
10ϤޤޤؤοشⳫϤޤΤǡơhel (helkatsu) ФƤȻפޤ9ܤˤϡμͭӥ Mond ˤ10αѸ˴ؤ˲ƤޤϡѸˤ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ˤȤɤޤ餺ʳ̤ʤɤޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤѸˤϥݥƥ֤ʷƻ¿Τ˥ͥƥʷƻ줬ʤΡ
Ѹˤϥݥƥʷƻͥƥʷƻ˭٤ˤޤŪθҲŪװˤꡤŪʱѸؽǤϥݥƥʷƻ˿뵡¿ʤ뷹ꤽǤºݤθѡä˥ɽǤϡͥƥʷƻ¿¸ߤޤ
(2) ̾ȷƻδطˤĤơGermany German Τ褦˸ʪޤ
̱̾²̾̾ʤɤδطʣǡɤ餬ΤǤɤ餬줫ϾˤäưۤʤޤŪѲ伫Ρ¾Τΰ㤤ʤɤƶŪʷŦΤϺǤ
(3) ߴλ I have been to б븽߷ *I am to ʤΤϤʤ
have been to 18о줷Ūɽǡб븽߷ϸ¸ߤޤǤbe ưξֻ to ưפͳΰĤǤָߴλΤʸˡ̤ȯŸƤޤ
(4) ɤޤʤƬʳ h ˤĤƤθˤϡ
桦 h Ū2Ż2ǤȤƤh䡤<wh> бȯѸˤ /h/ ʬ۳ʤɡ͡ʴ鸦椬ʤƤޤh ꤵѸȯֻȯŸ˴ͿƤܤǤ
(5) ˤֽħѲˤĤ
ˤäƸǤֽͭηꡤϸ硤ֹ¤¤ʤ͡¦̤˸ޤħŪʤΤǤϤʤŪѲ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ㤨бѸ䥲ޥδܸ SOV SVO ؤĹ֤ѲƤޤ
(6) ʤ come some ˤ "magic e" Υ롼뤬ŬѤʤΡ
comesome ʤɤñϡ"magic e" Υ롼Ȥ̵طˤǤޤñֻϡ餷ɤߤ䤹뤿ˡޤ줿ΤǤѸֻˤ¿Υ롼뤬¸ߤ"magic e" ϤΤ1Ĥ˲ޤ
(7) Let's ˤߤ us s ξάϤ롩ޤ̣Ѳͳϡ
us ξάȤƤ -'s ȤƤϡshall's shall us ޤäΡˤޤlet's ϷŪˤ us μ岽ޤޤǽŪˤϡֵĤΰפִͶפؤȯŸˡ֤ʤ¥ǽޤϸμѲּѲȤޤ
(8) ѸˤܸΡ~פΤ褦1;ΤܤɽϤ롩
Ѹˤ⸬ɽϤޤܸۤηŪǤϤޤ㤨 in my humble opinion my modest prediction ʤɤɽ¾εĤɽԤؼ the present author ʤɤɽޤθ䴷ɽˤȤɤޤꡤܸΤ褦ηŪԶɽƥ¸ߤޤ
(9) Ѹ˸Ԥܻؤ4ǯ
´ȸ˼ҲиѤǤر˿ʳؤ륭ꥢѥޤ鸽Ǥηиϸ˥ˡʻ⤿餹ǽޤԤˤʤ뤫ɤ¤¿οͤΤǤǤפʤΤϻ³ؿõ濴ʤǮǤ䥻ߥʡؤλä³ؤӤΥ١ݤäƤ
(10) Ѹο;̾ˤ̶ʬͳȿ̾βǽϡ
1;Ρ2;̾ϲäθ̤ȽǤǤ뤿ᶦŪǤ3;ñ̾ϲäθˤʤͤؤᡤŪ̾դƤǤǤ¿ؤǧ顤3;ñ̾줬ƤƤޤƤΤ singular they ǤܤǤ
ʾǤ10 Mond ꡤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵ
ɸ (discourse marker, DM) ˤĤơ#2041. ɸ졤 ([2014-11-28-1]) discourse_marker γƵǼ夲ƤǤϡԸ椫ޤȤ Archer ˽äơɸħȷϩˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥
ޤɸħ顥Archer (660) ϼ4夲Ƥ롥
- DMs are phonologically short items that normally occur sentence-initially (but can occur in medial or final position . . .);
- DMs are syntactically independent elements (often constituting separate intonation units) which occur with high frequency (in oral discourse in particular);
- DMs lack semantic content (i.e. they are non-referential/non-propositional in meaning)
- DMs are non-truth-conditional elements, and thus optional (i.e. they may be deleted).
ƤɸϡˤɤСɸʤɤǤϤʤäˤβǡɽɸ餷ʤäƤȤȤǤ롥ǤϡɤΤ褦ɽɸؤȯŸ䤹ΤŵŪɸηϩˤĤƤϡŪʴ鵭ҤΤȡ̣ŪʴΤΤ롥ޤԤˤĤ (Archer 661)
- adverb/preposition > conjunction > DM;
- predicate adverb > sentential adverb structure > parenthetical DM . . .;
- imperative matrix clause > indeterminate structure > parenthetical DM;
- relative/adverbial clause > parenthetical DM.
̣Ūʴηϩϡ̤ (Archer 661)
- truth-conditional > non-truth conditional . . .,
- content > procedural, and nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective meaning,
- scope within the proposition > scope over the proposition > scope over discourse.
Archer, Dawn. "Early Modern English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 41 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 652--67.
ǯǤϡּ (periphery) դθ椬ܤƤƤ롥ĻرؤθץȤ١Ȥ˴ؤ뾮ԡˤͽȯäΤϤȽ٤Ǥ줿ʤܤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ŪƳȤʤ1Ϥˡּפ並ˤˤĤƤβ⤬롥ȾǧƤ (9)
Ȥå˥åȤκǽ餢뤤ϺǸΰ֤ǤꡤǤϥƥŪʤӤˡʤϥŪʸޤ졤˥åΤѰȤ
ˤϺǽΰ֡ʤʤˤȺǸΰ֡ʱˤ2Ĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬ξԤδ֤ˤƯΰ㤤ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ԸˤСֺȱμθλѡפȤơΤ褦ʬô⤵Ȥ (25)
| μ (LP) | μ (RP) |
|---|---|
| Ū (dialogual) | ԤλŪ (dialogic) |
| ý롿դ (turn-taking/attention-getting) | ýʾꡤý߽Фɸ (turn-yielding/end-marking) |
| äˤĤʤ (link to previous discourse) | ³äͽ¬ (anticipation of forthcoming discourse) |
| ɸ (response-marking) | ¥ (response-inviting) |
| 경ե졼ಽ (focalizing/topicalizing/framing) | ⡼벽 (modalizing) |
| Ū (subjective) | ּŪ (intersubjective) |
#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])#1972. Meillet ʸˡ([2014-09-20-1])#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡʸˡθ椬ʤˤĤơʸˡΤΤΤȤ館ѲƤŪʡֶȡŪֹȤ̤롥ʲTraugott (59--61) ˽äƾҲ𤹤롥
ֶˤСʸˡȤϽ̾ (reduction) Ǥ롥θϼȤƷŪʴΤΤǤꡤʸˡȤϹ¤ȷν̾Ѱ (scope) ν̾ư¸طääƤħŤȤ롥θ Meillet ̤ꡤƥʬŪ dare habes ޥṲ̄ؤѲʤɤŵȤ롥§ʸˡΤǤС֤빽ʸޤΰ궯Ū¸طĤ褦ˤʤŪѲפȤȤˤʤTraugott 60)
ǽŪʴȤ櫓ŪʴʸˡߤäƤˤäơʸˡȤϤषĥ (extension) ǤȤͤޤäƤ3ΥƥȳĥƤ롥1ĤϥŪĥǤꡤ㤨 be going to ?뤿˹Ԥˤ̤ɽưˤʤäˤƤϡʸˡˤĤƸ³ưμबäȤΤƤ롥ֹԤפȤɺ (bleaching) 뤳Ȥˤꡤlike think ʤɤưȤ⼫ͳ˶뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤä2ܤϷŪĥǤ롥ؼ줬괧ʸˡ硤ǽϼŪΰ֤ΤŪǤꡤ֤֡ɽˤޤdzĥΤʸˡβʤǤΤȤ¿3ܤϰ̣ŪĥǤ롥ʸˡФϡ֤ȤȤ¿¿ǽˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сư can ϡΤäƤפȤưΰ̣ȯǤǽϡġǽʤɤ¿¿ǽȯã˻ä
嵭Ρֶʸˡȡֹʸˡϡ줾ȿФƤ褦Ǥʤ顤¤ƱɽǤ롥ԤϷŪʴԤϵǽŪʴܤƤȤ㤤ˤʤ̣ɺ (bleaching) 뤤æ̣ (desemanticization) ˤĤƤ⡤濴˹ͤн̾ (reduction) ȤȤ館뤬ǿ˳ŪǥŪʰ̣ʻꡤʡϢʤɡˤ濴˹ͤгĥ (extension) ȤȤ館롥Ūʰ̣γȤϡСּ³ (procedural) ˡγǤꡤˤȯäϤΤɬפȤʤο任뤳ȤǽȤʤȤǡŪʵǽȯã뤳ȤˤۤʤʤˤơʸˡȸӤĤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ǯʸˡѲּѲʤɤѸ䳵ǰΩƤ줾줬ߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤϤޤ餫ˤƤʤʬŪ˽Ťʤ礦ȤϤ狼äƤƤꡤ碌ƤȤˤꡤŪʰ̣Ѳʤ뤤ϸѲˤβˤĤʤΤǤϤʤȤԤ롥
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs ˡʡˡʸˡȡʴ֡˼Ѳס˸硡Υߥ˥١ʹ ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡˡ罤ۡ2011ǯ59--70ǡ
εǼ夲#1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]) ȡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ˤĤơ롥ȥ饦åȤˤѲĤۤ (32) ˤ꼨
ΰ̣εҴŪʡϻǤϤʤäȤߥ˥ˤäʽˤΡμŪʡϻ٤֤ηвΤʤǡ沽褦ˤʤᥫ˥ (Traugott 2003: 126)
ȥ饦åȤˤּѲϡƱĤۤ (32--33) ˤȡ
äʽˤʹɤˤΡּʡפظդΤɽ뤳ȡ (Traugott 2003: 128) Ǥ롥ǤաפȤϡȯäǸƤƤФ롤ʹɤˤ٤˸աפȡʹɤˤ̻Ҥȡʹɤˤݻ褦Ȥ륤ФաפΤȤǤ롥ּѲϡְ̣ʹ˾֤Τˤʤᥫ˥פǤꡤäʽˤʹɤˤΡؼʡ٤ظդްդ֤Фơ沽ץʤǤäդϡǧŪҲŪξδؿؤˤ뤳ȤǤ롥äơּѲȤϡŪˡѲꤢȤ˵סּѲפȤפΤؤȤˤʤΤǤ (Traugott 2003: 129--130)
üŪɽСä١ʼˤɲΤѲäʹؤθʴּˤɲΤּѲȤ롥
ѲȴּѲΥץˤĤ˸ؤδŪ˺Ǥפϡ"non-subjective > subjective > intersubjective" Ȥβ⤬Ƥ뤳Ȥβ̸Ū¿λˤٻƤꡤƱ褦˰Ƥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤߴطˤĤƤ蘆Ƥ롥ΰβˤϰ⤢뤬ˤ̣Ѳؤθι϶ǯ뤷
ܸ줫μѲȴּѲȤơǫ?ޤפȯã롥ȤȼĮˤƵҴŪˡֵͤκ¤פ̣Ƥָ¡̾ˡܤưˡפȤɽ16˲Ūˡ֤פȤĤŤޤȤȤ˰̣ǺɸȤƤʪɸˤѤ褦ˤʤäɸλѤüԤμŪȽǤ˴ؤΤ顤ɸ첽ȤϼѲˤۤʤʤˡ֤פϡ?ޤפȷѤߤǤмԷɸʹɸˤȤƴּŪ˵ǽƤ롥
ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡ˸硡Υߥ˥١罤ۡ2011ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
ܿʬǤϡѤ䤹Ϥ뤫ȤꡤʤѼ (scale of adoptability, or borrowability scale) äƵ깭ƤThomason and Kaufman ϼѤʤϤʤƤ뤬ȤƤѤ䤹ܤȤǤʤܤ뤳ȤǧƤ롥#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1]) ʤɤǵΰüߤƤŪʴˤ٤ä褽ɽȤ뼫Ωι⤤֤ǤѤ䤹ǡǤʤɤι«줿֤³ȤäΤʤ˲졤̣ʤɤμѤ⺮äƤ뤬ϽȤƤŪΤۤǤ롥
Ω줬ǤѤ䤹ŪʸˡܤǤѤˤȤŪʼ٤ϡľŪˤ䤹ġ㳰ŪʻϤˤ衤褽ƱդƤȤäƤ褤ȤǡŪʴǤϤʤǽŪʴˤѼ٤ȤΤϤˤĤ Matras (209--10) ̣ŦƤ롥
. . . it was proposed that borrowing hierarchies are sensitive to functional properties of discourse organization and speaker-hearer interaction. Items expressing contrast and change are more likely to be borrowed than items expressing addition and continuation. Discourse markers such as tags and interjections are on the whole more likely to be borrowed than conjunctions, and categories expressing attitudes to propositions (such as focus particles, phrasal adverbs like still or already, or modals) are more likely to be borrowed than categories that are part of the propositional content itself (such as prepositions, or adverbs of time and place). Contact susceptibility is thus stronger in categories that convey a stronger link to hearer expectations, indicating that contact-related change is initiated through the convergence of communication patterns . . . . In the domain of phonology and phonetics, sentence melody, intonation and tones appear more susceptible to borrowing than segmental features. One might take this a step further and suggest that contact first affects those functions of language that are primary or, in evolutionary perspective, primitive. Reacting to external stimuli, seeking attention, and seeking common ground with a counterpart or interlocutor. Contact-induced language change thus has the potential to help illuminate the internal composition of the grammatical apparatus, and indeed even its evolution.
ղûϤȤɸ (discourse_marker) ٤ɽ魯ʤɡʹռߥ˥εǽɽΤۤ̿ŪؼŪʵǽɽѤ䤹ȤŦǤ롥ɸϤƤʸ¾ǤΩƤ롤뤤ϴΩƤϤʤȤ⡤٤ʬΥǽݻƤ롥ĤޤꡤεǽŪʴˤ٤ϡŪΩ伫ͳ٤ȴϢƤ¤ˤơηŪʴˤ٤Ȥ̷⤷ʤषηŪʴΤʤ˼ޤʹˤʤΤǤϤʤ
ȡޤǹͻȤǡΰѤθȾǽҤ٤Ƥ첻˴ؤѼ٤ΤǤϡʬ֤֤겻פǤαΧŪǤΤۤѤ䤹Ȥ롥ηŪʴǤϡʬ䲻ǤμѤؤθڤϤäΧŪǤμѤϤۤȤˤ줿ȤʤΤǤϤʤʺε#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1]) (6) ȡˡΧŪǤŪ˼Ѥ䤹ȤŦȹ碌ơѤȾʬƤɾȡǽŪʼѼ٤Ƥ˰롥äʹΥߥ˥ľܴͿࡤСʴ֡˼ޤबǤʤΤѤ䤹ȤΤϡεǽȤߤơΤ˹Ūοʲ (evolution) ؤƶˤڤǤꡤɷŪǤ롥
Τ褦˰츫ʤۤɤȻפ碌ǤϤ뤬Ѥ줿ܤοȤߤȡdiscourse marker μѤϡʳ̿ŪؼŪʵǽɽŵŪˤ̾ưˤ٤ơŪ˾ʤȤϵ褦ʤŪʴȵǽŪʴबߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطǺѤѼ٤ƤΤ¿λ㸦椬ɬפˤʤäƤ
Matras, Yaron. "Language Contact." Variation and Change. Ed. Mirjam Fried et al. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2010. 203--14.
ϡε#1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]) ȯŸȤּѲ (intersubjectification) ˤĤƼ夲롥Traugott ϡ"nonsubjective > subjective" Ȥ̣ѲαĹ "subjective > intersubjective" Ȥ⤦1Ĥʳ뤳ȤƤƤ롥ޤּѲ (intersubjectification) ιԤ夯Ǥּ (intersubjectivity) ˤĤơTraugott (128) ߤƤߤ褦
[I]ntersubjectivity is the explicit expression of the SP/W's attention to the 'self' of addressee/reader in both an epistemic sense (paying attention to their presumed attitudes to the content of what is said), and in a more social sense (paying attention to their 'face' or 'image needs' associated with social stance and identity). (128)
ơּѲ (intersubjectification) Ȥϡ"the development of meanings that encode speaker/writers' attention to the cognitive stances and social identities of addressees" (124) 롥
Ѹ줫ּŪɽ褦Actually, I will drive you to the dentist. "Actually" ּṲ̄ƤȤ "Actually" ϡ֤ʤϤƤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤΤǤƸޤפۤɤΰ̣ޤǤꡤʹ face ФƤθɽ魯ä٤ɽ路Ƥ롥ޤĤƤαѸˤ2;̾ you thou λȤʬ (cf. t/v_distinction) ⡤ŵŪʴּŪɽǤ롥
ּѲȡLet's take our pills now, Roger. ˤ let's 롥 let's ϡlet us (allow us) Ȥ̿ʸȯãǤꡤlet's ṳ̂ʤ "I propose" ۤɤξ塦ΰդɽ魯褦ˤʤä줬˿ƤҤˤʤ褦ư¥ "care-giver register" ǤˡؤȯŸΤǤ롥塦ȯãϼѲȤߤƤ褤μȯŸʳϡäʿơˤʹʻҡˤؤΡ֤ʤ¥פ٤ɲƤȤǴּѲȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥̿ʸԤ please pray ʤɤˡȯã⡤Ʊͤ˴ּѲȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˡ֤ޤȤǤƱդޤפۤɤ̣ɸ well ȯã⤦1ĤȤߤƤ褤
ʹ face Ťä٤Τּ뤤ϴּѲȤСѸȤϤषܸν֤ºݡּּѲθǤϡܸϰĥǤ롥Ƽηɾɽ˻Ϥޤꡤ졤ɸȤƤΡ֤ơפʤɡ¿ɽ˴ּߤ롥Traugott "nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective" ȤѲꤹΤǤСܸϡΤɤͤޤˤޤǹԤڤäɽ¿¸ߤ롤ŪȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡɤͤޤˤޤǹԤڤäɽΤθϤɤʤΤȯŸʳʤȤȤˤʤСɤͤޤˤϼɽѤ뤳ȤˤʤꤽѤȤʤäƤɽ¿Traugott (136) ϡΤ褦Ƥ롥
. . . by hypothesis, intersubjectification is a semasiological end-point for a particular form-meaning pair; onomasiologically, however, an intersubjective category will over time come to have more or fewer members, depending on cultural preference, register, etc.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
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