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2022-09-30 Fri

#4904. mouth [etymology][th][fricative_voicing][conversion][metaphor][metonymy][bible][idiom]

ָΤΡפ̣ mouth /maʊθ/ μդ򤢤줳ȡ
츻ϸűѸ mūþ ʸˤǤ롥̤а캬 *men- (to project) ̤ꡤΤȤͤФΤ̤ȤȤ館Ȥͳ褹롥캬ˤߤ *n ϡűѸˤ໤æ˻ĤäƤʤбɥĸ Mund ʸˤˤϻĤäƤ롥Ʊ캬ϥե󥹸ͳ mount Фˡmountain/Mt. ֻפʤɤƤ롥
mouth ˤưȤơ֤⤰⤰Ǹפΰ̣⤢롥14̾줫ʻž (conversion) ƤǤΤǡϡ֤٤פۤɤθä
ʤưȤƤȯϸ໤ͭ /maʊð/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥաmouth ʳˤ⡤th ̾Ǥ̵ưǤͭȤʤϾʤʤ (ex. bath -- bathe, breath -- breathe, cloth -- clothe, sooth -- soothe, tooth -- teethe) ¤Ϥθݤ th ˸¤餺 f s ʤ¾໤ˤ⸫롥#2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ ([2015-05-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ
mouth th ͭΤưˡξǤϤʤ̾ȤʣȤʤˤ mouths /maʊðz/ Τ褦ͭΤդǤʤ̵ȯ /maʊθs/ ޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡƱͤ baths, oaths, paths, truths, youths ʤɤǤ /-ðz/ ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ܤϡ#702. -ths ȯ ([2011-03-30-1]) 򻲾ȡ
mouth ˤĤܤͳΥǥȤ out of the mouths of babes (and sucklings) 롥"Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger" (The Book of Psalms 8:2) ͳ褹ɽߤǤϻҶפȯԤդ桼饹˻ؤɽȤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ mouth ܸΡָפ⡤Τ̤ɽȶñȤξǰ̣ĥͻҤ褯Ƥ롥㤨СܸΡֲϸסʮиסƶθפȤäָפΥ᥿եϡѸǤ the mouth of a river/volcano/cave Ȥ褦ˤΤޤб롥ָסָĤפ a foul mouth, shut one's mouth ˤΤޤбȥ˥ߡǤ롥

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2022-09-29 Thu

#4903. ѸŪƽαĹˤ [world_englishes][dialectology][bre][ame][variety][map][ewave]

򺣡Ѹ (World Englishes) ˤĤƹͻꤹ뵡¿ʤäƤϱѸˤΩ줫顤Ѹ츽ݤŪƽαĹˤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥ʿСѸϱѸȤơޤ1ĤǤꡤǤϱѸ˾Υꥹ䥢ꥫȰۤʤʤȤΩñŸ椬Ȥ֤Ȥ֤˳礷ǼŪʰ㤤ϤʤȤߤƤ롥
󤳤ϸǤ뤷٤ƤǤ롥Ѹ¿ȡ㤨ХꥹѸ¿٤Ȥ󤷤ƤȤϤ䤹

1. ѸˤäƤϡŸΤǤꡤ֥ƥΤߤȤϤ櫓㤦
2. ѸˤäƤϡˤȯãƤˡϩ餫¿ͤǤ롥
3. ѸˤäƤϡܿβ̤䤬ʰ㤤礭
4. ѸˤäƤϡΤߤʤ餺θɬפ롥
5. Ѹ20Ⱦ21ˤƤθŪǤ롥

5Τߵ󤲤¾ˤ⤤ȻŦ뤳ȤǤ嵭5Ϥ줾춽̣ǤϤ뤬۵Ĥ򾧤ʤ뤤ϾʤȤκƹͤ¥ˤȤƱ餤ưפǤ롥

1'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡŸϥ֥ƥΤǤꡤ󥰥ɤΤߤȤϤ櫓㤦
2'. ꥹˤäƤϡˤȯãƤˡϩ餫¿ͤǤ롥ʸűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǥ󥰥ɽȯãä̤꤬ѤƤ롥ȯãˡϩϽʬʣ¿ͤǤ롥
3'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡܿβ̤䤬礭Ѹˤܿβ̤䤬ˡʰ㤤ˡ礭ɤϿŤʵפ롥ȤΤϡ⤽ѸˤϸܿˤȤäƤ褤ۤɤ
4'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡΤߤʤ餺θɬפ롥ʥ륺䥢ɤαѸϡȤƻϤޤȯŸƤ
5'. ꥹѸ20Ⱦ21ˤƤθŪǡ֤פ롥ʤ󡤤Ǥ⤢ä

2ĤڤʬɬפʤȼĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤѤڤʬ˵뤳ȤǤȤȤ򡤱ѸˤΩ줫Ҥ٤Ƥ补

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2022-09-28 Wed

#4902. eWAVE 3.0 ξҲ --- ѸθŪħǼǡ١ [ewave][world_englishes][variety]

khelf-conference-2022 ʡ᥼߹ɡˤǡ콤ؤε eWAVE ֽ@khelf-conference-2022򳫤ƤޤŪˤҲ𤤤ؤٶˤʤޤʵ꤬Ȥޤˡ
eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) ϡαѸѼθŪħǼƤǡ١ǤߤޤǤ77Ѽ˴ؤŪʼ˷Ū˾󡤤طʾ󶡤Ƥޤǡ󶡸ϡѼˤĤƤεŪ桤ѥ84ͤȤΥեޥȤǤ

eWAVE World Map

Ѽ֤оȤΤꤵƤܤ235ηŪħǡAttestation, Pervasiveness, Area 3ĤΥѥ᡼ˤ꥽Ȥ뤳ȤǤ̤ưפϿ޾˥ץåȤǤͤȤʤäƤޤ
eWAVE ΥȥˤȡΥǡ١Ѥ뤳ȤǡΤ褦䤤ФȤǤȤΤȤǤ

Which features are most/least widespread across varieties of English worldwide?
How many varieties of English worldwide share feature X?
Is feature X restricted to or characteristic of a particular part of the English-speaking world?
Is feature X restricted to or characteristic of a particular group of varieties?
Does variety A have feature X?
In which area of grammar does variety A differ most from variety B?


Ѹ (world_englishes) 򸦵椹ǡְ㤤ʤפʥġȤʤޤѤäդ٤⤢ޤܺ٤ϢˤĤƤϡeWAVE ֽ@khelf-conference-2022λͭѤǤҤäؤǤߤƤ
eWAVE ԻԤ1 Kortmann ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤѸȴϢơʲǿƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥɤ

#4509. "angloversals" --- ѸˤߤŪʡ׸ܡ ([2021-08-31-1])
#4763. ¿ѸѼˤߤɸŪʸܥȥå11 ([2022-05-12-1])

Kortmann, Bernd, Kerstin Lunkenheimer, and Katharina Ehret, eds. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Zenodo, 2020. Available online at http://ewave-atlas.org.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-05-27-1] [2022-10-05-1]

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2022-09-27 Tue

#4901. ե󥹸ؤ֤ˤϡֱѸˡפȤƤͭѤǤ [hel_education][french][notice][link][voicy][heldio]

Twitter ǡե󥹸ؼԤǰƬ2ΥĥȤ򼡤Τ褦Ƥޤ

1: شǥե󥹸ؤܤȤ¿ȻפޤٱѸٶʩפ¿ȻפޤƤïⶵƤޤ󤬡ޤ줿ȻפäơֱѸˡפ򤫤äƤߤƤʩؽθΨ3ܤϥåפޤѸ10Ǥ http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog/2021-10-18-1.html

2: ʤե󥹸ؤ֤ΤˡֱѸˡפͭѤʤΤѸ˸ԤȤ3Ŧޤ(1) Ѹä3ޤǤʩΤˤϥƥʩϡˤǤ(2) Ѹϥåޥ졤ʩϥޥ󲽤åǤ(3) Ѹֻ̯β䤫ʩֻ򿿻ΤǤ


ΥĥȤ¿ȿ򤤤ƤޤƤؤǿشϤޤꡤ2ʤɤȤƥե󥹸ؤӻϤ롤뤤ϳؤӤʤ¿ΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥޤ
ե󥹸ȱѸοطˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤳Ρhellog~Ѹ˥֥פ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤӤȯƤޤξδطɽŪˤǤϤʤΰ̣򤹤ˤϡɤƤѸˤμɬפǤѸˤΡȤ櫓̻ˤˤĤŪμСե󥹸ʳؽˤȤ⤷ʤޤäƱѸʳؽˤ⤪⤷ʤޤʤʩˡ衼åѻˡˤ˳ؤ٤ޤѲѰۤΤȤʤ䤫ʸѤȤˤĤޤĻɤǤϤޤ
ǡ˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤ롿ʤǰƬˡϢ뵭ؤΥ󥯤ޤȤƤߤޤ

1. 嵭μݤˤĤ heldio 2󤫤ƸäƤޤޤϤ2Ĥİ#327. ǯ٤˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ#329. ե󥹸ؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơǤʤե󥹸ؤܤȤƤΤˡֱѸˡפʤΤȤ䤬褷ޤ



2. Ȥ櫓ե󥹸ñؽ츻˴ؿϡǤˤäƤñμѤʤϤޤ󡥡#4787. Ѹȥե󥹸δ֤ˤϻƤñ줬󤢤ޤ ([2022-06-05-1]) εȤΥ󥯽ѤƤμݤ heldio ȴȡ3󤬤ޤ

#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե󥹸졪
#368. Ѹȥե󥹸ǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ
#370. ѸäΤʤΥե󥹼Ѹγϡ --- ꥹʡ󤫤μ

3. ֱѸˡפϤ⤷Ȼפä顤˼äƤߤƤꥹȤȤơ#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1]) ӡ#4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1]) ɤ

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2022-09-26 Mon

#4900. ؤشϤȤȤرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ҳ𤵤ƤŻǤФޤ [notice][hel_education][sobokunagimon][link][voicy][heldio]

Ȥʤäƶ̤ǤϤޤäؤ¿ȻפޤѸ1ĤȤƾҲ𤤤ޤܲ7ȤɤƤޤĤŻ (Kindle) о줷ޤΤǡΥߥ󥰤ǤΤ餻פޤ

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

naze_front_cover



2016ǯܽνǻˡҤΥ֥Ⱦѥ˥󡦥ߤޤΤǡܽȹ碌ưʲΥ󥯤ꤴȤȤ櫓ϢܡָѸѸˤλͤ12ϡѸˤΤ⤷٤ʤϤƼɮޤΤǡҤɤ

ܽξҲ
ԤξҲ
­ȥ󥯽ȾüʥĥǻߤޤäƤޤߤޤ
ϢܡָѸѸˤλͤ

οش˱ѸˤؤӻϤ¿ȻפޤϤƤƤˤޤ#4873. ѸˤؤӻϤ褦ȻפäƤء ([2022-08-30-1]) 򤴰ɤơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪⡤Ҥİ뵤ͯƤϤǤ



¤ꤢѸˤγؤӤ

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

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2022-09-25 Sun

#4899. magazine ϡֲˡפä [etymology][arabic][french][false_friend][semantic_change][italian][spanish][portuguese][borrowing][loan_word]

ʩ "false friends" (= "faux amis") ŵ1Ĥ˱Ѹ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤ롥餫˴طƤ褦˸Τ˰̣ޤǰ㤦ΤǡξؽƤ̿äƤޤȤʤե󥹸ˤֻפ̣ magazine ȤñϤˡ
OED ˤ츻򤿤ɤäƤߤ褦ñϤȤ򤿤ɤȥӥǡҸˡפ̣ mákhzan ˹Ԥ夯ʣ makhāˊzin ޤࡼͤΥ٥ꥢȾ翯η̡ڥݥȥäҸˡפ̣륹ڥ almacénݥȥ armazém ϡƬ˥ӥ괧 al-, ar- դǼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ڥǤνФ1225ǯᤤ
ñ줬̾롼ȤФơ괧ʬ줿ǡ1348ǯ˥ꥢ magazzino Ȥơ1409ǯ˥ե󥹸 magasin ȤƼޤ줿1389ǯ maguesin ⤢ˡơѸϥե󥹸ͳ16ȾˡҸˡפ̣뤳ñäФ1583ǯǡ˽ФƤꥹͤμΤʤ Magosine ȤֻǸƤ롥

1583 J. Newbery Let. in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) II. 1643 That the Bashaw, neither any other Officer shall meddle with the goods, but that it may be kept in a Magosine.


Ѹäᤤʳ顤ΡҸˡפǤϤʤҸˡˡפʤɤηỤ̄ȯãƤꡤҸˤ˳Ǽ¢ʪפΤΤ̣褦ˤʤä
ΰ̣Ѳ⤸˵ä1639ǯ˷طΥȥȤơĤޤפۤɤΰ̣ "Animadversions of Warre; or, a Militarie Magazine of the trvest rvles..for the Managing of Warre." Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ַμҸˡפۤɤΤĤʤΤ
ơ1塤Ĥ˻䤿Τֻפΰ̣Ф롥1731ǯ˻ΥȥȤ "The Gentleman's magazine; or, Trader's monthly intelligencer." ǧ롥ֻפΰ̣ȯãϱѸȼΤΤǤꡤ줬ե󥹸1650ǯ magasin Ȥơ1776ǯ magazine ȤƼޤ줿ʤߤˡե󥹸ǤΡŹפΰ̣ϥե󥹸ǤȼȯãΤ褦
ʩδ֤Ԥä褿ꤷơ˳Ƹȼΰ̣Ѳ뤲ʤɤơǤϤ䤳ˤʤäƤ롥ֻפˤŹפˤ衤ǻʽȤüȯȤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǤޤäΤʤääǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-10-1]

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2022-09-24 Sat

#4898. 1999ǯ˽Ф blog [oed][etymology][clipping][conversion][neologism]

hellog Ϥ13ǯȾۤɤФޤϤ2009ǯˤϥ֥ȤϤǤ˿ƩƤޤblog ȤñνиϤ餵10ǯ̤ä1999ǯΤȤǤOED εҤˤаޤɤäƤߤޤ礦
blog Ȥ weblog ǤƬڤ (clipping) ˤꡤṳ̂줿 blog ޤweblog 1997ǯ˼Τ褦 URL ʸΰȤƽФޤ (sv weblog, n.)

1997 J. Barger Lively New Webpage in alt.culture.www (Usenet newsgroup) 23 Dec. I decided to start my own webpage logging the best stuff I find as I surf, on a daily basis:..www.mcs.net/~jorn/html/weblog.html.


2ǯ1999ǯ blog Фޤ

1999 P. Merholz peterme.com 28 May (blog, Internet Archive Wayback Machine 25 Dec. 1999) For those keeping score on blog commentary from outside the blog community.


Ʊǯˡʻž (conversion) ̤ư첽ΤФƤޤ֥֥񤯡ɤˡפΰ̣Ǥ

1999 TBTF for 1999-08-30: Aibo Rampant in cistron.lists (Usenet newsgroup) 30 Aug. Blog..to run a Web log.


ưȤƤ blog 顤ϤƱǯΤ blogging, blogger ޤƤޤ
θ塤blog 2004ǯ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary ˤ "word of the year" Ȥ졤Ȥ᤯ñȤʤޤcf. #262. 2009ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2010-01-14-1]blog ΤʬǤȤ뿷Ȥʤꡤmoblog, audioblog, photoblog, videoblog (vlog), linklog, sketchblog, microblogging, blogstorm, blog swarm, blogoise, blogerati, bleg, blogorrhea ʤɤο줬߽Фޤ (Crystal, p. 457) 줾ɤʰ̣ʬǤ礦㤨кǸñϡĹ¡פۤɤǤ
伫Ȥ blogger ǤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υ֥ⱿĤƤΤ audioblogger Ǥ⤢ΤȻפޤȤȤ I (audio)blog therefore I am. ȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤ³ꤤޤ

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2022-09-23 Fri

#4897. this apple ζä٤¿ [polysemy][semantics][pragmatics][demonstrative][deixis]

ͤʪǥ󥴤1ļ夲ʤ顤I like this apple. ȤʸȯäƤ̤Ƥ䤿ϤαʸֻϤΥ󥴤ǤפưפǤޤΰ̣ǤƤȻפǤޤˤǤ礦ʸ¿ŪȤʤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤȤǤ礦Ȥ櫓 this apple ʬճ񤷤ΤǤ
ޤthis apple unit ɤߤ type ɤߤȤ¿ޤ٤Υ󥴤ǤϤʤ夲Ƥ뤳Υ󥴡פȤĤǤ unit ɤߤȤʤޤ٤ȢʼΥ󥴤ǤϤʤ夲ƤΤɽƤʼΥ󥴡㤨С֤դסˡפǤ type ɤߤȤʤޤ
type ɤߤˤ͡ʲǽޤ嵭ǤϤޤޡʼפȤ type ʬ򤷤ΤǤtype ʬˤ¾δ⤢ޤ⻺ݤȤζʬ⤢ޤϤ줿ऴȤζʬ⤢ޤ礭١ʤȤ⤢ޤºݤʸ̮Ǥϡδ type ʹ꤬⤤Ψǿ¬Ǥ륱ۤȤɤȤϻפޤthis apple Ȥɽ˾ʤȤŪ¿뤳ȤʬäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ؼ this Τľͳ褹̣ŪŪ¿̾ apple λؼоݤǤ֤󤴡פΰ̣ŪŪ¿蘆äơ츫Ȳ񤷤ȤΤʤ this apple Ȥɽΰ̣Ƥäۤʣ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤʬäȻפޤ
ʾ塤Cruse (50) ε򻲾ȤƼɮޤ

Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.

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2022-09-22 Thu

#4896. khelf-conference-2022סʡĥ߹ɡˤ򽪤 [khelf][khelf-conference-2022][seminar][hel_education][voicy][heldio][notice][link][senbonknock]

20ʲСˡ21ʿˤȽ¤Ρkhelf-conference-2022סĥ߹ɡˤŤ졤٤Ƥθå̵˽λޤå˰̤黲ä줿󡤹ֻդ2֤Ȥˤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˥Сˤϡ񱿱ĤˤϤޤ鿽夲ޤ
̸åȤƤ2Ĥ Voicy ʬåȤƤ2ĤιֵȡֱѸ˥ƥŸ2022סåȤƤϳ4ǯ´ʸɮͽԡˤˤּġס3ǯرˤ֥ݥʤݥåפȡΥ˥塼ǤؤӤ¿ǻ̩ʻ֤ȤʤޤͻҤϡ khelf ۡڡߥڡ khelf ȯԤرѸ˿ʹʤɤǵϿȤƻĤƤͽǤ
̸å2Ĥ Voicy ϡ¿˥饤İ褤ޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ줾Ͽ򤹤Ǥ˥ȤƤϤƤޤΤǡޤİǤʤϡҥ饤ʷϵ򴶤ĤĤİޤƲˤĤơVoicy Τۤ餴ۤ䥳Ȥʤɤ򤤤ޤȹǤ

920ʲС14:50--15:50 ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡͽ𵭻⻲ȡ
921ʿ16:00--17:00 ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡͽ𵭻⻲ȡ



Ǹ khelf-conference-2022 ΥåˤäֻդδϢڡ⡤ǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤ

- ܹΩ̿ءˤHPcf. Dzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ
- 콤ءˤHP eWAVE ֽ@khelf-conference-2022 eWAVE 3.0 (The electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) ΤΤؤΥꡥ碌ơ#4532. Ѹˤؤ٤콤ءˤ HP ([2021-09-23-1]) ⻲ȡ
- ڹʷܳرءˤHP

ʾ塤khelf-conference-2022ˤƽλ

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2022-09-21 Wed

#4895. khelf-conference-2022סʡĥ߹ɡˤ2 [khelf][khelf-conference-2022][seminar][hel_education][notice][senbonknock]

([2022-09-20-1]) ˰³ĥ߹ɤȡkhelfʷѸ˥ե˼ŤΡkhelf-conference-2022פΤȤǤ
̵1ܤ򽪤ޤȤ櫓 Voicy ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡפǤϡܹDzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡ٤λƽ΢ˤĤơޤإ󶪤ФεΡ٤14Ⱦ˥ʥ顼ǤѸǽ񤫤줿յˤĤƻǤȤǤޤ饤Ǥİ͡ޤ󤻤Ƥͤˤϡפޤ
饤İǤʤäΤˡϿΤī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פۿޤΤǡꤪİ
ơ khelf-conference-2022 2ܤȤʤޤīͼޤǤʥåͽꤵƤޤ̤ hellog ɼԤγˤϡҤ⤦1 Voicy İФȻפޤ

921ʿ16:00--17:00ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡʤ˾ܤε򻲾ȡ

ϥַͳǤ Voicy ץ꤫Ǥ⤪İޤVoicy ץȤμꤲߤʤɤǽȤʤޤΤǤǤäϡꥹʡγˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ󤻤ƤѸˤδͤȤݤǴ褷ƤޤΤǡ饤μƤⴿޤޤʤİˤʤʤǤ⡤ȤƤϤͽǤ

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Ρkhelf-conference-2022פˤĤƤ khelf ĥå @khelf_keio Ǥ⹭󤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ

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2022-09-20 Tue

#4894. khelf-conference-2022סʡĥ߹ɡˤ1 [khelf][khelf-conference-2022][seminar][hel_education][notice]

1ǯΤλʸʸ칶Ǥ¿Υߤ֥߹ɡפ򳫺ŤƤޤ2ۤޤ꤬ǤιɤʤΤǤʲҤˤ2ǯ֤ϴ饤ɤ;ʤޤޤ꤬ޤʤȤؤζˤ̤Ǽ»ܤ뤳ȤǽȤʤꡤޤ̷˥饤ä2ֳŤͽǤ
ơ¼Ūˤϡ֥߹ɡפȤؤΤפˤʤΤǤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˼ŤΡkhelf-conference-2022פȸƤѤ̤ݤ٥Ȥ˻Ωƾ夲Ƥޤ̤ hellog ɼԤγ⡤Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̤ khelf-conference-2022 2ĤΥå˻äƤޤΤǡԹ礬Фɤ2ĤΥåȤϰʲ̤Ǥ

920ʲС14:50--15:50ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡʤ˾ܤε򻲾ȡ
921ʿ16:00--17:00ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡʤ˾ܤε򻲾ȡ

ϥַͳǤ Voicy ץ꤫Ǥ⤪İޤVoicy ץȤμꤲߤʤɤǽȤʤޤΤǤǤʤİˤʤʤǤ⡤İ褦ˤʤޤ

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Ρkhelf-conference-2022פˤĤƤ khelf ĥå @khelf_keio Ǥ⹭󤷤ƤޤΤǡȤʤäȤ¶ѡͽꤷƤޤˡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-21-1]

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2022-09-19 Mon

#4893. King's English Queen's English νǯ [emode][monarch][oed][inkhorn_term][voicy][heldio]

8˥ꥶ٥ (Elizabeth II) ˴ʤꡤ19˥ȥߥ󥹥ˤƹ򤬱ĤޤͽȤΤȤǤ֤ϥꥹ˾Ĺ70ǯޤ1ĤˤǤơ㡼륺 (Charles III) ¨̤ޤ
ޤ Queen's English ȸƤФƤ륤ꥹɸѸϡ King's English ȤƾΤ˲󵢤뤳ȤˤʤȻפޤε King's English Queen's English ȤƤˤĤƾĴ١ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#476. King's English Queen's EnglishꤷƤ٤äƤߤޤ



ǿ줿 OED ˤξɽνФˤĤơʲäƤޤޤKing's English ˤĤƤϡking, n. βǡΤ褦㤬ͿƤޤ

 King's English n. [apparently after king's coin n.] (chiefly with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the King of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually taken as that written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. Queen's English n. at queen n. Compounds 3b.

   1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 86 These fine Englishe clerkes, will saie thei speake in their mother tongue, if a man should charge them for counterfeityng the kynges English.
   a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 5 Abusing of Gods patience, and the Kings English.
   1787 Eng. Rev. May 284 That fervent zeal which now displays itself among all ranks of persons,..to circulate the purity of the king's English among them.
   1836 E. Howard Rattlin xxxv. 144 They..put the king's English to death so charmingly.
   1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South i. i. 28 Smelly old fellows with baggy pants and a capacity for butchering the king's English.
   2003 E. Stuart Entropy & Alchemy vi. 71 The British, custodians of the King's English and supposedly so careful and conscientious with words.


king's coin ʹŲߤ˹ޤƤ񲦤ξˤǤϤʤȤȤǤɤʤΤǤ礦ʤߤ˽Ф1553ǯȤΤϡEdward VI Mary I Ȥ¨̤ǯǤ⤢ꡤ̣ߥ󥰤ǤϤޤ󶡤Ƥ T(homas) Wilson ˤĤƤϡ#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ󥹴 ([2020-07-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ
Queen's English ߤƤߤޤ礦queen, n. βǡΤ褦˵ҤƤޤФ1592ǯ Elizabeth I Ǥ

 Queen's English n. (usually with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the Queen of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually as written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. King's English n. at king n. Compounds 5b.

   1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes sig. B1v He must be running on the letter, and abusing the Queenes English without pittie or mercie.
   a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. iii. 81 He was pretty far overcome by the Champaign, for he clipped the Queen's English.
   1848 Southern Literary Messenger 14 636/2 'On' yesterday, (another Southern emendation of the Queen's English, which is funny enough,) I was so unfortunate [etc.].
   1867 F. S. Cozzens Sayings 82 In fact, that arbitrary style of speaking which is commonly known as the Queen's English.
   1885 Punch 4 July 5/2 (heading) The Premier's Primer; or Queen's English as she is wrote.
   1902 F. Hume Fever of Life 146 I! Oh, how can you? I speak the Queen's English.
   1991 K. Waterhouse English our English p. xvii The more slipshod English in circulation, the wider the assumption that it doesn't matter any more, that the Queen's English is by now the quaint preserve of pedants.
   2006 PC Gamer Apr. 79/1 This doesn't mean that the cast of characters suddenly speak the Queen's English with cut-glass accents and quote Shakespeare.


ɤޤʸФƤꡤ OED ȴޤξɽȤǯ夬16ȤΤޤ⤷ȤǤѹͥ󥹤οˤäƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵФƴ줬ޤäƤޤΰǥʥ顼ǤѸؤμ⾯ĿޤäƤƤޤιμ٤ִפȤơΥȥåפǤ뷯礬Ф줿ȤϼʤȤǤߤޤ400ǯʾ³ƤȤΤϡϤ©ĹȤȻפޤ

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2022-09-18 Sun

#4892. ͽΡإ˥¼ŵ6ǤοߥֱѸQ&AפξҲ [notice][genius6]

νإ˥¼ŵ8ǯ֤̲졤6ǤȤ罤۽Ź괩ԤޤߥɤߤǽȤʤäƤޤ
βǤǡߤ줿ֱѸQ&AפμɮôƤޤΥˤĤơ914ȯ䤵줿رѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ10ˤơ΢äʤɤ񤤤Ƥޤֱ֥ѸQ&AפƳ --- Ѹ΢ؤȤơפȤ2ڡʸϤǤ10˼äƤɤߤФȻפޤ (pp. 42--43)

رѸ춵2022ǯ10



ŵΤʤˡ36ĤñȴϢŤ줿36ĤΥबФƤޤϱѸ˸ԤǤΤǡؽѱ¼ŵˡñθ츻Ѹˤ꤬ޤ뤳ȤϤؤ˴򤷤ȤǤΤ麣˻ޤǸ츻ؤֱñȤݤΥܥӥܤϿ͵ޤ̤˳ؽѱ¼ŵˤϸ츻ŪѸŪҤϤޤߤޤ󡥱Ѹˤθäȳؽѱ¼ŵȿǤƤȤ褤ʤȡʱѸˤӤοȤȤƤϡ˻פäƤޤΥ⡤Τ褦ؤΰȤʤФ褤ʤȡ


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2022-09-17 Sat

#4891. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ19֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][stress][prosody][french][latin][germanic][gsr][rsr][contact][borrowing][lexicology][hellog_entry_set]

δñѸ in English٤10椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ19ϡ֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ10



ñΥǤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȱ֤ޤäƤޤˤ100%ε§ʤǤʵ§ʤȤǡͽ¬ǤȤΤ¤ʤΤǤϤǤϤޤ
㤨Сnature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤפȤ̣Ȥޤ hellog ǡ#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ ([2019-04-27-1]) ε񤤤ƤޤλϤȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǺϢܵΤʤǤ夲Ǥ
ñʥεϥΥޥǤθűѸǤϡȤΰ֤ϸ§Ȥ1˸ǡΤʵ§ޤΥޥ˻ϤޤѸ³Ѹˤơե󥹸ƥ줫̤ñ줬ѤƤޤμѸϡħѤơɬ1˥Ȥ⤿ʤΤ¿äᡤˤѸΥηϤϺ˴٤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ϢܵǤϡդλפߺդƲ⤷ޤ10ƥȤ˼äƤФȻפޤ
ѸΥȰ֤ˤĤƤϡhellog εå stress γƵɤߤ

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2022-09-16 Fri

#4890. Ѹʡإ󶪤ФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷 [sggk][me_text][me_dialect][literature][popular_passage][voicy][heldio]

褿1125˸ͽDzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡϡѸƥ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ʡإ󶪤ФεΡ١sggkˤܳŪݰƺʤǤλƽ򡤲ܹΩ̿ءˤôƤޤβ轵 Voicy ̤뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤΤǡҤİܤϡ#4885. ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡפΤΤ餻920ʲС14:50--15:50 Voicy ˡ ([2022-09-11-1]) 򤴻Ȥ
ΩäơSGGK Ѹ츶ʸ򾯤Ҳ𤷤ƤȻפޤκʤϡChaucer ʤɤƱ14ȾΤΤȤ British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x ˤΤ߸¸ 2530ԡ101󥶤ʤαʸƥȤǤ륢ʪȤκʤǤƱܤˤϡ¾ Pearl, Cleanness, Patience ȤʤƤޤѸǽ񤫤Ƥޤƥ󥶤ϡƬƧ12--37ĹԤθˡ5Ԥ "bob and wheel" ȸƤФ ababa ûӱԤ³ȤˤʤäƤޤ
ϡƬ˶ᤤ ll. 130--50 ꡤФεΤо줹ŪʥƤߤ뤳Ȥˤޤ礦Andrew and Waldron ǤΰѤǤ

Now wyl I of hor seruise say yow no more,
For vch wyȝe may wel wit no wont þat þer were.
Anoþer noyse ful newe neȝed biliue,
Þat þe lude myȝt haf leue liflode to cach;
For vneþe watz þe noyce not a whyle sesed,
And þe fyrst cource in þe court kyndely serued,
Þer hales in at þe halle dor an aghlich mayster,
On þe most on þe molde on mesure hyghe;
Fro þe swyre to þe swange so sware and so þik,
And his lyndes and hys lymes so longe and so grete,
Half-etayn in erde I hope þat he were,
Bot mon most I algate mynn hym to bene,
And þat þe myriest in his muckel þat myȝt ride;
For of bak and of brest al were his bodi sturne,
Both his wombe and his wast were worthily smale,
And alle his fetures folȝande in forme, þat he hade,
      Ful clene.
    For wonder of his hwe men hade,
    Set in his semblaunt sene;
    He ferde, as freke were fade,
    And oueral enker grene.


Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#473. إ󶪤ФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷Ѹ츶ʸɤ߾夲ޤǡѸ츶ʸɤ߾夲ƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ



̣ǧ뤿 Bantock θ層ʸꡤƱ ll. 130--50 βսѤޤ

I've told you enough about the tables there
For you to guess how gorgeous that feast was.
But now another new uproar quickly approached,
That stirred Aurthur's spirit so strongly he started to eat.
For, just as the joyful music was fading away
And the first of the festive dishes was duly being served,
The doors crashed open wide with a terrible din
And a hideous giant charged boldly into the hall!
His body was strong and so broad from neck to waist,
And his legs and arms and thighs so long and thick,
He might have been half a giant and half a man,
But if a man, the biggest of all on this earth
That ever rode on horse; and most handsome too;
For though his breast and back were broad and stout,
His waist was slender and his belly lithe and slim,
And all of his features followed this twofold form ---
      Both lust and lean!
    By his colouring the court was amazed,
    The most staggering sight they had seen,
    For the body of that bold knight blazed
    Head to foot with flaming bright green!


ܸȤƤϡӾ (p. 9) Ѥޤ

ƿΤƤʤͻҤ򤳤ʾΤϤ⤦ƤҤȤķ礱ΤʤäȤïǤ褯ʬ뤳Ȥ顥ޤ̤οʲڤʹƤΤǡǤɤ鲦⿩ȤΤǤϤʤȻפ줿ΥȥڥåȤβ䤨ǽˤȽФȤ󡤤繭֤鶲εΤ褯Ǥؾ椬ǺǤ⤤ˤǤä󤫤ޤǤҤɤĥꤺ󤰤Ȥȼ­ĹƤäꤷƤꡤˤϸȾͤǤϤʤȻפäȤˤʿʹ֤ǤꡤϤ˾ԤλѤäȤƤϺǤüʿʪȸäƤοΤǤȶΤʢȹϤȤ褯ۤäꤷơΤ¾ʬ⤹٤Ʊ褦˻Ѥζ褯Ȥ졤
ʹ褫ä
ƤˤϤä긫
οˤߤʤӤäŷʡʶΡΤΤ褦˿񤤡
ȿ䤫ФǤä


Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Bantock, Gavin, trans. Sir Gawain & the Green Knight . Pearl: Two Middle-English Poems. Brimstone P, 2018.
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥׻͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-28-1] [2022-10-27-1]

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2022-09-15 Thu

#4889. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼԤ֤Ҳʸ3ơʹԻ [gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][notice][german][standardisation]

2֤ε ([2022-09-13-1], [2022-09-14-1]) ³ᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤԼԼ餬Ҳ𤹤Ȥ3ơʺǽˤǤ
ɥĸˤιԻˤܽҲʸǤѸ˴ƤޤȵŤʤʤäƤޤޤѸϤʤʤѤʡ׸ǤȤǤܿͤεĤ򤤤˷Ǻפޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small





֥ɥĸˤ鸫ƱѸˤԻ׵Ĥ˻פ뤳ȡ

ġ


Ϥ줾ͭʹ¤򤷤ƤơAüԤ鸫ǤդθBϾˡѤʡ׸˸ƤޤѸüԤ鸫ơƱޥϤθǤɥĸ줬ɤѤ˸ΤˤĤƤϡޡȥ1835~1910ǯˤˤŵŪʸΩƤޤȥϡɥġե󥹡ꥢιȤθ˴Ť Tramp Abroad1880ǯܸإ衼åϲٺή 1999ǯˤ񤭤ޤΤҤȤĤȤ The Awful German Language ʡֶɥĸסˤȤåĤƤޤȥϡɥĸΤɤֶפȸäƤΤǤ礦̾뤳ȡʡڡפ֤ĤܤߡפϽաפʤΤϤɤơˡ̾ȷƻθѲʣǤ뤳ȡparenthesis ֳסǤʸκǸ֤뤿ˡŪʸΤȤǰϤޤ褦ˤʤ뤳ȡߤΥɥĸʸˡǤȹ¤פΤȡˤΤ˸礬Ѹ礭ۤʤ뤳ȡ UnabhängigkeitserklärungΩ Τ褦Ĺʣ줬θʤ뤳ȤȥθɥĸΤΤ褦Ǥ
Ѹˤ餹ȡ̾̾졦ƻθѲˤĤƤϡѸ줬֤ηвΤʤǤС̵̤ʬפ򤽤ȤƤä̡Υޥ˶ᤤɥĸλѤѤ˸櫓Ǥֳ׸ˤĤƤϡI think that his father will come to Japan next year.ȤäѸüԤˤȤäơƱʸɥĸǤϡI think that my father next year to Japan come will. (Ich denke, dass sein Vater nächstes Jahr nach Japan kommen wird.)Ȥ¤ˤʤäƤޤΤϡȿž򸫤Ƥ褦 ȤΤⶦǤޤϡɥĸȼŸȹ¤ȤŪʸˡ§졤ǽŪ17˳ꤷΤǤ
Τ褦ʸˡ˴ؤʬȤϰۤʤꡤä˴ؤ̤ˤĤƤϿͰŪ;ϤꤨޤUnabhängigkeitserklärung ΩפȤʣ줬ĹΤϡUnabhängigkeits-erklärung Τ褦˥ϥե줿ꡤUnabhängigkeits Erklärung Τ褦ʬ֤äꤹвĻޤΤˤϤʤǤΥɥĸνˡνʵ§ˤʣĹͳǤϤޤ󡥤⤽ɥĸüԤĹǯˤ錄äơǰɽȤ˥ƥե󥹸ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥʤɥĸ¤Ϥ򿮤ΡʥޥϤΡ˥ɥĸǸڤȤƤȤߤη̤ʣĹǤΤǤΩפȤǰϡѸǤ declaration of independence Τ褦ˡ˥ƥ줫Ѥ줿ѤʬŪ˸ɽޤФơɥĸ Unabhängigkeitserklärung Ϥιʬ٤ƥɥĸʥޥϤθˤΩäƤޤUnabhängigkeitserklärung ϡunʱ unˡƬ+ abʱ offˡֲء+ hängʱ hangˡֿ+ igʱ yˡɽƻ+ keitʱ hoodˡ̾+ sʱ sˡָĤʤܹ缭Ͻͭɽˡ+ er ֳ¤̣ưƬ+ klärʱ clear+ ungʱ ingˡ̾פäƤޤΩפֿ첼褦ǤϤʤȡפΤ褦ˡפֹΤˤ뤳ȡפΤ褦ŪɽƤޤϤ礦ܤΤĤƥ޻ԤΤޤȤȤвơʡʶҶ¡ظ켭ŵ Hanasikotoba o hiku Zibikiٿ̽ǡ1951ǯˤ˽ȡΩפϡ֤ҤȤơפΤ褦ŪĹʤΤʿŪȸȤǤǤ礦
˽Ҥ٤褦ˤ÷¤ˤȤռŪʼȤߤΩäƤɥĸˤ鸫ȡʤѸǤˤ÷ΤѤ˵ˤʤäƤޤΥޥ󡦥󥱥ȡ1066ǯˤΤȥե󥹸äδʬ˿äƤȤǡޥϸȤƤαѸΤмռޤäȤ礭ʱѸ˾θǤȿ¬ޤäȤθαѸˤŸˤƤͳäƸߤΤ褦ʸäι¤ˤʤäƤΤȻפޤ礦1210ڡˤ˸زǡʩ5ˤĤơָäζ岽פᤰäƸˤоȤ륷ݥ򳫺ŤޤΤȤˤΤΤä򡤤餬ǤФȻפäƤޤ




Mark Twain ΡֱѸ줫ߤɥĸѤʤȤסĻΡ֥ɥĸ줫ߤѸѤʤȤס줾줪ߤͤΤ褦ʤȤäơ⤷Ǥܸ͡줫ߤѤʤȤפǤС̵˻ŦǤǤդۤʤΤѤ˷ޤäƤȤ¦̤Ϥ󤢤ޤդΤɤäƤˤ줾ۤʤäƤ餳;פѤʤΤȤ¦̤⤪ˤȻפޤѤǤͳõȤΤ⡤оȸˤΤ⤷ȲǽǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹʬǻ̾ڤƤޤ1210ڡ˸Լ3̾ޤʩ5ˤ5̾ޤꡤ˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפ򳫺Ťޤʳؽؤǥϥ֥åɳͽꡥǤˡ
ݥǤϡܽǰäɸಽȴϢĤĤ⡤ΩƵǤơޤȤơָäζ岽פФƤޤǹĻ᤬ŦƤȸθäΡֹԤפΰ㤤ˤĤƤ⡤뤳ȤˤʤꤽǤˤĤơ伫Ȥ⤸äͤƤߤ褦Ȼפޤ

ʾ塤3֤ˤ錄ԼԤˤظɸಽͤ٤ξҲʸǺܤƤޤܽ˼äƤйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-14 Wed

#4888. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼԤ֤Ҳʸ2ơϺ [gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][notice][japanese][standardisation][notice]

ε ([2022-09-13-1]) ˰³ᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơԼԼ餬Ҳ𤹤ȤǤ2ƤܸˤϺˤܽҲʸǤܿͤεĤ򤤤˷Ǻפޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small





ܸˤˤ첽סֵϲסѲס

桡Ϻ


ܸˤˤơɸಽפɸפȤȡ19~20ˤŸ줿ܤˤɸ۵ܽ11Ϥǡɧ᤬Ƥˡ䤬ɮ5ϡֽ񤭤ȤФȸʸספˤƤ⡤ͻޤǤɸಽˤȸơʸפʤɸಽλȰä
ܽ1Ϥ䡤6ϡ7ϤʤɤǼ夲롤ɸಽ򡤡첽סʸѼ줷ƤȤưˡֵϲסʤ٤ηƤưˡѲס¿ο̤ͤ礨η˶̲άƤưˤ3Ĥʬ븫ܸˤˤƤϤơ̻ˤȤƤ礭ή򸫽ФƤȤȯۤϡäȤʤä
ʤ顤ܽԽȤ̤ơȤߤܸˤȤ館Ƥߤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤȹͤ褦ˤʤäܽɮˤϽʬǤ񤱤ʤäˤĤơ
첽פˤƤϤޤꤽʽȤƤϡޤɻ8ˤ˴ˤܸɽˡԤ߽Фȡǡʿ»10ˤ˲̾ȯäդ˴Ťܸ򼫺ߤ˽񤱤褦ˤȡˡһ12ˤޤǤˡȲ̾Ŭ٤˸򤨤ƽ񤯴̾򤸤ʸ´ʸˤŪʤΤˤȤŦǤ롥ΰϢΡ첽פβǡʸä򼫹ʸȤƻ餷2β̾ʿ̾Ҳ̾ˤΤ줫ȺѤ롤ܸȼɽˡΩޤǻȤ³񤭸դΥƥäΤǤ롥
ƺ줿񤭸դŪ˱ѤƤˡʿ»ʹߡŵʡؿջྶ١ʸѽ٤ʤɡˤ䡤ʸʸ㽸ʡձ١٤ʤɡˤԻ졤һʹߤˤϡ̾λȤ벾̾ʡز̾ʸ١»٤ʤɡˤ񤫤褦ˤʤäƤϡֵϲפưȸ뤳ȤǤή줬ͻޤǤܸν񤭸դ٤Ƥ̤⤿餷
ơѲפν19~20ˤ˿ʤʸױưˤν񤭸դγΩǤ롥궵ʽǡˤäơ̱ؤ˶Ѽܸ򹭤ư䡤Ϫǿޤ礹ʤ̱Ϥܸ򹭤ưޤΤ⡤ήѤΤǤ롥
ʾϡɸಽˤȰäʹͻޤǡˤ첽סֵϲסɸಽˤȰäѲפȤ븫Ǥ롥ʤСͻˤѲפˤŦꡤʹߤˡ첽סֵϲפˤ򸫤뤳ȤǤͽۤ졤ϡܸˤΩŪˤȤ館뤳ȤˤĤʤäƤȴԤǤ롥




Ǥϡܽ7ϡֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡסʻ߷ˤ󼨤줿Ѹɸಽ3Ĥ¦̡첽ϲѲˤܸɸಽˤƤϤƤߤȤɤʤ뤫ȤоȸŪʥץƤȻפޤ̸ˤˤߤѥǥ򡤰ۤʤˤˤ֤ƶˡƤϤƤߤ褦ȤȤˡʵŤޤȤȤϡܽδʳ鲿٤иƤޤиղ񡤲İ塤ȼȤʤޤݥƥˤ˭¤߽ФƤޤԼԤϸԤǤ
3ƤϤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-13 Tue

#4887. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼԤ֤Ҳʸ1ơδ [gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][notice][hellog_entry_set][standardisation][variety][genbunicchi][notice]

ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǡ͡˾Ҳ𤷤ƤޤʤޤȤεåɤˡ

standardisation_front_cover_small



ܽϡ5ɸಽˤ̤Υơޤ˿ơоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) Ȥʥץ󼨤˵Ԥɤĥå߹礦Ȥüʥ쥤Ȥ̤ƳȯƤƸ褦ȻߤޤδƤƤ뤫ɤϡɼԤγȽǤ˰Ѥͤۤޤ
ΤӹԻʥɥĸˡˡϺܸˡˡδʱѸˡˤԼ3̾ä礤ơΩ줫ܽҲ𤹤ʸϤ褦ȤäˤʤޤơξϡͤεĤ⤤Ρhellog~Ѹ˥֥פˤ褦ȷޤޤ̤ȤơѸʻˡˤ˴ؿäܥ֥ɤߤγռʸϤˤʤäȻפޤ
Ϥ1ƤȤơޤĤʸϤϤޤ



ɸѸɤưåȤǤ

ġδ


䤿ؽоݤȤƤֱѸפ̾ɸѸפؤѤƤѸˤϥꥫѸ졤ꥹѸ졤ɱѸϤ͡ʼब뤬ؽΥåȤȤƤΤϺǤι⤤ɸѸפȤФ롥ɸѸפȤϲʤΤ¤ϳ­ɸѸפϤʤŪ褯Ȥ˽ȡȤƳؽоݤȤƤतαѸؤΤȤ롥餫˽۴ˡ˴٤äƤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ䤿ϡɸѸפȤåȤʤΤΤ򤷤ʤޤޤˡͤʤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ȤϤɸѸפȤǰѸơΤƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ䤿ϡɸѸפޤޤ򤷡Ƥ褦ʤΤǤ롥
¤ΤȤɮԤϡɸѸפ򲿤ȤʤǼƤȤΩ˻Ǥ롥ŪˤɤưåȡפäŪ¸ߤȤǤ褦ʤΤǤϤʤȸƤ뤫ɸѸפ1600ǯۤɤαѸˤΤʤɤƤ켫ȤüȺ򷫤֤ƤơѸ줬21θߡɸѸפϲˤޤɤưåȤȲƤ褦˻פΤǤ롥
ˤ̤ơɸѸפɤưåȤäȤϡܽ6Ϥ7Ϥ餫ˤ롥6ϡֱѸˤˤɸಽססδˤǤϡѸ줬ˤ̤ɸಽæɸಽΥ򷫤֤ƤȡɸѸ¸ߤ켫Τ԰äȤ⤫롥ƱϤǤϡḽѸˤƤɸಽ꤬ܸɸಽ1¦̤ǤθʸפӤ뤳ȤŦ롥ϡҲ夬ۤʤäƤƤ⡤ɸಽȤˤϲΤǤϤʤȤ䤤ˤĤʤ롥
7ϡֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡסʻ߷ˤǤϡޤɸಽǰƬ֤ѸˤλʬƳ졤³ơɸಽפ첽סֵϲסѲפ3ʬव졤Ǹ20ʹߤɸಽư⤵롥ɸಽǤϡ첽סֵϲפο̤ǻä20ʹߤˤϡѲפή줬ȤʤäƤƤȤơαѸɸಽħ⤭Ħˤ롥
ܽϡоȸˡפȤˡäʩ5ɸಽˤ򤿤ɤäƤ롥ѸʳθɸಽˤįƤɸפϾɤưåȤäȤ֤ǧǤ롥ƸˤȤԤѤƻǡ֥ĥåߡ׹礤򤷤ƤͻҤϡƼưʤɤưåȤͷ⤷Ƥ뤫Τ褦˸ΥǤ롥ŪɷϤ褤Ǥ롥
ƬΡɸѸפɸѸפɤưΤǤСɸѸȤϲȤŪ䤤ȯ뤳ȤǤϤʤषѸɸಽȤưŪ¦̤ܤۤͭյѸؽοΥåȤϲʤΤˤĤƺƹͤ¥ȤʤСԤΰͤȤƴӤǤ롥




ԼԤξҲʸǺܤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-15-1] [2022-09-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-12 Mon

#4886. ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡפΤΤ餻921ʿ16:00--17:00 Voicy [voicy][heldio][notice][sobokunagimon][khelf][khelf-conference-2022][senbonknock]

ε#4885. ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡפΤΤ餻920ʲС14:50--15:50 Voicy ˡ ([2022-09-11-1]) ˰³⤦1 Voicy ΤǤ
921ʿˤ 16:00--17:00 ˡܳرؤڹδȤǡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåפ饤ǤϤޤ˰̤󤻤ƤѸ˴ؤѤʵˡ2͡ʡܦˤ˱Ѹˤδ鼡Ȳ롤ȤǤ
ͿפʤɤȤ餽ʤȤϤޤäͤƤޤʤʤȤԲǽǤˡषΥå¦Ǥ֤ɤɤʤ򤹤פ餤ΤΤ˽Ȼפޤ
̤ơֳڤѸˤʷϵФ褤ʤȻפäƤޤष˼ؤβͤƤߤޤ󤫡ʳäˤä

ؤΥ󥯤Ǥ
ͤƤѸ˴ؤ뵿Υեꤪ󤻤ʵ䤬󤻤Ƥʤȴ褽ΤΤΩޤǡ
ꤲ߼ˤʤ٤бǤФȻפäƤޤ
μϿϸȤư̸⤹ͽǤ

Ԥ1ͤȤʤڹϡѸ˼ҲؤۤȤƤꡤYouTube Ǥιֵ֥ޤ־ǤѶŪ˳ưƤޤheldio ˤ1٤б餤Ƥޤǯ47#311. ڹȤ̡饹ä1ġꤷ̤ޤ
ΡܥΥåפϡkhelfʷѸ˥ե˼Ť khelf-conference-2022 Ȥʢ¼ŪˤϲƤΡ֥߹ɡסˤΰĤȤƴ褵ƤΤǤ92021ξˤƳŤ뽸ǡ Voicy 褵Ƥޤ2ĤˤĤƾܤߥڡޤξϰʲǤ⤴⤷ƤޤΤİ



khelf-conference-2022 ˴طƼ糧åˤĤƤϡkhelf ĥå @khelf_keio Ǥ⹭󤷤ƤޤեΤۤɤꤤޤ

ʸ嵭2022/09/22(Thu)嵭ͽ̤˽λޤʲۿꤪİ)



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Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-11 Sun

#4885. ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡפΤΤ餻920ʲС14:50--15:50 Voicy [voicy][heldio][notice][vernacular][sggk][khelf][khelf-conference-2022]

ɸ̤ꡤ920ʲС14:50--15:50 ˡܹΩ̿ءˤδˤ Voicy ֱѸʥ顼̵פͽꤵƤޤԹ礬礤ޤ顤ʳäİΤۤɤꤤޤ

ؤΥ󥯤Ǥ
̤ؤΤ夲ߤȥԥåʤɤޤΥե鼫ͳˤ󤻤
ꤲ߼ˤʤ٤бǤФȻפäƤޤ
μϿϸȤư̸⤹ͽǤ

ܥ֥βǡǤǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤϡޤǤ̤͡ԤʤäƤޤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˼Ť khelf-conference-2022 ȤʢͭΤˤвƤΡ֥߹ɡפǤˤΰĤȤơΩ̿ؤܹ򤪾ƤΥ饤̤Ȥʤޤ
ȤϤǤ heldio 2٤̤ۤƤޤ٤ΡֱѸʥ顼̵פϡ2̡ʤȤ櫓2ܤ̡ˤαĹˤǤΤǡҲƤİФȻפޤ

#173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲ (2021/11/20)
#386. ܹȤλ̡󡦥ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸ (2022/06/21)

⤽֥ʥ顼פȤϲȤȤϤᡤ줬Ѹ˾ɤΤ褦ʰյĤΤʤͤɬפΤʤɽIJ̵Ԥ˻̤򷫤깭ȻפäƤޤϢơʲ hellog ⤴Ȥ

#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])
#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1])
#4814. vernacular 򥭡ɤȤƱѸˤįʤȤ⤷ ([2022-07-02-1])

ܹϡ1125Dzإ꡼󡦥ʥȡλƽôƤޤإ󶪤ФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ݰƺʤǤκʤΥʥ顼ƽ΢äʤɤޤƤҤäǤȻפޤ̤ڤߤˤƤޤܺʤ۵ Transformer ӡߥĥå⤴ˬ䤯
khelf-conference-2022 Ǥϡ嵭̤921ʿˤˤ̤ Voicy 褬ͽꤵƤޤξˤĤƾܤߥڡޤξϰʲǤ⤴⤷ƤޤΤİ



khelf-conference-2022 ˴طƼ糧åˤĤƤϡkhelf ĥå @khelf_keio Ǥ⹭󤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴

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[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-10 Sat

#4884. Ѹ2첻3첻 [diphthong][triphthong][vowel][phoneme][phonology][sound_change]

Ѹ2첻 (diphthong) 3첻 (triphthong) ϡˤΤʤǼࡦȤѲ³Ƥ͡Ѳ뤲Ƥ̡ѸɸѼˤǤϷ13郎ǧƤ롥ŪʴȡʲΤ褦ηŪʿޤȤʤ롥οޤ Crystal (251) οޤѤΤǤSVG⤢ˡ

diphthong

2첻ϡ2⡼첻 (1) ۣ첻 /ə/ ǽ뤫(2) 첻 /ɪ/, /ʊ/ ǽ뤫η3˸¤Ȥħ롥
3첻ϡ嵭ι첻ǽ2첻θˡ3⡼Ȥۣ첻 /ə/ դ5˸¤롥
Ūˤߤȡ2첻3첻Τߤʤ餺ñ첻 (monophthong) ⤪ѲƤѸΤȤ첻㤷󤷤ƤȤаޤ롥ɤΤ褦ѲƤΤʤۤѲƤΤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2181. űѸ첻ηϡ ([2015-04-17-1])
#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])
#4108. boy, join, loiter --- 2첻μŪʡ ([2020-07-26-1])
#4521. Ѹ˾μפ첻Ѳ ([2021-09-12-1])

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-09 Fri

#4883. magic e Ȥƾ [oed][final_e][spelling][vowel][terminology][mulcaster][walker][silent_letter][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

take, meme, fine, pope, cute ʤɤθ -e ϡ켫ΤȯʤԤ첻ĹפɤޤޤȤƵǽ롥Τ褦ˡ e magic e ʥޥå eˤȸƤФ롥ˡΤ褦¾첻ȯƤޤѸ춵顦ؽѸȤƤ褯ΤƤ롥
magic e Ưˤξܺ٤ hellog ʲε򻲾Ȥ줿

#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])
#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])
#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])
#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1])

magic e ȤƾΤΤΤ˾ƤOED magic, adj. (and int.) ΤȤɤ߸ФΩƤƤ롥

magic e n. (also with capital initials) (chiefly in primary school literacy teaching) a silent e at the end of a word or morpheme following a consonant, which lengthens the preceding vowel and consequently appears to transform its sound; as the e in hope, lute, casework, etc.
     Cf. silent adj. 3c.
   1918 Primary Educ. Mar. 183/2 Let us see how the a will sound after magic e is fastened on mat. (Write mate on board. Pronounce.) You see what trick he did. He changed short a into long a.
   2005 L. Wendon & L. Holt Letterland: Adv. Teacher's Guide (2009) ii. 58 It was recommended that children play-act the Magic e's function in tap and tape.


Ф100ǯۤζػȤʤäƤ롥1918ˤ̤ʤŪɽǤϤʤͽۤƤä褦
嵭 Cf. ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ silent, adj. and n. 򻲾ȤƤߤȡ3c ι "silent e" ˴ؤ뵭Ҥä

c. Of a letter: written but not pronounced. Cf. mute adj. 4b, magic e n. at magic adj. Compounds.
     Sometimes designating a letter whose absence would have no impact on the pronunciation of the word, as b in doubt, and sometimes designating a letter that has a diacritic function, as final e indicating the length of the vowel of a preceding syllable, as in mute or fate.
   1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie xvii. 113 Som vse the same silent e, after r, in the end, as lettre, cedre, childre, and such, where methink it were better to be the flat e, before r, as letter, ceder, childer.
   1775 J. Walker Dict. Eng. Lang. sig. 4Ov Persuade, whose final E is silent, and serves only to lengthen the sound of the A in the last syllable.
   1881 E. B. Tylor Anthropol. vii. 179 The now silent letters are relics of sounds which used to be really heard in Anglo-Saxon.
   2017 Hispania 100 286 The letter 'h' is silent in Spanish and is often omitted by those who are not familiar with the spelling of a word.


magic e "silent e" ƱͤǤϤʤԤϸԤüǤ롥ΰѤ Mulcaster ν magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤդɬפǤ롥2ܤ Walker ϡΤ magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
mute, adj. and n.3 4b ιƤߤ "mute e" ȤƤ⤢ʬ롥 "silent e" ƱͤǤ롥θƾΤνϼ̤ǡǤϼ¼Ū magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥

1840 Proc. Philol. Soc. 3 6 It gradually was established..that when a mute e followed a single consonant the preceding vowel was a long one.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-08 Thu

#4882. Ūʡ־άפˤ͡ʲ᤬ [syntax][masanyan][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][ame_bre][terminology][mandative_subjunctive]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦ׵ɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸסꤷֲˡߡפ should ˤĤơܽθűѸ YouTuber ʡˤǤޤˤ (masanyan) ȥեޥ˴̤ޤʤˤĤƤϡ­Ū hellog å



ŵŪʸ󤲤ȡΤ褦ˤʤޤ

I suggest that John go to see a doctor. ʥꥫѸǤϡֲˡߡסʤŪˤϡָס
I suggest that John should go to see a doctor. ʥꥹѸǤϡshould + ס

λüŪ1ԤǵҤС

I suggest that John (should) go to see a doctor. ʥꥹѸǤ should Ѥ뤬ꥫѸǤ should Ѥʤ

ȤʤǤ礦üŪ褦ȻפС֥ꥫѸǤ should άפȸäƺѤޤ뤳ȤǤޤ
δάäơ־άפȤɽѤƤߤޤ򰷤äƤʸ̮ǡ־άפȤˤϡŪΩˤä͡ʰ̣礤դƤΤդɬפǤ
嵭Τ褦˱ʸˡΩ줫ȤʬʬۤάäƤϡshould ξάפȤɽȻϹͤƤޤŪʱƺ򤭤üŪ˵ҡŦǤޤ1ĤιŪʹԤȻפޤֲˡߡפȤŪޥʡѸФ˺ѤޤȤ⤢ޤʸˡоݥ٥ˤޤʸˡΤηŪҤδϵޤ1ĤιԤǤϤȤΩǤ
伫Ȥ칶ѸˤΩ졤뤤Ū̻ŪѸؤΩ줫餹ȡ־άפȤϸޤǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡѸˤꡤŪʸ̮ǡֲˡߡפ should ξʸڤƤꡤɤ餬ŪΩɽʤΤϤäȳΤ뤳ȤǤʤǤŪȤơshould ά줿Τ뤤ϵդ줿ΤȤ褦ʻɤ뤳ȤǤʤΤǤäȤСѸˤӸؤλ餤С¾ȤϹͤƤޤ󡥡ֲˡߡפϷŪʸݡshould ѤɽŪʸݤȤ̡ǤꡤľŪϤʤȹͤΤŪǤξɽߤزǽä夬ĹΤ褦 variation δطäȲᤷޤĤޤꡤ¾櫓ǤϤʤȲᤷޤǤ顤̻ŪȤƤΡ־άפϤʤäǤ⹵ˤäƤ⡤ϤäȳǧƤʤȤΩޤ
ˡŪΩ줫ߤȤɤǤ礦㤨ʸˡˤʬϤǰƬˤȡꥫѸήΡֲˡߡפ IP μ V ΰ֤뤱ɡꥹѸή should IP μ I ΰ֤ȤξԤΰ㤤ɽΤꤵޤǤΰ㤤߽ФƤ븶ưϤʤΤʸˡȤǤϤʤˤʬޤ󤬡ʤȤ־άפȸƤФΤǤϤʤޤ
ۤˤۤʤΩ֤᤬ϤǤ
ܤŪʸ̮αʸˡѸȤƤФѤ־άפϡŪΩ֤ˤä¿ȤʤΤ򤷤ƤȤפȻפޤʤȤ⡤ŪѰۤ򵭽ҤˡȤƤΡ־άפѤƤǡŪ̻ŪȤƻǰƬ֤־άפ⤢ޤɤΤ褦Ω֤־άפȽҤ٤ƤΤפȹͤƤޤơơΩ֤ιͤʤ򤷤ƤȤƱͤ˽פȹͤƤޤ

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2022-09-07 Wed

#4881. ηϤ򹭤ϤǤη5 [writing][spelling]

Sampson ˤηϤ˴ؤκǸ2ڡǡƱǷ֤ƤŪʥơޤȤ5󤲤Ƥ롥ηϤ򹭤ϤǤη餷ΤȤäƤ褤줾ȴ褷ƾҲ𤹤롥

First, scripts are diverse. . . . A logographic script really is a different kind of thing from an alphabetic script, and syllabic scripts are different again. (265)


1ܤϡ͡ʼνηϤȤŪʻ¤Ǥ롥ظˤϡμνηϤܼŪͥƤ롤äƤȤäǤϤʤȤԤμĥ롥ơ¿ˤΤȤȡˤߤ褦ˡʬŪˤбäդԤϹͤƤ롥

Second, spoken languages are diverse, and sometimes scripts differ because different kinds of writing suit different kinds of language. Logographic writing works well for Chinese, where morphemes are clearly separate in the spoken language. It would be much harder to adapt to a "synthetic" language such as the European classical languages, where it is difficult to decide just what morphemes an inflected word includes. Syllabic writing is a natural approach for a language whose syllables are mainly of the CV type, but the Linear B example shows that it is not easy to make it work for a language with a more complicated phonological structure. Vowel-less writing works for Semitic languages, but would work less well for European languages. (265)


ηֲŪħ˱ơμνηϤդ路ȤϤǤȤ줬ɬ⶯ϤʵˤϤʤʤȤ򡤼Τ褦դäƤ롥

This second point should not be pressed too far. I do not suggest that differences between script types are always explainable in terms of difference between the spoken languages they record. . . . Many properties of scripts result from external historical causes unrelated to language structure. (265--66)


Ūħ쳰ŪװΤۤåѡϥɤ򰮤äƤȤ櫓ƺǸˡɽŪʽηϤǤŪǤȤΤϡˤ򸫤ʬȤꡤθۤǤȼ̤˳ˤ롥

Finally, contrary to what is often supposed, the history of writing systems does not support the assumption that the ideal script for a language is one that records speech sounds with perfect fidelity. (266)


ǸκǸˡѸΥڥ󥰤ϤɤȤСѸҲˤϤʤŬ礷Ƥ᤯롥

And, as one implication, English spelling may suit English-speaking societies better than is often supposed. (266)


5ηˤǼ

Sampson, Geoffrey. Writing Systems. 2nd ed. Sheffield: Equinox, 2015.

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2022-09-06 Tue

#4880. ưסưפȤѸϤ䤳 [category][verb][finiteness][article][terminology][agreement][tense][number][person][mood][adjective]

Ѹư (verb) ˴ؤ륫ƥ꡼1Ĥ (finiteness) ȤΤ롥ư (finite form) ȤϡI go to school. She goes to school. He went to school. Τ褦ư go Ρޤä׸ؤư (nonfinite form) ȤϡI'm going to school. Going to school is fun. She wants to go to school. He made me go to school. Τ褦ư go ΡޤäƤʤ׸ؤ
פȤѸ줬䤳㤨С(to) go ȤѤ뤳ȤΤʤηʤΤ顤餳פǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̾¤ȤˡפȸΤgoes went ư go Ѳʤؤ󤲡ˤΤȤơˤפ餷ߤ뤬ष餳פʤΤǤ롥
ʬˤ finiteness פȤˤ롥finite θϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵ줿פǤꡤnonfinite ϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵƤʤפǤ롥㤨 He () to school yesterday. ȤʸˤƳ̤ go Ŭڤʷ硤ʸˡỌ̇̄δ went ηˤΤդ路դ路Ȥϡʸ̮ˤäƤʳηϵʤȤǡΤ˸ꤵ줿׸ʤΤǤ롥
̤ιͤȤƤϡưˤϤޤ GO GOING Τ褦ŪǥŪʷꡤ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤ go, goes, went ʤɤζŪʷȤƸΤȤȤ館Ƥ褤üŪˤ finite ϡֶŪפǡinfinite ϡŪפȤȤ
Ūˤ⤦ǫˤСưȤϡư줬;Ρˡ˱1Ĥη˹ʤޤƤ뤫ݤȤΤȤǤ롥Crystal (224) Ѥ褦

The forms of the verb . . . , and the phrases they are part of, are usually classified into two broad types, based on the kind of contrast in meaning they express. The notion of finiteness is the traditional way of classifying the differences. This term suggests that verbs can be 'limited' in some way, and this is in fact what happens when different kinds of endings are used.
The finite forms are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person, or mood. For example, when the -s form is used, the verb is limited to the third person singular of the present tense, as in goes and runs. If there is a series of verbs in the verb phrase, the finite verb is always the first, as in I was being asked.
The nonfinite forms do not limit the verb in this way. For example, when the -ing form is used, the verb can be referring to any number, tense, person, or mood:

I'm leaving (first person, singular, present)
They're leaving (third person, plural, present)
He was leaving (third person, singular, past)
We might be leaving tomorrow (first person, plural, future, tentative)

As these examples show, a nonfinite form of the verb stays the same in a clause, regardless of the grammatical variation taking place alongside it.


ʤѸˤϴˤꡦȤ̤뤷űѸˤϷƻˤꡦζ̤äΥƥ꡼դ줿٥ "finiteness" ǤϤʤ "definiteness" Ǥ롥γѸϸ򾷤䤹ΤդǤ롥

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2022-09-05 Mon

#4879. 餿ƥǥȤϲ [terminology][idiom]

̤ˡǥ (idiom) Ȥϡΰ̣ʬΰ̣¤ϽФƤʤ褦ɽǤȤ롥ΥǥϡޤǤ hellog ǤȤƤΤǤ롥

#22. ǥȱѸˡ ([2009-05-20-1])
#910. ʤ񤷤 (1) ([2011-10-24-1])
#1357. lexeme ʸǡˤȤϲ ([2013-01-13-1])
#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])
#3526. ǥȤϡ ([2018-12-22-1])

Cruse (37) ˤȤϽ۴ˡŪǤդפȤ⤷ʤΤǡ˰Ѥ

A traditional definition of idiom runs roughly as follows: an idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of its parts. Although at first sight straightforward, there is a curious element of circularity in this definition. Does it indicate that the meaning of an idiom cannot be inferred from (or, more precisely, cannot be accounted for as a compositional function of) the meanings the parts carry IN THAT EXPRESSION? Clearly not --- so it must be a matter of their meanings in other expressions. But equally clearly, these 'other expressions' must be chosen with care: in considering to pull someone's leg, for instance, there is little point in referring to pull in to pull a fast one, or leg in He hasn't a leg to stand on. The definition must be understood as stating that an idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be accounted for as a compositional function of the meanings its parts have when they are not parts of idioms. The circularity is now plain: to apply the definition, we must already be in a position to distinguish idiomatic from non-idiomatic expressions.
   Fortunately it is possible to define an idiom precisely and non-circularly using the notion of a semantic constituent. We shall require two thing of an idiom: first, that it be lexically complex --- i.e. it should consist of more than one lexical constituent; second, that it should be a single minimal semantic constituent.


ʤߤ˰ pull someone's leg ϡ~򤫤餫פ̣륤ǥǤ롥ޤpull a fast one ϡ֤ޤסHe hasn't a leg to stand on ϡϵäΩĤ٤ä礯פΰդΥǥǤ롥
̤Ȥơ۴ˡˤʤʤǥüŪ "a lexical complex which is semantically simplex" (Cruse 37) ȤȤˤʤ롥

Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.

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2022-09-04 Sun

#4878. إ硼٤Ԥޤ [chaucer][notice]

830ͪۤإ硼顡ŵΰ仺ο©᤭ƳơԤޤ



Ӿ鹰᤬褷᤬Խ硼κʤȻطʤ˴ؤܳŪʥѥ˥Ǥܼʬ褦ˡ硼ܡϤȤꡤ衼åʸؤطʤ顤ѡڤ˻ޤǤιϰϤ򥫥СƤޤΤǡѸʸؤȤμʬؤƳȤƤΩĤȻפޤ
伫ȤϡӾ徻ᡤȤȤ3ϡ֥硼αѸפɮޤ硼αѸѸ (Middle English) ȸƤФƤꡤѸ1100--1500ǯˤθȾαѸǤѸμС¿μۤɤ˲Ȥɤ߿ʤ뤳ȤǤޤȤϸäƤ⡤6ʾγ֤꤬ޤΤǡ䤹ɤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥸ѸӤưۤʤäƤưۤʤäƤʤ˲ƤС硼θʸˤߤ䤹ϤǤ3ϤǤϥ硼αѸħˤĤơáʸˡȯڥ󥰡Χδ30Ǥۤɤǰפ⤷Ƥޤ
Ρإ硼ٴԤ1ǯۤΩäơͪۤإ󥿥٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ١Ӿ鹰ʴˡ⴩ԤƤޤ1ƱԤȤä⤢äΤǤޤʬ̤Ȥ⤢ꡤ2缡ԤȤȤˤʤޤ



2Խ˿Ϥ줿᤬ҥҥ饤ˤ YouTube BH ͥˤ̤ƤޤΤǡҰʲꤴİ

̡֡ۥ硼إ󥿥٥ʪٶƱǡ
֡ۿ˾Ρإ硼٤Ĥо졪ʸء

Ӿ 鹰ʴˡ ԡˡإ硼顡ŵΰ仺ο©᤭Ƴơ١ͪۡ2022ǯ
ե꡼硼ˡӾ 鹰ʴˡإ󥿥٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ١ͪۡ2021ǯ
Ӿ δ졦 졡֥硼αѸסإ󥿥٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ١Ӿ 鹰ʴˡ ԡˡˡͪۡ2022ǯ93--124ǡ

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2022-09-03 Sat

#4877. ̣ΰ۾4 [semantics][word_play][rhetoric]

Cruse (12--13) ˤȡľŪ˰̣ΰ۾򤵤Τˤϡ4ĤμפʥפȤ̣Ū˸̩ʬȤϡľŪ˶ʬǤʬȤȤʬϵΥȤȤƤϤƤȻפ

A. Pleonasm
   Kick it with one of your feet.
   A female mother.
   He was murdered illegally.

B. Dissonance
   Arthur is a married bachelor.
   Let us drink time.
   Pipe ... ditties of no tone. (Keats: Ode to a Grecian Urn)
   Kate was very married. (Iris Murdoch: The Nice and the Good)

C. Improbability
   The kitten drank a bottle of claret.
   The throne was occupied by a pipe-smoking alligator.
   Arthur runs faster than the wind.

D. Zeugma
   They took the door off its hinges and went through it.
   Arthur and his driving licence expired last Thursday.
   He was wearing a scarf, a pair of boots, and a look of considerable embarrassment.


A, B, D ϤựŪȤʤ뤬C ϤषŪꡤäȤ̿ȸ¤ȸ
D ܸǤϡ֤Ӥˡפȸ졤ФХȥå䥸硼Ѥ롥ʸ̤ΰ̣ȥǥŪʰ̣äơ2Ĥΰۼɽ1ĤˤޤȤΤ¿㤨СֻϲȤǦѤΤƤסɡȿ򤫤ס֥ȤȥԡûۤɤפΥפǤ롥

Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.

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2022-09-02 Fri

#4876. Ω̱²ʪۤǸդŸϤޤäƤޤ [notice][linguistics][sign_language][world_englishes]

91Ω̱²ʪˤŸHomō loquēns ֤٤ҥȡ~ȤФԻ׵Ĥʳؤ~ץ󤷤ޤ1123ޤdzŤƤޤդ˴ؤ뤪פŪʥ٥ȤǤ͡ԥ饷Ǥ



ҥȤθǽϡø졤¿ʤɡȥФ빭򥫥СŸǤȥФ˴ؿΤܥ֥ɼԤˤ⤪ǤϢߡ̱ŸȤ֥ⳫƤ褦Ǥ
ˤѸŪ¿ŸˤĤơ鷺ФǤؤ餻Ƥޤ伫ȤϤޤˬ䤷ƤʤΤǤȤ館˽ФȻפޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-13-1] [2022-11-20-1]

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2022-09-01 Thu

#4875. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸפΤ [asacul][notice][world_englishes][link][voicy][heldio][variety][ame][bre][me_dialect][dialectology]

礦1ΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ101ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤ4Υ꡼ֱѸˤѸפ3ֺ¡ֱƤαѸפ򳫹֤ޤ̡饤Υϥ֥åɹֺ¤ȤƳ֤ͽǤؿΤϡһä򤴸Ƥ꡼ֺ¤ǤϤޤΩֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ12˻äƤʤ⤴¿ܺ٤Ȥߤθڡɤ3ֺ¤γפϰʲ̤Ǥ

ΡѸפ뤵ޤޤѼϡѸνȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤºݡѸˤˤϾ¿ͤʷ¸ߤ³ƤƤꡤ褷ƸͭθݤǤϤޤ󡥥ꥫѸˤ¿ꥹѸˤϤ¿ޤ⤢ޤĤޤѸפϡŪʱѸαĹˤ븽ݤʤΤǤӽжˤˤɸˤܤޤ


21Ѹ (World Englishes) ⡤Ѹˤ̤¸ߤ³ƤѸ⡤͡ʱѸνΤȤǤѤꤢޤ¿Ÿ椳֥ƥ礫鹭ϵؤȳȤäƤޤܼŪ˿ȤƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥸DZѸƤϡŪˤɬ̤ʤΤǤϤʤΤǤ
ȤϤ󤹤٤ƤƱ櫓Ǥ⤢ޤ󡥤Τ褦ʰƱͤ뤳ȤǡѸ츽ݤü⤭ĦˤƤȻפޤĤƤαѸ¿򿶤֤äơ2ѸǤƤν˾Ƥޤ
3ֺ¤ˤĤƤ⤦ܤΤꤿϡͽԤȤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̤#454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸסۿƤޤΤǡİ



꡼ֺ¤12ˤĤƤϡʲ hellog heldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ⻲ͤޤǤˤɤ

hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ (2022/05/22)
heldio #378. īǡѸפ򳫹֤ޤ (2022/06/13)

hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס (2022/06/28)

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