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2021-05-31 Mon

#4417. ֱѸƳ2021פλޤ [khelf_hel_intro_2021][hel_education][link][khelf][notice]

45˳Ϥ褽2ַ³ƤֱѸƳ2021ͽ̤꽪λޤμݤȤƤϡ#4362. ֱѸƳ2021פץ󤷤ޤ ([2021-04-06-1]) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥޤ

ǯٽ45ϡⶵ̿ͤ⿷ؤӤѶŪˤʤǤǡѸˤ칶䤿 khelf СرȳΥ濴ˤȯȤʤäơѸˤȤʬȤ̥Ϥ˹٤餫Ρ֥ƥġפ1Ĥĥ־˸ɽƤȤֱѸƳ2021ΩƤޤ


ηײ˱äơʸʸ칶ˤƱѸˤؤֱʰ´ˤ1αѸ˥ƥĤƱڡ˥åפ졤δ轪λޤǤ˷48ΥƥĤɽޤ©ڤ줷ĹΥ졼ǤɼԤγ˾嵭μݤ򾯤Ǥ뤳ȤǤΤǤǤ
ܥ֥ǤϡƥƥĤɽ줿ˡɤ褦ˤҲ𤹤뵭񤤤Ƥޤ˿ƤơޤˤĤεDzȿʤФʤʤȤΤϡʤʤǤΤǡȤƤϴ褬̵˽λƥۥäȤƤȤǤǤ⡤ʬǤѶŪ򤷤ʤʥơޤǤʤơޤ񤤹ǤΤǡ¤˻ɷŪǤ
ƥĤ󶡤Ƥ줿ˤ⡤վޤƤɼԤˤ⡤鿽夲ޤ
Ͻλޤ48ΥƥĤֱѸƳ2021ꤤĤǤ⥢ǤޤΤǡͳˤʲˤ⥳ƥİ hellog Ҳ𵭻ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

1. be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť1ˡhellog Ҳ𵭻
2. ּѸ򤤡 --- "spaghetti" Υڥ뤫餤 ---hellog Ҳ𵭻
3. "You deserve it." ȡּȼסhellog Ҳ𵭻
4. ֤졤Ѹ졩hellog Ҳ𵭻
5. ֥(Covid-19)äˡhellog Ҳ𵭻
6. ֥饭͡Υѥ˥hellog Ҳ𵭻
7. Brexitȡïޡ׿hellog Ҳ𵭻
8. ܿͤϤʤ Japanesehellog Ҳ𵭻
9. ȿʪhellog Ҳ𵭻
10. dog ϸʤΤhellog Ҳ𵭻
11. ֱѸݤ߹ 'tsunami'hellog Ҳ𵭻
12. Number ά줬 nu.ǤϤʤno.Ǥͳhellog Ҳ𵭻
13. ֱѸʿͤΤαѸˡhellog Ҳ𵭻
14. MAZDA Zoom-Zoom Zoom äƲhellog Ҳ𵭻
15. ֿȶʸűѸ5hellog Ҳ𵭻
16. ּ֡ҲŪפʡֵΥפäƷɲhellog Ҳ𵭻
17. ֱѸ --- English --- Ȥϡhellog Ҳ𵭻
18. ͧãͤζhellog Ҳ𵭻
19. be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť2ˡhellog Ҳ𵭻
20. goodbye ΰ̣hellog Ҳ𵭻
21. ֱѸθ SV ǤϤʤähellog Ҳ𵭻
22. ֡ڡ٤Ѹˤʤäɤ̣Ȼפޤhellog Ҳ𵭻
23. ֻ줤ʤǤhellog Ҳ𵭻
24. ֿС٤ˤʤäȤϤhellog Ҳ𵭻
25. ָűѸᶵʤʤ礹űѸɲhellog Ҳ𵭻
26. ֤ʤΤkamikazehellog Ҳ𵭻
27. ָűѸƯ --- wyrcan ¿ ---hellog Ҳ𵭻
28. ֥եȥ˥åʥĤ photogenic ʥǥhellog Ҳ𵭻
29. ֵϤĤ 2 ġhellog Ҳ𵭻
30. ֡줿פäɽ¿ʤhellog Ҳ𵭻
31. ֤ȤФˤҤסhellog Ҳ𵭻
32. Morning evening ˤϲ ing ĤΡhellog Ҳ𵭻
33. Oh My Word!?ʤ Word ʤΤήͻ?hellog Ҳ𵭻
34. ָʤ̸ǭ!?hellog Ҳ𵭻
35. Synonyms at Three Levelshellog Ҳ𵭻
36. ʹԷ ing äƸʬʤΡư̾ʤΡhellog Ҳ𵭻
37. ְ̣ SIRhellog Ҳ𵭻
38. POP-UP STORE äƲhellog Ҳ𵭻
39. "Family is" or "Family are"hellog Ҳ𵭻
40. Ѥ̤Ƥֿϼ֡סhellog Ҳ𵭻
41. ֤ʤ̤ΤȤɽʸˡ will be going to ¸ߤΤhellog Ҳ𵭻
42. ֤ǰ֡פΤïhellog Ҳ𵭻
43. A Succinct Account of German and Germanichellog Ҳ𵭻
­'German' 'Germanic' ˤĤƤγн
44. ֻɽΰ̣Ѳ --- ظ٤Ȥϡ٤뤳ȡhellog Ҳ𵭻
45. ֱDzإޥȥå٤ѸˤΤΡhellog Ҳ𵭻
46. ʣ -s ĤʤɤΤˡhellog Ҳ𵭻
47. ȯ˹Ҳ as mad as a hatter hellog Ҳ𵭻
48. office, john, House of Lords --- ȥθƤhellog Ҳ𵭻
49. ֥ƥ˥Ѹθ츻hellog Ҳ𵭻

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2021-05-30 Sun

#4416. ȥαѸʸ --- Ѹ˸ [taboo][euphemism][khelf_hel_intro_2021][thesaurus][dictionary][lexicology][htoed][semantics][synonym][slang][hel_education][bibliography][link]

45ϤޤäƤֱѸƳ2021ΥƥľҲ𵭻ϡǺǽȤʤޤoffice, john, House of Lords --- ȥθƤǤȥơޤǤ͡ȥαѸʸˤ뤤ϱѸʸȤ٤ƤǡHistorical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) ѤƤʤˤ⤷ĴǤΤȶƤ륳ƥĤǤƥοޤɤäƤǡȥͪפιڤळȤǤޤ
֡ (taboo)նɽ (euphemism) (synonym) Ȥä (lexicology) ϡѸˤ´ʸʤɤǤ͵ΥơޤǤѸ˸˴ؿä顤Υդ hellog εɤǤߤƤޤʲ˺ΥƥĤȴˤϢҲ𤷤Ƥޤ

#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])
#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤ ([2010-08-11-1])
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1])
#3392. Ʊ ([2018-08-10-1])
#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])

#4395. ѸˤĤĴ٤Ȼפä ([2021-05-09-1])
#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])
#847. Oxford Learner's Thesaurus ([2011-08-22-1])
#4334. նʸˡ (euphemism) ˤĤƤν ([2021-03-09-1])
#1270. ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ켭 ([2012-10-18-1])
#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1])

#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ ([2020-07-10-1])
#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεåȡ ([2020-05-20-1])

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2021-05-29 Sat

#4415. as mad as a hatter --- ŪݸŪľȤθͷ [alliteration][rhyme][metaphor][cockney][slang][word_play][eebo][clmet][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤȯ˹Ҳ as mad as a hatter Ǥʤ˹ҲʤΤǤ礦ʸȸˤ򤿤ɤäƥĤǤ
ƥǤ⿨Ƥ̤ꡤƱɽȤƤ /m/ ƬƧ as mad as a March hare ΤۤŤ褦ǤμɽݸŪľ (proverbial simile) 䶯Ūľ (intensifying simile) ȸƤФޤ#943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡäƬƧ as cool as a cucumber, as dead as a door-nail, as bold as brass त褯ΤƤޤ as mad as a hatter Τ褦ƬƧޤʤΤ⤢ޤΧθĴ˴ŤƤʤȤ⡤餫ΡָλסʺΥǤ˹Ҳȿδطˤͳ褹ʤɡ̤Ȥƥ桼饹ʸ̤ȤǤСΤ⤷ޤ
Ǥ⺣ΥƥĤ EEBO Ф줿ɽįƤ뤦ˡϤ¿ɽ˲鱤ΧװͿƤΤǤϤʤȻפĤޤޤ speculation ˤޤ󤬡Ҥ٤ƤߤȻפޤ
as mad as a March hare ϽѸ˽ФŪŤɽǡƬƧǤޤ椷ơ19Ⱦ˸줿 as mad as a hatter ƬƧǤޤ󡥤hare hatter /h/ ƬƧǤޤŤɽΤˤʤȡɽ뤳ȤˤʤޤΤ褦ʾ硤褯Τ줿Ťɽ˲餫ηǡְäפȤ⾯ʤʤΤǤϤʤȻפޤξˤϡhare /h/ Ȱä hatter ѤΤǤϤʤȵޤʤ˹ҲȿθλȤĤġˡas mad as a March hare Τ褦̾Ƭ "syntagmatic alliteration" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСhare hatter Τ褦ʴطƬ "paradigmatic alliteration" ȸƤ٤뤫⤷ޤ󡥤С΢פαΧŪäΤȤǤ͡
ȡas mad as a hart ʤɤ⡤hare Ȥ "paradigmatic alliteration" 饤󥹥ԥ졼ɽ⤷ʤȤȤˤʤޤޤas mad as a bear Ȥɽ⤢ä褦Ǥʤɤ hare ȵӱǰääƤΤ "paradigmatic rhyme" ȸƤ٤뤫⤷ޤ󡥥١Ȥʤɽä夷ƤФۤɡ⤸äƿɽФȤ⤷䤹ʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 mad as a herring as mad as Marshal Stair Ȥä桼饹㤬ĤޤƱΤ⤸ȤߤȤǤ
ݸŪľȤθͷӤǤ΢פαΧŪä꤬ͿƤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤߤǤϢơ#1459. Cockney rhyming slang ([2013-04-25-1]) ΤȤפ⤫Ӥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-25-1]

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2021-05-28 Fri

#4414. ʤʣ -es ̾줬ΤǤ [plural][number][suffix][khelf_hel_intro_2021][sobokunagimon][noun][consonant][assimilation]

Ѹ̾ʣ˴ؤѤʵȤСfoot -- feet, child -- children ʤԵ§ʣˤޤĤ꤬ޤǽ˻פ⤫Ӥޤfoot -- feet ˤĤƤС伫Ȥܥ֥ǤǤ⤫Ȥۤɷ֤夲Ƥޤεå򻲾ȡˡ
Ȥ1ǯ˱Ѹ򶵤붵鸽ճʾäƤޤʣ˴ؤ̤μǺǤ¿äΤϡ֤ʤ -o, -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh ǽȤ -es ĤΤפäȤΤǤʤ -s ǤϤʤ -es ʤΤȤǤ͡ξ󤻤Ƥ줿ΤϱѸ춵򤷤ƤΥ´ʤΤǤֱѸƳ2021Τʣ -s ĤʤɤΤˡƤޤζ鸽줫ռȱѸˡѸظΥܤȤäƤ褤ƥĤǤ
̾θ (sibilant) ξ硤Ūˤ [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ] ǤˤϡʣθȤ -es [-ɪz] դΤ§ǤŪطʤ嵭ƥƤ̤ǤȤȤʣ -s ǤϤʤ -es äΤǤäơ֤ʤ̾θξˤϡȤȤ -es -s ˤʤäƤޤäΤפȤ䤤ΩƤۤŬڤȤȤˤʤޤο䤤ФƤϡҤȤޤ֤Τ褦ʲѲפƤޤǤϡʤΤ褦ʲѲθ֤ǤʤäΤǤ礦ФơƥĤǤϼΤ褦˲ͿƤޤ

ؤβȤƹͤΤϡȯˤפȤΤǤ롥 -s-x-ch-sh ǽȯ [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ] Ǥꡤ[s] [z] Ʊ໤Ǥ롥ޤ[s] [z] ϻԲǤ[ʃ] [ʒ] ϸԲǡĴ֤˶ᤤΤ褯ҲϢ³ȯ⡤첻򶴤ȯ䤹ᡤ֤ e Ĥäȹͤ롥


ȯءǤ͡伫ȤŪˤϤޤǤΤ褦ƤޤΤ˱Ѹˤ̤Ʋ򤱤ƤҲϢǤꡤȤʬ䤹ǤƤͤ뵡ΤǡŤ˹ͻƤߤޤ

1. [s, z] ϢȯˤפȤäƤ⡤ƱϢϲޤĶǤ̤¸ߤޤ (ex. this style, these zoos, dish soap, garagesale, watchstrap, page zero) äơĴŪʴŪˡȯˤפȤȤϼĥˤ褦˻פޤ塤Ʊ첻ƱϢ򤱤뤳Ȥϻ¤ʤΤǡĶˤŪˡȯˤפȤȤϡޤĥǤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤ǤΤǤСѸȤơȯƤʤפɽۤŬڤΤ褦˻פޤ

2. षʹΩΩλҲϢİ򤷤ˤפȹͤɤǤ礦ʣϡѸˤ̤̾ο (number) ˴ؤôפʷǤǤƱ̾Υƥ꡼ΤʤǤ⡤ (gender) (case) ϷŪ˿षޤ˴ؤƤϸߤޤǴ趯ӤƤޤѸˤƿϲ餫ΰ̣ǡֽספΤ褦Ǥ
äΩ줫餹СפȰռƤƤ⡤λҲϢäƤĴƱ (assimilation) γʹȤʤꡤ[s, z] Ԥݤ߹ޤƾäƤΤϼԤǤ̤Ȥơƥ꡼¸³δΩǤ礦ʹΩ줫餹Сʣޡ [s, z] ˴ؤƤϤäİǤ褦äˤϤäȯƤ餤ȤȤˤʤޤ
ä꤬ƱظΤФơʹϰ۲ (dissimilation) ظ롤ƸηϤѲξԤι˰ξΩäƤ롤ȤȤǤεǤСΥǤϡʹΰ۲θΤۤŪ˶äȤȤˤʤޤ򺣡ʹŻ뤷Ѳ¸ߴƤ뤳ȤŦƤȻפޤεå

ơΡʣ -es פΤʤǡɤҤä֤äƤȯءŬѤǤʤΤϡ嵭ƥǤܤƤ̤ꡤ-o ǽ̾ΥǤ̾˱ -s ä -es äꡤξԤδ֤ɤ򼨤͡ǤˤȤơѸؤƱ٤δ顤ƱʤǤФۤ -es 롤ȤŦʤƤϤȤܤͤޤϢܥ֥Ǥ#3588. -o ǽ̾ʣ --- pianos potatoes ([2019-02-22-1]) ˤưäƤޤΤǡɤ
ˤ衤¤˱οǤ͡٤

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2021-05-27 Thu

#4413. ưŪȤƤ̵̣ it [personal_pronoun][verb][phrase][conversion][idiom]

ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤֱDzإޥȥå٤ѸˤΤΡǤϲΤȤʬʤȻפޤƱDz褫ޤ줿 the red pillthe blue pill Ȥɽ˾ƤƥĤǤƱƥĤˤСblue pill Ȥϡο¤Τ뤳ȤʤʬȤ򿮤뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥħred pill ¿ˤߤȼ褦ʡĤ餤ο¤Τ뤳ȤξħפȤΤȡμˤ̤ǺܤǤΤǡΤ˿ʵˤΤ褦Ǥ
ˤ̾礬ʻžˤư첽We need to red pill it Canadians. ʤĤ餤¤ܤɬפΤʥͤ补ˤΤ褦˻ȤȤΤǡäޤto blue pill it ⤢褦ǤĤ#4405. ݥåפȤƤΡֶưʻžס ([2021-05-19-1]) ꤹ뵭ˤơֶư̾졦ƻؤʻžפλ夲ФǤϡ̾ưؤʻžפȤդλȤȤˤʤޤΥƥĤΤʤȤФٶˤʤޤ
to red/blue pill it Ȥɽ򸫤ƤդȻפäΤǤŪʴѶ (idiom) ˤФи롤ưŪȤƤ̵̣ it ȤΤϲʤΤǤ礦͡I made it. Ȥ Take it easy. Ȥ Damn it. ȤΥΤ褦˸Ūʸ̮ǿư첽ξˤϡΤޤǻȤ夭ΤǡȤʤ it źơ¾ưäݤФƤߤȤ褦ʴǤ礦
Ѹ˼¼Ūʰ̣⤿ʤ it ˡ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤprop/dummy/empty/expletive/introductory/ambient it ʤɤ͡˾ΤƤޤפ˲餫ʸˡŪʵǽϲ̤Ƥ뤱ɤ⡤¼Ūʻؼоݤ⤿̣äݡʤ˶ᤤˤȤ٤ it ˡΤȤǤΤʤǤ to red/blue pill it Τ褦ưŪȤʤ it ̵̣褦˻פޤºݡQuirk et al. (6.17n) ǤϤμ it ˿졤ִ˶äݡפɽƤޤ

Perhaps the best case for a completely empty or 'nonreferring' it can be made with idioms in which it follows a verb and has vague implications of 'life' in general, etc:

   At last we've made it. ['achieved success']
   have a hard time of it ['to find life difficult']
   make a go of it ['to make a success of something']
   stick it out ['to hold out, to preserve']
   How's it going?
   Go it alone.
   You're in for it. ['You're going to be in trouble.']


OED it, pron., adj., and n.1 ˤȡ8aΤȤˡ夲ƤޤФϰʲ̤16ȾΤ褦Ǥ

8.
a. As a vague or indefinite object of a transitive verb, after a preposition, etc. Also as object of a verb which is predominantly intransitive, giving the same meaning as the intransitive use, and as object of many verbs formed (frequently in an ad hoc way) from nouns meaning 'act the character, use the thing, indicated'.
     Through verbs having corresponding nouns of the same form, as to lord, the construction seems to have been extended to other nouns as king, queen, etc. There may have been some influence from do it as a substitute, not only for any transitive verb and its object, but for an intransitive verb of action, as in 'he tried to swim, but could not do it', where it is the action in question.
   ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Eviv And I can daunce it gyngerly..And I can kroke it curtesly And I can lepe it lustly And I can torn it trymly And I can fryske it freshly And I can loke it lordly.
   . . . .


Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2021-05-26 Wed

#4412. "SEEING IS UNDERSTANDING" --- Фγǰ᥿ե [semantic_change][metaphor][conceptual_metaphor][cognitive_linguistics][semantics]

ֱѸƳ2021⽪פ˺ݤäƤޤҲ𤹤륳ƥĤֻɽΰ̣Ѳ --- ظ٤Ȥϡ٤뤳ȡǤLakoff and Johnson ϡǧΤλˤɽˤ衤Ȥβˤϻ䤿פäƤʾ¿᥿ե (metaphor) Ǥ뤳ȤˤäޤΥƥĤϡָפȡ򤹤פ̣ñ˾ơLakoff and Johnson ǧθŪʥΤθפҲ𤷤ΤǤ
ʹ֤ϻФ褯ȯãưʪǤФäƤ̤ξ󤳤ǧγưʬ٤Ƥȹͤޤȡָפ̣줬᥿եˤ򤹤פΰ̣˱ѤΤ⼫˻פޤ⤷ƶΥΤ褦ĶȤΤǤưʪȯƤȤ顤षʹפ̣줬򤹤פ˱ѤƤ⤷ޤ󡥤ޤ̳Фͥ줿ưʪä顤̤פ򤹤פΰ̣ѤƤȤǤ礦
ʹ֤ϼ¤İФⰭϤʤΤǡʹפ򤹤פ˥᥿եŪ˱ѤϤޤİ򤹤פˤ Listen carefully. ˤ衤٤˴ؤɽǤʹ֤Ū夤̳ФˤĤƤϤɤǤ礦̤פΡ򤹤פؤžϤǤ礦ܸΡ̤Ĥס̤ʬפˤ⡤ε̣äƤȸ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡⤷ȤƤָפʹפñʼΤ褦˴ޤ̣СФˤĤƤϤɤǤ礦
ΥƥĤǡ֡ظ٤Ȥϡ٤뤳ȡפȤ󼨤줿Υ᥿եϡǰ᥿ե (conceptual_metaphor) ȸƤФƤޤñȯΥ᥿եǤϤʤηŪʥ᥿եȤǧΤζˤޤǹԤϤäƤΤȤȤĥ뤿˺줿ѸǤդ˴ؿäϡҰʲεɤߤ

#2187. ΰ̣᥿եǤ ([2015-04-23-1])
#2548. ǰ᥿ե ([2016-04-18-1])
#2551. ǰ᥿ե򤤤Ĥɲá ([2016-04-21-1])
#2568. dead metaphor (1) ([2016-05-08-1])
#2569. dead metaphor (2) ([2016-05-09-1])
#2593. 졤׹͡¡ʸĤʤΤȤƤΥ᥿ե ([2016-06-02-1])
#2616. Ūʰ̣礤복ǰ᥿ե ([2016-06-25-1])

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1980.

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2021-05-25 Tue

#4411. German Germanic ΰ㤤 --- 䤳̾ [onomastics][khelf_hel_intro_2021][sobokunagimon][german][germanic][comparative_linguistics][terminology][language_myth]

ѸˤϤ䤳̱²̱̾̾̾¿ޤ̱²̱⤿ƤʣʸͭˤäƤƤΤǡɽ魯䤳ʤäƤޤΤפΤʤȤ⤷ޤ󡥤ɸ2ϤˤƤ򾷤䤹ǤϺDZ˰֤ŤڥȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦#4380. ѸΥ롼ĤϥƥǤɥĸǤʤ ([2021-04-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ʸޤΤ̵̤ȤǤ
θƾΤȤƤ German ϡ֥ɥĸפؤޤGermanic ӸŪ˺Ʒ줿֥ޥġ˸ (= Proto-Germanic) ؤޤƻȤƤϡԤϡ֥ޥġ˸Ρפ뤤ϡΥޥġ˸줫췲θؤơ֥ޥɤΡפۤɤ̣ޤ
ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡޤˤ2Τ䤳˾ƤˤA Succinct Account of German and GermanicǤѸˤ벻ƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
¼ŵˤ German ϡ֥ɥĿ͡ɥĸ졨ɥĤΡפۤɡGermanic ϡ֥ޥġ˸졨ޥϤΡɥŪʡפۤɤȤʤޤǤˤλʬˤǤ͡ؽѱѱѼŵ OALD8 ˤȡơ褽̤Ǥ

German
   adjective:
      from or connected with Germany
   noun:
      1 [countable] a person from Germany
      2 [uncountable] the language of Germany, Austria and parts of Switzerland

Germanic
   adjective:
      1 connected with or considered typical of Germany or its people
      2 connected with the language family that includes German, English, Dutch and Swedish among others


ƻȤƤϡ"connected with Germany" ̹ȤʤäƤޤϤʬä褦ʬʤ褦ʶ̤Ǥ
ξζ̤򤹤ǻͤˤʤΤϳƸνǯǤGerman νФϡ̾ȤƤ1387ǯƻȤƤ1536ǯǡŤȤޤGermanic ϤޤƻȤ1539ǯ˽Ф֥ޥġ˸פ̣̾ȤƤϤ٤1718ǯΤȤǤĤޤ֥ޥġ˸פθϡѸȤƤθդθʬޤ
դǤФȯζߤ褫Ƹ򾷤ʤ̤ѸǤ餤äȤǤ䡤¤ΤȤӸؤǤϡ֥ޥĸפؤΤ Teutonic (cf. Ѹ Dutch, ɥĸ Deutsch) Ȥ̤ѸѤ봷ŤϤäΤǤˡʶ路 Germanic ɤΤȤ夷ƤޤäȤȸ虜ޤ
Ϣơ#3744. German λؼоݤŪѲȸ츻 ([2019-07-28-1]) ȡ#864. Ʒ줿̾ ([2011-09-08-1]) ⤴ɤ

ʸ嵭2021/05/26(Wed)Ҳ𤷤ƥĤʸǤ'German' 'Germanic' ˤĤƤγнȤƸɽޤΤǡ⤷Ƥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-30-1]

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2021-05-24 Mon

#4410. ܿη̤˴ؤ礭ʸ [contact][typology][borrowing][language_shift][pidgin][creole]

ܿ (contact) θǡǯäȤƶϤäȤ Thomason and Kaufman Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (1988) źθܿλƤ͡ʴ෿褦Ȥ˲ͤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ʲΤ褦ʵǾҲ𤷤Ƥʤۤεɤˡ

#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])
#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])

Winford (23--24) Thomason and Kaufman ʬŪ˰͵򤷤Ĥ "Major outcomes of language contact" ꤹ෿ɽäƤ롥ָܿη̤˴ؤ礭ʸޡפȤäƤ褤ܿݤ˾˼긵֤ƤȤĤǡʲ˼  *

Winford's

Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-18-1] [2021-06-02-1]

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2021-05-23 Sun

#4409. ɱ --- fair θ촶 [khelf_hel_intro_2021][adjective][synonym][semantics][semantic_change][lexical_stratification][bnc][collocation][etymology]

ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿֤ǰ֡פΤïǤǥˡDz Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ʡɱ١ˤ "Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" ѤƤƻ fair ΰ̣Ѳ˾ƤѸƳƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
פȤФޤ beautiful פ⤫ӤޤʤǤ fair ʤΤǤ礦ޤƥĤǤ⤵Ƥ̤ fair ˤϡֿΡפȤ⤢ޤΤǡSnow White ȤΤ褤Ȥޤˡbeautiful ƻѤƤΤòƤ봶ΤФfair ˤϡָʡʿʡפθޤƻŪʴްդޤ (cf. fair trading, fair share, fair play) ɱƤΤˤԤäȤ櫓Ǥ
fair ϸűѸѤƤѸǡŤ˭ʶޤbeautiful ϡ14˸ťե󥹸̾ beute Ѥˡ15˱Ѹ¦ -ful ղäƺäѸǤե󥹼ѸΤˤϡȾץե󥹼ѸˤŪˤäΩŪ̵ƩζĤȤ¿ΤǤbeautiful ˤĤƤгΤ fair ٤ƻŪŪʿߤϴޤ󡥡ʥƥѸ attractive ȹ碌 fair -- beautiful -- attractive 31 (triset) ȳơλѰ (register) ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
fair beautiful Τ褦ΰ̣ˡΰ㤤ˤĤƾܤΤꤿˤϡ䥳ѥʸ򤸤äįᡤɤΤ褦ʸȶ (collocation) Ƥ뤫ѻ뤳Ȥᤷޤ1줫ʤ륤ꥹѸ쥳ѥ BNCweb ξζɽĴ٤ƤߤޤǤϿʪƻѤƤ붦˸¤äƾҲ𤷤ޤfair ȥåȤߤ䤹Τ hair lady Ǥbeautiful ȥåȤȤƤ woman, girl, young, hair, face, eyes, looks ʤɤ󤬤äƤޤʤ򴶤 fair lady ФơޤƻѤɤɽ魯Ȥò beautiful woman/girl ȤΩ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤɱˤϤϤ fair դ路ΤǤ礦͡
fair ˸򤵤ȸηӤĤϡcandid Ȥƻˤ⸫ޤcandid ˡΨľʡפ̣ޤʤָʿʡפθޤŤϡ򤤡פθ⤢ޤȤȤθ츻ϥƥ candidus ǡޤˡ򤤡פ̣ޤǮƵƤפǡcandle ʥˤȤ캬ͭƤޤޤcandidate ʸԡˤϡޤǸԤ򤤥ȡ뽬路äȤͳ褷ޤʤߤܸǤַסֹס֥ʡ̵ˡפʤɤ򤵤ȸδطָޤ͡

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2021-05-22 Sat

#4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 [future][preterite][tense][khelf_hel_intro_2021][sobokunagimon]

ֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤơꥳƥ֤ʤ̤ΤȤɽʸˡ will be going to ¸ߤΤåפޤѤʵ륳ƥĤȤơؤǫ˽񤫤Ƥޤ⤽ư̤ɽȤϲ߷ȤɤۤʤΤ (tense) ȤϲȤä˴ؿϡҤɤ
Ѹ̤ɽȤ will be going to פ⤫Ӥޤ¤̤ɽ魯Τưθ߷Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤQuirk et al. (4.94) ˤȡѥ4Ĥޤ
1ĤϡṲ̄ǤäƵ뤳Ȥμ»뤵ʪˤϸ߷Ѥޤƥ The meeting begins at 4:30. ưͽǤ̤ѤޤThe plane leaves for Ankara at eight o'clock tonight. Τ褦ʥƱͤǤ˥ХХۤɳŪ Tomorrow is Sunday. ʤɤ⸽߷Ǥcf. Yesterday was Friday.)
2ĤϡعʸˡǤֻǤ̤ΤȤˤ⸽߷ѤפȤǤHe'll do it if you pay him. I'll let you know as soon as I hear from her. ʤɤˤƽ°ưϸ߷ȤäƤޤʤˤ 'll (= will) Ƥޤˡ
3Ĥϡ2;̾ѤؼʸˤƤϸ߷Ѥޤ㤨СΤ褦ƻʸ󤲤ޤ礦You take the first turning on the left past the police station, then you cross a bridge, and bear right until you see the Public Library.
4ĤϡܤΤʤԤǽФƤս˸ڤ硤In the next chapter we examine in the light of this theory recent economic developments in the Third World. Τ褦˸߷Ѥޤ
̤פΤȤʤΤˡָ߷פɽ魯ȤΤϥϥΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤ͡򤷤Ƥ٤פʤȤϡʪŪǧŪ time ʻ֡ˤȸդηޤȤƤ tense ʻˤϡ̤γǰȤȤǤξԤԥäȰפ뤳Ȥ¿ΤϳΤǤɬפʤȤ⤢ȤȤǤˤƤϡtime tense 򥤥ǶӤĤƤʤΤȤǤ
Ѹ̤ɽ˴ؤȤƤϡŪʴʲε⤴

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])
#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])
#3718. Ѹ̤ʤȹͤͳ ([2019-07-02-1])
#2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1])

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-15-1] [2021-07-15-1]

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2021-05-21 Fri

#4407. ϼ֡jinrikisharickshaw [japanese][loan_word][semantic_change][shortening][vowel][etymology][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤѤ̤Ƥֿϼ֡סȤǤ1874ǯܡʸˤΡֿϼ֡פѸ jinrikisha ȤƼѤޤθޤʤ1879ǯˤϡѸ첽ޤä rickshaw ȤƸƤޤϤޤ˻䤿Υ᡼ֿϼ֡פΰ̣ѤƤΤǤ1900ǯˤ rickshaw ϥΥȥȥʤɤǤߤΡʤɤŪˤߤ롤ž֤ХưλإΤ褦ʤΤؤؤȿʲ뤲ƤޤOED ξ̿˭٤˴ޤɤߤ䤹ƥĤ˻ž夬äƤޤΤǡϤֿϼ֡פʤ󡤤ȤĥåߤȤȤˤɤ
⤽ֿϼ֡פ jinrikisha ȤƱѸääϲäΤǤ礦Barnhart θ츻˻ͤˤʤ뵭ҤäΤǡѤƤޤ

jinrikisha or jinricksha (jinrik'shô) n. small, two-wheeled carriage pulled by one or more men. 1874, borrowed from Japanese jinrikisha (jin man + riki power + sha cart, carriage).
   It is possible the carriage is the invention of a Baptist missionary named Goble in 1869, who is said to have devised the vehicle for his wife who suffered from arthritis, and the first commercial operation of such vehicles was apparently sanctioned in Tokyo that same year.


ΤʵҤǤϤʤΤΡХץƥɤΰʲ Goble ˤȯʤǡμξʪǧĤ줿Τ⤽ǯä餷ȤȤǤǤϥޥ褯ʬʤǤ͡
ܤΡֿϼ֡פˤĤĴ٤Ȥإ֥꥿˥ɴʻŵ 2010٤˾嵭ȴϢϤ뤬ۤʤ뵭Ҥ򸫤ĤޤȯԤïʤΤǤ礦

Ҥ褻Ϥǰĥ2ؼ֡Ŵˤ׽ܶĮι⻳餬ϼ֤ηƽФΡ2 (1869) ǯ˻žǯ3ˡֿ¤֡פȤƳȤдꤷޤܶΤȤ3椪ȤΤΤϼΤ4ΩƤƲ򤫤ʤɤĥᤰ餷4ǯ˽Τɡ򻶤餷ĤʤɤĤä1873ǯޤǤήԤ34200ξڤȵϿƤ롥ǯ֤˲ɤ졤ڤȤȤˡˤμ (硤Ρܼ) Ȥ¿͢Ф졤֥ꥭס֥ꥭפαѸƤӤޤǤǤۤڤ1900ǯ3ˤȯطԤ޷ɤɽ줿ꤷǤˤκܤǤż֡ư֤ˤƿϤꡤ䤬ƲʤüʳǤϤ줿


ˤ jinrikishaӤž rickshaw ϡ19˱ѸѤ褦ˤʤä櫓Ǥ䤬ƻؼоݤȤʤʪΤƤƤޤäȤΤ⤷Ǥ嵭ƥǡּѸϡˤƸΰ̣龯줿̣äƤޤȤʤʤȹͤ뤬ά͡rickshaw ⤽ΤҤȤĤʤΤפȽҤ٤Ƥ̤Ǥ͡ǶΡ#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1])#4391. kamikaze bikini --- 略魯ΰ̣Ѳ ([2021-05-05-1]) Ǥ夲줿ǤϤǤ󤲤줽ǤƤΤȤΩäƤäҤƤμϤʤȤǡƤδԤȤ΢ʢˡȼĹƤäƤޤȤȻƤޤ
ΥƥĤϼѸΰ̣ƤȤǤƤΤϰ̣ǤϤʤޤΤ̤Ǥjinrikisha rickshaw ؤṳ̂줿Ȥ⤽Ǥּܸ֡ /ʃa/ ñΤۤǤ /ʃɑː/ 뤤 /ʃɔː/ ȯ褦ˤʤäΤ⾮ʷΥǤѸʹߡ¾ /a/ äƤݤˤϡΤ褦 /ɑː/ /ɔː/ ȤƼޤޤФξδ֤ɤ뤳Ȥ¿º jinrikisha rickshaw θˤƤξ첻֤ɤ򼨤ƤޤɤϢươֻΤۤˤ <sha> <shaw> ɤ򼨤ƤΤȹͤޤéclat /eɪˈklɑː/, spa /spɑː/, vase /vɑːz/ ʤɤǤϸߤ /ɑː/ ܤǤŤ /ɔː/ ⤢ޤ (Jespersen 428)
ʤ֥ꥯ硼פϡȤĤι켭ŵˤϺܤäƤޤǤ̤ؤΥѥåѥåäƤɮԤȤƤϡĿ͸ȤƤܸΥܥ֥꡼Τʤˤä夷Ƥޤ

Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

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2021-05-20 Thu

#4406. ̾ñʣ [noun][number][agreement][ame_bre][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸƳ2021Τ˺ر饢åפ줿ƥĤ"Family is" or "Family are"Ǥ꤫ǤǤ礦̾ (collective noun) οΰפǤ͡
ƥĤǤ狼䤹⤵ƤȤꡤfamily ɽν̾ϡ̤˱Ѽ֤ˡ˺ȤޤꥹѸǤϡֲ²Ȥ1ñ̡פȤߤˤ My family is . . . . Τ褦ñֲ²ʣСפȤߤˤ My family are . . . . Τ褦ʣ롥ꥫѸǤϡɤξˤ My family is . . . . Τ褦ñ롤ȤäǤ
ѸαƺˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ ame_bre ε¿夲Ƥޤƺ򼨤͡˻ŦƤޤ¿Ūʡ֥롼פȤ⡤ޤŪʡַפˤȤɤޤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤꥫѸŪȤƤΤꥹѸ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤդΥ⤢ޤǤΤǡޤǷȤȤ館ɬפΤǤˤƤʤʤΤʷ뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤΤǡϤꤪ⤷Ǥ͡Ρֽ̾ΰפ⡤Ƕ̣ƺΥȥԥåȤʤޤ
ʣŪŪʻؼоݤļФơư줬ñʤΤʣʤΤȤˤĤƤϡĹ餯ؿ󤻤Ƥޤܥ֥⡤ŪϢȤưʲ󤲤Ƥޤ礦ʰ쵤ɤߤεåɤˡ

#312. ʸˡαƺ ([2010-03-05-1])
#930. a large number of people οΰס ([2011-11-13-1])
#1144. Ѹˤ԰פ ([2012-06-14-1])
#1334. Ѹˤ̾ưο԰ס ([2012-12-21-1])
#1355. 20ꥹѸǽ̾ñפä ([2013-01-11-1])
#1356. 20ꥹѸǤ government οΰס ([2013-01-12-1])

ˤС21äƤ򤵤äƤ#1054. singular they ([2012-03-16-1]) ⡤Ρֽ̾ñʣפ̵ǤϤʤȻפäƤޤ

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2021-05-19 Wed

#4405. ݥåפȤƤΡֶưʻž [phrasal_verb][conversion][word_formation][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

Ҳ𤹤ֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥĤϡˤPOP-UP STORE äƲǤŪǡ֥ݥȾ夬뷿ΡӽФΡ܎ɤʤɤӳȳӽФפۤɤ̣ƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿pop-up birthday card, pop-up toaster, pop-up window ʤɡȿȶʤΤ¿ΥƥĤǰƤΤϡǶᥤꥹܤǤήԤäƤƤȤ pop-up store Ǥ롥
pop-up (n. and adj.) ȤŪ OED ˤҲ𤷤Ƥ줿ƥĤ¤ϱѸŪˤϤܤ٤ʤΤǤ롥ϡư pop up ʥݥӽФˤΤȤƷƻ줢뤤̾ȤƵǽֶưʻžפȤ٤1ĤǤ롥ơζưʻžϡ20ʹߤȯãƤŪdz׿Ūʸ1ĤʤΤǤ롥ºݡǯˤϤΥơޤǽʸ񤤤ߤ⤳Υơޤ˴ؿ󤻤ر롥ʤʤݥåפʥȥԥå
ˤĤƤϡǤˡ#420. 20ȾˤϤäĤθ ([2010-06-21-1])#1695. ưʻž ([2013-12-17-1])#2300. ưʻž̾ư ([2015-08-14-1]) εǼ夲ƤΤǡ
ưʻžϳΤ˸ѸŪʸݤȤܤͤΤѸˤĹŪѥδ餹ȡŪȤ (1) Ѹ˶ư (phrasal_verb) ΤΤȯãȡ (2) Ѹˤʻž (conversion) ȤֲΩȤפǤ롥ΤȤǤϤ뤬2ĤŪʽͿξ郎ʤСѸˤưʻžήԤʤɤʤäϤΰ̣ǡŪͿ2򡤶ưʻžϢʤϲ̮ȸƤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-27-1]

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2021-05-18 Tue

#4404. ܸͳηɾ san [vocative][honorific][pragmatics][japanese][loan_word][title][khelf_hel_intro_2021][hypocorism]

ֱѸƳ2021˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤְ̣ SIRǤŪʱѸءѸ˸ǤϡƤӤ (vocative) ϼŪˤȤɤޤꡤפĴоݤȤϤʤʤȤߤʤƤޤˡ˸ƬˤꡤǤϽפʸơޤȤȤ館ƤޤΥƥĤϡФɾ (honorific) θƤӤ sir ʤбǤ madamˤˤĤơ˸δҲ𤹤ΤǤƤӤˤɵ椹̥Ϥ˵ŤƤ館ФȻפޤ
ƥǡܤγعǤαѸμȤǡѸdzƤ֤ȤˤɤΤ褦ʷɾΤȤΤդ路ȤǺߤ֤ƤޤΤ񤷤Ǥ͡ŪŵŪˤ Mr. Miss (or Mz.?) Ǥ͡ʻǻȤˤʤäƤޤĿͤȤƤܸͳ san ֤פλѤդ路ȻפäƤꡤ̤αѸѤˤƤ⡤äήԤäƤФ褤ȴԤƤޤɾΤȤƤ san ϡOED Ǥ san, n.3 ȤƸФ줬ΩƤƤꡤäȤñǤ

   A Japanese honorific title, equivalent to Mr., Mrs., etc., suffixed to personal or family names as a mark of politeness; also colloquial or in imitation of the Japanese form, suffixed to other names or titles (cf. mama-san n.).
      When suffixed to a female personal name, and in more polite endearment, san is often coupled with the prefix O- (see quot. 1922).

   1878 C. Dresser in Jrnl. Soc. Arts 26 175/1 Mr. Sakata, or, as they would say Sakata San, who was appointed..as one of my escort through Japan.
   . . . .
   . . . .
   1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xii. [Cyclops] 313 The fashionable international world attended en masse this afternoon at the wedding... Miss Grace Poplar, Miss O Mimosa San.
   . . . .
   . . . .
   1972 J. Ball Five Pieces Jade xiv. 188 It would make me the greatest pleasure, Nakamura san.


san ϡؤƱνܡʸ˻̤ѸüԤȱѸäȤˤϡ̤˻ȤޤϷ˽鷺ŪѤǤɾΤǤ⤢ꡤǤԹ礬褤ΤǤ줬äȹŪήԤäƤСñȤƤѤȤƤ⡤ܸ줫礭ʹ׸ˤʤȻפäƤޤ
ʤܸΡ֤׼Τϡɰդι⤤֤ޡפṳ̂۷ǡǤɰդ⤹㤹礦ɤ褤֤Ťˤޤ䞤۷֤פϰη (hypocorism) Ǥ͡

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-28-1]

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2021-05-17 Mon

#4403. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ3֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][verb][suppletion][conjugation][preterite][hellog_entry_set]

οǯ٤˸ƻϤޤäNHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in EnglishפΥƥȤˡѸΥܥʵ˴ؤϢܵƤƤޤɼؤǤ˰פߤƼɮɬפꡤˤȤäƤʤʤβǤƤϱѸˤĶǤؿΤƥȤˤȤäƤߤƤ6ΥƥȤȯޤ3Ȥʤ뺣ϡɬΡ֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ6



ʤ go β *goed ǤϤʤ went ȤޤäۤʤˤʤäƤޤΤǤ礦üŪС츻ΰۤʤ wend βǤ went Ȥ⤢ go βʤ˳ǤǤϢܵǤѸ줳ФƤޤ󤬡Ūˤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤɤθˤѻ븽ݤǡȤ櫓Ķٸ¿ߤȤ̤ħޤ佼ˡϰ츫Ի׵Ĥ˻פޤ¤ϸˤŬäƤΤǤϢܵǤϡդפ⤷ޤ
佼ˡ̡Ȥ櫓 go/went 佼ˡˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǰäƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ쵤ɤߤεåɤ

#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])
#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])
#4094. ʤ go β went ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-12-1])
#3859. ʤˤԵ§ʸݤΤǤ ([2019-11-20-1])
#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])
#765. 佼ˡϸͤμŪŪñŪʴǰɽ ([2011-06-01-1])
#3254. ٤⤿餹̤̾¸̡ ([2018-03-25-1])
#694. ٸԵ§ʣ ([2011-03-22-1])
#67. ˤ佼ˡ ([2009-07-04-1])
#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])
#2090. 佼ˡ餱ο;̾ηϡ ([2015-01-16-1])
#1580. 佼ˡθ³Ȳǽ ([2013-08-24-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-02-1] [2022-05-23-1]

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2021-05-16 Sun

#4402. ʹԷεȯã [verb][participle][gerund][syntax][aspect][contact][latin][french][celtic][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿ʹԷ ing äƸʬʤΡư̾ʤΡǤưοʹԷˤҤȤϸʬιʸήǤ뤬ǽư̾ιʸήǤ뤳ȤŦƥĤǤ
be + -ing ȤɽʹԷ (progressive form) εȯãˤĤƤϡѸ˾¿εʤƤޤʶȤƤꡤʤȸƤ٤Τ뤫ɤǤˤˤĤƤ Mustanoja (584--90) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤʲ˰͵򤷤ƳάҤ٤ޤ礦
űѸˤϡѸ be + -ing ΤȤ٤ʸȤ wesan/beon + -ende ޤθʬ -ende Ȥ֤äƤꡤ˹ä -ing ֤줿Ȥаޤޤcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϡΤ˷³ްդʸ̮Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤǤʤȤ¿ǽŪˤϸοʹԷľܤĤʤΤɤԳΤǤޤȤƤϥƥб빽ʸǤȤƤޤѸȡιʸϤषΩʤʤޤˤäƤ٤Ф꤬ߤޤѸˤ¤ĹϤᡤḽѸοʹԷϢʤήФޤŵŪ˷³ɽ魯ŪˡȯãΩΤϡ16ʹߤΤȤǤ
ʹԷεȯã򤶤äȳѤޤξܺ٤ϼ¤ʣǡѸ˸塤ε깭ƤޤűѸбʸ³ȯãǤȤ⤢СΡon + ư̾פιʸǤȤ⤢ޤ2ĤȤ߹碌3ƤƤꡤ줬ƤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ
¾줫αƶˤȯãȤ¿ޤҤ̤ꡤűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϥƥбʸ路ΤǤȤΤͭϤǤѸǤλѤˤĤƤϡťե󥹸бʸαƶ⵿ƤޤˡȸƶޤƤƤޤcf. #3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]
ʹԷϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˸̥ŪǤ³Ƥޤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2021-05-15 Sat

#4401. ֱѸäλع¤פοäæò [loan_word][french][latin][lexicology][lexical_stratification][language_myth][khelf_hel_intro_2021][hellog_entry_set][etymological_respelling]

ֱѸƳ2021Τ˺ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤSynonyms at Three LevelsǤϲΤȤȤȡֱѸäλع¤פǤֶ졤ݡפ̣ñȤ fear -- terror -- trepidation ʤɤޤΥåȤˤϥѥ󤬤ޤfear ϰפѸǡterror Ϥ񤷤ե󥹸줫μѸ졤trepidation Ͽͤդʤ⾰ʶĥƥ줫μѸǤѸˤ̤ơΤ褦줬ۤʤ˰ۤʤ줫鶡뤵äΤʤѤƤä̤ع¤Ȥ櫓Ǥ嵭ƥΤۤ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ƤߤƤ
ơֱѸäλع¤פϱѸˤǤ֤Ǥ֤ƿòƤȤäƤǤϤޤ󡥤ܵǤϡƤæòޤȻפޤʲϱѸ˾ԤˤʤޤΤǤդǤˡ#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1]) #2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1]) ǤʬŪ˼夲ƤǤ嵭ƥ˰͵򤷤ʤ fear -- terror -- trepidation Ȥ31 (triset) ˾ƤƵƤߤޤ

(1) ƥǤϡ triset Τ褦ʡʤפȽҤ٤Ƥޤ伫ȤѸ˳͡ʵƱݤʸϤ򤿤Ӥӽ񤤤ƤΤǤ¤ϡפϤʤꤢΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤҤ󤲤ƤߤơפȸƤ⤿󤬤ʤΤ¤Ǥ֤줤פ󤲤ʤȸȡǤ

(2) fear - terror - trepidation Ϥʤ֤줤פΤ褦ˤߤޤɤޤˡ֤줤פȤΤռǤ̤αѸ켭θ츻ǤϳΤ terror ϥե󥹸줫顤trepidation ϥƥ줫äȤƤޤȤξȤƥˤΤܤꡤԤ terrōremԤ trepidātiō 츻ȤʤޤʤʤߤˡȤ˰캬 *ter- ˤΤܤ궦̤Ǥˡterror ϤȤȥƥñäɤե󥹸ͳƱѸäƤȤ̣ˤơ֥ե󥹸줫μѸפɽ뤳Ȥϡ츻Ҥδ˱äΤǡޤäϤޤ
ȤOED terror θ츻Ҥߤ "Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin." Ȥޤ֥ե󥹸줫μѸǤפȤꤷƤʤΤǤ츻Ūˤäơμñϥե󥹸줫äΤƥ줫äΤۣʥ¿˾¿εʤƤޤε˴ؿΤεå
񤷤ǤȤƤ terror ҤȤޤե󥹼ѸȲᤷƤ褤ȤϹͤƤޤκ1ĤϡѸǤνֻͥե󥹸 <terrour> äȤǤƥǤ <terror> ȤʤϤǤդˤСѸֻ <terror> ϡ˥ƥֻ򻲾Ȥ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤȤˤʤޤפˡ terror ϡ夫ƥ̣᤭ޤ줿ե󥹼ѸȤȤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤ
terror νмۣ椵θȡ triset ŵŪʡֱѸ -- ե󥹸 -- ƥפηˤäϤޤǤϤʤȤˤʤޤʤȤȤƤΡ֤줤פϡ100%80%餤ޤǤܸꤷ褦˻פޤ

(3) trepidation ˤĤƤǤOED ˤХƥ줫ľܼѤ줿ΤȤޤҤΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ϡե󥹸 trépidation 뤤ϥƥ trepidātiō(n)- ͳ褹ΤȤŤʻȤäƤޤʤñαѸǤνФ1605ǯǤOED 2Ǥξˤȡե󥹸ǤϤǤ15 trépidation ʸڤƤȤȤǤterror ³ trepidation νмˤۣʤȤФƤޤ triset Ρ֤줤פϡ80%餵70%餤ޤDzäޤ

(4) ƥǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡع¤ؤե󥹼ѸؤϡºݤˤϲؤѸؤȤͻ礷Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ (ex. clear, cry, fool, humour, safe) 줤ʻع¤ƤȤϡʩؤҤä᤿ꡤʩؤҤä᤿ꤷơع¤˶᤯ʤȤ¦̤ޤ
ˡֵžع¤פȸƤ֤٤ŵŪǤʤ⻶ޤ㤨СƱëפǤؤôϤΥե󥹼Ѹ valley ŪʶޤؤôϤαѸ dale ϤäʸŪǹ⾰ʶĤȤ⤤ޤaction/deed, enemy/foe, reward/meed Ǥcf. #2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])ˡѸäλع¤ϡΤȤɾȽۤɡ֤줤פǤʤΤǤ

ʾ塤ֱѸäλع¤פæòޤäƤߤޤȤƤΡֱѸäλع¤פꤹ뵤Ϥޤäޤ󡥻伫ȤʤȤǽ񤤤Ƥޤ񤤤Ƥ椯ĤǤɬ֤줤פǤϤʤ¦̤뤳ȤˤαդƤȻפΤǤ
Ѹäλع¤ν¦̤˴ؿäεåɤ

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2021-05-14 Fri

#4400. ָǭפ cats and dogs ν [sound_symbolism][phonaesthesia][onomatopoeia][idiom][binomial][prosody][alliteration][phonetics][vowel][khelf_hel_intro_2021][clmet][coca][coha][bnc][sobokunagimon]

ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡꥢåפ줿ָʤ̸ǭ!?ǤܸǤϤҤɤΰȤָפɽ褷ơָǭפȤϸʤ櫓ǤѸǤͽ̤ʡ cats and dogs Ȥ̣ǤThey fight like cats and dogs. Τ褦ѤۤޤФꤷ餷Ƥ뤳Ȥ to lead a cat-and-dog life ʤɤȤɽޤ褯Τ줿ںߤפΥǥ#493. It's raining cats and dogs. ([2010-09-02-1]) ǡǤ
ϤȤưʪ˴ؤʸѺȤƤ⤷ǤˤʤäΤϱѸ cats and dogs θǤܸǤϡָǭפɡ嵭αѸΥǥɽȤƤϡǭפνˤʤäƤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
1ĹͤΤϡװǤ2ĤǤӤĤжȤƵǽˡŪνޤ뷹ޤβװˤ͡ʤΤޤ绨ĤˤвηڤΤơŤΤȤΤ§Ǥ⤦ΤˤС "openness and sonorousness" 㤤Τơ⤤ΤˤȤǤ᡼ȤƤϡᡦڤ硦ŤؤήȤƤȤ館ޤ륤᡼ϡħ (sound_symbolism) 뤤ϲ (phonaesthesia) ȸƤФޤ줬2Ǥֽ˴ͿƤȹͤޤ
첻ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ礦ŵŪˤϹ첻첻ؤȤˤʤޤ#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) ([2012-06-09-1]) Ǽ褦 flimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack ʤɤ㤬󤬤äƤޤ#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ^([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) [AEIOU]\S* ([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) \1 [AEIOU]\S* \2$ ȤƸƤߤȡۤˤ chit-chat, kit-cat, pingpong, shipshape, zigzag ʤɤޤding-dong, ticktack פĤޤ͡졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ¿褦Ǥ
Ǥϡ cats and dogs ŬѤȤɤʤǤ礦ξԤ첻 /æ/ /ɔ/ ǡ첻Ȥ纹ޤ󡥤ξˤϡ٤ΡפȤΩƤΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤؤȤήǤ첻 /æ/ ޤ cats ǡ첻 /ɔ/ ޤ dogs Ȥ櫓Ǥٻ붯ڵϺΤȤˤƤޤ󡥻ͤޤǤˡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ȡ#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1]) 򤴰ɤжǤϤޤ󤬡ưθ߷Ȳ catch/caught, hang/hung, stand/stood ʤɤΩޤ
ơ⤽ cats and dogs νǥեȤǤ뤫Τ褦ǵʤƤޤʤΤǤ礦ˡֱѸΥǥɽȤƤϡפȽҤ٤ΤǤ¤Ͻˡָǭפɽˤ dogs and cats 褯ȤƤΤǤƤɽŪʥѥ BNCweb COCA ñ㸡ƤߤȤΥѥˤƤ dogs and cats ΤۤषͥΤ褦ǤȤȤϡνϡǤϤʤˤʤäΤǤ礦
ǤʤȻפäƤޤ18--19θѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡcats and dogs 18㡤dogs and cats 8ȽФޤ⤷ȡȤŪˤ cats and dogs ͥäȤˡ20ʹߡǶˤʤä dogs and cats 餫ͳɤ夲ƤȤǽޤºݡꥫѸ˥ѥ COHA Ǥäȳǧ¤ꡤΤ褦ʵۤǻʤΤǤ
ָǭפǭפñʤǤѸŪˤϱǤ

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2021-05-13 Thu

#4399. My word! [asseveration][swearing][interjection][taboo][euphemism][labiovelar][phonetics][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸƳ2021˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤOh My Word!?ʤ Word ʤΤήͻ?Ǥ롥
Oh my God! ϥ֡ (taboo) ȤۤɶʶŪˤϻѤ򤱤롥նɽ (euphemism) Ȥơ(Oh my) Gosh!, (Oh my) goodness!, Oh my! ʤɤ褯ΤƤ뤬פ˲Ū˻ˤִάʤɤʤƥꥸʥɽ碌ȤˡΤäƤΤǤ롥
ƥȯɽԤϡɸ My word! Ȥ Oh my God! նɽ1ĤǤϤʤȡּήͻפߤƤ롥οϡGod [g] word [w] ¤ϲŪ˶ᤤȤ¤Ǥ롥ΤĴŪˤСξԤ (labiovelar) ˤġϢܥ֥εȤơ#1151. ¿ ([2012-06-21-1])#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1])#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume ([2019-12-02-1])#3409. ܸˤٹξü ([2018-08-27-1])#3410. Ѹˤֹٹס ([2018-08-28-1]) 󤲤Ƥ
Ūʴ God Word ӤĤƤߤߤϤ⤷
ŪˤϤɤOED word, n. and int. 򻲾ȤȼΤ褦ˤ롥

P3. e. my word (esp. as an exclamation) = upon my word at Phrases 1g(b)(ii).

1722 A. Philips Briton ii. iii. 14 He loves thee, Gwendolen:---My word, he does.
1821 London Mag. June 658/2 When the New Town Christeners had exhausted their Georges and Charlottes and Fredericks and Hanovers, (and, my word, they did extend the royalty).
1841 E. C. Gaskell Lett. (1966) 44 My word! authorship brings them in a pretty penny.
1857 F. Locker London Lyrics 72 Half London was there, and, my word, there were few..But envied Lord Nigel's felicity.
1874 A. Trollope Harry Heathcote ii. 49 'You dropped the match by accident?' 'My word, no. Did it o' purpose to see.'
1932 P. Hamilton Siege of Pleasure ii. 62 in Twenty Thousand Streets under Sky (1935) 'My word!' said Violet. 'You didn't half give me a turn.'
1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 43 My word, how we did dress up in those days!
2004 G. Woodward I'll go to Bed at Noon xiii. 237 'That's an old Vincent,' said Janus Brian, 'my word. Haven't seen one of those for years'.


(asseveration) ȤƤֻ upon my word ƱǽδȤơ18Ⱦ˽Ф褦ֻ upon my word of my word ʤɤȤȤ1600ǯ夫ѤƤ롥餯ֻ礬ñȤǴȤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ䤬Ƥֻ줬æάǤѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-22-1]

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2021-05-12 Wed

#4398. -ing αѸ [khelf_hel_intro_2021][etymology][suffix][gerund][participle][hellog_entry_set][seminar]

ֱѸƳ2021Τ˳ꥢåפ줿ƥĤMorning evening ˤϲ ing ĤΡǤŪñǡƹͤƤߤʤȰռ餷ʤ䤫⤷ޤ󤬡ͤФԻ׵ĤǤ͡¤ϺΥƥĤǤԤȤϤ͡⤬äƸ츻ŪˤϽ⤢Ǥܥ֥Ǥϡ#2708. morn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) Ǥ˾ƤޤΤǡɤ
ܲؤΥ߼Ȥǥ롼׸ŸǤ륰롼פϡХ -ing 򰷤äƤޤ-ing ȤäƤ⡤ʬ졤ư̾졤̾ȤäưǤϤʤΤǤΤΤɤǤɤΤ褦뤫ȤΤӤθǤƱ롼פϿʹԷˤ븽ʬȤƤ -ing ˾ʤä褦Ǥ
ǤⵡǽϰۤʤɡŪˤߤз־Ʊ -ing Ǥ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ޤŪˤߤƤ⡤ϳơۤʤ롼ġۤʤ뵡ǽäƤޤ֤ʤΤǺƱƤȤΤ֤ʤΤǤ-ing ˤȤäƤߤСʤꤿƤʤä櫓ǤϤʤǤ礦¿ǽˤʤäƤޤä櫓Ǥ͡ȤȤǡɤΤߤ -ing Ǥ뤳ȤˤѤꤢޤ
-ing ϱѸ˾礭ʥơޤǤܥ֥ǰäƤϰ -ing ߤεҲ𤷤Ƥޤפɤߤεåɤ

#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1])
#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])

#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1])
#3109. ʤ -(e)s դ -ing դֻˤưۤʤΤ ([2017-10-31-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1])
#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])
#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1])
#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1])
#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])

#1610. Viking θ츻 ([2013-09-23-1])
#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1])
#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice ([2020-01-03-1])

#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])

#2512. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (2) ([2016-03-13-1])
#2511. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (1) ([2016-03-12-1])
#757. decline + ư̾ ([2011-05-24-1])
#4058. what with ʸ ([2020-06-06-1])
#3923. ѸΡ?ʤפʤɤΰư֤ɽ魯칽ʸ ([2020-01-23-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-24-1]

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2021-05-11 Tue

#4397. star DZѸ [lexical_stratification][latin][lexicology][astrology][sound_change][vowel][etymology][loan_word][hellog_entry_set][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ǯٽᤫ5ޤdzֱѸƳ2021ȾäƤޤرɽ줿ƥĤ֤ȤФˤҤסǤstar astrology ѡˤ濴Ȥñθ츻泌åǡܴμݤ˥ԥåǤޤŸǡä disaster, consider, desire, influenza, disposition ˤޤǵڤǤޤäȱñθ츻˶̣勞ȤȻפޤ
λ⡤ʺ¡ˤ˴ط򤤤Ĥ񤤤ƤޤΤǾҲ𤷤ޤޤ嵭ƥδؿȽŤʤ star θ츻ˤĤơ#1602. star θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-09-15-1]) ɤ
Ѹ star ȥƥ stella cf. ե󥹸 etoileˤ٤ r l ΰ㤤ޤϤɤȤȵ˻פä#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
star η֤ˤĤƤǤűѸǤ steorraѸǤ sterre ʤɤֻǸΤ̤ǡ첻 /a/ ǤϤʤ /e/ äȹͤޤʤ줬 /a/ ؤѲֻȤƤ⤽ȿǤ star Ȥ줿ΤǤ礦¤ϡѸ heart, clerk, Derby, sergeant ʤɤȯֻˤؤ뤪⤷ȥԥåǤ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) ɤ
ѤȤвƻܤ¤̾ϢƤޤˡѸˤ̤ưޤƤó (lexical_stratification) ζѻ뤳ȤǤޤ֤¡פ the Fish ǤؽŪˡеܡפȤˤ Pisces Ȥʤޤ͡ҡ#3846. ƻܡ̾θóء ([2019-11-07-1]) ɤߤޤѸǤ̾ΰϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ꡥ
star ǺΤߤѤƱѸˤ뤳Ȥʬ˲ǽǤʾ夹٤ƤҤäɤߤϡεå

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2021-05-10 Mon

#4396. ѸϿޤȥդѥ󶡤Ƥ LAEME [laeme][lalme][slide][corpus][academic_conference]

8ۤɤäǶ̤ǯ920ˤ˥饤dzŤ줿2020ǯѸ˸ˤơ̴Żҥѥ䥪饤󡦥꥽ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽפȯɽԤȤƻäƤȤѸˤλ夬ѸʤΤǡλϿޤȥդѥҲ𤹤ݤǡLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸פꤷä򤤤ȥˤ LAEME LALME ȤΤϡѸɽ2ĤλϿޤˤĤ줿̾Ǥ롥ǤϡȤ櫓ʬǤѸ LAEME ξҲ˾Ƥ
ͻҤϤǤˡ#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤˡ ([2020-09-22-1]) Ǵñ𤷤ȯɽѤ饤ɻˤĤơѤʤϤ줿ۤ褤ȻפäΤǡˤƸɽƤʲϥ饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ󥯡

1. Ѹ˸̴Żҥѥ䥪饤󡦥꥽ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸
2. ܥ饤ɻ
3. Ѹ λ
4. LAEME & LALME λפ˻ȤǶθġ
5. LALME ʽǡˤγ
6. LAEME & LALME ȤλŪʤդ礤
7. LAEME & LALME 󶡤Ƥ
8. LAEME & LALME Τʳػ˾ΰյ
9. LAEME & LALME ζߤȼ
10. LAEME Υǡȥ (cf. #856)
11. LAEME ѥΡɽ (#1263)
12. LAEME Υη
13. The Owl and the Nightingale (MS Cotton) Ƭ2
14. б LAEME tag file
15. LAEME ǡʤȻפСˤǤ뤳Ȥ
16. LAEME ǤˤȤ
17. LAEME εǽҲ
18. 1 3ñ̻ʬ (#2142)
19. 2nighti(n)gale n (#797)
20. 3through ΰֻϤɤä (#53)
21. 4between ΰ۷֤Ϥɤä
22. 5third βžϤġɤǵä
23. 6ѸΡ֥ɡ
24. LAEME & LALME Ѥ¾Υߥ˸
25. ʸ

٤ŪʥġʤΤǼäĤˤΤϾΤʤ⡤LAEME ѤȤʤȤǤޤ衤ȤȤǥ֥쥹ȤƤߤ15. LAEME ǡʤȻפСˤǤ뤳Ȥܤ̤ƤФȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-18-1]

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2021-05-09 Sun

#4395. ѸˤĤĴ٤Ȼפä [khelf_hel_intro_2021][thesaurus][dictionary][lexicology][htoed][semantics][synonym][corpus][methodology]

Ѹؤ־ǡ (synonym) ȤΤǤȤƤƱʤΤˡºݤˤϥ˥奢󥹤ΰ㤤ȤΤ֤ޤ̤˸ˤƴƱϤʤȤޤ̣̯˰ۤʤȤΤϡפäƤʾ¿¸ߤޤ
ܸǹͤƤߤС¿ˤϤ˵ŤǤ礦פ󤲤Ƥߤޤ礦֤Ӥס֤Фס֤ؤФס֤ؤФס֥åס֥ХƤסϫסֺहס֤ؤȤؤȤˤʤס֤դդˤʤסڤפʤɡ줾äΥΥơ󤬤ޤ͡
Ѹǡ줿פȤС tired פ⤫Ӥޤ¾ exhausted, drained, weary, worn out, shattered, pooped, fatigued ʤɤ⤢ޤؽˤǤơȼΥΥơäƤ¸߰յ褦ǤֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥĤϡˤ֡줿פäɽ¿ʤǤ⤴
Τ褦˴ؿä顤ޤ٤ϳؽѤαѱѼŵǤ㤨 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (= LDOCE) ʤɤǤϡƤפʸФ㤨 tiredˤΤȤˡTHESAURUS Ȥ쥳ʡߤƤꡤλȤʬʷ˵Ƥޤ
thesaurus ȤΤϡФ켭ŵΤȡȤС켭ŵΤΤΤᤤȤᤤǤ͡㤨СOxford Learner's Thesaurus ˤСΥ˥奢󥹡㡤󤬺٤⤵ƤޤʲΤ褦ˡɤɤ󵭽Ҥ³Ƥޤ椤Ȥ˼꤬ϤŵǤ͡

Synonyms of

˾ܤĴ٤ΤǤС줬ѤƤָפλ¿ʬϤ뤳ȤɬפˤʤޤʤȥѥѤͭѤǤޤϡꥹѸȥꥫѸγơˤĤơBNCweb COCA ȤѥäƤߤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021γȤȤǡʤ٤ʸġʤŪ켭ŵʤξҲ𤷤Ƥޤ礦Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) Ǥܺ٤ϡ#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1]

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2021-05-08 Sat

#4394. ֵ2פαѸ [khelf_hel_intro_2021][etymology][comparative_linguistics][indo-european][oe][lexicology][loan_word][germanic][italic][latin][french][edd][grimms_law][etymological_respelling][lexicology][semantic_field]

²Ǥϡֵפȡ2פ̩ܤʴطˤޤܸǤ󿴤򤤤סʡʿġˤȤ褦ˡ2Ĥδ֤ɤưɽݤˡ2פؤäƤȤΤǤ뵤ޤǤξԤδطϤϤ뤫ǻ̩ǡäΥ٥ηŪ˸߲ƤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021Τر줿ֵϤĤ 2 ġϡλ¤ˤĤӸؤδܺ٤˲⤷ƥĤǤӸؤ츻˴ؿΤɼԤˤȤäơ˳ڤƤȤʤäƤޤ
嵭ƥɤСθäΤʤˡֵפȡ2פǻ̩ʴط򸫽ФȤǤޤǵ䤬ͯޤʤ²ΰǤѸθäˤϡΤ褦ʴطۤȤɸʤΤǤ礦ƥĤ1ˡΤ褦ˤޤ

ɸŪʱѸˤϥޥΡ2ͳΡֵפ̣ñϻĤäƤʤEnglish Dialect Dictionary Online ˤХ󥰥Υåեɥ㡼٤Υåץ㡼 tweag/tweagle ֵǡפȤñ줬ĤäƤ롥


ǸΡĤäƤפ˥ҥȤޤƥǤ⿨ƤȤꡤŤϱѸˤɥĸ¾ΥޥΤ褦 "two" ˤȤŤֵפδϢ줬̤¸ߤΤǤűѸ켭򳫤ȡäȼΤ褦ʸФ򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤǤޤ

twēo "doubt, ambiguity"
twēogende "doubting"
twēogendlic "doubtful, uncertain"
twēolic "doubtful, ambiguous, equivocal"
twēon "to doubt, hesitate"
twēonian "to doubt, be uncertain, hesitate"
twēonigend, twēoniendlic "doubtful, expressing doubt"
twēonigendlīce "perhaps"
twēonol "doubtful"
twīendlīce "doubtingly"

ΤĤϽѸޤѤƤޤθ塤٤ƻ¾ѤȤʤäƤޤͳϡ1066ǯΥΥޥ;ȤǡȵŪˤƱǤƥե󥹸줫μѸˡä֤ƤޤäǤޥŪ "two" 󤫤饤åŪ "duo" ء줤äѤñۤȤ櫓Ǥ/t/ /d/ δطˤĤƤˡ§ (grimms_law) 򻲾ȡˡѸǡֵ2פ򼨤󤲤Ƥߤȡ

doubt, doubtable, doubtful, doubting, doubtingly, dubiety, dubious, dubitate, dubitation, dubitative, indubitably


ʤɡˤ٤ /d/ ǻϤޤ륤åϼѸǤΤʤ dubious Τ褦ֻ <b> ̤ /b/ ȯ륱ȡdoubt Τ褦 <b> ȯʤʤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)ˤߤƤΤѸŪˤϤ⤷Ǥ (cf. #3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1]
Τ褦˥ޥϤθűѸñ줬Ѹʹߤ˥åϤμѸ֤줿ȤΤϡѸ˾Ϥդ줿ݤǤΥ⤷ΤϡñȯǤ֤ǤϤʤϢ줬ä֤줿ȤǤŪˤϤؤ̣ݤȹͤƤޤ (cf. #648. űѸθäѸ ([2011-02-04-1]
ƸѸǤ "two" ǡֵ2פɽ魯ϤۤȤɸʤʤäΤǤǸ1ĤοѤɽȤ be in/of two minds about sb/sth (= to be unable to decide what you think about sb/sth, or whether to do sth or not) Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦ʸȤ I was in two minds about the book. (= I didn't know if I liked it or not) ʤɡ

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2021-05-07 Fri

#4393. ޤ false friends --- photogenic ȡ֥եȥ˥å [khelf_hel_intro_2021][japanese][loan_word][false_friend][suffix][worf_formation][semantic_change]

ֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƳꥳƥ֥եȥ˥åʥĤ photogenic ʥǥåפ줿ŪǡܿȤθ̤ꥢ륿įƤ뤫Τ褦ɸ崶ƤȤʤäƤ롥
ñ photogenic ΰ̣ˤĤƤϾ嵭ƥĤ˾ܤ3ĤγؽԱѱѼ򼨤мΤ褦ˤʤ롥

OALD8: looking attractive in photographs
LDOCE5: always looking attractive in photographs
CALD3: having a face that looks attractive in photographs

ǤϡΡפθϤʤƤʤͤǤʪǤ褤Ϥ󤲤ƤʸϤ٤ƿ͡ʤƻѡˤоݤȤƤ롥ѥǸ줿¿ʸįƤߤƤ⡤ʪäʡˤоݤȤϤˤϤ뤬¿㤬̿Ĥɤֿ͡פ˴ؤΤǤ롥Ĥŵ󤲤褦

She is very photogenic but fortunately she knows that being photogenic is not enough in this business.
There were many pictures of the family as well, they must be a photogenic kind of family because there was so many family shots of them all dressed up.
Sarah's eye for a photogenic face has made her fortune.

Ȥܸ˼ޤƥʸȤʤäƤ֥եȥ˥åפϡ󥹥Ρ֥󥹥ǤפǤ뤫Τ褦¿ѤƤ롥κݤΤϡ٤ϿͤѤ뤳ȤϵǡŪʪоݤȤƤΤ⤷
photogenic ȡ֥եȥ˥åפϡʤ˸츻ӡּ̿ǤפȤŪͭƤΤΡƻȤƵҡ̤оݤȤƤΤŵŪԤǤϿ͡ԤǤʪǤȤǡˡ߽ФƤ롥ǿα˴ؤ "false friends" (Fr. "faux amis") 㡤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽򸫤ƤƤȤʤ
Ȥǡ-genic Ϥᡤƥ gēns (clan, race) ƱǤꡤıѸäƤñ¿gentle, genteel, jauntry, ƺ -genic ʤɸݥƥʡʤžˤΤ¿Τ϶
ʤ֥ƥӱǤ꤬ɤפ
telegenic, ֥饸ʹʡˤɤפ radiogenic Ȥ褦ǡ-genic'' ǥ̾˸³ (suffix) Ȥ¸ߴ򼨤ϤƤͻҤ롥θܤΥʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-24-1]

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2021-05-06 Thu

#4392. work ergonomics [oe][semantic_change][etymology][combining_form][greek][blend][tower_of_babel][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ѥʤɤŻüˤĤˤʤ꤬ʥƥʹ֤ȵȤդ礤Ƥʹֹ (ergonomics) 䤬˹ޤäƤ롥ɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤСʹֹؤȤϡֿʹ֤οŪṲ̄ߤơʤɤʹ֤³Ŭ礹롤ʤĤ褦˲Ϥ뤿βʳؤ򤤤סѸ ergonomics ȤƤϡOALD8 "the study of working conditions, especially the design of equipment and furniture, in order to help people work more efficiently" ʬ䤹ꥫʼﻺȤ衼åѤϫƯʳؤʸ̮ȯãؽʬǡOED ˤ1950ǯʬ̾ȤƽФƤ롥

1950 Lancet 1 Apr. 645/2 In July, 1949, a group of people decided to form a new society for which the name the 'Ergonomics Research Society' has now been adopted.


츻ϡֻŻפ̣Ϣ ergo- ˡַкѡפ̣ economics 3ʹߤݤ碌Τǡ1κ (blend) Ǥ롥Ϣ ergo- ϥꥷ̾ érgon ʻŻˤͳ褷¾ˤƥ𤷤 energy -ergy ʤɤ򶡵뤷Ƥ롥ʹֹؤ⥨ͥ륮⡤ΤˡֻŻפ˴ؤ뤳Ȥ
érgon 򤵤̤Ȱĸ *werg- to do) Ȥ캬ˤɤĤơϱѸ work θ츻Ǥ⤢ΤĸűѸʳǤϡθ캬ư濴Ụ̄ϡֻŻ롤ƯפȤֺ롤Ԥʤפ˶ᤤΤä̤θ򤹤СΤ뤳ȡԤʤȤʤŻäΤ
űѸ wyrchen (to work) βʬϤ줾 worhte, ġeworht ä15ˤ구§ worked ߤ˻롥Ť֤DzžФĤ wrought ȤƸѸ˻ĤäƤ롥a highly wrought decoration ʤ˺줿ʡˤΤ褦ѤֺפθŤ¸ƤΤʬ롥ޤ#2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡֺפ̣԰ټ̾ wright ⡤űѸƱ캬̾ͳ褹롥
ֱѸƳ2021Τ˺رˤɽ줿ƥĤָűѸƯ --- wyrcan ¿ ---Ǥ롥ɤǡƯȤȤˤĤƺٹͤƤߤ

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2021-05-05 Wed

#4391. kamikaze bikini --- 略魯ΰ̣Ѳ [japanese][loan_word][semantic_change][khelf_hel_intro_2021][metaphor][false_friend]

ֱѸƳ2021˥åפ줿Υƥ֤ʤΤkamikazeϡ֤뤪⤷ǤꡤƱ˿ĤǤ⤢ä
ǶΡ#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1]) ǤȤʤä褦ˡǯǤܸñ줬Ѹ˼ѤϾʤ餺ꡤ⤽θܸΥꥸʥθѲƤޤäƤΤ¿夲줿 kamikaze ʿˤ⤽1ĤǤ롥
ñȤƤ kamikaze Ȥơֿܸפθ򼨤Ϥ롥13θޤܤäƤ줿ΡֿפθϤäݻƤ뤷ʿΡֿùפθݤäƤ롥嵭ƥˤ⤵Ƥ褦ˡŪˡִܤߤͤùǤ͡פȤܸˤǧʤѸͭθ줪ळȤ԰٤Ǥۤɤٿ⤤Ȥ᥿ե˴Ťå١ΥƥؤȤơܸǰ̤ΤƤȤ⤤ʤ
ε#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1]) ǤŦ褦ˡ¾˼ޤ줿ñΰ̣äʸ̮Ѥ˵ڤ礭ƤȤȤӤǤȽҤ٤ false_friend ϽФǤ롥θˤȤäƤ⤪ߤͤθݤǤꡤ񤷤饭꤬ʤȤȤҤ٤ȤƤ⡤Ϥ굤ˤʤäƤޤΤüԤǤ롥¾ä̯ʰ̣ѲФƤȤʤС䤫ʤ̤Ȥ⤢ֿפ᥿եȤϤƥ̾ΤˤʤäƤȤΤϡϤ꿴略魯롥ȤƤϡС󥿡 kamikaze ʸ뵤ˤϤäȤʤʤؼԤȤƸΰ̣ѲҴŪפŤɬפǧĤĤ⡤Ω줫ΥС˿Ū񹳴롥
Ʊ褦ʥ略ﴶ򡤤Ĥ̤ñˤĤƴȤäȻפФ¸ϤȤŪΤ֥ӥ˴ľ̡פȽѿ֥ӥˡפδطǤ롥#537. bikini ([2010-10-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ͭϤʸ츻ˤȡbikini ֡ʽѿ˥ӥˡפθȯϡ1946ǯƱ夬ƥѥΥ硼Ǹ줿Ȥξ׷ƱǯΥӥ˴ľ̤Ǥο¸ξ׷ȤäȤͳ褹ȤǤθѲΥᥫ˥ϡŪˤ kamikaze ξƱ͡ˤ᥿եȤäƤ褤Ȥ̤ˡ⿴ϤޤäựԶ࿵ʸžѤȤΰݤ̤ʤ
kamikaze ninja, samurai, fujiyama ʤɤȤ̼ΡʸפȤƱѸ˼ޤ졤ѸˤȼθŸ򼨤ȤȤϡѸ˾θѲȤƤϽܸüԤȤƲȤ⿴略魯롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-31-1] [2021-05-21-1]

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2021-05-04 Tue

#4390. ¸űѻμ --- ʤʤפ1 [oe][poetry][literature][manuscript][alliteration][anglo-saxon][oe_text][hel_education][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

űѸλ (Old English poetry) ϡ¸ƥȤ碌3ԤۤɤΥѥȤʤűѸʸؤνפʹǤǤ롥űѻΡ1ԡפϡȾԡܵٻߡȾԡפʤꡤ٤ʱΧ§Ȥ櫓ޥŪƬ (alliteration) ħŤ롥
¸űѻȾϰʲ4ĤμܤäƤꡤ¾ΤΤޤ᤿űѻΤۤȤɤ6ʤ The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records (=ASPR) ˼Ƥ롥

The Bodleian manuscript Junius II (ASPR I): Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, Christ and Stan ʤɤ
The Vercelli Book, capitolare CXVII (ASPR II): The Dream of the RoomAndreas Elene ʤɤ
The Exeter Book (ASPR III) (ASPR III): Guthlac Juliana ⶵThe Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Ruin, The Wife's Lament, The Husband's Message, riddles ʤʤʤˤʤɤ
The British Library Cotton Vitellius A.xv (ASPR IV): Judith, Beowulf ʤɤ

Mitchell (75) ˤСűѻʬहȼ8ब̤롥

1. Poems treating Heroic Subjects
   Beowulf. Deor. The Battle of Finnsburgh. Waldere. Widsith.
2. Historic Poems
   The Battle of Brunanburh. The Battle of Maldon.
3. Biblical Paraphrases and Reworkings of Biblical Subjects
   The Metrical Psalms. The poems of the Junius MS; note especially Genesis B and Exodus. Christ. Judith.
4. Lives of the Saints
   Andreas. Elene. Guthlac. Juliana.
5. Other Religious Poems
   Note especially The Dream of the Rood and the allegorical poems --- The Phoenix, The Panther, and The Whale.
6. Short Elegies and Lyrics
   The Wife's Lament. The Husband's Message. The Ruin. The Wanderer. The Seafarer. Wulf and Eadwacer. Deor might be included here as well as under 1 above.
7. Riddles and Gnomic Verse
8. Miscellaneous
   Charms. The Runic Poem. The Riming Poem.


ǤΩʤ֤Ťʤ⡤7 "Riddles" ʤʤʤˤȤȤͷ (word_play) ޤޤƤ뤳ȤܤźθʸˤơʤʤϾ˿͵롥űѸˤ⤽Τ褦ʸͷӤäűѸǤΤʤʤƤȤƤϤ褽ƥΥǥ˴ŤƤȤ뤬űѸäΥꥺശȡƴ㤤褦ʤɤջȤ̯̣臘ȡʤʤ˺ʤ
10ȾμܤǤ The Exeter Book ˼ϿƤ "Anglo-Saxon Riddles" ϡ95Τʤʤʤ롥1ĤűѸ츶ʸƤߤȻפűѸԴ¿ˤȤäƸʸΤΤ򼨤Ƥ⸷ǡֱѸƳ2021Τرɽ줿ƥָűѸᶵʤʤ礹űѸɲᤷ¾塤űѻֵȤ٤ƤˤʤäƤ롥

Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.

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2021-05-03 Mon

#4389. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ2685クޤ [sobokunagimon][hel_education]

ǯٽؤΡֱѸˡפμȤˤơԤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפҤվ񤭤ǵ󤲤Ƥ餦ȤǯιԻȤƤޤǯ٤⥪饤ȤǤΥ饤äᤫǯ¿ε䤬ޤѸˤζ顤ؽˤȤä˵ŤʵꥹȤȤʤޤƤ󤻤Ƥ줿Ԥγ˴դޤ
ǯ5˲Ѥʵϡ#4045. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ1385クޤ ([2020-05-24-1]) Ǽ̤1385ޤϤ˺ǯ4˲Τä2685ޤʲɤԴѤǤ

Ѹ˴ؤѤʵΰ2020ǯ٤2021ǯ٤ǡ

2685ȤäƤѤʵˤνʣޤΤǡ¼ŪˤϿϸȻפޤˤƤ褯ޤޤϤäԽ򤷤褦ȻפäƤΤǤޤ¿ΤޤǾ¤ԽäƤޤ
ʼϻפĤ⤷ʤäȶäΤ⤢СΤʤƤʤʡˤΤ⤢ꡤ¤˻¿ǤϤޤįƤǥ󥹥ԥ졼ͯƤꥹȤǤ⡤ΰįᡤ͡ˡѡפƤߤƤ
ܥ֥ǤؤμȤǤ⶯ĴƤ뤳ȤǤѸˤ񤷤ʸˡ򰷤ǤϤʤषѸˤޤĤǡ¾ʤѤ򿿷˹ͻʬǤ⤢ޤǯѸؤǤȽػƤ褦ѤʵϤƤ˺ƤޤΤǤΤ褦ʵƻפưääƤ椭ޤΤѸˤ̥ϤǤƤѤʵǤФۤΤ񤷤ȤʤޤѸˤؤϡѤʵ䤫äƤΤǤ
ºݡγرαѸ˥ߤǤϡʤȤ򳧤Ū˹Ԥʤ夬äƤޤʪϡܲ»Ρ#4362. ֱѸƳ2021פץ󤷤ޤ ([2021-04-06-1]) ǸǤľܤˤɤ
ѤʵפȴϢơҰʲε⤴ɤ

#1093. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ罸 ([2012-04-24-1])
#4052. ֺѤʵץʡߤޤ ([2020-05-31-1])
#3677. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵפ򽸤Ƥߤޤ ([2019-05-22-1])
"sobokunagimon" դ
#4021. ʤѸˤؤ֤ --- Ū ([2020-04-30-1])

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2021-05-02 Sun

#4388. The grass is always greener. ٤μǤĤפο̸ [proverb][alliteration][etymology][bct][japanese][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ǯؤDZѸ˥ߤôƤǯ٤Τ褦´ʸȤƿ͵Υơޤ롥Ѹ֤ο̸˴ؤ륮åפǤ롥ֿפȤȶʴؿѸʸκۤ뤳ȤΤǤơޤȤơŪʼפ롥Ը˭٤ʤˡꥸʥʸʤȤϷ褷ưפʤΤǤĤפ䤿ʤ
ɽ줿ֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥĤϡο͵ΥơޤäΡȥֿС٤ˤʤäȤϤǤ롥¿ɼԤϤ˥ԥȤܸΡĿפϱѸǤ the green light бȤǤ롥浡Ƴˤ䡤͸դƤ (proverb) Ǥ The grass is always greener (on the other side of the fence). ٤μǤĤפˡġСbluegreen δطˤĤʬ䤹ƳƤƤ롥
γΥƥĤϻΥ󥹥ԥ졼θʤΤ嵭ƥǤ󤲤Ƥθܤ뤳Ȥˤθζϡ¾ͤΤΤϼʬΤΤ褯ΤǤפȤȤܸǤϡۤˡ٤β֤֤פȤ٤̣פȤ⤢뤽ܸ٤μǤĤפϡѸ The grass is always greener (on the other side of the fence). ۤľƼ줿ΤǤꡤܸθǤϤʤ
ǤϡαѸΥ롼ĤϤɤˤ뤫ȤСOED ˤȰճȿ褦ǡФϥꥫѸ1897ǯ Grass is always greener ǤȤʸϤȡȤƥƥ fertilior seges est aliēnīs semper in agrīs ("the harvest is always more fruitful in another man's fields") ȤΤ뤽̤˸ȤΤŪʶǤ뤫顤ѸǤΥƥǤ򥢥󥸤Τɤʬʤष grass green äƤդꡤʤȤˤϡѸ쥪ꥸʥȤäƤ褵
grass green ΰäȤΤϡƬ (alliteration) ǰƬˤƽҤ٤ΤǤ롥ޤThe grass is always greener. ϡ줤ʡּ嶯嶯嶯פ iambic ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤŦƤ䡤ƬƧǤȤΤ⤢̣Ǥ̯ʸǡ⤽ grass green ĸǡְġ (to grow) ̣ *ghrē- ̤Τ顤ƬҲƱȤäƶäȤǤϤʤThe grass grows green. Ȥʸϡäơ츻Ū˲᤹СְΤ褦𿧤˰ġפΤ褦ʥȡȥʸʤΤǤ롥
̸ϡ̸ؤǤ⽸Ū˰ƤץơޤǤ롥̸ܿ (Basic Color Terms) ˤĤƤϡ"bct" ΥΤĤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ޤˡ浡ˤˤĤ­Ūˡ21ɤɴʡΤΤϤޤۡ (p. 80) ѤƤؤäΤ

ǤϤƤο浡1868ǯɥˤǤο浡äܤǤϡ1919ǯϩ˼ưϤƤǤŵȤä浡ϡ1918ǯ˥˥塼衼ˤǤܤǤ1930ǯë˥ꥫ͢줿ΤȤ줿


ϢơפʻʸȤƾͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ٤󤲤Ƥޤ礦

21ɤɴʡΤΤϤޤۡ١شۡ2008ǯ
ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١޴ֽ񱡡2001ǯ

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2021-05-01 Sat

#4387. ʤ̾ʶˤŪѤ뤳ȤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][preposition][adverbial_accusative][adverbial_genitive][adverb][case][dative][japanese][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

γʸֻʬߤƤ⤽η֤ߤ̾ʶˤǤʸǤƯˤߤȤƵǽƤޤֻ (preposition) ĤƤʬ䤹⤷ޤĤƤޤ󡥷̾ʶˤʤΤ˵ǽȤΤϲäƤ褦˻פޤΤ褦ϱѸǤӤˤȤޤޤ

I got up at five this morning.
Every day they run ten kilometers.
He repeated the phrase twice.
She lives just three doors from a supermarket.
We cook French style.
You are all twenty years old.
They travelled first-class.

嵭Τ褦ŪѤ̾ϡŪˤŪг (adverbial_accusative)ŪͿ (adverbial dative)Ū° (adverbial_genitive) ʤɤȸƤФޤܥ֥ǤŪʴ͡˼夲ƤǤ
رˤɽ줿ֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥֻ줤ʤǤϡ˱Ѹˤδäɤߤ䤹ƳŪƥĤǤűѸλ󼨤ʤ顤Ǹϡ̾줬Ư򤹤ȤΤϡѲ˭ǤäűѸˡˤĤäΤʤΤǤפ᤯äƤޤ
űѸ̾ʶˤѲŪѤƤΤѸʹߤ˳Ѳ򼺤äⲽŪĤäƤȤϡ褽̤ȹͤƤޤǡǤϤʤȤפäƤޤȤ櫓֤֡֡˴ؤ줬̾ʶˤȯãȤȤϡŪʳѲǰƬˤȤ⡤̸ŪˤդƤ褦˻פ뤫ǤܸΡֺסֺסס轵סǯפϤȤû֡סȾס̤ʹפסɭסաפŪˤŵŪ̾Τ褦ˤߤޤǽŪˤѤ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ礦
嵭ƥ㼨Ƥ褦ˡűѸˤ̾줬гʡͿʡ°ʤ˶ޤȤѤƤ¿ޤ㤨 hwīlum ("sometimes, once"; > PDE whilom) ʤɤϡ츻Ūˤϸ -um ʣͿʤɽ魯ȤϤǤ˸űѸλǸòƤȹͤޤ̾ hwīl (> PDE while) ʶޤΤǤȤռϡűѸüԤˤ鵩äΤǤϤʤΤǤޤοԤơűѸˤ̾ͳ hwīlum ǤȤǧƤʤ⤷ǧ뤳ȤäȤơˤΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ѸʹߤγѲοबˤĤʤŪ̾ʶˡפγ˹׸ȤǧĤĤ⡤ŪаޤȤ̵طˡ֤֡֡ʤɤɽ魯̾ʶˤ첽뷹ϰŪˤΤǤϤʤǤ礦

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-01-1]

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