heldio/helwa ꥹʡ Lilimi ˤhel (helkatsu) note LilimiΥȡ κǿ줿Procreate ǸűѸƤߤꤷơ饹ȥץѤƸűѸʸƤ롥helʤ̸űѸ˻ָűѸեȡפ
ƸƤűѸƥȤϡ#2902. Pope Gregory Υꥹȶ۶ˤۤȥ ([2017-04-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤1ΰǤ롥26ʸ꾯 "Eft hē āxode . . . ȝefēran bēon." Ȥʬβսϡ¤ Lilimi ⻲ä줿ĹꥪղˤơåСƱDzȤ롥#1048. ꥹʡȸűѸ첻ɡİС
ơ嵭Ǽ夲űѸƥȤΰμܲǤƱƥȤŵϡűѸλʸ Ælfric ˤ Catholic Homilies: 2nd Series "IX, St Gregory the Great" ΥƥȤƤܤȤ folio MS Ii.1.33, fol. 140vCambridge Univ. Digital LibraryˤǤʥådzˡ

ҼܤΤΤ̣äƤС
ѸˤθŵŪȤäƤ褤 Algeo and Pyles ɤǤơΰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ȴϢ clang association ȤѸΤäȤȤϿؤѸΤ褦ϢۡϢˡϢפ졤㤨 cling ring Τ褦˲ʤȯƤɤ˺Ѥ̣ŪϢۤΤȤ褦ĤαѸѸ켭ŵƤܤäƤʤäΤǡ夲Ƥ Algeo and Pyles (233--34) Ѥۤʤ
Sound Associations
Similarity or identity of sound may likewise influence meaning. Fay, from the Old French fae 'fairy' has influenced fey, from Old English fǣge 'fated, doomed to die' to such an extent that fey is practically always used nowadays in the sense 'spritely, fairylike.' The two words are pronounced alike, and there is an association of meaning at one small point: fairies are mysterious; so is being fated to die, even though we all are so fated. There are many other instances of such confusion through clang association (that is, association by sound rather than meaning). For example, in conservative use fulsome means 'offensively insincere' as in "fulsome praise," but it is often used in the sense 'extensive' because of the clang with full. Similarly, fruition is from Latin frui 'to enjoy' by way of Old French, and the term originally meant 'enjoyment' but now usually means 'state of bearing fruit, completion'; and fortuitous earlier meant 'occurring by chance' but now is generally used as a synonym for fortunate because of its similarity to that word.
ȯᤤñɤ̣Ǥƶ礦ȤΤϡŪˤϤäȤʤȤ뤷Ƥ꿼ͤ뤳Ȥʤä֤ϢȤȤΤϡ٤˵뤳ȤΤǤҥȤʤǤϷǤ롥䡤ΩӤ륪䥸㥰뤳Ȥʤ졥Ωɤ clang association ʤΤ顥
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
#4482. Shakespeare ȯ ([2021-08-04-1]) 褦ˡShakespeare ȯפȤȤ˲̣Ƥ뤫˵ĤɬפϤ뤬Ū Shakespeare Υꥸʥȯʤ뤤ϺƷ (reconstruction)ˤ褦ȻߤȤˡˤʤ4ढ롥ֻ (spelling)ӱ (rhyme)ϸ (pun)ƱκȤΥȤǤ롥Crystal (xx) ʬ䤹ȤȤˡ4Ĥʷ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤΤǡ˰Ѥ롥
- In RJ 1.4.66, when Mercutio describes Queen Mab as having a whip with 'a lash of film', the Folio and Quarto spellings of philome indicate a bisyllabic pronunciation, 'fillum' (as in modern Irish English).
- MND 3.2.118, Puck's couplet indicates a pronunciation of one that no longer exists in English: 'Then will two at once woo one / That must needs be sport alone'.
- In LLL 5.2.574, there is a pun in the line 'Your lion, that holds his pole-axe sitting on a close-stool, will be given to Ajax' which can only work if we recognize . . . that Ajax could also be pronounced 'a jakes' (jakes = 'privy').
- In Ben Johnson's English Grammar (1616), the letter 'o' is described as follows: 'In the short time more flat, and akin to u; as ... brother, love, prove', indicating that, for him at least, prove was pronounced like love, not the other way round.
ĸκƷʤɤǤƱͤμʤγơˤĤȤʤٹ礤Ū˰ۤʤ롥ֻɸಽƤʤλˤϡֻѰۤϤʤפʾڵˤʤ뤷ӱؤοŪ˹⤤ȤäƤ褤ϸϼ¦μѤƤǽäȤжɤ߹ǤޤäƤǽꡤŤɾʤФʤʤShakespeare ˤäƤϤ٤ƤϸȤ⤢ΤˡƱκȤˤȯ˴ؤȤˤĤƤ⡤Τ˻ͤˤϤʤ뤬ĿŪȯʤȿǤΤˤʤ⤷ʤƱȯ뤤 Shakespeare ȯŬѤǤ뤫ɤӿŤȽǤɬפ롥
ʣμʤˤƱؤߤ˶礦褦ǤСȤƤοޤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤŲοϡʣʥѥΤ褦Ϣơ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1])#4015. ˤѸȯꤹ뤫 ([2020-04-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Crystal ˤ The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation ѥѥįƤ롥Shakespeare 400ǯۤνηȤǤꡤǯΤܤäĸλ٤Τ̯ʴ뤫⤷ʤShakespeare Ρ֥ꥸʥȯפȤŪ줿ΤǤʾ塤ĸκƷ (reconstruction) ܼŪ˰ۤʤȤϤʤShakespeare ξˤϡֻ (spelling)ӱ (rhyme)ϸ (pun) ʤɡƷ٤ƤҥȤŪ¿Ȥü𤬤뤳ȤϳΤϼΰ㤤Ȥ̡٤ΰ㤤Ȥäۤ褤ºݡShakespeare ȯκƷˤĤƤ⡤٤ʲȤʤȡǤʤȤ¿褦
μΡ֥ꥸʥȯפμѤݤˡդʤФʤʤȤ롥 The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation ξǤС Shakespeare ȯƤ뼭ǤϤʤȤȤơϤɤȤCrystal (xi) ⤳ĴƤΤǡϢսѤƤ
The notion of 'Modern English pronunciation' is actually an abstraction, realized by hundreds of different accents around the world, and the same kind of variation existed in earlier states of the language. People often loosely refer to OP as an accent', but this is as misleading as it would be to refer to Modern English pronunciation as 'an accent'. It would be even more misleading to describe OP as 'Shakespeare's accent', as is sometimes done. We know nothing about how Shakespeare himself spoke, though we can conjecture that his accent would have been a mixture of Warwickshire and London. It cannot be be stated too often that OP is a phonology---a sound system---which would have been realized in a variety of accents, all of which were different in certain respects from the variety we find in present-day English.
1ˡƱϡ Shakespeare ȤȯˤĤƶƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥ƤΤ Shakespeare ȤȯǤϤʤShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդȯˤʤΥȥ뤬 "Shakespeare's Pronunciation" ǤϤʤƻѤƾܤ "Shakespearean Pronunciation" ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥
2ˡƱͿƤȯϡ̩ˤСShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդȯɽ路Ƥ餤ʤǤϲɽ蘆ƤΤȤСShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդβ (phonology) Ǥ롥ºݤоʪԡˤȯƤȯΤΡĤޤ phonetics ǤϤʤݲηϤǤ phonology ɽ路ƤΤǤ롥ϼºݤζ줿ȯˤٶƤϤȤϸΤǡѾ塤㤨ԤȯŪΤˤϽʬѤ̩ˤСȯΤΤƤ뼭ǤϤʤȤȤƤȤϽפǤ롥פˡμΤ "The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Phonology" Ȥ٤ΤǤ롥
Shakespeare ˸¤餺Ųݤ˹ԤʤƤ뤳Ȥϡ§ȤƲηϤʤΤȻפظ˼ºݤβƤ뤳ȤϤ褽ȤƤˤ衤ƷоݤȤʤΤϡޤäŪʲηϤǤ롥
(phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) ΰ㤤ˤĤƤϡ#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1]) ӡ#4232. ؤȲϡ֤ι¤ȥ ([2020-11-27-1]) ȡ
Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ŪˡGod ȯϸޤǤޤû첻ƤѸǤϡꥹȯ [gɒd] ФơꥫȯǤ [gɑːd] ԤŪǶĹ첻η̤ǤꡤŪû첻ǤäȤ¤ĤΤǤϤʤ¤ΤȤ God Ĺ첻 [goːd] Τ褦ȯ⡤ŪˤϹԤʤƤ褦űѸѸǤϡֿɤΡפȤȯۤ顤̾ God ȡŪĹ첻ķƻ good Ȥʤ館ꡤˤäƤƱ뤹ϸ (pun) ФйԤʤ줿ȤͷӤΰĶȵۤɤˡξ줬Ĺ첻ȯʸ̤ͻ礷Ƥޤä㤬롥
OED ˤϡGod Ĺ첻ֻʦ·ˤȤơʲƤ롥
β. OE (rare) ME-15 good, eME ȝode, ME goed, ME goid, ME gooddes (plural), ME guodes (genitive, perhaps transmission error), ME-16 gode, lME goodyse (genitive), lME goyd; U.S. regional 18- gord; Sc. pre-17 goid, pre-17 19- gode, 18- goad.
OED Ǥϡ˸츻˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥פˡGod Ĺ첻ȯϡгʷˤƤѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) η̤ȤƵ§Ū줿ΤǤȤ
In Old English the word is often collocated with the formally identical but etymologically unrelated word gōd GOOD adj., GOOD n., and the two words are not always easy to distinguish (compare discussion at GOOD adj., n., adv., and int.). Rare occurrences of the form good in Old English (see β. forms) may result from confusion of this kind. The association of the two words continues in later English, sometimes leading to the deliberate euphemistic substitution of forms of GOOD n. for GOD n. (frequently in oaths); such substitution is found in several modern regional varieties, especially in Scots (compare GOOD n. 3).
It is nevertheless likely that the majority of Middle English (and later) β. forms show a genuine lengthening of the stem vowel, probably arising originally from open syllable lengthening in oblique (disyllabic) forms; pronunciations reflecting the lengthened form gode are attested in modern English regional and nonstandard use, e.g. J. Wright Eng. Dial. Gram. (1905) 464/1 records the pronunciation /ɡo:d/ from east Devon. (The suggestion made in N.E.D. (1900) that the motivation for lengthening may perhaps have been expressive, i.e. 'from a desire to utter the name of God more deliberately than the short vowel naturally allows', is unlikely.) A later (early modern English) lengthening is shown by GAWD n. The modern Scots forms goad, gode at β. forms probably represent the half-close realization of short ŏ typical of many varieties of Scots.
MED God, god ˤ⡤"in ME , inflected forms with long vowel are attested in rime." Ȥ롥Ĺ첻 God μгʷ˸ꤵ줿Ϥ줬̵ God ˤȵڤȻפ㤬ѸǸ롥
Dobson (Vol. 2, 53 n3) ⡤ѸΥ䥹åȥɤǡGod Ĺ첻μ¸äȤˤĤƿƤ롥
The long close [o:] and the diphthong [uə] which occur in Scottish and Northern dialects in blot, cot, God, cock, cog, frost, sop, &c. (and in Devon in God) may develop by ModE lengthening of ME ŏ, but in many cases are probably due to a ME variant in ǭ developed by lengthening in the open syllable of the oblique forms.
God Ĺ첻ȯϡޥʡꥢȤȤƤŪ˳μ¤¸ߤΤǤ롥
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.
űѸɽ뻶ʸ Ælfric (955--1010) ϡɸŪ West-Saxon ¿ʸϤĤϡCatholic Homilies 2˼줿Pope Gregory ΥƻФǮ֤ۤäͭ̾ʥƥȤҲ𤷤褦ϲΥǥ (105--10) POPE GREGORY ꡤűѸƥȤȸѸ
Þā underȝeat se pāpa þe on ðām tīman þæt apostoliċe setl ȝesæt, hū sē ēadiga Grēgōrius on hālgum mæȝnum ðēonde wæs, and hē ðā hine of ðǣre munuclican drohtnunge ȝenam, and him tō ȝefylstan ȝesette, on diaconhāde ȝeendebyrdne. Ðā ȝelāmp hit æt sumum sǣle, swā swā ȝȳt foroft dēð, þæt englisce ċȳpmenn brōhton heora ware tō Rōmāna byriȝ, and Gregorius ēode be ðǣre strǣt tō ðām engliscum mannum heora ðing scēawiȝende. Þā ȝeseah hē betwux ðām warum, ċȳpecnihtas ȝesette, þā wǣron hwītes līchaman and fæȝeres andwlitan menn, and æðelīċe ȝefexode.
Grēgōrius ðā behēold þǣra cnapena wlite, and befrān of hwilċere þēode hī ȝebrohte wǣron. Þā sǣde him man þæt hī of engla lande wǣron, and þæt ðǣre ðēode mennisc swā wlitiȝ wǣre. Eft ðā Grēgōrius befrān, hwæðer þæs landes folc cristen wǣre ðe hǣðen. Him man sǣde þæt hī hǣðene wǣron. Grēgōrius ðā of innweardre heortan langsume siċċetunge tēah, and cwæð: “Wā lā wā, þæt swa fæȝeres hīwes menn sindon ðām sweartan dēofle underðēodde.” Eft hē āxode hū ðǣre ðēode nama wǣre, þe hī of comon. Him wæs ȝeandwyrd þæt hī Angle ȝenemnode wǣron. Þā cwæð hē: “rihtlīċe hī sind Angle ȝehātene, for ðan ðe hī engla wlite habbað, and swilcum ȝedafenað þæt hī on heofonum engla ȝefēran bēon.” Gȳt ðā Grēgōrius befrān, hū ðǣre scīre nama wǣre, þe ðā cnapan of ālǣdde wæron. Him man sǣde þæt ðā scīrmen wǣron Dēre ȝehātene. Grēgōrius andwyrde: “Wel hī sind Dēre ȝehātene. for ðan ðe hī sind fram graman ȝenerode, and tō cristes mildheortnysse ȝecȳȝede.” Gȳt ðā hē befrān: “Hū is ðǣre leode cyning ȝehāten?” Him wæs ȝeandswarod þæt se cyning Ælle ȝehāten wǣre. Hwæt, ðā Grēgōrius gamenode mid his wordum to ðām naman, and cwæð: “Hit ȝedafenað þæt alleluia sȳ ȝesungen on ðām lande. tō lofe þæs ælmihtigan scyppendes.”
Grēgōrius ðā sōna ēode tō ðām pāpan þæs apostolican setles, and hine bæd þæt hē Angelcynne sume lārēowas āsende, ðe hī to criste ȝebiȝdon, and cwæð þæt hē sylf ȝearo wǣre þæt weorc tō ȝefremmenne mid godes fultume, ȝif hit ðām pāpan swā ȝelīcode. Þā ne mihte sē pāpa þæt ȝeðafian, þeah ðe hē eall wolde, for ðan ðe ðā rōmāniscan ċeasterȝewaran noldon ȝeðafian þæt swā ȝetoȝen mann and swā ȝeðungen lārēow þā burh eallunge forlēte, and swā fyrlen wræcsīð ȝename.
Then perceived the pope who at that time sat on the apostolic seat, how the blessed Gregory was thriving in the holy troops, and he then picked him up from the monastic condition, and made him (his) helper, (being) ordained to deaconhood. Then it happened at one time (= one day), as it yet very often does, that English merchants brought their wares to the city of Rome, and Gregory went along the street to the English men, looking at their things. Then he saw, among the wares, slaves set. They were men of white body and fair face, and excellently haired.
Gregory then beheld the appearance of those boys, and asked from which country they were brought. Then he was told that they were from England, and that the people of that country were so beautiful. Then again Gregory asked whether the fold of the land was Christian or heathen. They told him that they were heathen. Gregory then drew a long sigh from the depth of (his) heart, and said, 'Alas! that men of so fair appearance are subject to the black devil.' Again he asked how the name of the nation was, where they came from. He was answered that they were named Angles. Then said he, 'rightly they are called Angles, because they have angels' appearance, and it befits such (people) that they should be angels' companions in heavens!' Still Gregory asked how the name of the shire was, from which they were led away. They told him that the shiremen were called Deirians. Gregory answered, 'They are well called Deirians, because they are delivered from ire, and invoked to Christ's mercy.' Still he asked 'How is the king of the people called?' He was answered that the king was called Ælle. What! then Gregory joked with his words to the name, and said, 'It is fitting that Halleluiah be sung in the land, in praise of the Almighty Creator.'
Then Gregory at once went to the pope of the apostolic seat, and entreated him that he should send some preachers to the English, whom they converted to Christ, and said that he himself was ready to perform the work with God's help, if it so pleased the pope. The pope could not permit it, even if he quite desired (it), because the Roman citizens would not consent that such an educated and competent scholar should leave the city completely and take such a distant journey of peril.
ʤΰäμϸ Gregory I ƥǼƤ pāpa Pelagius II ؤƤ롥θ塤 Gregory 饤ɤ۶˽ФȤ櫓ˤϤʤäΤǡ Augustinus (St Augustine) Ȥ櫓
ΰäơȥߥ (50--51) ϡѹΥꥹȶϥǻϤޤä褦ʤΤɾƤ롥
㤤Ȥ˥쥴ޤȩȱޤǡˡ֤ޤϤɤ褿ΤפȤ顤֥ (Angle)ͤǥ쥴ϡ֤ޤϥͤʤƥ (angel) Τ褦פȤäȤ褦ͭ̾äޤ
ߥͭ̾ʥǤǤ顤̣ǥꥹΥꥹȶˤϸդΥ줫ϤޤȸȤǤޤ--- Non angli, sed angeli, --- Not Angles, but angels.
ơ֤ޤιϡפʹ֥ǥ (Deira) ǤפȤȡ֡̿Ρܤ (de ira) ߤơꥹȤλ˾Ǥפȥ쥴ϸäƤä줫֤ޤβͤ̾ϲפʹ֥ (Ælla) Ǥפȥ쥴ϤȤơ֥ιǤ⥢ꥢ (Allelulia) ȡդ褦ˤ褦פȸäͭ̾äޤ͡˥硼ǻϤޤäǤ͡ꥹ۶ϡ
ʸ嵭2024/04/13(Sat)Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ1 "Eft hē āxode . . . ȝefēran bēon." ʬˤĤƸűѸ첻ɤƤޤΤǤȤ#1048. ꥹʡȸűѸ첻ɡǤ
ʸ嵭2024/06/12(Wed)嵭 Voicy ɤ߾夲ʬμܲؤΥǤCatholic Homilies, Second Series, "IX, St Gregory the Great" (MS Ii.1.33, fol. 140v) *
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ
졤ԡߥɡʪʸػˡ٥դС˥դޤǡ١罤ۡ1981ǯ
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow