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2017-04-30 Sun

#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee [ame_bre][z]

#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ϢܵǡäαƺɽȤ autumn vs fallɲŪ zed vs zee Υڥ夲εޤȤˤäơĤʸ򻲾ȤΤǡ˺ϿŪ˵Ƥ
ޤBurchfield (282) fall ιܤˤϡautumn ȤλȤʬڤӤάˤüŪ󤵤Ƥ

fall. The third season for the year was called the autumn from the 14c. onwards, and also, in the British Isles, the fall of the leaf or simply the fall from the 16c. until about 1800. As time passed, autumn settled down as the regular term in Britain, whereas the fall of the leaf (less frequently the fall of the year) and then fall by itself gradually became standard in America from the late 17c. onwards. Autumn and fall are familiar names to everyone in each of the two countries, but in day-to-day speech autumn is the only standard from in BrE and fall is equally standard in AmE.


(486) ǤϡꥫѸǤ autumn ˡˤĤơΤ褦˵ҤƤ롥

fall ΡֽפȤ̣ǤˡϡƹѸˡDZѹѸǤ autumn Ѥ롥ʤƹǤ autumn ϤޤȤƤ뤬ʸṲ̄ӤӤƤġġ


ơ񤯾Ǥ˥󥹥ԥ졼뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡCassidy and Hall (190) English redistributed ꤹǤ롥

These four chief migrations [Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Appalachia] shared English as their common language, but it was never homogeneous. Even the members of leading classes differed in geographical origin and the "commons" spoke their various home dialects. The London type of English accepted and required in education was probably "more [often] honored in the breach than the observance." Especially in the rural areas of America, old terms continued in use after they had fallen out of use in Britain; later English visitors heard them first in America and took them to be "Americanisms." By our definition they are indeed synchronic Americanisms, though historically survivals rather than innovations.
   For example, in England autumn --- a French word based on Latin --- had been introduced by at least the fourteenth century for what was popularly the fall of the leaf (recorded from the sixteenth century but probably much older). That English popular form became established in America --- characteristically abbreviated to simple fall --- and is now the regular spoken form throughout the United States though autumn has some formal written use. Thus a split developed: since autumn grew to be the term favored in England, fall, though British in origin, can be taken as a synchronic Americanism.
   The same kind of development may be seen in the name for the last letter of the alphabet, z. Though zed is now the regular English form, z had also been pronounced zee from the seventeenth century in England. Both forms were taken to America, but evidently New Englanders favored zee. When, in his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), Noah Webster wrote flatly, "It is pronounced zee," he was not merely flouting English preference for zed but accepting an American fait accompli. The split had already come about and continues today.


ϢܵѤʣŪ׹͡פȤե졼ϡ "English redistributed" Ȥɽ̤θˤʤѸ¿¿ͤʥ꥽Τξ¦ǶͭƤΤǤꡤۤʤäƤΤϡɤȤɤ줬Ȥ߹蘆ꡤäˤɤ줬ͥäΤȤ褦ʺ٤ʡʬۡפˤʤΤǤ롥

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
Cassidy, Frederic G. and Joan Houston Hall. "Americanisms." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 184--218.

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2017-04-29 Sat

#2924. ֥ƥפθ츻 [etymology][portuguese][spanish][loan_word][sobokunagimon]

֥ƥפȤϡݥȥѸŵȤơФм夲ʡ#1896. ܸäθ ([2014-07-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ츻ŵҤȤоܤܤäƤ롥㤨Сسظָܸ츻׼ŵ٤ˤС

ȤϡڥΡ֥ƥꥢǺ줿ѥפΰդΥݥȥ졥Į˥ݥȥͤˤäĹ졤άơ֥ƥפȸƤФ줿ͻʹߡ֥ƥפȤڤ


Ȥ롥ɴʻŵ2ǡ٤Ǥϡ

ƥβۻҤΰդǤݥȥΥܥǡƥ bolo de Castella ˽Фǡÿ塤ʤɤȤ񤫤줿ĹǤϴ (1624--44) ǯĤ줿Ȥ˳ϤˤҤޤä


񤭤롥ˡܸ츻缭ŵ٤Ѥȡ

pão de Castella ʥƥ㲦Υѥˤȶ줿Τ֥ܿͤƥפά餷ޤ Castiliansh brood άȤ⤢롥ˤƤϡƥηŪä䤬ƥƥη⸽줿


褽֥ƥפμѥ롼ȤˤĤƤϰʾ̤1Ѥʵ䤬Ĥ롥ʤڥΥƥΤۻҤݥȥˤ̾ĤƤΤȤȤڥʸˤȥݥȥʸˤϡȤƤȤƤߤ˶ƤδطˤȤȤȤĤĤ⡤ƥȤۻҤȤŪʻ˴ؤơξԤʤطˤäΤ
1ΤȤˤʤ뤬329俷ʹīˡ֥ƥ̾Ρη뺧ͳפȤФεǺܤ줿ˤȡ17˥ݥȥͤν񤤤쥷ܡˡ٤ΤʤˡƥˡۤƱ֥ӥȡǡ顦쥤ʡפȤ̾ΤۻҤǧ줿Ȥ顦쥤ʤȤϡֽޡפ̣륹ڥǤ롥ݥȥ벦ϥڥ󲦼鲦ޤޤƤꡤκ̤ƤΤۻҤ⥹ڥ󤫤ݥȥäΤȹͤ롥줬ڥŪ濴Ϥ̾򴧤ơ֥ܡǡơפȥݥȥʸˤǥ͡व줿Ȥ櫓ơ줫餷Ф餯֤ϷвᤷΥ륦ǥ󥰤ΤۻҤϤФܤäȤȤˤʤ롥
ʾϡػԻĻˤȤ벬ϻһĴˤ餫ˤ줿Ȥ֥ƥפθ츻εͤ᤬ꡤ褤

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2017-04-28 Fri

#2923. ȱμ [pragmatics][grammaticalisation][syntax][subjectification][intersubjectification][implicature]

ǯǤϡּ (periphery) դθ椬ܤƤƤ롥ĻرؤθץȤ١Ȥ˴ؤ뾮ԡˤͽȯäΤϤȽ٤Ǥ줿ʤܤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ŪƳȤʤ1Ϥˡּפ並ˤˤĤƤβ⤬롥ȾǧƤ (9)

Ȥå˥åȤκǽ餢뤤ϺǸΰ֤ǤꡤǤϥ᥿ƥŪʤӤˡʤϥ᥿Ūʸޤ졤˥åΤѰȤ


ˤϺǽΰ֡ʤʤˤȺǸΰ֡ʱˤ2Ĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬ξԤδ֤ˤƯΰ㤤ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ԸˤСֺȱμθλѡפȤơΤ褦ʬô⤵Ȥ (25)

μ (LP)μ (RP)
Ū (dialogual)ԤλŪ (dialogic)
ý롿դ (turn-taking/attention-getting)ýʾꡤý߽Фɸ (turn-yielding/end-marking)
äˤĤʤ (link to previous discourse)³äͽ¬ (anticipation of forthcoming discourse)
ɸ (response-marking)¥ (response-inviting)
경ե졼ಽ (focalizing/topicalizing/framing)⡼벽 (modalizing)
Ū (subjective)ּŪ (intersubjective)


ϡʤФǤʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation)Ѳ (subjectification)ּѲ (intersubjectification)Ūް (conventional implicature) ηʤɹѲλݤˤͿ롥ŸڤߤΰǤ롥

ŵҡԡˡȯäΤϤȽꡡŪĴΤʤ١ҤĤ˼2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-03-1]

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2017-04-27 Thu

#2922. ¾μҲṲ̄Τ꤫ȤƤθ캹 [linguistic_ideology][language_myth][sociolinguistics][function_of_language][aave]

ϡߥ˥ƻǤȤȤˡǥƥƥλɸǤ⤢롥Τ2ĤεǽϡڻؼŪǽ (referential function) ȼҲɸŪǽ (socio-indexical function) ȤƤФ롥 ä˸ԤεǽϼҲؤˤǽפΥơȤƶĴ뤬̤ˤϹǧƤȤϸ¿οͤϤҤȤ˥ߥ˥ƻȤƵǽƤȻפǤ롥
ָᥳߥ˥ƻפΤߤȯۤˤȤƤȡĤФǤϤʤ¤ˤҲŪĹǽ餢롥ƻǤ뤫ŪˤΩǤ롤̵ٵˤߤʤƤޤȡŪ˰ѤҲˤⵤŤˤʤ뤫ϡߥ˥ƻǤˤȤɤޤ餺٤Ūʥġؤưפ˲뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥 (137) ˤ륢ꥫιͱѸѸѸ첽ˤĤƤɾ⤬Ū¦̤褯֤ФƤΤǡѤ

ŪʾǤϿͼﺹ̤ɽ֡ȲƤ륢ꥫΤ褦ʼҲͼﺹ̼ԤϡȤ1996ǯ97ǯ˵äܥ˥ˤߤ줿褦ˡͤȽΤǤϤʤͱѸȽꡤ뤤ϥ󥰥å塦꡼ʱѸѸ첽˱ưˤߤ褦ˡҥѥ˥åȽΤǤϤʤڥ뤳ȤȽꤷƤ롥Ĥޤ긽奢ꥫǤϿͼ꤬ʤʸˤ֤ƸƤΤǤꡤϡǤߤ褦ʡꥫɸȤƤΥͥ롦ꥫֶˤޤĤӳŪͼŪطʤ򡤡פפȯʤɤȡϰŪƤˤ꤫ƸȤȤⶦĤ롥
ʤ罰ˡ٤ǤϡͼʤɤȰ㤤Ϻ̤κȤʤ ("suspect category") ȤϤߤʤƤ餺줬ŪʸŪˤͼΥ֡ȤȤˡ줬ͼˤĤƸ뤿Ρ֥ɡɡפȤʤäƤ뤳ȤȴطƤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥Sonntag (2003) ϡΤ褦ˡŪˤΰ֤ŤϡꥫΥ٥̱Ĥޤꥸ󡦥åŪˤƤϡ줬ǥƥƥλɸǤϤʤߥ˥ΤŪƻǤȹͤƤ뤳Ȥͳ褹̤뤳ȤŦƤ롥


ҲؼԤ Peter Trudgill ⡤ͼʤ¿ƤǤκ̤äƤʤǡϺǸκǸޤǺ̤εȤƺĤäƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ǰʤ顤⤳ΰոƱʤμҲɸŪǽˤĤ⤷Ƥۤʤ

ˡ7ϡҲסؼҲءٰ ʼԡˡīҽŹ2017ǯ125--45ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-23-1] [2019-05-16-1]

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2017-04-26 Wed

#2921. 㡼ʬ [gesture][paralinguistics][kinesics]

ѤˤƱ륤ȥ͡󡤥ץǥٻߡ㡼ʤɤΥѥŪ (paralinguistics) Ū˴ѻ椹ˡȤơ֥ޥƥ⡼ʬϡ (multimodal analysis) ƤƤ롥ΤʤǤ⥸㡼θ椬ǯ夬򸫤Ƥ褦
㡼ϡʲΤ褦ʬवƤʰʲοޤϡҲp. 85 򻲾Ȥˡ

                  ֥                   
㡼                              ҡʥӡȡ
                  ȯŪ㡼                              ľŪ㡼
                                                ɽŪ㡼                              Ū㡼
                                                                              Ū㡼 
                                                                                                            Ū㡼

ޤ֥֥פȤϡ֥󡤤å١ϥåʤɤμҲŪ˴ؤˤñ˶ᤤФơ˴ƤȤϤߤʤʤȯäȼäƼȯŪɽФȿּ꤬ȯŪ㡼פǤ롥
ȯŪ㡼ΤΡҡʥӡȡˡפϡؤҤ褦ưɽΤǡùŪǽͭƤȤ롥ɽŪ㡼פϡ֤˴ŤΤǤꡤľŪ㡼פȡŪ㡼פ˲̶ʬ롥
ľŪ㡼ɽϻغǤ롥Ū㡼ϡؼоݤη֡ưִطʤɤƸ褦ȤֱŪ㡼פȡŪƤ־˻вְ̤Ū㡼פʬ롥㤨Сֻפɽ魯ΤξǻηΤϱŪ (iconic) Ǥꡤ֤ηв򼨤Τ˼򲿤餫ưΤϰŪ (metaphoric) Ǥ롥

Ҳ ˮ5ϡޥƥ⡼μҲءоȤˤ֥㡼ʬϤλߡסؼҲءٰ ʼԡˡīҽŹ2017ǯ82--106ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-23-1]

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2017-04-25 Tue

#2920. Gibraltar English [world_englishes][variety][history][spanish][hebrew]

Gibraltar ϡڥߡ泤Τв񤦥֥륿볤 (the Strait of Gibraltar) פȾǤ롥ꥹγΤǤꡤϤȤʤäƤ롥θФȤۤƱ6.8ʿ᡼ȥѤ3ͤۤɽǤꡤ3ʬ1ꥹ͡ʼȤƷطԡˡ3ʬ2衼åѡ̥եꥫꥹκ롼ĤĿ͡Ǥ롥̱¿ѸȤƤꡤ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) Ǥ⼨褦ˡENL (English as a Native Language) ϰ˿롥ѸѸȤƤΤΡڥ⹭ä졤ۤȤɤο͡Х󥬥Ǥ롥

Map of Gibraltar

֥륿ڤϡ1713ǯڥѾ̤ƥڥ󤫤饤ꥹس졤1830ǯ˱ѿ̱ϤȤ줿ڥϥ֥륿ͭĥ³Ƥ֥륿ͤϰ̤˼򥤥ꥹͤȤߤʤƤ롥
֥륿ѸϡRP ȯɸ।ꥹѸǤꡤnon-rhotic Ǥ롥ϫƯԤäѼϥڥαƶƤꡤ㤨иƬ /s/ 첻 espoon (for spoon), estreet (for street) Τ褦ȯ (McArthur 440--41) ڥΤۤꥢ쥸Υإ֥饤줫αƶ⺮äƤꡤαѸѼ Yanito (Llanito) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
ܲꥹEUΥæ˴ϢEUȯɽƤؿˤƤˤĤơ֥륿뤬ȿȯ򼨤ƤȤƤǤϥꥹΥæΥ֥륿ϰ̤ˤĤơ֥ڥȱѹιաפɬפǤݤƤꡤƺظ˥ڥ˾ȰϤäȹͤƤ뤫
ꥹ֥륿뤳Ȥˤʤä1713ǯΥȥҥȾϡ񥹥ڥĬȿ񥤥ꥹŤꥹ泤Τˤߤ褦ˤʤꡤγԤ˳ݤؤܳŪŸüȤʤäѸŪˤ˹׸뤳ȤˤʤäǡѸ˾ˤյοǯǤ롥

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-06-1] [2019-03-08-1]

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2017-04-24 Mon

#2919. ܸƱ [homonymy][homophony][kanji][japanese][antonymy]

ܸ˴ѤƱ줬ޤ뤳Ȥϡ#285. Ѹֻȴζ (2) ([2010-02-06-1])#539. Ʊ۵ ([2010-10-18-1])#717. Ʊ۵˴ؤ ([2011-04-14-1])#2914. ܸ÷ŪʸǤס ([2017-04-19-1]) ˤȤ櫓ΤȤȤʤΤϡƱʸ̮ѤƱǤ롥ΩȻΩкߤ׺ߡŷȹŷʤɤϡषȿոȤ⤤٤ƱΥڥǤꡤҥȤȤʤʸ̮ʤ¤ꡤȤʤΤϴΤߤǤ롥ǤϡǥǤμ̤ơ񵭥ǥǤ뤳ȤȤƤ롥ܸ줬֥饸פǤϤʤ֥ƥӷפȾΤʤʡ#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
¤Ϥ⤦1Ĥˡ롥㤨лΩȻΩΥڥˤĤƤϡɤߤѤơ֤錄ġפȡ֤ġפȲɤʬ뤳ȤǤ롥кߤ׺ߡŷȹŷΥڥǤϤΤ褦ɤʬδѤϰäƤʤѤΤ⾯ʤʤǤϡѤ꤬ʤȤС (154--55) ϤϹͤƤʤषΤ褦ʴѤȯãΤȤˤ롤ƥӷƱ¸ߤΤΤǤƤ롥

ȤС֥勵ġʻΩˤγعפȡ֥ġʻΩˤγعס֥⥸ƥʻŵˡפȡ֥ȥХƥʼŵˡפȡ֥ȥƥʻŵˡס֥硼ʹȡˡפȡ֥ޥ硼ʹ۶ȡˡפȡ֥硼ʶȡˡ֥ȥΥˡפȡ֥ߥΥˡס֥勵Υʻơˤȡ֥ߥΥʻơˡ
⤷ΤϡܿͤĤɤ餺षΤˤäƤ뤳Ȥ뤳Ȥޤ路ΤȤ餳ȤФѻߤ褦ȸͤϤäˤʤष虜虜ޤ路Ʊθ򤢤餿ˤĤ롥ֻŵסּŵפȤؤ⤦ġֻŵפĤ롥عάֹ⹻פǤˤΤˡȹعֹפάΤ롥ӳۡפȤȤФǤˤΤˡҳۡפȤȤФޤĤ롥ǤˡִȡפΤˡˤ⤦ҤȤġֵȡפĤʤȤȡִȡפΰդ޸ֵȡפȤʤȤʤΤǤ롥ޤ⤷餿˻Ȥ򤪤Ȥä˽򤪤ƸΤʤ餹Ǥˡ϶ȡפȤ줬ˡޤ路Ʊθ줬դΤ򤿤ΤǤ뤫Τ褦Ǥ롥
ʤǤʸ̡ȤΤܿͤˤȤäƤϡ虜虜ޤǤʤΤȤʤΤǤ롥顤Ʊθ줬ǤƤʿʤΤ


ܸüԤϡܸ줬ƥӷǤ뤳Ȥ졤ˤⵤŤषڤफΤ褦ѤƤ롥¿οͤϡŦޤǵˤȤʤΤˡ϶ä٤ðۤʸ콬Ǥ롥

ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ

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2017-04-23 Sun

#2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x [x][grapheme][arabic][spanish][abbreviation][history]

#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) κǸ˿줿x ˤϡ̤ο̤Το͡ʤΡˡפȤ̣롥Ǥߤ̤ο x ϡѸȤƤνФ1660ǯΦǤ Descartes Géométrie (1637) ǡǤѤƤ롥ˤСοɽ魯 a, b, c Фơ̤οϥե٥åȤθ x, y, z äΤǤϤʤȤ롥̤Το͡ʤΡˡפΰ̣Ǥϡ1797ǯ˽ФƤ롥
̤ͳˤСӥǡֲΡפɽ魯 šay ڥ xei ȤƼ줿ΤȤ롥衼åѤǤϡ顼ؼԤ٤ʿؤäȤ櫓ƶϤ礭äΤϥեꥺߡ (Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi; c. 780--c. 850) ˤä蘆줿ء (Kitab al-Jabr wal Muqabala) Ǥ롥ν̾ΰ algebra ˤȤ줬˼ѤƤ뤷̾ΰ algorism ʤФƤ롥ؽˤƤ̤οƳФβˡ⤵Ƥꡤӥ̤οɽ路Ҥ šay ܽΥڥ˺ݤ xay ɽ줿Τ餷줬1ʸ x ṳ̂줿Ȥ
ˤƤ x ̤οɽ魯ȤѤ뤬x ˤϤ¾εȤƤˡ⤢롥޿ X ϡ10פɽ魯ʡ#1823. ޿ ([2014-04-24-1]) 򻲾ȡˡκǸʤɤ Love from Kathy XXX. ȵСޡȤʤ롥åܥå˵åޡȤƤѤ뤷ޥХĤΥХĤɽ魯Ͽ޾˰դˤ⡤x Ѥ롥ꥹȤ餢ܤȤ x out sth ưȤѤΤϡˡΤǤ롥

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2017-04-22 Sat

#2917.ֱѸѸ첽פȤ̯ɽ [hispanification][official_language][terminology]

椬θƤȤƱѸѸ첽Ȥ뤬褯ͤȤ̾ΤϤܤˤϡΤʰ̣ǤѸϤʤ (23) ΤȤФ

ܿͤˤȤäƤܤܸȤΤϤޤΤȤʤΤǤäˡΧŪˤ虜虜ܸѸȵꤹɬפϤʤ줬ʤȤؤäƤơѸȸФΤϡΨȤٶȻפޤ
ѸȤΤϡΤ褦ܤ䥢ꥫ򸫤Ƥ狼褦ˡɬפʤˤϷʤΤʤΤǤ䥷󥬥ݡ䥤ɤȤä褯˽Фξϡ椬ʣθ졤ˤäƤ¿ˤʤäƤ롥ǤĤ⤢ˡŪ˰֤Ť뤳Ȥɬפˤʤ롥ȤгعȤʸȤˡΧȽɤθǹԤȤդ꤬ФƤ뤫Ǥ


ʬ䤹Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡѸ (official_language) ȤϼҲŪɬפơˤˡŪΤǤ롥ܤˤܸ졤ꥹˤѸʤɤϡָѸײɬפʤ餤ҲŪϰ̤ꤷƤ롥äơָѸפܤˤ⥤ꥹˤɬפʤ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥ؤäƤơܤDZѸ׸Ѹˤ٤뤤Ϥ٤Ǥʤ뤳Ȥϡ켫ΤäǤ롥
ΰѤˤϥꥫι̾ޤޤƤ뤬Ϣˮ٥ǤϱѸ줬ѸȤƤʤΤΡˤäƤϱѸѸ첽ʤƤ롥ηˤĤƤϡ#256. ƹ Hispanification ([2010-01-08-1])#1657. ꥫαѸѸ첽ư ([2013-11-09-1])#2610. ƥ󥢥ꥫϱѸѼ ([2016-06-19-1]) ǴϢ˿줿ظˤϥꥫä륹ڥüԤ¸ߡhispanification ȤҲ񸽾ݤ롥ǤŪʸǤѸ줬ޤˤüԿˤƺؤ륢ꥫȤΤʤǡϤƤΤǤ롥
ָѸפȤϡ餫Υץå㡼¸ߤȤ복ǰǤѸǤ롥

סؤʤϱѸ廊ޤ١ڻ˼󥿡ʥʥ롤2011ǯ

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2017-04-21 Fri

#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤ [notice][link][ame_bre][history][calendar][z][rensai][sobokunagimon]

420դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλ֥ͤꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤޤ
ϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ6.1֤ʤꥫѸǤ r 򤽤ȯΤפ6.2֥ꥫѸϥꥹѸֿפΤפǰäѸαƺˤĤơŪñΥڥ autumn vs fall 夲ơŪ˿⤷ޤñŪ׹ͤǤϤʤʣŪ׹ͤǸľȤΤݤǤ
ѸαƺϡѸˤΤʤǤȤ櫓͵ΤʤΤǡܥ֥Ǥ ame_bre ¿夲ƤޤϢܵǼ夲Ƥġ˴ؤܥ֥⵭ȤƤϡʲ򤴻Ȥ

#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1])
#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])
#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1])
#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1])
#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])
#964 z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1])

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2017-04-20 Thu

#2915. Beowulf Ƭ52 [beowulf][link][oe][literature][popular_passage][oe_text]

#2893. Beowulf Ƭ11ԡ ([2017-03-29-1]) ǵ󤲤11ԤǤʪ­ʤפ줿Τǡͭ̾ (ship burial) εҤޤ᤿ Beowulf Ƭ52ԤѤȤϡ6--11˥ǥʥȥ󥰥ʸǸ줿̼ԤˡǤ롥
ʸ Jack ǤǡѸ Norton Anthology ˼ϿƤ륢ɤΥΡ٥ʸؾ޼޻ Seamus Heaney ǤǤϤ롥

OEPDE translation
a-verseb-verse
Hwæt, wē Gār-Denain geārdagum,So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by
þēodcyningaþrym gefrūnon,and the kings who ruled them had courage and greatness.
hū ðā æþelingasellen fremedon.We have heard of those princes' heroic campaigns.
   Oft Scyld Scēfingsceaþena þrēatum,   There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes,
5monegum mǣgþummeodosetla oftēah,a wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes.
egsode eorl[as],syððan ǣrest wearðThis terror of the hall-troops had come far.
fēasceaft funden;hē þæs frōfre gebād,A foundling to start with, he would flourish later on
wēox under wolcnum,weorðmyndum þāh,as his powers waxed and his worth was proved.
oðþæt him ǣghwylc þ[ǣr]ymbsittendraIn the end each clan on the outlying coasts
10ofer hronrādehȳran scolde,beyond the whale-road had to yield to him
gomban gyldan.Þæt wæs gōd cyning!and begin to pay tribute. That was one good king.
Ðǣm eafera wæsæfter cenned   Afterward a boy-child was born to Shield,
geong in geardum,þone God sendea cub in the yard, a comfort sent
folce tō frōfre;fyrenðearfe ongeatby God to that nation. Hew knew what they had tholed,
15þ[e] hīe ǣr drugonaldor[lē]asethe long times and troubles they'd come through
lange hwīle.Him þæs Līffrēa,without a leader; so the Lord of Life,
wuldres Wealdendworoldāre forgeaf;the glorious Almighty, made this man renowned.
Bēowulf wæs brēme---blǣd wīde sprang---Shield had fathered a famous son:
Scyldes eaferaScedelandum in.Beow's name was known through the north.
20Swā sceal [geong g]umagōde gewyrcean,And a young prince must be prudent like that,
fromum feohgiftumon fæder [bea]rme,giving freely while his father lives
þæt hine on yldeeft gewunigenso that afterward in age when fighting starts
wilgesīþasþonne wīg cume,steadfast companions will stand by him
lēode gelǣsten;lofdǣdum scealand hold the line. Behavior that's admired
25in mǣgþa gehwǣreman geþēon.is the path to power among people everywhere.
   Him ðā Scyld gewāttō gescæphwīle,   Shield was still thriving when his time came
felahrōr fēranon Frēan wǣre.and he crossed over into the Lord's keeping.
Hī hyne þā ætbǣrontō brimes faroðe,His warrior band did what he bade them
swǣse gesīþas,swā hē selfa bæd,when he laid down the law among the Danes:
30þenden wordum wēoldwine Scyldinga;they shouldered him out to the sea's flood,
lēof landfrumalange āhte.the chief they revered who had long ruled them.
Þǣr æt hȳðe stōdhringedstefnaA ring-whorled prow rode in the harbor,
īsig ond ūtfūs,æþelinges fær;ice-clad, outbound, a craft for a prince.
ālēdon þālēofne þēoden,They stretched their beloved lord in his boat,
35bēaga bryttanon bearm scipes,laid out by the mast, amidships,
mǣrne be mæste.Þǣr wæs mādma felathe great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures
of feorwegum,frætwa gelǣded;were piled upon him, and precious gear.
ne hȳrde ic cȳmlīcorcēol gegyrwanI never heard before of a ship so well furbished
hildewǣpnumond heaðowǣdum,with battle-tackle, bladed weapons
40billum ond byrnum;him on bearme lægand coats of mail. The massed treasure
mādma mænigo,þā him mid scoldonwas loaded on top of him: it would travel far
on flōdes ǣhtfeor gewītan.on out into the ocean's sway.
Nalæs hī hine lǣssanlācum tēodan,They decked his body no less bountifully
þēodgestrēonum,þon þā dydonwith offerings than those first ones did
45þe hine æt frumsceafteforð onsendonwho cast him away when he was a child
ǣnne ofer ȳðeumborwesende.and launched him alone out over the waves.
Þā gȳt hie him āsettonsegen g[yl]denneAnd they set a gold standard up
hēah ofer hēafod,lēton holm beran,high above his head and let him drift
gēafon on gārsecg.Him wæs geōmor sefa,to wind and tide, bewailing him
50murnende mōd.Men ne cunnonand mourning their loss. No man can tell,
secgan tō sōðe,selerǣden[d]e,no wise man in hall or weathered veteran
hæleð under heofenum,hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng.knows for certain who salvaged that load.


Jack, George, ed. Beowulf: A Student Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Greenblatt, Stephen, ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. New York:: Norton, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-29-1]

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2017-04-19 Wed

#2914. ܸ÷ŪʸǤ [grammatology][japanese][kanji][writing][medium][history_of_linguistics]

ε#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ ([2017-04-18-1]) Ǽ夲δܸϤ֤äܤʻɷƤ롥⤷ܸϡʸȤդ礤ܤС֤÷θǤ롤ȹ (243) 롥ǰƬˤΤϡֹءסֹۡסֹסָסֹԡפʤɤƱΤȤǤ롥

ܤθؼԤϤ褯ܸϤʤüʸǤϤʤդ줿Ǥ롤ܸ˻ϵˤ⤢롤ȸϡ̾ñʣ̤򤷤ᤵʤȤиΤȤư줬֤ȤäˡΤȤǤ롥Τޤ줿ؤˡܸʬϤ뤫顤ʸˤܤʤؤܤΤϡȸˡỌ̇̄Ǥ롥
̵ϤǤ뤿ˤȤФʸΤŤޤʤа̣ʤȤܤСܸϡǤ餯ĤΡüʸǤ롥
̣ˤʤʤȤΤϡ󡤸ȤƷʻѤǤϤʤܸ÷ŪʸǤ롤ȸ虜ʤ


ǤϡܸΤ褹뤳ȤǤΤϡݡפ롥÷ΤޤĹƤޤäΤǡʻѤˤʤȡܸϡ÷ΤޤƤ椯ۤ¸ˡϤʤ (p. 236) ȹͤƤ롥
ܸˤĤƻξ͡˵뤳ȤǤ䤬⤷Τϡͳβ١θؤ鸫ȡܸϲ̤ʤȤΤʤ̤θʸȤδط򤫤ꤽˤθؤ鸫ȡܸ÷θǤ롤Ȥˡܸ÷⤷Ƥ櫓顤ʸȤδط򤫤ꤽˤθؤΤۤ˸줷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ĤޤꡤǽפȤߤʤήζؤæĤġ椷ʤʸβͤ򿮤Ƥ롤Ȥɤ롥
ʸϲȶӤĤƤϤ뤬ܼŪΩǥǤ롥ؤϡʸƱ褦˽Ż뤹ɤڤɬפΤǤϤʤ񤭸դμΩˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
#2819. ä濴æĤĤء ([2017-01-14-1])

ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-04-24-1]

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2017-04-18 Tue

#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ [grammatology][kanji][alphabet][word][writing][spelling]

(43) ˤɤǤơȤɽʸΰĤҤȤĤϡѸʤɤǤȤֻȤǡChinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤŬڤǤ롤ȤܤγФ褦ʻŦˤʤ餵줿

ȤΤϡΰİĤλܸΡ֤פȤ֤פȤ뤤ϱѸ a Ȥ b ȤλΤǤϤʤΰİĤλϡѸΰİĤΡ֤ĤŤסʥڥ󥰡ˤΤǤ롥פ sun ⤷ day ˡַפ moon ⤷ month 롥ѸΰİĤñ줬줾ȼΤĤŤĤ褦ˡΰİĤñϤ줾ȼʸĤΤǤ롥Ǥ뤫餷ơΤȤѸ Chinese characters ʥʸʸˤȸɡष Chinese spellings ʥʸΤĤŤˤȹͤۤ褤
ȤɤѸΥե٥åȤϤäϻǡDzǤ񤱤Τˡϲ⤢뤫ऺȸͤ뤬ȤͤϤʤ餺ХǤ롥Ρפ sun day ˤ롥ַפ moon month ˤ롥 sun moon ΤΤĤŤϡϤİĤܤۤʤΤ줭äȤǤ롥̾ϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ѸǤ̾ñοϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ʤ餤ʤΤǤ롥ǰİĤδ路ƤΤϰĤΰ̣İĤβǤꡤפˤַפˤ褽βϰĤʤΤ顤षѸΥڥ󥰤䤵⤷ʤ


Τˡθ¿ͥƤ롥ե٥åȤ <a>, <b>, <c> γʸϡǤиФ𴧤䤷ˤ礦ʤ뤤Ϥ꾮ʤˤ餬ŬڤˡȤ߹蘆뤳ȤˤäơƤθλѼԤˤȤäƺǤỤ̄ͭñ̤ȴָפȤʤ롥ָפȤñ̤ˤޤǤäƤμ³֤פȸƤ֤ȤСΤ <sun> <sunshine> <> <> ⤤֤פǤ롥ե٥åȤˤƤˤƤ⡤̤ɸϡָפȤñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤǶ̤ƤΤ顤ǰѸ줹뤳ȤǽǤ롥
ʸκǽפεǽ1Ĥɽ쵡ǽ (logographic function) Ǥ뤳ȤϡǤܥ֥¿βսǽҤ٤Ƥ㤨Сʲε򻲾ȡˡѸֻȴǽŪʴƱǤȤȯۤϡʸɽɽθ§򥵥ݡȤƤΤΤ褦˻פ롥

#284. Ѹֻȴζ ([2010-02-05-1])
#285. Ѹֻȴζ (2) ([2010-02-06-1])
#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1])
#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1) ([2015-11-11-1])
#2429. ե٥åȤȤ ([2015-12-21-1])

ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-30-1] [2017-04-19-1]

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2017-04-17 Mon

#2912. AElfric's Life of King Oswald [oe][literature][popular_passage][pchron][oe_text]

Ælfric ⶵ3ƤȤ The Lives of the Saints ϡ998ǯޤǤ˽񤫤줿Ȥ롥Τʤ Life of King Oswald Ƭʬ򥵥ץ롦ƥȤȤƼ夲褦King Oswald 633--641ǯ˥Ρ֥ꥢ򼣤᤿ǡλ¹ȤȤ˽ͤƤҤԤȤΤƤ롥롼ʸιޤ줿Ρ֥ꥢͭ̾ Ruthwell Cross ⡤Τ褦ʽͿҤν껺
Ælfric ⶵ¿μܤǸ¸Ƥ뤬ʲ Smith ǥƥȤϡMS London, British Library Cotton Julius E.vii ΤΤǤ롥ѸդƼ (Smith 132--33)

Æfter ðan ðe Augustīnus tō Engla lande becōm, wæs sum æðele cyning, Oswold gehāten, on Norðhumbra lande, gelȳfed swyþe on God. Sē fērde on his iugoðe fram his frēondum and māgum tō Scotlande on sǣ, and þǣr sōna wearð gefullod, and his gefēran samod þe mid him sīðedon. Betwux þām wearð ofslagen Eadwine his ēam, Norðhumbra cynincg, on Crīst gelȳfed, fram Brytta cyninge, Ceadwalla gecīged, and twēgen his æftergengan binnan twām gēarum; and se Ceadwalla slōh and tō sceame tūcode þā Norðhumbran lēode æfter heora hlāfordes fylle, oð þæt Oswold se ēadiga his yfelnysse ādwǣscte. Oswold him cōm tō, and him cēnlīce wið feaht mid lȳtlum werode, ac his gelēafa hine getrymde, and Crīst gefylste tō his fēonda slege. Oswold þā ærǣrde āne rōde sōna Gode tō wurðmynte, ǣr þan þe hē tō ðām gewinne cōme, and clypode tō his gefērum:`Uton feallan tō ðǣre rōde, and þone Ælmihtigan biddan þæt hē ūs āhredde wið þone mōdigan fēond þe ūs āfyllan wile. God sylf wāt geare þæt wē winnað rihtlīce wið þysne rēðan cyning tō āhreddenne ūre lēode.' Hī fēollon þā ealle mid Oswolde cyninge on gebedum; and syþþan on ǣrne mergen ēodon tō þām gefeohte, and gewunnon þǣr sige, swā swā se Eallwealdend heom ūðe for Oswoldes gelēafan; and ālēdon heora fȳnd, þone mōdigan Cedwallan mid his micclan werode, þe wēnde þaet him ne mihte nān werod wiðstandan.


After Augustine came to England, there was a certain noble king, called Oswald, in the land of the Northumbrians, who believed very much in God. He travelled in his youth from his friends and kinsmen to Dalriada ("Scotland in sea"), and there at once was baptised, and his companions also who travelled with him. meanwhile his uncle Edwin, king of the Northumbrians, who believed in Christ, was slain by the king of the Britons, named Ceadwalla, as were two of his successors within two years; and that Ceadwalla slew and humiliated the Northumbrian people after the death of their lord, until Oswald the blessed put an end to his evil-doing. Oswald came to him, and fought with him boldly with a small troop, but his faith strengthened him, and Christ assisted in the slaying of his enemies. Oswald then immediately raised up a cross in honour of God, before he came to the battle, and called to his companions: "Let us kneel to the cross, and pray to the Almighty that he rid us from the proud enemy who wishes to destroy us. God himself knows well that we strive rightly against this cruel king in order to redeem our people." They then all knelt with King Oswald in prayers; and then early on the morrow they went to the fight, and gained victory there, just as the All-powerful granted them because of Oswald's faith; and they laid low their enemies, the proud Ceadwalla with his great troop, who believed that no troop could withstand him.


Smith, Jeremy J. Old English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.

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2017-04-16 Sun

#2911. Ѹ˹ֺ1ֻȯδطõ롽ʤ doubt <b> Τ [spelling_pronunciation_gap][notice][asacul]

ī㡼󥿡ɶˤơ46ˤֱѸΤʤפꤹѸιֺ򳫹֤Ƥޤ415ˡ1ֻȯδطõ롽ʤ doubt <b> Τפ򽪤ޤͻȤƻΤۤΤŻ (PDF) ֤ƤޤΤǡͳˤȤܥ֥ؤΥ󥯤⤿ĥäƤޤ
ѸֻȯδطˤĤƤϤȹͤƤޤʸȤΤˤϡɽΤȤƤζŪʵǽ¤ǡŪˤʪ̻ŪʵǽȤΤɤäƤΤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤơ2ĤεǽϡȤʸȤΤݱʤߤƤΤǤϤʤȡԤεǽϡʸˤޤޥޥȤ°ƤΤǤϤʤȰۤʤĶ뤳ȤǤȤ¨ˤôȤǤȤʸܼŪħɬŪͯФƤ뵡ǽʤΤǤϤʤȡʸȤϸɽ1ĤΤǤפȤ˼줽ʸϡʸȾ̤򸫤ƤˤȿФ¦̤ˤϡƱ餤˭̻֤äƤΤǤϤʤȡ
ơѸ˹ֺ¤2513ˡʸˡˤ򤿤ɤ롽ʤ3ñ -s դΤפꤷơ3610ˡָä¿ҤȤʤ줬¿ΤפꤷơѸˤĤŪͽǤѸˤΤ⤷򡤤ɤɤ󤷤ƤȻפޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-11-30-1]

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2017-04-15 Sat

#2910. ̾ͳ [etymology][calendar][latin][greek][month]

#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1]) Ƿ̾ͳˤĤƾҲ𤷤Ѹη̾ˤĤơ12ʬͳ򤶤äȳǧƤʲϡJudge (91) ΰϤߵΰѡ

January: Dedicated to Janus --- god of gates, doors and beginnings and endings
February: Comes from februarius mensis --- month of purification --- for the Roman feast of purification held at that time.
March: Dedicated Mars --- Roman god of war. In the ancient Roman calendar (up until 46 BCE) the year began in March, with the spring equinox.
April: Dedicated to the Roman goddess Venus --- Aphrodite in Greek.
May: From Maia, an earth goddess whose name derives from Indo-European megha --- Great One (this is the same origin for English mega-).
June: In honor of the Roman goddess Juno.
July: Originally called Quintilis (fifth month) but change when dedicated to Julius Caesar because he was born in this month.
August: Named after Augustus Caesar, the first Roman emperor.
September: Means the seventh month of the year --- in the ancient calendar which started in March.
October, November and December mean the eighth, ninth and tenth months.


ƥ䥮ꥷ줫äʸŪѸǤ롥
September seven βŪ˴طˤĤƤϡ#352. ƥ /s/ ȥꥷ /h/ б ([2010-04-14-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Judge, Gary. The Timeline History of the English Language. Yokohama: Cogno Graphica, 2010.

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2017-04-14 Fri

#2909. Peterborough Chronicle Early Britain ε [oe][literature][popular_passage][pchron][oe_text][pictish][kochushoho]

ܤˤʤ롤űѸΥƥȤȤθѸ󤲤륷꡼oe_text) ϡThe Anglo-Saxon ChroniclePeterborough Chronicle ΥƥȤǡ֥ƥ̱²졤ˤҤ٤Ƥʬȴ褹롥ؼѤֻɸಽ줿Բϡϲ (86--89) ꡤѸ碌Ƽ

Brytene īeġland is eahta hund mīla lang, and twā hund mīla brād. And hēr sind on þȳs īeġlande fīf ġeþēodu: Englisc, and Brytwilisc, and Scyttisc, and Pyhtisc, and Bōclæden. Ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Bryttas; þā cōmon of Armenia, and ġesǣton sūðewearde Brytene ǣrest. Þā ġelamp hit þæt Pyhtas cōmon sūþan of Scithian, mid langum scipum, nā manigum. And þā cōmon ǣrest on Norþ-Ibernia ūp, and þǣr bǣdon Scottas þæt hīe ðǣr mōsten wunian. Ac hīe noldon him līefan, for ðǣm hīe cwǣdon þæt hīe ne mihten ealle ætgædere ġewunian þǣr. And þā cwǣdon þā Scottas, `Wē ēow magon þēah hwæðere rǣd ġelǣran, wē witon ōþer īeġland hēr bē ēastan, þǣr ġē magon eardian ġif ġē willað, and ġif hwā ēow wiðstent, wē ēow fultumiað þæt ġē hit mæġen ġegān.'
   Ðā fērdon þā Pyhtas, and ġefērdon þis land norþanweard, and sūþanweard hit hæfdon Bryttas, swā wē ǣr cwǣdon. And þā Pyhtas him ābǣdon wīf æt Scottas, on þā ġerād þæt hīe ġecuren hiera cynecynn ā on þā wīfhealfe. Þæt hīe hēoldon swā lange siððan. And þā ġelamp hit ymbe ġēara ryne þæt Scotta sum dǣl ġewāt of Ibernian on Brytene, and þæs landes sumne dǣl ġeēodon. And wæs hiera heretoga Reoda ġehāten, from þǣm hie sind ġenemnode Dǣl Reodi.

The island of Britain is eight hundred miles long, and two hundred miles broad. And here in this island are five languages: English, British, Pictish, and Latin. At first the inhabitants of this island were Britons; they came from Armenia, and first occupied Britain in the south (i.e. the southern part of Britain). Then it happened that the Picts came from the south from Scythia, with warships, not many. And they first landed in North Ireland, and there begged the Scots that they might dwell there. But they (= the Scots) would not allow them, because they said that they could not live there all together. And then the Scots said, `We can, however, give you advice: we know another island to the east from here, where you can dwell, if you wish; and if anyone resists you, we will help you that you may conquer it.'
   Then the Picts went away, and conquered the northern part of this land, and the Britons had the southern part of it, as we have said before. And the Picts asked wives for them from the Scots, on the conditions that they should choose their royal line always on the female side. They kept it for a long time. And it happened then, in the course of years, that some portion of the Scots departed from Ireland to Britain, and conquered some part of the land, And their leader was called Reoda; from him they are named (the people) of Dal Rialda.


Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-27-1] [2026-03-26-1]

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2017-04-13 Thu

#2908. ꥹȶ9ɤ̾Τͳ [etymology][christianity][bible]

ѸʻˡˤʸءʻˡˤؤǤȡꥹȶ˴ؤ͡μɬפǤ롥ꥹȶˤˤ踽ˤ衤ƹäƤΤǡؤ֤ΤʤʤѤ
Ȭëˤˤ륭ꥹȶɤǤ顤 (52) ˡ9ɤε̾Τͳ褽¾Ǻܤ줿ʰɽäΤǡ˥ȤƻĤƤƱˤϡꥹȶζɤηʤɤʬ䤹޼Ƥꡤͭѡ*

Ѹ̾̾Τͳ
Eastern Orthodox Church (Orthodox Churches)λ̤ˤäƳϤߡ1054ǯʬꥷ Orthodox ϡʥ륽ˡסֿʥɥˡפȤɵ᤹٤ͳ补5˸줿ְüפζФɤȤΩ졥פϡפΥޤб񡥥˥1 (325) ˥2 (787) ޤǤμθĤο
ޡȥåRoman Catholic ChurchȤλ̥ڥȥ嶵ġʥ޻ʶˤȤ롥1054ǯʬȥå (Catholic) Ȥϥꥷ Katholikos ͳ褹ƻǡŪƱΡͤΤȤ̣濴ޤλʶ¡ʥޤλʶʤ޶ġˤˤȤ顤ޡȥåȸƤФ롥Ĥο򡥶Ĥȯ붵
륿ɡʥ롼ƥ붵Lutheran Churchesޡȥåνƻʺפäޥƥ󡦥륿ˤ뽡סʥɥġ1517ǯʹߡɥĤν׼ԥޥƥ󡦥륿 (Martin Luther) ̾ͳΤ
ʥ󥰥ɹ񶵲Anglican/Episcopal Churches󥰥ɹ񲦥إ꡼ȬŪưǥޡȥå񤫤ʬΥȥ٥νסʥ󥰥ɡ1534ǯ󥰥ɤι񶵲 Church of England 춵ȤϢζAnglican Church ʥ󥰥ꥫᥢ󥰥²ʤ󥰥ɷϤζˤȤܸΡפϡ̿еڤӥ˥修Фΰ "holy catholic church" ʤƱζˤͳΤ
ɡĹϷReformed/Presbyterian Churchesʳؼԥĥ󥰥ꡤˤ뽡סʥ16ȾΦϤΥζؤֲɡפϡֿθˤäƲפ줿׶ΰաѹϤζ˻ȤĹϷɡפϡˤơ綵ǤϤʤΤʤĹϷסʥꥷ PresbyterosˤѤȤ٤ͳΤ
ɡȹɡCongregational Churches󥰥ɹ񶵲񤫤ʬΥɡʥ󥰥ɡ16Ⱦʲ񽰡ΤιդˤȤŤͳ补ܤǤϡȹɡפȤ⤤ȹפ̾̾ȤƻȤ줿Τ
ХץƥBaptist Churches״ΥɥĤΥʥХץƥȡӥ󥰥ɹ񶵲񤫤ʬΥɡʥ󥰥ɡ17Ⱦ˼줿顤ʤХץƥޤϡŪʿԤΤߤȤ򿻤ǹԤ٤ȤĻꤷͳ补ĻǧԤ顤ʥХץƥȡʺԡˤ뤤ϥХץƥȤȸƤФ줿Τ
Methodist Churches󥰥ɹ񶵲ʺץ󡦥꡼ˤ񶵲οijñưʥ󥰥ɡ18ȾСɤ߼ԥ󡦥꡼Ϳ줿 Methodist ʥ᥽åɤŤ󤸤͡Ģ̤٤ο͡ˤȤ̾ͳ补꡼ܿͤϡ̾Τ˸Ƥˡ̥᥽åɡͤ˽ä͡פΤ
ڥƥPentecostal ChurchesȤƥ᥽ȷϤζطʤˡΦˤƤϡ󥶥عǻϤޤäŪñưʥꥫ1900ǯ񡦻̸Ͽ2Ϥ줿׸50ܤΡָ޽ܺססʤפ (Pentecost) ͳ补̤˹ߤäΤƱƯĴΩ򼨤Τ


Ȭë ûҡΤäΩĥꥹȶ縦١Ĭҡ2001ǯ

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2017-04-12 Wed

#2907. ޥ췲ʬ [germanic][family_tree][comparative_linguistics]

#2239. ťޥʬ ([2015-06-14-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡޥ췲ʬˤϵ¿Ūˤ Ingvaeonic, Istvaeonic, Erminonic 3ʬʤƤߤ⤢ѤƤѸ Ingvaeonic 餤
ŪʬˤĤơLass (15) ηŪ˺ƸƤޤκ¦ǯϡƥȾξڵʤɤ˴ŤƤϤΤΡޤǶŪʤΤˤʤȤա

                           * Proto-WGmn            
                                
            
AD                                        
100    'Ingvaeonic'         'Istvaeonic    'Erminonic'    
200                                     
300     'Angl-Fr'                         
400                                   
500                                   
600                                   OHG    
700         OE       OS                   
800                       OLF           
900                                     
1000        ME       MLG      MDu           MHG  OYi
1100                                     
1200           OFri                        
1300                                     
1400                                     
1500                                     
1600                                   
1700       ModE  Fri    LG    Du  Afr         G    Yi
1800
1900

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2017-04-11 Tue

#2906. űѸּޤͤζá [oe][popular_passage][bible][literature][oe_text][hel_education][kochushoho]

#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤס ([2017-03-31-1]) ˰³űѸɤǤߤ褦ϡƱ褯Τ줿 Matthew 13: 3--8 ΡּޤͤζáפҲ𤹤롥ϲ (84--86) ꡤѸդƼ

Sōþlīċe ūt ēode se sāwere his sǣd tō sāwenne. And þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe fēollon wiþ weȝ, and fuglas cōmon and ǣton þā. Sōþlīċe sumu fēollon on stǣnihte, þǣr hit næfde miċle eorþan, and hrædlīċe ūp sprungon, for þǣm þe hīe næfdon þāre eorþen dēopan; sōþlīċe, ūp sprungenre sunnan, hīe ādrūgodon and forscruncon, for þǣm þe hīe næfdon wyrtruman. Sōþlīċe sumu fēollon on þornas, and þā þornas wēoxon, and forþrysmdon þā. Sumu sōþlīċe fēollon on gōde eorþan, and sealdon wæstm, sum hundfealdne, sum siextiȝfealdne, sum þrītiȝfealdne.


Truly the sower went out to sow his seeds. And while he was sowing, some of them fell along the way, and birds came and ate them. Truly some fell on stony ground where it had not much earth, and quickly sprang up, because they had not any deep earth; truly, the sun (being) risen up, they dried up and shrank up, because they had not roots. Truly some fell on thorns, and the thorns grew, and choked them. Some truly fell on good ground, and gave fruit, some hundredfold, some sixtyfold, (and) some thirtyfold.


Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-05-1]

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2017-04-10 Mon

#2905. Benjamin Franklin ˱ƶ Noah Webster [spelling_reform][spelling_pronunciation_gap][webster][franklin][ame][orthography]

ε#2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin ([2017-04-09-1]) ˰³Benjamin Franklin ꡥFranklin ֻױư˴Ϣ Noah Webster ˱ƶڤܤݤˤҤ٤ˤĤƤ Baugh and Cable (359--60) εҤͥƤ롥

Spelling reform was one of the innumerable things that Franklin took an interest in. In 1768, he devised A Scheme for a New Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling and went so far as to have a special font of type cut for the purpose of putting it into effect. Years later, he tried to interest Webster in his plan but without success. According to the latter, "Dr. Franklin never pretended to be a man of erudition---he was self-educated; and he wished to reform the orthography of our language, by introducing new characters. He invited me to Philadelphia to aid in the work; but I differed from him in opinion. I think the introduction of new characters neither practicable, necessary nor expedient." Indeed, Webster was not in the beginning sympathetic to spelling reform. . . . But, by 1789, Franklin's influence had begun to have its effect. In the Dissertations on the English Language, published in that year, Webster admitted: "I once believed that a reformation of our orthography would be unnecessary and impracticable. This opinion was hasty; being the result of a slight examination of the subject. I now believe with Dr. Franklin that such a reformation is practicable and highly necessary."


̤ȤƤߤСWebster οѤϡѸ˾˵ֻפ⤿餷ȤϤäƤ⡤ֻηϤ礭Ѳ櫓ǤϤʤޥʡ󥸤ȸƤ֤٤Τä櫓οǤβפǤ顤ޤǤϤۤȤã줿ȤʤäΤǤ롥ơWebster ϡʱѸ춵˾Τߤʤ餺˱Ѹ˾ˤ̾ĤȤˤʤäFranklin ΡֿξפΤ褦˸夫ƤȤаޤˡμ㤭ꥫȤ Webster Υͥ륮򴶤ʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-24-1]

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2017-04-09 Sun

#2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin [spelling_reform][spelling_pronunciation_gap][webster][franklin][ame][orthography]

ε#2903. Benjamin Franklin 13ˤ drink not to elevation β ([2017-04-08-1]) Ǽ夲ĤǤˡBenjamin Franklin (1706--90) αѸ˾ι׸ˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥Franklin ϥꥫηػ۲ȤȤƿΰζȤ뤲ƤʪѸˤˤƤפ̤Ƥ롥2ŦƤ
1Ĥֻ׼ԤȤƤδǤ롥Franklin ϼ㤤ƤꡤѸֻȯˤ¡ʤ̴ؿ󤻤Ƥֻפ֤1768ǯˤ A Scheme for a New Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling 񤤤ϿʸƳޤ᤿ɽθ§äװƤäꥹˤ16 William Bullokar 17 Charles Butler λߤ18˥ꥫϤǷ֤줿Τ褦ʪǤꡤˤʤäƼԤ뱿̿äʡ#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ (271) ϡּˤȤ Franklin ԤǤ뤬ѸֻμˤϹ䤹벿ΤǤפɾƤ롥Franklin Webster Ͷäֻפؤλٱ᤿ΤȤ Webster Ͽ˼ʤäȤˤƤ褦ˡ Webster ֻפ¿ʴؿ򼨤䤫ʤֻװƤΤĤιܤ¸뤳ȤΤ褦ˡFranklin ϥꥫѸֻηˡŪʤפ̤ΤǤ롥
⤦1ĤϡFranklin ꥫˤʸˡλ¾ϻϼԤȤʤäȤǤ롥Franklin 1750ǯ Pennsylvania English Academy ʸ University of PennsylvaniaˤΩǸŵʸˡƱ˱ʸˡζ뤳ȤĥǤλߤɬ̤ʤä춵λƳǰ¾¾ˤȤäƤ䤬ƥꥫ夹褦ˤʤ롥1756ǯ Lindley Murray 뤬1795ǯ English Grammar ꥫΤߤʤ餺ѸŪʸˡˤʤäƤ椯Ȥˤⶽ̣ʡ#2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])ˡˤ Franklin ή褬äΤpp. 491--92ˡ
ʤߤˡ㤤 Franklin ʸˡءؤȽΤ James Greenwood An Essay Towards a Practical English Grammar, Describing the Genius and Nature of the English Tongue. Giving Rational and Plain Account of GRAMMAR in General, with a familiar Explanation of its Terms (1711) ѤƤȤ˽񤫤ƤƱʸˡ1753ǯǤˡΤۤFranklin ϡ嵭Ʊǯ˽ǤƤ John Brightland A Grammar of the English Tongue, with Notes, Giving the Grounds and Reason of Grammar in General. To which is added, A New Prosodia; Or, The Art of English Numbers. All adapted to the Use of Gentlemen and Ladies, as well as of the Schools of Great Britain ʸˡο޽ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˡFranklin ϷŪʶȤȤƱѸʳء˻ˤ̾ĤƤΤǤ롥

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-09-1] [2017-04-10-1]

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2017-04-08 Sat

#2903. Benjamin Franklin 13ˤ drink not to elevation β [popular_passage][franklin]

ɽŪꥫͤȤ Benjamin Franklin (1706--90) ˤ The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1818) ϡǺǤͭ̾ʼ1ĤǤ롥ΤʤǾҲ𤵤Ƥ٤13פȤζʸǤ롥

 1. Temperance.
    Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.
 2. Silence.
    Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.
 3. Order.
    Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
 4. Resolution.
    Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
 5. Frugality.
    Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing.
 6. Industry.
    Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
 7. Sincerity.
    Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.
 8. Justice.
    Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
 9. Moderation.
    Avoid extreams; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10. Cleanliness.
    Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloaths, or habitation.
11. Tranquillity.
    Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
12. Chastity.
    Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dulness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.
13. Humility.
    Imitate Jesus and Socrates.


ܡˤʸˤ (157--59) Ǥϡ줾켡Τ褦ܸȤʤäƤ롥

졡˰ۤɿʤ졥줦ޤǰʤ졥
ۡ¾˱פʤȤʤ졥ۤϮʤ졥
軰ΧʪϤ٤ƽ֤٤ŻϤ٤ƻƤʤ٤
͡ǡʤ٤Ȥʤȷ迴٤迴뤳Ȥɬ¹Ԥ٤
ޡ󡡼¾˱פʤȤ˶䤹ʤ졥ʤϲ񤹤ʤ졥
ϻ١֤񤹤ʤ졥Ĥͤ˲פ뤳Ȥ˽٤̵ѤιԤϤ٤ǤĤ٤
輷¡Ѥƿͤ򳲤ʤ졥̵ٵ˸ݤĤ٤˽ФȤޤ٤
Ȭ¾ͤפĤ뤤Ϳ٤Ϳƿͤ»ڤܤ٤餺
塡ǡü򤯤٤ȤˡʰͤȻפȤ⡤ܤ򿵤٤
载顡ΡԷǧ٤餺
载졡ʿšӻޤ򤱤ʿŤ򼺤ʤ졥
载󡡽顡ϤäѤ򹯤ʤ¹ΤˤΤ߹ԤÿƬǾߤ餻Τᡤޤϼ¾ʿ¤ʤѤĤ뤬ȤȤ٤餺
载ӥƥ˸٤


Franklin 1֤˿ȤˤĤƤ椯Τ褤⤤Ƥ뤬ˤȤäƤϡ⤦ǽιܤ餷ƶԤΤΤǤ롥ǡTemperance θˤ붵 "Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation." ðǰ˲ᡦ̣ʤФʤʤ
Ⱦʬϡ˰ۤɿʤפƤ뤬 dullness ϡ˰뤳ȡĤޤʤȡפǤϤʤͤΡֶߤפɽ魯ª٤ȤΤϡʸˤˤĤưʲΤ褦ʲ⤬뤫

Temperance first, as it tends to procure that coolness and clearness of head, which is so necessary where constant vigilance was to be kept up, and guard maintained against the unremitting attraction of ancient habits, and the force of perpetual temptations.


Ĥޤꡤ"Eat not to dullness" "Don't eat to be slow in understanding" ۤɤ˥ѥե졼ΤȤɤɬפ롥
ήɤʤСȾʬ "drink not to elevation" ֿ줦ޤǰʤפǤϸ­餺Τ褦˻פ롥Ⱦʬˤʤ餤"Don't drink to be elevated" ȥѥե졼ΤȤɤǤ褤 elevation elevated ɤΤ褦ʾ֤ؤݥȤȤʤ롥
֥ϥˤʤפ֥᡼ȥ뤬夬פ˶ᤤ촶ľ줿ޤ꼫ʤαѱѼŵƤΤʸ촶ʤäΤǡOED Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡư elevate 7b θȤơʲΤ褦ˤä

b. spec. of the effects of liquor. Now humorous or slang.
a1704 T. Brown Lett. from Dead (new ed.) in Wks. (1707) II. ii. 87 We were all elevated above the use of our Legs as well as our Reason.
1763 Brit. Mag. 4 372, I, being elevated with liquor.
1816 'Quiz' Grand Master viii. 230 But with the jumping-powder heated, He got completely---elevated.
1843 Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) ix. 112 His depth of feeling is misunderstood. He is supposed to be a little elevated; and nobody heeds him.


1ܤʸϡelevated ʤۤɤˡĤ֤ؤƤ褦ɤ롥̾θǤϡelevated "having a high moral or intellectual level" (OALD8) "having an intelligent and usually formal tone or quality" (MWALED) Τ褦ˡषΥ٥뤬⤤׾֤ؤΤ顤ȿФΰ̣ elevated ѤƤȤСΤ OED Υ졼٥˼Ƥ̤ "humorous or slang" δްդȼȤȤ롥ȾʬΡֶߡפȤжŪʴطͤСȾʬʤۤɤˡפªΤͤޤǤˡJohnson μǤ⡤To elevate ˤϡ˴ؤȤϸꤷƤʤΤΡ"To elate the mind with vicious pride" ȤŪʸͿƤ롥
ʾ塤ȾʬβޤȤСְǤ褤ŪʪͤʤʤۤɤޤǤ˰ΤϤ褯ʤפȤʤʾ塤ߥեȤμ۸ΤβǤ

졤 ȡˡإե󥯥١ȽŹ1957ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-04-09-1]

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2017-04-07 Fri

#2902. Pope Gregory Υꥹȶ۶ˤۤȥ [oe][literature][popular_passage][christianity][oe_text][pun][kochushoho]

űѸɽ뻶ʸ Ælfric (955--1010) ϡɸŪ West-Saxon ¿ʸϤĤϡCatholic Homilies 2˼줿Pope Gregory Υ󥰥ƻФǮ֤ۤäͭ̾ʥƥȤҲ𤷤褦ϲΥǥ (105--10) POPE GREGORY ꡤűѸƥȤȸѸ򼨤

   Þā underȝeat se pāpa þe on ðām tīman þæt apostoliċe setl ȝesæt, hū sē ēadiga Grēgōrius on hālgum mæȝnum ðēonde wæs, and hē ðā hine of ðǣre munuclican drohtnunge ȝenam, and him tō ȝefylstan ȝesette, on diaconhāde ȝeendebyrdne. Ðā ȝelāmp hit æt sumum sǣle, swā swā ȝȳt foroft dēð, þæt englisce ċȳpmenn brōhton heora ware tō Rōmāna byriȝ, and Gregorius ēode be ðǣre strǣt tō ðām engliscum mannum heora ðing scēawiȝende. Þā ȝeseah hē betwux ðām warum, ċȳpecnihtas ȝesette, þā wǣron hwītes līchaman and fæȝeres andwlitan menn, and æðelīċe ȝefexode.
   Grēgōrius ðā behēold þǣra cnapena wlite, and befrān of hwilċere þēode hī ȝebrohte wǣron. Þā sǣde him man þæt hī of engla lande wǣron, and þæt ðǣre ðēode mennisc swā wlitiȝ wǣre. Eft ðā Grēgōrius befrān, hwæðer þæs landes folc cristen wǣre ðe hǣðen. Him man sǣde þæt hī hǣðene wǣron. Grēgōrius ðā of innweardre heortan langsume siċċetunge tēah, and cwæð: “Wā lā wā, þæt swa fæȝeres hīwes menn sindon ðām sweartan dēofle underðēodde.” Eft hē āxode hū ðǣre ðēode nama wǣre, þe hī of comon. Him wæs ȝeandwyrd þæt hī Angle ȝenemnode wǣron. Þā cwæð hē: “rihtlīċe hī sind Angle ȝehātene, for ðan ðe hī engla wlite habbað, and swilcum ȝedafenað þæt hī on heofonum engla ȝefēran bēon.” Gȳt ðā Grēgōrius befrān, hū ðǣre scīre nama wǣre, þe ðā cnapan of ālǣdde wæron. Him man sǣde þæt ðā scīrmen wǣron Dēre ȝehātene. Grēgōrius andwyrde: “Wel hī sind Dēre ȝehātene. for ðan ðe hī sind fram graman ȝenerode, and tō cristes mildheortnysse ȝecȳȝede.” Gȳt ðā hē befrān: “Hū is ðǣre leode cyning ȝehāten?” Him wæs ȝeandswarod þæt se cyning Ælle ȝehāten wǣre. Hwæt, ðā Grēgōrius gamenode mid his wordum to ðām naman, and cwæð: “Hit ȝedafenað þæt alleluia sȳ ȝesungen on ðām lande. tō lofe þæs ælmihtigan scyppendes.”
   Grēgōrius ðā sōna ēode tō ðām pāpan þæs apostolican setles, and hine bæd þæt hē Angelcynne sume lārēowas āsende, ðe hī to criste ȝebiȝdon, and cwæð þæt hē sylf ȝearo wǣre þæt weorc tō ȝefremmenne mid godes fultume, ȝif hit ðām pāpan swā ȝelīcode. Þā ne mihte sē pāpa þæt ȝeðafian, þeah ðe hē eall wolde, for ðan ðe ðā rōmāniscan ċeasterȝewaran noldon ȝeðafian þæt swā ȝetoȝen mann and swā ȝeðungen lārēow þā burh eallunge forlēte, and swā fyrlen wræcsīð ȝename.

Then perceived the pope who at that time sat on the apostolic seat, how the blessed Gregory was thriving in the holy troops, and he then picked him up from the monastic condition, and made him (his) helper, (being) ordained to deaconhood. Then it happened at one time (= one day), as it yet very often does, that English merchants brought their wares to the city of Rome, and Gregory went along the street to the English men, looking at their things. Then he saw, among the wares, slaves set. They were men of white body and fair face, and excellently haired.
   Gregory then beheld the appearance of those boys, and asked from which country they were brought. Then he was told that they were from England, and that the people of that country were so beautiful. Then again Gregory asked whether the fold of the land was Christian or heathen. They told him that they were heathen. Gregory then drew a long sigh from the depth of (his) heart, and said, 'Alas! that men of so fair appearance are subject to the black devil.' Again he asked how the name of the nation was, where they came from. He was answered that they were named Angles. Then said he, 'rightly they are called Angles, because they have angels' appearance, and it befits such (people) that they should be angels' companions in heavens!' Still Gregory asked how the name of the shire was, from which they were led away. They told him that the shiremen were called Deirians. Gregory answered, 'They are well called Deirians, because they are delivered from ire, and invoked to Christ's mercy.' Still he asked 'How is the king of the people called?' He was answered that the king was called Ælle. What! then Gregory joked with his words to the name, and said, 'It is fitting that Halleluiah be sung in the land, in praise of the Almighty Creator.'
   Then Gregory at once went to the pope of the apostolic seat, and entreated him that he should send some preachers to the English, whom they converted to Christ, and said that he himself was ready to perform the work with God's help, if it so pleased the pope. The pope could not permit it, even if he quite desired (it), because the Roman citizens would not consent that such an educated and competent scholar should leave the city completely and take such a distant journey of peril.


ʤΰäμ͸ϸ Gregory I ƥǼƤ pāpa Pelagius II ؤƤ롥θ塤 Gregory 饤󥰥ɤ۶˽ФȤ櫓ˤϤʤäΤǡ Augustinus (St Augustine) Ȥ櫓
ΰäơȥߥ (50--51) ϡѹΥꥹȶϥǻϤޤä褦ʤΤɾƤ롥

㤤Ȥ˥쥴꡼ޤȩ򤤡ȱ򸫤ޤǡˡ֤ޤϤɤ褿ΤפȤ顤֥󥰥 (Angle)׿ͤǥ쥴꡼ϡ֤ޤϥ󥰥ͤʤƥ󥸥 (angel) Τ褦פȤäȤ褦ͭ̾äޤ
ߥͭ̾ʥǤǤ顤̣ǥꥹΥꥹȶˤϸդΥ줫ϤޤȸȤǤޤ--- Non angli, sed angeli, --- Not Angles, but angels.
ơ֤ޤιϡפʹ֥ǥ (Deira) ǤפȤȡ֡̿Ρܤ (de ira) ߤơꥹȤλ˾Ǥפȥ쥴꡼ϸäƤä줫֤ޤβͤ̾ϲפʹ֥ (Ælla) Ǥפȥ쥴꡼Ϥ򥢥Ȥơ֥ιǤ⥢ꥢ (Allelulia) ȡ򤿤դ褦ˤ褦פȸäͭ̾äޤ͡˥硼ǻϤޤäǤ͡ꥹ۶ϡ


ʸ嵭2024/04/13(Sat)Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ1 "Eft hē āxode . . . ȝefēran bēon." ʬˤĤƸűѸ첻ɤƤޤΤǤȤ#1048. ꥹʡ󤿤ȸűѸ첻ɡǤ
ʸ嵭2024/06/12(Wed)嵭 Voicy ɤ߾夲ʬμܲؤΥ󥯤ǤCatholic Homilies, Second Series, "IX, St Gregory the Great" (MS Ii.1.33, fol. 140v)  *

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ
졤ԡߥɡʪʸػˡ٥դС˥դޤǡ١罤ۡ1981ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-20-1] [2024-06-13-1]

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2017-04-06 Thu

#2901. Hinduism ϰճ٤19¤ [etymology][religion][history][persian]

Hinduism ʥҥɥˤȤС͸ˤ3̤νǤ롥2001ǯιĴʰ塤p. 165ˤˤȡɿ͸80.5%ҥɥ̤ǤꡤпǤпͰʾȤʤ뤫顤ϰ轡ȤɤؤΥѥȤ礭ºݡ2010ǯCIAפǤϡꥹȶ̤33.3%ඵ̤21.0%˼ǡҥɥ13.3%3̤Ǥʰ塤p. 11ʤߤ4̤ʩ̤5.8%ˡۤɤ罡Ǥʤ顤θƾΤճȿȤǶΤä
OED Hinduism ȡ"The polytheistic religion of the Hindus, a development of the ancient Brahmanism with many later accretions." 롥νǧȡȺǶȤäƤ褤1829ǯΤȤǤ롥

1829 Bengalee 46 Almost a convert to their goodly habits and observances of Hindooism.


˶äΤϡҥǥʤɤΥɽˤ⡤ФҥɥؤɽϤʤΤȤ (169) ۩

֥ҥɥפȤϡ֥ҥɥפȤѸɽǤ¤ϤˤԤб륤ɤθäϤޤ󡥸̩˸СĤΤޤȤޤäȤꡤʸȤʸȯ¿ͤʿĤΤơ֥ҥɥפȸƤǤΤǤά
Ρ֥ҥɥפˡismפդƽ򼨤ѸɽˤʤäΤ19ΤȤǤɻۤ˾Фꥹͤɤνʸ򤷤褦ȤȤΤդʤäᡤ֥ҥɥפȤɽѤ褦ˤʤꡤ줬˰̲ΤǤ


ʤߤˡHindu ʥҥɥ˼Τϡ֥פؤ줬ڥ륷 Hindū Ȥʤꡤ֥ɤν͡פؤ褦ˤʤäդǤ롥ڥ륷줫Ѹؤϡ17ȾФ˼Ѥ줿Hindi ʥҥǥˤ⡤ѸǤκǽλѤ1801ǯ٤Ǥ롥
ơҥɥɤ򤹤٤嵭 OED ˤ褦ˡ͡ŪȯŸ񤷤¿Τªۤʤ (170) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Ĥޤ֥ҥɥפȤϡɤ˼Ωä褿¿ͤʽʸΤιդʤΤǤƤϼ¤¿ͤǡ֥åΤ褦ϾԤ⤤ޤ󤷡礭ʶȿʤꥹȶ䥤Τ褦ΤȤߤޤ󡥤ŵŤ󤸤Ƥ϶̤Ƥޤ


ҥɥθǤŵ (Veda) ȤθˤĤƤϡ#1447. ɸɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-13-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

繧90ʬǤ狼롪ӥͥޥΤΡνĶ١ηкѿҡ2013ǯ

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2017-04-05 Wed

#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά [bede][oe][literature][popular_passage][history][anglo-saxon][oe_text][kochushoho]

Bede θűѸˤꡤѸ˾嵭ǰ٤449ǯε ("The Coming of the English") ϲԤθűѸƥȡʸѸդˤɤǤߤ褦 (pp. 89--94) 󥰥ͤϡ֥ȥͤͶ줿˾褸ơˤƥ֥ƥ˵¤˻äΤ

   Ðā wæs ymb fēower hund wintra and nigon and fēowertiġ fram ūres Drihtnes menniscnysse þæt Martiānus cāsere rīċe onfēng and vii ġēar hæfde. Sē wæs syxta ēac fēowertigum fram Augusto þām cāsere. Ðā Angelþēod and Seaxna wæs ġelaðod fram þām foresprecenan cyninge, and on Breotone cōm on þrim miċlum scipum, and on ēastdæle þyses ēalondes eardungstōwe onfēng þurh ðæs ylcan cyninges bebode, þe hī hider ġelaðode, þæt hī sceoldan for heora ēðle compian and fohtan. And hī sōna compedon wið heora ġewinnan, þe hī oft ǣr norðan onherġedon; and Seaxan þā siġe e ġeslōgan. Þā sendan hī hām ǣrendracan and hēton secgan þysses landes wæstmbǣrnysse and Brytta yrgþo. And hī sōna hider sendon māran sciphere strengran wiġena; and wæs unoferswīðendliċ weorud,þā hī tōgædere ġeþēodde wǣron. And him Bryttas sealdan and ġēafan eardungstōwe betwih him, þæt hī for sibbe and for hǣlo heora ēðles campodon and wunnon wið heora fēondum, and hī him andlyfne and āre forġēafen for heora ġewinne.
   Cōmon hī of þrim folcum ðām strangestan Germānie, þæt is of Seaxum and of Angle and of Ġēatum. Of Ġēata fruman syndon Cantware and Wihtsǣtan; þæt is se þēod þe Wiht þæt ēalond oneardað. Of Seaxum, þæt is of ðām lande þe mon hāteð Ealdseaxan, cōmon Ēastseaxan and Sūðseaxan and Westseaxan. And of Engle cōman Ēastngle and Middelengle and Myrċe and eall Norðhembra cynn; is þæt land ðe Angulus is nemned, betwyh Ġēatum and Seaxum; and is sǣd of ðǣre tīde þe hī ðanon ġewiton oð tōdæġe þæt hit wēste wuniġe. Wǣron ǣrest heora lāttēowas and heretogan twēġen ġebrōðra, Henġest and Horsa. Hī wǣron Wihtgylses suna, þæs fæder wæs Witta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Wihta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Woden nemned, of ðæs strȳnde moniġra mǣġðra cyningcynn fruman lǣdde. Ne wæs ðā ylding tō þon þæt hī hēapmǣlum cōmon māran weorod of þām þēodum þe wǣ ǣr ġemynegodon. And þæt folc ðe hider cōm ongan weaxan and myċlian tō þan swīðe þæt hī wǣron on myclum eġe þām sylfan landbīġengan ðe hī ǣr hider laðedon and cȳġdon.


   It was 449 years after our Lord's incarnation that the emperor Martianus received the kingdom, and he had (it) seven years. He was the forty-sixth from the emperor Augustus. Then the Angles and Saxons were invited by the aforesaid king (Vortigern), and came to Britain on three great ships, and received a dwelling place in the east of this island by order of the same king, who invited them hither, that they should strive and fight for their country. And they soon fought with their enemies who had oft harassed them from the north before; and the Saxons won victory then. Then they sent home messengers and bade (them) tell the fertility of this land and the Britons' cowardice. And then they sent a larger fleet of the stronger friends soon; and (it) was an invincible troop when there were united together. And the Britons gave and alloted them habitation among themselves, on the condition that they should fight for the peace and safety of their country and resist their enemies, and they (the Britons) should give them sustenance and estates in return for their strife.
   They came of the three strongest races of Germany, that is, of Saxons and of Angles and of Jutes. Of Jutes' origin are the people of Kent and the 'Wihtsætan', that is, the people who inhabit the Isle of Wight. Of the Saxons, of the land (of the people) that is called Old Saxons, came the East Saxons, the South Saxons, and the West Saxons. And of Angles came the East Angles and the Middle Angles and Mercians and the whole race of Northumbria; it is the land that is called Angulus, between the Jutes and the Saxons; and it is said from the time when they departed thence till today that it remains waste. At first their leaders and commanders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa. They were the sons of Wihtgyls, whose father was called Witta, whose father was named Wihta, whose father was named Woden, of whose stock the royal families of many tribes took their origin. There was no delay until they came in crowds, larger hosts from the tribes that we had mentioned before. And the people who came hither began to increase and multiply so much that they were a great terror to the inhabitants themselves who had invited and invoked them hither.


Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ

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2017-04-04 Tue

#2899. 󽽻ᵤ [calendar]

2016ǯΡ󽽻ᵤ (Twenty-Four Solar Terms) ̵ͥʸ仺Ͽ뤳Ȥޤä󽽻ᵤϸ֤λѤƤȤܤˤ᤯6ˤ⤿餵졤ߤ˻ޤŪʵᴶɽ魯ΤȤƻѤƤΩŷʸˤѸ󽽻ᵤ򻲾ȡˡ󽽻ᵤȤǤꡤΤȤȤʤäǤ󶡤Ȥǡ׻塤ʸŪˤפôäƤ󽽻ᵤեȤƤϡ̵ͥʸ仺Ͽϴ򤷤
󽽻ᵤϡ̩ˤǤǤȤ̯˰ۤʤˤǤºŪǤ̾ΤޤۤܰפƤ롥ʸ仺ȤʤäΤ顤ݸ줿ѸǤɽΤäƤ»Ϥʤʲи (68--69) 󤲤뤬ۤľǡˤäƤϤषѸΤۤʬ䤹餤

????Spring begins
The rains
ꯡʶꯡInsects awaken
ʬVernal Equinox
????Clear and bright
Grain rain
ΩSummer begins
Grain buds
Grain in ear
????Summer Solstice
????Slight heat
Great heat
ΩAutumn begins
Stopping the heat
ϪWhite dews
????Autumnal Equinox
????Cold dews
??????Hoarfrost falls
????Winter begins
????Light snow
Heavy snow
߻Winter Solstice
Slight cold
Great cold


ʤ2017ǯ44ϡ (Clear and bright) Ǥǯ٤ǤȤȤ뤯Ԥޤ礦

и ˡϥ쥬Ȥʲʳء󽽻ᵤܿ͡١PHPꡤ2012ǯ

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2017-04-03 Mon

#2898. Caedmon's Hymn [oe][popular_passage][literature][bede][oe_text][caedmon]

731ǯ˴Ȥ Bede Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) ϡեå粦λ˥ޡγؼԤˤäƸűѸƤ롥ˤʸդε Cædmon ƺȤ롤9Ԥʤ븽¸ǸŤθűѻ Cædmon's Hymn ϿƤ뤬ΥƥȤˤĤƤϡᤤ8Ƭ Bede Υƥ (MS Kk. v. 16, Cambridge University Library; ̾ "Moore Manuscript") ˡΡ֥ꥢǽ񤫤줿СĤƤ롥ޤꥸʥ˺Ǥᤤȸ Moore СΥƥȤӸѸ Irvine (37) ƷǤ褦

Nu scylun hergan   hefænricæs uard,
metudæs mæcti   end his modgidanc,
uerc uuldurfadur,   sue he uundra gihuæs,
eci dryctin,   or astelidæ.
He ærist scop   aelda barnum
heben til hrofe,   haleg scepen;
tha middungeard   moncynnæs uard,
eci dryctin,   æfter tiadæ
firum foldu,   frea allmectig.
   

Now [we] must praise the Guardian of the heavenly kingdom, the Creator's might and His intention, the glorious Father's work, just as He, eternal Lord, established the beginning of every wonder. He, holy Creator, first shaped heaven as a roof for the children of men, then He, Guardian of mankind, eternal Lord, almighty Ruler, afterwards fashioned the world, the earth, for men.


ˡեåɻΤΤ Mitchell (212) Ѥ롥ξƥȴֻ֤֡äκդ

   Nū sculon heriġean   heofonrīċes weard,
Meotodes meahte   ond his mōdġeþanc,
weorc wuldorfæder,   swā hē wundra ġehwæs,
ēċe Drihten,   ōr onstealde.
   Hē ǣrest scēop   eorðan bearnum
heofon tō hrōfe,   hāliȝ Scyppend;
þā middanġeard   monncynnes weard,
ēċe Drihten,   æfter tēode
fīrum foldan,   Frēa ælmihtiġ.


Irvine, Susan. "Beginnings and Transitions: Old English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone .Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-04-1]

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2017-04-02 Sun

#2897. ɰνҤ٤ָưδϡ [language_change][lexical_diffusion]

ɰȸʳءˤϤޤӤĤʤȻפ뤬Ȼס٤ΤʤΡֽδϡפꤹǡνⰭν͡˴Τ顤褯ĤʤФʤʤ⤯꤬롥ǡָưפ㳰ǤϤʤȤơŤˤĤơƼ¼ŪˤϸѲˤĤƿƤ (pp. 101--02)

ưΤȤϡäνꡤνʺ褦ϡ褷ʤڤ󤰤С迷ʹޡʸ롥äοʹˤʸкܤ줿Ȼפȡ줬ޤʺοʹܤ졤ˤϼҲ̤θȤơïޤ̤Ȥˤʤ롥Ρ֥ϥפȤפȤդϡʤΰǤ롥ؽҤθդʤɤϤ꺸ͤǡẢνѤˡ֤褯äƤפȤ֤פȤθѤΤ⡤νΤȤäƺ٤ʤޤ̵äּ¶ȡפȤʸΤȤ⡤ϺὬȤʤꡤ¶ȤȤФˡȤΤȤפ碌褦ˤʤä褿ΡԻΡפȤʸʤɤ⡤̤鸫ǯοͤǤʤФʤȦǤΤˡǤϷͤؤƤԻΤȤïͤΤʤ˻äƤ롥äƽǡ˴ϤäƤ뤫Τ­Ǥơ뤬ϡͤνϽŷνȤʤ꤫ͤޤǤ뤫顤ФƤϿդʧȤȤˡޤŤƤͤФʤ̤ΤǤ롥


οոͻҤʬäƤ⤷οФɬ⹥ŪǤϤʤä褦ɤ뤬ˤ衤ۤɸդ⶯ϤϤäƤΤȤȤ⤫Ƥ롥
ޤ줬ŤȤϡưŤȤ򤷤ƤΤ⤪⤷줽ΤΤ⡤üԤ˰ᤤΩ줫Ѳ򸫤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ִפȡϡפȴϢơóȻνˤĤơ#5. ڥե륨󥶤󼡴ȸóȻ"take-off" ([2009-05-04-1])#1572. ʤѲSȹͤΤ ([2013-08-16-1])#2299. Ȼζư3 ([2015-08-13-1]) ޤ lexical_diffusion γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

ɰ졡Ȼס١Ʋ1927ǯKADOKAWA2008ǯ

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2017-04-01 Sat

#2896. 4񎼷pril?纱? [calendar][etymology][japanese][month]

4ϤޤεǤ롥Chaucer The Canterbury Tales ƬǤ⡤ʪλϤޤηǤ4𤤾夲Ƥʡ#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
April ϡ1300ǯ Anglo-French Aprille ѸؼѤ줿Τǡ켫Ȥϥƥ Aprīlis mēnsis ̤롥ǽθϡ޿äΡְν Venus б륮ꥷäν Aphroditē û̷ Aphros ͳ褹롥4ϰˤ˭ηǤꡤηǤ⤢ä̤θ츻ˤȡƥǡֳפ̣ aperīre ȴطȤ⤤ǤСϤ뤤ϲֳۤɤΥ᡼
󥰥ͤϡ4 ēaster-mōnaþ ȸƤǤν Ēaster ηȤȤǤ롥Ēaster ϡʸ̤긽Ѹ Easter 뤬襲ޥͤʬλ˽ˤäƤκפ꤬˻Ū˰פ륭ꥹȶפȽŤ͹蘆졤ԤؤƾΤȤơʤƥƥ Pascha Ȥơ夷
ܤ4ΰ۾Ρֱפϡ˴Сĥʥ業Υʤڡˤβ֤餯Ǥ뤳ȤƤ롥顤ĥβ֤ϵդˡֱβ֡פȤƤФ롥ͻΡ٤زɴɮ٤ˤС˺餯鱬β֤ȤΤǤꡤεդǤϤʤݤҤ٤Ƥ롥ˤ衤4̿ˤդ줿뤤Ǥ롥ǯ٤Ⳬϡ
3ˤĤƤϡ#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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