤ櫓伫ȤξˤŪʸ츦ȤϲͤDzƤ٤Ǥ롥
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.
Ѹηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤԵ§ʤΤĤ롥good -- better -- best bad -- worse --worst ʤɤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ΤΤƤ뤬ϸűѸˤ¸ߤषűѸǤϸ¿Ե§ӵ顦Ǿ餬äSweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (19--20) ꡤդ٤Τ롥
Ρi-mutation ޤƻӵ顦Ǿ顡
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "old" | eald | ieldra | ieldest |
| "young" | ġeong | ġingra | ġingest |
| "long" | lang | lengra | lengest |
| "strong" | strang | strengra | strengest |
| "high" | hēah | hīerra | hīehst |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "good" | gōd | betera, betra | betst |
| sēlra | sēlest | ||
| "bad" | yfel | wiersa | wier(re)st |
| "great" | miċel | māra | mǣst |
| "little" | lȳtel | lǣssa | lǣst |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "formerly" | (ǣr) | ǣrra | ǣrest |
| "far" | (feorr) | fierra | fierrest |
| "before" | (fore) | forma, fyrmest, fyr(e)st | |
| "near" | (nēah) | nēarra | nīehst |
| "outside" | (ūte) | ūterra | ūt(e)mest |
| ȳterra | ȳt(e)mest |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "well" | wel | bet | bet(e)st |
| sēl | sēlest | ||
| "badly" | yfle | wiers | wier(re)st |
| "much" | micle | mā | mǣst |
| "little" | lȳt | lǣs | lǣst |
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥϡ515ʿˤ18ڡˤ2ˤ錄ꡤƣͳʴرءˤȤ̤Ϥޤ#1080. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ƣͳȤΥɤαѸᤰ̡#1083. عѸ춵 --- ƣͳȤ̡Ǥ줾줪İ
ƣϾعѸ춵ΤǡɤǤζи⤢ꡤǯǤ줿ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ4ϡ֥ɤαѸפڱŴȤȤ˼ɮƤޤ̤Ǥϡɮ䡤ɤθ𤪤ӾعѸӤˤĤƤäǤޤ
ɤθ4Ϥǽ줿˴ؤáعѸ춵ʤɤˤĤƤäޤˤȤäƤϽΤ뤳Ȥ¿ؤǷȯṲ̄εȤʤޤ̲İ褤ո䤴ʤɤޤ顤Voicy ΥǤФȻפޤ
ɱѸˤĤƤϡ4ϤζԤαڱŴȤ2ˤ錄 Voicy ̤Ȥޤ줾ʲεꥢǤޤΤǡ⤪İ
#5365. ֥ɤαѸפᤰäƱڱŴ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ4ϡ ([2024-01-04-1])
#5375. ڱŴȥɱѸˤĤ̤ޤ ([2024-01-14-1])

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
̾١ˤĤƤϡޤ occupational_term εǼ夲ƤFransson (27--28) ŪʬͿƤΤǡǤƤ
1. dignitaries and officers
1. Sheriff, mayor, judge, clerk, etc.
2. Military officers
3. Ecclesiastical officers
2. occupations belonging to the country
1. Agricultural occupations
2. Pastoral occupations
3. Forestal and venary occupations
3. those who manufacture or sell different articles
1ĤΡֹ̡פο̾ϡΤޤƾΡº address_term Ȥʤ礬¿Ȥդפ롥2Ĥȡܡ̳Ĥ˴ؤļˡפοȤǤ롥3Ĥ褽ԻԤȾȤοȤǤꡤ̾١ȤƤޤǼ夲ƤΤۤܤ٤Ƥ°롥
̾ʥ١ˤܳŪʸΤˤϡ3Τоݤ˴ޤɬפ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (20--21) űѸο (numeral) 롥 (cardinal numbers) Ƚ (ordinal numbers) γơ롥
| Cardinal | Ordinal | |
| 1(st) | ān | forma |
| 2(nd) | twā | ōþer |
| 3(rd) | þrēo | þridda |
| 4(th) | fēower | fēorþa |
| 5(th) | fīf | fīfta |
| 6(th) | siex | siexta |
| 7(th) | seofon | seofoþa |
| 8(th) | eahta | eahtoþa |
| 9(th) | nigon | nigoþa |
| 10(th) | tīen | tēoþa |
| 11(th) | en(d)leofon | en(d)leofta |
| 12(th) | twelf | twelfta |
| 13(th) | þrēo-tīene | þrēo-tēoþa |
| ... | ... | ... |
| 19(th) | nigon-tīene | nigon-tēoþa |
| 20(th) | twen-tiġ | twentigoþa |
| 30(th) | þrī-tiġ | þrītigoþa |
| 40(th) | fēower-tiġ | fēowertigoþa |
| 50(th) | fīf-tiġ | fīftigoþa |
| 60(th) | siex-tiġ | siextigoþa |
| 70 | hund・seofon-tiġ | |
| 80 | hund・eahta-tiġ | |
| 90 | hund・nigon-tiġ | |
| 100 | hund, hundred, hund・tēon-tiġ | |
| 110 | hund・endleofon-tiġ | |
| 120 | hund・twelf-tiġ | |
| 1000 | þūsend |
Fransson (33) Ѹο̾١ᤰ븦ˤơĴΤʤ100ʾ帽 (by-name) ȴФΥ25̤ޤǵƤ롥ѸֻǼ
Taillour ʻΩ
Chapman ʹԾ͡
Marescal
Carpenter 繩
Mason й
Smyth 결
Coke ͡
Coupere ʤ
Tannere ʤʤᤷ鿦͡
Fullere ʽ尹
Turnour
Milner ʴ
Muleward ʴ
Keu ͡
Mouner ʴ
Bakere ʥѥ
Barber ʾ
Ferrour 결
Pottere ƫ₩͡
Coliere ú
Mercer ϲ
Feuere 결
Skynnere 鿦͡
Deyer ʪ
Leche ʰԡ
ѸΤΤ⤢ХեͳΤΤ⤢롥ǤѤƤ̾⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥ѸǤܸǤˤäƿ͵Τ first name ܤѤäƤȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬ˤ̻ŪʬۤѲΤѸƳǤޤäǤϤ뤬äˤˤϡޤήưŪʪˤʤäȤȤͤ碌
ʤˤĤƤϡǤ511 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ۿˤƼ夲Ƥ롥#1076. Ѹο̾͵İС
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

59ڡˤ롤Voicy heldio ˤ#1078. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (3)Ϥޤ饤ǤİˤϡꤲߤΥȤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
оݥƥȤϡ˰³Bede ˤƥ蘆줿رѹ̱ˡ (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum [= Ecclesiastical History of the English People]) θűѸ1Ǥʸϡhellog Ρ#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤΤǡˤʤʤ餪İ
Ԥ Bede ˤĤƤϡheldio #1029. ºե١ --- The Venerable BedeˤƲ⤷ƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
ϡűѸưޤꡤȤ櫓䲾ˡ˿뵡¿ޤޤ괧 the ζޤˤĤƤޤ˽бԤ1֤ޤˤפȿĿФ¢رءȤ note Ȥʤ뵭֥ؤ ϤƤθűѸ(#6 3)ƤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
ޤǤΡ֤ϤƤθűѸץƤޤ
(1) #822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
(2) #829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
(3) #836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
(4) #1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ
(5) #1057. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (2)
(6) #1078. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (3)
ܲ Part 7 ˸3ͤȤսǤ

512khelfʷѸ˥եȯԤΡرѸ˿ʹ9椬־ǸޤPDFǼͳ˱ɤǤޤ
khelf Ǥϡ2022ǯ41ϴȯ衤褽31٤ΥڡǺǿȯԤƤޤǯ٤3ǯܤޤԽѰƱĴ˹ŤͤƤ뤳ȤǤޤ³Ūˤɤߤ礤Ƥ볧ΤǤ꤬Ȥޤ
9εΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
©Ťʡ1̡
ŷ it äƤʤ1̡
nearer ϡ֤ˡ!? ~analysis analogy ͤ롤Ѳô~2̡
Ѹ˥饦 by khelf 3ϽPart 2ˡס3̡
Ѹ˥ƥ50+ -2024- ϤޤäƤޤ~ο͵ƥľҲ~4̡
μɮؤϡ4ǯرβγޤǡ̿´ޤơǶϤƺޤǤΤǡ̵ܶǤʸʸդʧĤǫ˺ޤΤǡһ֤ƤäȤǽйǤ
⤷عμȤʤɤθŪʵʤ뤤ϡ¾νऺ뵡ˤˤȤξˤϡΥե̤Ƥޤ khelf γưӤİˤĤʤۤرѸ˿ʹԽѰߤȤʤޤϤΤۤɤꤤޤϤع̾Ŀ̾ʤɤξˤĤޤƤϡkhelf μİŪΤߤ˸¤ꡤԤεĤʤ̤˸ʤɤι٤ϰڹԤʤʤݡޤեؤϤ̤khelf ˤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαѸ˳ưhelˤؤλƱޤȹǤ
ǸˡرѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥСʹ泰ޤˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ碌Ƥɤkhelf HP ΥڡˤХåʥСޤˡ
رѸ˿ʹ1ϴ2022ǯ41
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰12022ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ22022ǯ711
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰22022ǯ718
رѸ˿ʹ32022ǯ103
رѸ˿ʹ42023ǯ111
رѸ˿ʹ52023ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ62023ǯ814
رѸ˿ʹ72023ǯ1030
رѸ˿ʹ82023ǯ34
ʰʲ嵭2024/05/16(Thu)-->

1950ǯ줿ɷˡʱѸǡ3431ˤСϢˮθѸ (official_language) ϥǡʡʸ (Devanagari) ǽ줿ҥǥ (hindi) ȤƤ롥15ǯ֤ϱѸλŪѤǧ롤ȤâबäƤˡ15ǯθˤ⡤Ѹ³Ū˻Ѥ뤳ȤǤϳƤɤθѸᤰϡǤ˷ˡꡤΤ褦˱ʪޤä褦ʸǻϤޤäƤȤȤѸǤ343Ѥ褦
343. Official language of the Union.---(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.
The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement:
Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in this article, Parliament may by law provide for the use, after the said period of fifteen years, of---
(a) the English language, or
(b) the Devanagari form of numerals,
for such purposes as may be specified in the law.
ˡεܤνǤСҥǥ줬ɮƬθѸǤ롥ºݡɹǤϥҥǥüԤǤ¿2020ǯλ6ͰʾȤСԡˡp. 70ˡˤСҥǥϡǤ3ܤüԤ¿ĶǤ롥2020ǯΥ˥塼ˤȡEthnologue ˤפ˴ŤΤ褦ʲ⤬ʤƤ롥
Hindi is the 3rd most spoken language of the world in 2019 with 615 million speakers. The 22nd edition of the world language database Ethnologue stated English at the top of the list with 1,132 million speakers. Chines Mandarin is at the second position with 1,117 million speakers.
⥤ɤοäϢưƥҥǥüԿƤΤȻפ롥ɤΥʥߥåʸ𤫤ܤΥʤ
Ϣ Ethnologue θüԿˤĤơ#3009. üԿˤȥå252017ǯǡˡ ([2017-07-23-1]) ¿ȤθѸȤơ#3291. 11θѸեꥫ¹ ([2018-05-01-1]) ȡ
ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
Ѹο̾ӤӤ (by-name) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Fransson Thuresson ΰįƤȡƱοȤȤܤΤˡ͡ʸƾΤäȤ褯ʬäƤ롥Ȥ櫓Ƥμ¿ΤԥååפƤߤǧ줿ǯθƤߤ褦
˿ (Fransson 66--67): Cheseman (1263), Cheser (1332), Chesemakere (1275), Chesewright (1293), Chesemonger (1186), Furmager (1198), Chesewryngere (1281), Wringer (1327)
ꡤ (Fransson 87--88): Webbe (1243), Webbester (1275), Webbere (1340), Weuere (1296)
ޤ (Fransson 95--96): Pouchemaker (1349), Poucher (1317), Pocheler, Poker (1314)
ٹ (Fransson 133--34): Goldsmyth/Gildsmith (125), Gilder/Golder (1281), Goldbeter (1252), Goldehoper (1327)
֡ء繩 (Fransson 161--62): Whelere (1249), Whelster (1327), Whelwright (1274), Whelsmyth (1319), Whelemonger (1332)
֥ (Thuresson 65--67): Swynherde (1327), Swyneman (1275), Swyner (1257), Swyndriuere (1317), Swon (c1240)
Ļ (Thuresson 75--76): Hunte (1203), Hunter (1301), Hunteman (1235)
Τ褦ʰ۷֤ϡȤ櫓̣δ鶽̣롥ʾˡοȤ¿䡤͡μΡ¾ΤؤΤ꤬졤鴶ưФ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Thuresson, Bertil. Middle English Occupational Terms. Lund Studies in English 19. Lund: Gleerup, 1968.

礦2ǯ5ˡǤ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ Ǥޤɸಽ (standardisation) Ȥʤоȸ (contrastive_linguistics) ȤץǤԴ֤ε̤˺Ƹ٤üʥ쥤Ȥܤʤɡʰ̣ĩ路ܤǤܺˤϤʬ¿λ֤פޤ
ΤƱˤĤơؼҲʳءٻǫʽɾޤ翥̳رءˤˤ6ڡˤ錄ɾǤJ-STAGE ͳΥڡꥢǤޤҤɤС

νɾϡ(1) ܽμȹ(2) ƾϤγפܤ(3) ˤơ3ΩƤǽƤޤܽ礭ħȤơ2ŦƤޤ (73) 1ĤϡƱΤȤȤˤƧޤĤġѶŪ¾Ԥͤ˥Ȥ䵿ҤٹäƤס⤦1Ĥϡ֤¾ԤΥȤͤƱ˰Ǥ褦˳ƥڡ˥쥤ȤƤפǤ
ƳŪ1ϤˤĤƤϡ֤ξϤԤ餬ðǰʵո̤ƳФƤɸಽλ¤ƤȤʤäƤꡤ줫̸ɸಽ椷褦ȤԤ˼ȤǤԤˤȤäƤ⤷ƻɸȤʤ뤳ȤפȤɾƤޤ (74)
³ƾϤγפɾϤ⼨٤ߡɾԤλͭʤ顤ܽϤΤ褦ˤɤΤ¿ȯޤΤȤơܽꡤǫɾͿƤäȴƤޤ
ܽˤĤƤνɾϡΤΤΤۤˤʲ2ФƤޤ줾 J-STAGE ꥢǤΤǡ碌ƤɤߤС
ջҡֽɾ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤۽Ź2022ǯ6viii+247pp.ˡס˸ء11˸زԡˡ2022ǯ47--54ǡ *
һ ֽɾ¾ (2022)ظɸಽͤ롼ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤۽Ź248 p.סRevue japonaise de didactique du français 18.1--2 (2023): 134--37 *
ظɸಽͤ٤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ¿Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤgengo_no_hyojunka ΤĤФȻפޤ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
翥ֽɾԡϺδˡظɸಽͤ롧ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤۽Ź2022סؼҲʳء262ʼҲʳزԡˡ2024ǯ73--78ǡ *
1ΤȤˤʤޤ53塤ʡ礫ظ֤μꡤϽʾءˤȤȤˡΡƻܥΥåפ Voicy heldio ǤϤޤGWˤ⤫餺Ҥξʤξ4ͳݤʤꡤΦμʤįʤۿǤƱ֤Υʥʤؤθ漼䶵ǼϿܥΥåȤϰۤʤι𤬤ޤͻҤī heldio ̾ۿ#1069. ܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ΦͿι2ȤƤϤޤ
ƤäѤʵꡤ10夲Ƥޤʲԡ2ץˤʬäƤޤ֤ΤȤˤİС
(1) 02:25 --- Ƭˤϰ̣ʹȤޤ㤨Сex- in- ʤɤǤ experience ʤƬ ex- ˴ްդֳˡפȤ̣ޤޤƤʤñ⤢ΤϤʤǤ礦
(2) 07:25 --- ǥǻȤĤʤɤϤʤʸǽΤ
(3) 09:25 --- ꥹͤϤ褯Ѹؤ˻פäƤ褦ǤήϥեͳñǻȤΤϤʤǤ
(4) 11:50 --- is not, are not ʤɤϲ ain't ȾάΤ
(5) 15:21 --- Ѹ줬 SVO ȤȤΤϤʤʤܸȰäƷˤΤ
(6) 18:44 --- ξά ' ʥݥȥեˤȤΤϤʤ
(7) 22:16 --- A, B, C... alphabet ȤΤϤʤ
(8) 23:22 --- ֥ѥ졼ĥ֥ӥפθ Pirates of THE Caribbean Ǥ뤬ʤܸǥȥǤ괧줬Τ
(9) 25:50 --- as ˡ¿ΤϤʤ
(10) 29:40 --- Ѹä˭٤ʼѤħΰĤʹޤ,ưˤƥ졦եʤ¾줫Ѥ줿ΤϤޤޤ,ưΤʤˤ졦ʩλع¤Τ褦ʡformal --- informal νǧޤ
ξϽؤȤܥΥå⤿ؤɾǤϡ#5475. פ֤ܥΥåϿƤޤ ([2024-04-23-1]) ꥢǤޤΤǡҤİ

衼åѻˤȤͥ줿ȥ˥ˤ2ΤȤƼɮƤ뤬ơΩɤळȤǤ롥ܤΤϤ1ǡŤΰ²λ夫ե̿ޤǤ⤵롥¤줿Τʤǡ衼åѻˤθ塤夬ޤΤ褯ޤȤΤȶò롥ʤȤƤʤȤɸ崶
ʲܼܽƤѸˤγؤӤΤˤɤ
ޤ --- 衼åѤȤϲ
1ϡ衼åѤ --- 奮ꥷ㡦ޤΰ仺ʸ
ͼ̱²
²ȥ衼åѽ
ե٥åȤȯ
ꥷΰ
ȥ衼å
ХХˤĤ
ꥹȶ
λʶͤ
2ϡޥͥȥ衼åѤγΩ --- Ⱦ
ȤƤΥե
ӥХȤʡ¾ԡפȤƤΥ顼ඵ
եǤλȡʿ¡פι
֥ꥹȶפη
ն
졻ǯȥޥͥ
ӥϥ衼åѤ
ȤϲäΤ
μ
3ϡȽ --- ζԻԡȾ
ȯŸ¯
Τȵƻ
ʸ
Ȱü
䶵̥ꥹȶ
ԻԤΥ衼åѤȾȯŸ
ġ롤
4ϡؤư --- Ρȯפȥͥס15~17
θȱ
ڥݥȥγʽФȲʳ̿
ȥå۶λ̾
ͥʸε
ץƥƥо
̱ȷϤȽ
Ѥξ
λ
ȼҲŪΧ
褤礦衼åѽ
мȳ̱
ʳس̿ȼˡ
Хåȸŵ
ʸ
Ȥ
衼åѻǯɽࡦ̾
Ӿ Ӱ졡إ衼åѻ硡ؤư١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2021ǯ
#5488. Ѹο̾ʤɽ魯ˤμ϶äۤɺʬƤ¿ͤä ([2024-05-06-1]) ӡ#5489. űѸο̾μѸƱ餤¿ͤäݤ ([2024-05-07-1]) ƤꡥԤεǡѸˤ¿ͤä̾ѸˤƼ餷Ƥä¤˿줿
Ʊͤˡ̾ɽ魯 (by-name) ⡤ѸˤƼ餷ƤäȤϤʤFransson (32) ˤС"by-name" "family name" ȯŸƤݤˡŪûο̾줿ǤϤʤȤ
As regards surnames of occupation we can notice that they become less specialized towards the end of the period, and if we examine rolls after 1350, we shall be surprised at the rarity of specialized names as compared with the earlier period. The reason for this has nothing to do with what has been said above about trades; it is connected with the heredity of surnames, which now begins to become prevalent. The specialized surname of occupation coincided with the trade of a person and, as a rule, does not seem to have been hereditary, which is probably due to its length and to the fact that it very easily calls to mind the trade itself. The surnames that became hereditary were usually short and denoted common trades, e.g. Smith, Cook, Tailor, Turner, etc.; it is almost exclusively names of this kind that one finds in later rolls. It is true that there are surnames of the specialized type that have survived to modern times, e.g. Arrowsmith, Cheesewright, but they are probably very rare; they owe their existence to the fact that the corresponding trade has died out or that the corresponding substantive has become extinct and its signification been forgotten, e.g. Billiter (= ME Belleyetere), Jenner (= ME Gynour), etc.
ŪˤϸĿͤ°Ƥ by-name Ȥ° family name ȯŸƤˤĤơľ¿줿ȤȤ¿ζؤѲƤäȤǤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames''. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5488. Ѹο̾ʤɽ魯ˤμ϶äۤɺʬƤ¿ͤä ([2024-05-06-1]) Ƥ顤ʵ䤬⤫Ǥ롥ΩĸűѸˤϡ̾μѸƱ餤ʬƤ¿ͤäΤ뤤ϡäϼäΤϸˤȤɤޤ餺ʸꡤʸΥȥԥåȤʤ롥
⻲Ȥ Fransson (31) ϡ餯űѸˤϿ̾Ϥäϼäȿ¬Ƥ롥äȸС¿οȤȤ̾ϡΥޥ (norman_conquest) αƶΤȤˡɡѸˤ⤿餵줿ΤȹͤƤ롥
Did this specialization exist before the Middle English period? The trade-names that are recorded in the Old English literature have been collected by Klump (Die altengl. Handwerkernamen). It is noteworthy that these are comparatively few in number; they are chiefly general names of trades, usually not specialized. A great number of the names in the present treatise are not represented there. To infer from this that all these did not exist in OE, is of course premature. The case is that we have no documents from that time in which trade-names are common. Much speaks in favour of the opinion, however, that many names of occupation did not come into existence until after the Norman conquest.
űѸ¿ο̾ʸڤʤȤȤϡűѸ¿οȤʤäȤɬ̣櫓ǤϤʤFransson θΩƤǤϡΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤȤ
Ѹοȡ̾ˤȯޤޤ⤷ơޤ˻פƤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Ѹο̾ӤӤ (by-name) ˤĤĴ٤ƤȡοȤκʬƤͤ˶äʤ˺٤ȤʬƤΤȰݤƱˡ¿˶òʤΤ
㤨 Fransson (30) θˤȡĴץΤۡȤ˴ؤ뿦̾бϡʤ165ढȤʪ״Ϣֿʪȳ¿ԤȴϢ25ߤĤȤ̤ˤ108Ф졤ʪפʪפͽۤȤब˭٤ǡϢդ줿107˵ڤ֤Ȥ
⤷ȤˡζѸλˤϡޤǤο̾κʬ¿ϳǧʤȤλ̻ŪӤɬñǤϤʤΤΡFransson (31) "we can say that --- with the exception of modern factories -- specialization of trades was considerably greater in the Middle Ages than in modern times." ȷŤƤ롥
ǤϡʤѸˤϿȡ̾ˤΤ褦˺ʬƤΤFransson (31) ϡ4ۤɤŦƤ롥
(1) εѤȯŸʲɤߵȡΤζ椨
(2) Ȥ̾ˤĤƱѸ̾бե̾ʻ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿츫̾μब˭٤Ȥ¿
(3) 뿦̾ӤӤʪ̣ǤοȤ˽Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ𤬤롥㤨 girdler ϡ֥ɥ뿦͡פºݤˤϥɥäƤ櫓ǤϤʤƱ¾ʤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ĥޤꡤ°ʤοͤǤ⤢ä
(4) 嵭ȴϢơܶȤȤȤ˥ޥʡȤĤǤ硤Ԥ̾ȤƺѤۤȤƤϼǽϤ⤤Blodleter ÷͡סʡᾲˤ Vershewere ֱʸߡסʡڤˤʤɤΤ褦롥
Ѹ˿̾ʬƤ¿ͤȤ¤ߤ褦ǤϡűѸǤϤɤäΤơʤѸʹߤˤϡκʬ¿ʤʤäΤ̣Ǥ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5484. heldio/helwa ꥹʡγΡhelפҲ ([2024-05-02-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤѸˤγؤӤ䤹ˤhel (helkatsu) äƤƤޤ
ΥߥǡץαѸ˸ԤhelĥäƤ褦ʤȤˤʤС礭ʸ̤ԤޤΤ褦ʸԤΤhellog Dz˾Ҳ𤷤#5482. αѸ졡¿ȳˡ --- ߷Υ饤ֺ¤Τ ([2024-04-30-1]) ߷Ļرض̾ˤǤꡤˡ#5483. Ѹ˸ԡڹƤΡإХ ([2024-05-01-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ڹʷܳرءˤǤ
ϡˤ⤦1ͤαѸ˸ԤhelܹƤޤkhelf heldio γưǤ⤹Ǥ˵פäˤʤäƤ콤ءˤǤѸʸˡ濴ȤѸˤС븦ԤǤ note ȯϤޤޤϵˤʾҲɤߤС
ȤСkhelfʷѸ˥եˤȯԤرѸ˿ʹ٤45ΡֱѸ˥饦פˤơӥ塼ޤޤƱӥ塼δǤ khelf HP ΥڡǤɤߤޤ
ޤheldio/helwa ꥹʡ Grace ˤ note ~heldio~K-2۵Ǥ⡤ե㡼Ƥޤ
ˤ khelf ȤȤˡhelե (helfest) ŤƤꡤVoicy heldio/helwa Ǥ⤪äˤʤäƤޤʲˡheldio/helwa δϢۿƤߤޤ
#515. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ2ơ
#550. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ3ơ
#603. Ƥ̻Ūѥब뤤ˤĤơ
#747. Υȥ̡ --- khelf κŵ1ơ
֡ڱѸˤ #5۶Υȥ̡ˤ2
#780. ʤѸ˸ԤϤλΤ --- ʡȵȤŤ̡
#967. ߤǤΡֱѸ˥ƥĥޥ饽״衤꤬Ȥ
#1010. Ѹ˥ in hel եΥˡ
#642. heldio ΡֱѸ˥ס
hel夲꤬Ȥޤơ줫ꤤޤ
ǯ٤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ
1ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפϡ427ڡˤ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤졤ޤΤ˽λޤβˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#5453. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1]) ӡ#5481. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1λޤ ([2024-04-29-1]) ǻ˼夲ޤ
2ֱѸäˤѤפ2ָ518ڡˤ 17:30--1900 ˳֤ͽǤ̡饤ˤϥ֥åɳ֤ǡָƨۿץӥ⤴ѲǽǤ1ƨʤäޤؿΤϡꤪߤ

2ϡΤΥȥȤơ1500ǯʾˤ錄ѸûˤפƤߤޤΥŸ˸ơѸθäˤĤ礭ʸ̤뤳ȤɸǤѸûˤѤƤǡѸˤγƻ夫餤ĤΥɤԥååפرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯϤȤƼαѸ츻ŵȤޤƱŵϡҤ긵ˤѰդĤġֺ¤ˤäɤñ줬夲뤫ͽۤʤֺ¤פǤС
ʰʲ嵭2024/05/14(Tue)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
줿֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥסˤκǿϡֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ᤰѤʵ夲Ƥޤ#227. Who ȯϤʤؤʤΤ --- h ȥȵƱ䡩Ǥ
夲뤭äȤʤäΤϡ2ۤ khelfʷѸ˥եˤȯԤ줿رѸ˿ʹ84ǼѤʥե٥åɽפǤ
Ѥʥե٥åɽפκˤĤƤϡ#5434. Ѥʥե٥åɽ״ ([2024-03-13-1]) ǼޤȤ̤ǤΤʤ <w> ǻϤޤñȤܤ줿Τ who Ǥʤֻ /huː/ ɤΤǤ礦ƬλҲϢ³ /h/ бΤ̯Ǥ첻 /uː/ бⵤˤʤޤ
ưǤɽ̤ʤǤۤɤäƤޤޤϢϤޤʲ˴ϢؤΥĥäƤޤΤǡؿΤϤƤߤƤ
Ρhellog
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])
#1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])
#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])
#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1])
#3630. ʤ who ϤֻǤȯʤΤ ([2019-04-05-1])
#3938. Ƭˤ첻 h Ф꤬뤵졤Ҳ h ˤ⤵ʤä ([2020-02-07-1])
Ρheldio
heldio #75. what ϡ֥åȡפ֥ۥåȡפ
heldio #253. ʤ who Ϥֻǡ֥աפɤΤ
ܥ֥λǡǤȰ֤ŤƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤϡꥹʡγˡѸˤδ֤˹ưhel (helkatsu) ؤΤϤƤӤƤޤȤ櫓ǯ٤äƤϡ伫Ȥhel礷ƤˤȤɤޤ餺ꥹʡȤȼhelŸȤưФƤޤơä顥
3֤ۤ hellog #5461. 4ΡhelפȤˤʤäƤޤ ([2024-04-09-1]) heldio #1044. ꥹʡhelҲǼ夲ޤ5ˤʤޤΤǡθŸޤƤҲ𤷤ޤΥꥹʡ⡤ note helȯƤޤҳơեƤС
ΡGrace
note Voicy DZѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) İդˤĤƤ줳ͤ뤳ȤݤȤƤޤˤƶϤhelŸƤޤA εϤᡤե٥åȤγʸȴϢդɮƤޤ
ֱ֡Ѹˡפȡ뤷˺̤ä褦
~heldio~A۽¼
~heldio~BBaugh and Cable ɽ
~heldio~Cۥ֤
~heldio~Ddictionary Τä
~heldio~E۱Ѹ˿ʹѸ˥ƥġ
~heldio~Fʡ
~heldio~G۸
~heldio~Hhel
~heldio~I۲ջ
~heldio~JJun Terasawaʻ߷
~heldio~K-1߷ͧ
~heldio~K-2۵
~heldio~Lۥꥹʡߥ˥ƥ
Ρlacolaco
note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡرѸ츻ŵ٤ A ɤߡ⤷ܤΤߤȴФƥȤƤȤؤٶˤʤ륷Ǥ
ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡ A (advance-afraid)
ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡ A (age-aisle)
֤ˤΤά
ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡ A (arm-artificial)
ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡ A (as-assemble)
Ρ~ߤ
note ֹؤȸؤȤζ֤˥ϥޤäƤߤϤƤޤȤ櫓ֱѸθ츻ǿȤˤĤѸܡ
Authencication vs. Authorization
Binding, Assignment & Substitution
Certificate vs. Credentials
ΡLilimi
4ȾФ note ˤhelϤƤޤ
ָűѸɤ褦~helwa in Ĺ
helwa in Ĺ~ʾҲ
helwa in Ĺ~ȯɽѤʲס
helwa in Ĺꡡץ
helwa in Ĺꡡ1ϡumisio θȯɽ
helwa in Ĺꡡ2ϡʾҲ
helwa in Ĺꡡ3ϡ٤ߤնỶ
helwa in Ĺꡡ4ϡLilimi θȯɽ
helwa in Ĺꡡ5ϡפĤޤ줿ҥåȴ֥ޥ
Ρumisio
note heldio ˾äơ heldio İƵŤȤ䥳ˤƤƤޤΥΡȤ̿ǸƤޤ
ǡhelwa ղ in ĹꡡꥹʡȯɽָűѸˤ fresh ΰֱ̣ΤʤפäΤϤʤס
ֱѸˤ #120umisio ˤ fresh θ츻ȯɽĹꥪղhelwa ɤפΤޤȤ
֥ȥФΥޥ~ĹꥪղϤޤä~ #1049 Ϣ
֥ǥǥȤϡ heldio #1062 with 3Ms ä߷व1
¾ε¿
ۤˤ¿ΥꥹʡγˡSNS䤽¾ΤhelˤϤƤޤؤȤǤҤ¾⡤#helפΥϥå奿ѤʤɤơhelؤΤϤꤤפޤ
嵭ΥꥹʡϡץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ΥСǤ⤢ޤ轵Сڡڤθ6ɲŪۿƤ֥ΥͥǤդ5βȤޤ̵λİӥ⤢ޤΤǡؿΤϡ⤴ѤĤġұѸ֡hel֤ˤʤäƤСʹߡheldio/helwa Ǥ⤷ۿ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ȻפޤΤǡε helwa ؤ꤯
428ˤ˸줿֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥסˤοưϡȤƤΡإХǤ#226. ѸسΥۡסڹʷܳرءˤαѸ˸ؤϡ --- ĤȤνвǤ
ưǤȤʤäƤޤڹȻˤϤޤϰۤʤޤȤ˥饹ؤαؤȤ Jeremy J. Smith ˻ջޤܤѸ˾λϰۤʤޤơޤˡˤĤƤ϶̤δؿϾ˻ɷƤޤ
hellog, heldio, khelf ưʤɤǤ⤪äˤʤäƤޤڤδϢɽŪʥƥĤʲ˵ƤߤȻפޤ
Ρhellog
#5455. ڹȤ heldio ȡȡѤθβưס ([2024-04-03-1])
Ρheldio
#311. ڹȤ̡饹ä1ġ
#479. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδ --- Part 14
#515. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ2ơ
#550. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ3ơ
#699. 428ˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵܥΥå&&ޤˤˡפǤϤޤ
#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ¤
#926. ̾դݤϤݥȡ̾ץȴ #2ۡ1211ʷΥˡ
#1034. ̾ȱѸˡס4ͤ̾ץȴ #3ۡ
#1038. do 뿷Ѹ --- Ya-DO-me ڹ˶ơ
#1039. ѸȯָܸβưפڹΥ֥
Ρkhelf Ϣ
رѸ˿ʹ62023ǯ814ˤΡֱѸ˥饦פڤ (1)
رѸ˿ʹ72023ǯ1030ˤΡֱѸ˥饦פڤ (1)
¾ڤȤΥ֥ⱿĤƤޤ hel (helkatsu) ŸƤѸ˸ԤȤܤΥޤ
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