Visser (§2148) ˤȡ'He has been crying' 'He had been crying' ΥפδλʹԷϡѸ Cursor Mundi ˽㤬ǧ롥
13.. Curs, M. 5256 he three dais had fastand bene. | Ibid. 10305, fastand had he lang noght bene. | Ibid. 14240, mari and martha had been wepand þar four dais. | Ibid. 26292, if þi parischen In sin lang has ligand bene. | Ibid. 28176, Oft haue i bene ouer mistrauand. | Ibid. 28941, þin almus agh þou for to bede, And namli til him þat has bene Hauand ..., And falles in-to state o nede plight-less.
θ Chaucer ޤѸΥƥȤ㤬³Ǥᤤ㤬ѸˤĤǧ뤫Ȥäơɬ⸽ѸοdzΩƤ褦1ĤλȤơǤˤѤƤȤȤǤϤʤºݡԤΤʤˤϡγΩ϶ѸʹߤǤ롤ˤäƤϸѸǤȽҤ٤ƤΤ⤢롥Visser ȤϾ嵭ƱˤơΤ褦⤤Ƥ롥
These types, traditionally called the 'perfect progressive' or 'expanded perfect' and the 'pluperfect progressive' or 'expanded pluperfect', are not represented in Old English. They appear for the first time on paper in the 14th century, and it took them about a century to develop into a well-established and not infrequently used idiom. In the subjoined list all the 14th, 15th, 16th and 17the century instances available are mentioned (and it is therefore not a selection like the rest), in order to show the erroneousness of various statements concerning date of earliest appearance and the incidence in earlier English (often called 'rare').. Thus Åkerlund (1911 p. 85) states: "These tenses do not occur in Old English, nor in the earlier part of the subsequent period. Later on, they creep slowly into existence---even as late as Shakespeare there are strikingly scarce; but they are not employed frequently enough." Kisbye (An Historical Outline of Eng. Syntax I 1971 p. 47) observes: "The expanded pluperfect was instance only once [italics added] in Northern ME ...---This compound tense ... being uncommon till the 19th century [italics added]." In Barbara Strang's The History of English (1970 pp. 207--8) it is averred that the periphrastic perfect did not become fully current till the 18th century, and that the periphrastic pluperfect showed its full maturity fro the time of the Restoration. (But see e.g. the quotations from Lord Berners below). As to her statement that a pluperfect progressive arose "a little earlier [than a perfect progressive] in the 14th century", see earliest examples of the perfect progressive is from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1386).
Դ֤ˤäªäȤȤϡ٤˺ꡤ¤ͭƤʤäȤȤǡλʹԷνиΤۤߴλʹԷΩäƤȤ¤϶̣
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

98ˤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˼Ťdz줿ֱѸ˥饤20241åȤơʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯԤǤݺƻͺضˤȽ heldio ̤¸ޤ
ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥʤ벻ƥĤȤʤäƤޤФǤʤݺθѲ˴Ѥİ뵮ŤʵȤʤäƤޤ̤κݡμϿԽʬäˡʬϿǤʤäȤ˺ΥߥȤƤޤޤΤȤƤϰӤƥĤȤʤäƤޤҤİФȻפޤ#1245. ݺƻͺȤΡʸˡ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פǤԤ20ʬǤˡ
2ץǤϡѲˤʸˡΰ֤ŤӱŪ do (do-periphrasis) ʸˡΥȥˤĤƤäƤޤ³3ץǤϡλ (perfect) ʸˡƳƤޤʼϿ˼ԤƤޤä do ˤĤޤƤϡݺˤäꤪäȻפäƤޤ
̤ǤҲ𤷤ʸˡѸ䡤ǰƤġʸˡλˤĤƤϡޤǤ hellog heldio ͡˼夲Ƥޤʸˡ˴ؤȤ櫓פʥƥĤʲ˰Ƥޤ
ڡhellog
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1])
#2146. ѸˤѲϡ¤εǽ¤ؤγŬǤ ([2015-03-13-1])
#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1])
#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1])
#2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#3669. ߤΥ롼Τμóݤ ([2019-05-14-1])
#5124. Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])
#5132. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ --- ʸˡפȤѤʵ ([2023-05-16-1])
#5411. heldio ǡʸˡפƳ륷Ϥޤ ([2024-02-19-1])
#5420. ݺƻͺˡʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯ --- Ѹʸˡ ([2024-02-28-1])
ڡheldio ƥġ
#988. 夦夦ñȤñ --- Ƹȵǽ
#989. ƸȵǽΤ줾ħӤ
#990. ʸˡȤϲ
#991. while ʸˡ
#992. while ʸˡ³ˡ
#1001. ѸʸˡˤĤΤꤿʤ --- ݺƻͺˡʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˡ
#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
ѸˤλʸˡȤơݺʸˡѸ䤷ޤ
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ
μͭӥ Mond ˤ5αѸ˴ؤ˲ޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤ̻ͷΥǤΤˡͭʤͷΥǤʤΡ
ŪˤϿ̻ (QP) ȸ (DP) ΰ㤤ˤΤǤǤǤϹԤޤŪˤСűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ̻ͷΥϾ¸ߤƤޤȤȤ¤ʤäƤƤȤ¤ޤܤϿ Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯȤ
(2) have got to got ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
have got ֳȤפȤߴλΰ̣Ǥ16ֻäƤפȤñʰ̣žޤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βФơ have ѤȤ夷Ƥޤ#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1])#5658. Ū have got ȯã (2) ([2024-10-23-1]) ȡ
(3) ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦
1פ¾ο٤ä˴ŪǽפʿǤ뤿ȹͤޤűѸˤп⤢ޤѸʹߤñʣ2ʬȤʤޤθǤϺ5ʬޤǻĤΤ⤢ޤ#5660. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ ([2024-10-25-1]) ȡ
(4) λϤʤưη³ɽǤΤǤ礦
λνˡζϡָߤȤδͿפǤ³ΰ̣ϼ˾ưǸ졤ưưǤϴλΰ̣ɽФޤޤֻŪפⴰλνפħȹͤޤ#5651. Ф븽ߴλΰ̣ŪħϡפǤ ([2024-10-16-1]) ȡ
(5) subjunctive mood ʲˡ³ˡˤθߴλˤĤ
ˡߴλ¸߲ǽǼ⸫ޤŪޤǤˡηϤϡָߡλפ3ȤߤȤΤǡǴλ꤬ɬפʾ˸ߴλѤ롤Ȳ᤹ΤϤǤ礦
ʾǤ11 Mond ˤƱѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵդƤޤˤʤ䤤
ε#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1]) ˰³ǤŪȤʤäαŪɽˤĤơ
Rissanen (220) ѸƤʸˤơƱɽȯˤĤƸڤƤ롥
The perfect have got, which is almost a rule, instead of the present tense have, in colloquial present-day British English, is attested from the end of the sixteenth century. The periphrastic form here is possibly due to a tendency to increase the weight of the verbal group, particularly in sentence-final position. The association of have with the auxiliaries may have supported the development of the two-verb structure.
(173) Some have got twenty four pieces of ivory cut in the shape of dice, . . . and with these they have played at vacant hours with a childe ([HC] Hoole 7)
(174) Bon. What will your Worship please to have for Supper?
Aim. What have you got?
Bon. Sir, we have a delicate piece of Beef in the Pot . . .
Aim. Have you got any fish or Wildfowl? ([HC] Farquhar I.i)
νиطʤȤƹͤ2Ƥ롥1ĤϡʣưȤ뤳ȤDZΧŪʡֽŤߡפϤ褯ʤȤȤȤ櫓ʸˤưʲʬˤ got ȸǤϹΧˤʤȤȤϤɤޤǼ¾ڤΤˤʤȤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡhave ưȤƿ褦ˤʤäƤˡ got Τ褦̤ư줬³2ʣưȤƵǽ뤳ȤϡŪ˼ʤȤȤƶǤ롥have + ʬפߴλɽ魯ȤΤϡǤѸ̤ΤȤäȤ櫓 have got αȯãƤϤʤѶŪ褦ƶǤϤʤ
17ʰʹߡˤθˤʸ̮ܤĴƤɬפ롥
Rissanen, Matti. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.

μͭӥ Mond ˴ƤֱŪ have gotפ˴ؤѤʵˡޤꤪɤߤϤäȾܤĴ٤ʤФʤʤǡϤȤꤢβäΤǤ˹ͤϤƤߤȻפޤ
ǽΰϡĤǤ OED ǤŪ have got ϡOED get (v.) IV ιˡλüˡȤƵҤޤ
IV. Specialized uses of the perfect.
In this use, the perfect and past perfect of get (have got, has got, had got) function as a present and past tense verb, which, owing to its formation, does not enter into further compound forms (perfect and past perfect, progressive, passive, or periphrastic expressions with to do), or have an imperative or infinitive.
In colloquial, regional, and nonstandard use, omission of auxiliary have is frequent in the uses at this branch (e.g. I got some, you got to): see examples in etymology section. An inflected form gots is also sometimes found in similar use (e.g. I gots some, he gots to), especially in African American usage: see further examples in etymology section.
IV.i. In senses equivalent to those of the present and past tenses of have.
Often, especially in early use, difficult to distinguish from the dynamic use 'have obtained or acquired'.
IV.i.33.a. transitive. To hold as property, be in possession of, own; to possess as a part, attribute, or characteristic; = have v. I.i
[1600 What a beard hast thou got; thou hast got more haire on thy chinne, then Dobbin my philhorse hase on his taile.
W. Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice]
1611 The care of conseruing and increasing the goods they haue got, and the feare of loosing that which they enioy.
J. Maxwell, translation of Treasure of Tranquillity xvii. 144
a1616 Fie, th'art a churle, ye'haue got a humour there Does not become a man.
W. Shakespeare, Timon of Athens (1623) i.ii.25
c1635 My lady has got a cast of her eye.
H. Glapthorne, Lady Mother (1959) ii.i.22
1670 They have got..such a peculiar Method of Text-dividing.
J. Eachard, Grounds Contempt of Clergy 113
. . . .
have got ưŪʰ̣ɽ魯ΤξŪʰ̣ɽ魯Τä˽ˤĤƤȽ̤ˤȽҤ٤ƤϤޤ17٤ƤäȤ EEBO corpus Ĵ٤¤ְ㤤ʤǤʤɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤɽ졤ŪˤʤäƤäΤꤷƤɬפޤ
ѸληϤϤʣǡȤ櫓ؼԤˤȤäƾ㳲ȤʤΤߴλ (present perfect) Ǥ롥 (preterite)ȤϤɤۤʤΤޤܼĤߤˤ͡뤬Ѹˤθ Visser ˤСߴλȰۤʤϤΡ (indefiniteness) ˤȤ㳰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ĥġߴλܼ3ˤޤȤƤ (III, §2004 [p. 2193]) Visser ǰƬˤƤΤϡѸεʸˡȤ⡤̻֤ռ˱ʸˡǤ뤳Ȥդ줿
The present perfect is generally preferred to the preterite
(a) when in the sentence there is no past-time adjunct and at the same time any definite idea of past-ness of the action is excluded as e.g. in 'I have been in Brasil';
(b) when there is a temporal adjunct in the sentence which does not clearly refer to a definite point of time but rather to a certain space of time, such as 'long ago', 'in my youth', 'before this time', 'once', 'often', 'ere now', 'recently', 'formerly', etc.
(c) when there is a temporal adjunct in the sentence referring to a period of time that stretches from a point in the past to the moment of speaking, e.g. 'this month', 'ever since', 'hitherto', 'of late', 'this twelvemonth', 'for many years', 'the whole afternoon', etc.
(a) ˤСߴλϡΤĵäΤʤɤ⡤ߤޤǤ˴λƤ뤳Ȥްդ롥ִλסַ̡סַиפʤɤˡήФƤ롥
(b) ˤСߴλϲ1ǤϤʤϰϤä֤ǰƬˤƤȤַиˡ˴ط롥
(c) (b) üǤȹͤ鸽ߤޤǤδ֤ǰƬ֤졤ַ³פˡ߽ФƤ롥
ִλסַ̡סַиסַ³פʤɤѸ¤٤ȡˤɬӤΤʤФ븽ߴλħϡסȤ櫓֤˴ؤĤޤּΤ1ǰƬˤƤʤȤ˵ΤǤϤʤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

10ϤޤޤؤοشⳫϤޤΤǡơhel (helkatsu) ФƤȻפޤ9ܤˤϡμͭӥ Mond ˤ10αѸ˴ؤ˲ƤޤϡѸˤ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ˤȤɤޤ餺ʳ̤ʤɤޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤѸˤϥݥƥ֤ʷƻ¿Τ˥ͥƥʷƻ줬ʤΡ
Ѹˤϥݥƥʷƻͥƥʷƻ˭٤ˤޤŪθҲŪװˤꡤŪʱѸؽǤϥݥƥʷƻ˿뵡¿ʤ뷹ꤽǤºݤθѡä˥ɽǤϡͥƥʷƻ¿¸ߤޤ
(2) ̾ȷƻδطˤĤơGermany German Τ褦˸ʪޤ
̱̾²̾̾ʤɤδطʣǡɤ餬ΤǤɤ餬줫ϾˤäưۤʤޤŪѲ伫Ρ¾Τΰ㤤ʤɤƶŪʷŦΤϺǤ
(3) ߴλ I have been to б븽߷ *I am to ʤΤϤʤ
have been to 18о줷Ūɽǡб븽߷ϸ¸ߤޤǤbe ưξֻ to ưפͳΰĤǤָߴλΤʸˡ̤ȯŸƤޤ
(4) ɤޤʤƬʳ h ˤĤƤθˤϡ
桦 h Ū2Ż2ǤȤƤh䡤<wh> бȯѸˤ /h/ ʬ۳ʤɡ͡ʴ鸦椬ʤƤޤh ꤵѸȯֻȯŸ˴ͿƤܤǤ
(5) ˤֽħѲˤĤ
ˤäƸǤֽͭηꡤϸ硤ֹ¤¤ʤ͡¦̤˸ޤħŪʤΤǤϤʤŪѲ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ㤨бѸ䥲ޥδܸ SOV SVO ؤĹ֤ѲƤޤ
(6) ʤ come some ˤ "magic e" Υ롼뤬ŬѤʤΡ
comesome ʤɤñϡ"magic e" Υ롼Ȥ̵طˤǤޤñֻϡ餷ɤߤ䤹뤿ˡޤ줿ΤǤѸֻˤ¿Υ롼뤬¸ߤ"magic e" ϤΤ1Ĥ˲ޤ
(7) Let's ˤߤ us s ξάϤ롩ޤ̣Ѳͳϡ
us ξάȤƤ -'s ȤƤϡshall's shall us ޤäΡˤޤlet's ϷŪˤ us μ岽ޤޤǽŪˤϡֵĤΰפִͶפؤȯŸˡ֤ʤ¥ǽޤϸμѲּѲȤޤ
(8) ѸˤܸΡ~פΤ褦1;ΤܤɽϤ롩
Ѹˤ⸬ɽϤޤܸۤηŪǤϤޤ㤨 in my humble opinion my modest prediction ʤɤɽ¾εĤɽԤؼ the present author ʤɤɽޤθ䴷ɽˤȤɤޤꡤܸΤ褦ηŪԶɽƥ¸ߤޤ
(9) Ѹ˸Ԥܻؤ4ǯ
´ȸ˼ҲиѤǤر˿ʳؤ륭ꥢѥޤ鸽Ǥηиϸ˥ˡʻ⤿餹ǽޤԤˤʤ뤫ɤ¤¿οͤΤǤǤפʤΤϻ³ؿõ濴ʤǮǤ䥻ߥʡؤλä³ؤӤΥ١ݤäƤ
(10) Ѹο;̾ˤ̶ʬͳȿ̾βǽϡ
1;Ρ2;̾ϲäθ̤ȽǤǤ뤿ᶦŪǤ3;ñ̾ϲäθˤʤͤؤᡤŪ̾դƤǤǤ¿ؤǧ顤3;ñ̾줬ƤƤޤƤΤ singular they ǤܤǤ
ʾǤ10 Mond ꡤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵ
ѸˤˤƻƥбɽϤФѲƤ㤨С̤ΤȤؼΤˤɤΤ褦ɽѤƤˤ˱äƤɤäƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸˤƤϸѤƤѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ shall/will ʤɤѤŪɽѤ褦ˤʤä
Görlach (100) ϡƥᤰѸ˾ѲγάɽˤޤȤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

äȤޤȤƻͤˤ줿
Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
¿θˤϡ (time) ˴Ϣ복ǰɸ뵡ǽޤޤܸˤѸˤ⤢äʬ䤹Τ (tense) Ȥ (category) Ǥ͡ߡ̤ȤּΥݥȤǤ
⤦1ġ褯ʹΤ (aspect) Ǥaspect Ȥñϡֶ̡¦̡֡¡פۤɤ̣Ƥ褵ǤǤʬˤפȤʤäƤΤǺޤʤۤؽѸȤƤ꤬ȤäΤǤ礦͡ޤ괶Ǥޤ夷ƤޤäΤ̵뤹櫓ˤ⤤ޤΤǡϡפ̤ޤ
ơaspect פˤĤƻͽĴ٤Ƥߤȡ͡⤬Ƥޤߤ˼ݤ礭ۤʤޤ
ư˴ؤʸˡƤΰĤǡưɽ魯ư֤ΤȤ館ӤʸˡʡؿѸؼŵ, p. 96
The grammatical category (expressed in verb forms) that refers to a way of looking at the time of a situation: for example, its duration, repetition, completion. Aspect contrasts with tense, the category that refers to the time of the situation with respect to some other time: for example, the moment of speaking or writing. There are two aspects in English: the progressive aspect ('We are eating lunch') and the perfect aspect ('We have eaten lunch'). (McArthur 86)
A grammatical category concerned with the relationship between the action, state or process denoted by a verb, and various temporal meanings, such as duration and level of completion. There are two aspects in English: the progressive and the perfect. (Pearce 18)
ȾǯۤΤȤǤ饤ȤκˡꥺХפäƲǤȤ䤬åȤǴޤΤȤ˼¨ʤβȤפФޤΤǡ˺ƸޤȤȤ⤢ꡤξǤʬ䤹Ż뤷奢ǻŪʲˤϤʤäƤޤäʬ䤹⤷ޤ
꤬Ȥɤ㤦ȤƤǤ礦͡ȤäΤǤ褯Τϡפưɽ魯ư֤ꡤֻפưɽ魯ưγ֤Ȥޤ
㤨 jump ķ֡פγ֤ʬ䤹ơķסķ֡סķ֤פǤ֤͡ȤΤϡķ֡פȰǤäƤ⡤ӤζĥķӻϤ褦ʤȤʳʡˤ⤢СºķӻϤƤȤʳʡˤ⤢뤷ķǤƶˤʳʡˤ⤢Сķӽäʳʡˤ⤢Сķӽääʳʡˤ⤢Ȥ褦ˡǤϾʤȤ5ʳ餤櫓Ǥ⡼βΤɤǻߤ褦ȤäǤκ٤ʳɽ魯ΤפǤ֤ؤäƤǤ϶̤ƤޤֻפȤ̼λ֤ªǤ͡
ˤפγǰΰΤߤĤޤβˤޤͤˤʤС
⤦ܳŪˤϡ#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1]) ⻲ȡ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.
ѸˤǤϡűѸꡤλɽ魯Τ have λ be λ2बԤʤƤbe λϼư졤褽ưư˸ꤵ졤have λ٤ФȤΩʤ¸ߤǤϤäѸˤ have λޤޤˤӡưư have λؤȾ괹Ƥä
嵭ϡbe λοˤζʽŪʳѤǤ롥Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1])#1814. 18--19 be λο CLMET dzǧ ([2014-04-15-1])#3031. have λ be λ --- Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy ([2017-08-14-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Ƕ be λ have λΨ̻Ūܤ餫ˤ Smith (2012: 1537) ĴߤĤΤǡҲ𤷤Ƥ头Ȥ type ٤ token ٤Ψʤӳ١ˤƤʴȤʤäƤΤ Smith ̤2001ǯ "Role" ʸˡ
| Type | Token | |||
| Be | have | Be | have | |
| OE | 16% (11) | 84% (57) | 21% (18) | 79% (85) |
| EME | 11% (12) | 89% (92) | 24% (69) | 76% (214) |
| LME | 11% (9) | 89% (70) | 11% (12) | 89% (96) |
| EModE | 8% (10) | 92% (115) | 4% (13) | 96% (319) |
| 19th C | 3% (8) | 97% (311) | 4% (38) | 96% (839) |
ɸϳιͤȤʤ䤫⤷ޤago Ȥϡ?ˡפɽ魯λɽѤȤΤ褦˥ޥƤȻפޤäʤΰ̣ФΤȿ֤Ƥ⡤ʤʤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦⤽ ago θ츻ϲʤΤǤ礦İ
ǤǤ礦ago ϡư go ˰̣Ƭ a- դΡƴññʤΤǤŪˤ "XXX is/are agone." XXXδ֤äפǤbe ưܲʬ agone ηǸߴλɽ路ƤΤǤ͡䤬 agone ϸҲ ago η֤˽̾Ƥޤθ塤ʸΰȤŪ˵ǽˡbe ưʬάޤXXX (being) ago Τ褦ʬ칽ʸȤƤ⤱äǤ
ΩͤȡI began to learn English many years ago. ϡäƤߤ I began to learn English --- many years (being) gone (by now). ȤäɽλȤȤǤˤĤơ⤦ܤΤꤿϡ#3643. many years ago ago Ȥϲ ([2019-04-18-1]) εɤ
ʤΤǵڤ˱Ѹ˥ͥȤȤhellog 饸4ƤǤϳعʸˡǤɬߴλ yesterday Τ褦ʻȤΰˤĤơʤʤΤͤƤߤޤ
ѸΡʸߡ˴λȤΤϡޥˤʸˡɽʤǤ͡ߴλϡ?פȤ?ƤޤäפȤ¿Τǡȶ̤ĤˤΤǤξԤϻȤƤޤäۤʤΤ͡櫓Ǥ顤° yesterday Τ褦ʻϡߴλƱ路ƤϤʤΤ櫓ǤϤ褯Ǥޤ
ϡŪˤ "Present Perfect Puzzle" ȤƤФƤޤ䤿ԥʤΤ̵ϤʤȤޤβǤ⡤åȲȤȤˤϤʤޤΤǡ餺ξǡʲβɤ
Ƥޤᡤ⤽ⴰλȤϲȤˤĤƾܤΤꤿȤϡ##2633,2492,2749,534,2750,2763,2747,2490,2634,2635εå
ӸؤȰˤߤƤȡʸˡƥ䤽ΥСν̸űѸȤˤǰƬˤƤ⡤Ȥưβη֤ϡˤΰĸˤ봰λ (perfect) ̵ (aorist) η֤ˤΤܤ롥ưλꥫƥˤäȤȤ cf. #2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥȤؤ ([2015-03-20-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1])ˡ
ۤˤϡĸưεˡ (optative) ³ˡ (subjunctive) ǤϤȤȰۤʤ֤ȤäƤűѸޤǤԤη֤Ԥ߹ɽȤʤäο֤դ줿̾Τ³ˡפ顤䤳cf. #3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])ˡ
̾ˤƱͤθݤߤ롥űѸͿ (dative) ϡͿʡåʡ (instrumental)̳ʤʤɤǽŪ˵ۼΤ־εˤϵ롥űѸηƻ졤졤̾ʤɤˤ鷺˺פĤʤ⡤ŪˤζʤѤΤǤϤʤȤ (Marsh 14) ¤ˤ䤳Τ
Clackson (114) ϡˤư쥫ƥκ̾ⵯ䤹äȤͳϰʲ̤ꡥ
In the documented history of many IE languages, the verbal system has undergone complex restructuring, while the nominal system remains largely unaltered. . . . It appears, in Indo-European languages at least, that verbal systems undergo greater changes than nouns. If this is the case, it is not difficult to see why. Verbs typically refer to processes, actions and events, whereas nouns typically refer to entities. Representations of events are likely to have more salience in discourse, and speakers seek new ways of emphasising different viewpoints of events in discourse.
It is certainly true that . . . the verbal systems of the earliest IE languages are less congruent to each other than the nominal paradigms. The reconstruction of the PIE verb is correspondingly less straightforward, and there is greater room for disagreement. Indeed, there is no general agreement even about what verbal categories should be reconstructed for PIE, let alone the ways in which these categories were expressed in the verbal morphology. The continuing debate over the PIE verb makes it one of the most exciting and fast-moving topics in comparative philology.
ȤȤϡ̣Ūˤư쥫ƥΤۤʣǰȤȤͽۤ줽Τ˰ŪˤäơŪ̾ưŪưΤۤˤȤΤϹ
Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.
Clackson, James. Indo-European Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 2007.
Ѹ ago ϡŵŪ˴֤ɽ魯ɽθˤơ?ˡפɽ魯a moment ago, a little while ago, some time ago, many years ago, long ago ʤɤѤ롥
ago ϸ츻Ūˤϡư go Ƭ a- դư ago ʡԻղ롤в᤹ˤβʬ agone ҲäΤǤ롥פˡmany years ago Ȥ many years (are) (a)gone ΤȤǤꡤbe Ȥưβʬ agone ʸ agoˤȤ߹蘆äơֲǯ⤬вᤷȤפȴλäƤΤȹͤФ褤
OED ago, v. 3ˤϡ"intransitive. Of time: to pass, elapse. Chiefly (now only) in past participle, originally and usually with to be." ȤꡤϽűѸȤᤤʳʸڤƤ롥2ĵƤ
eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) Introd. Þy geare þe wæs agan fram Cristes acennesse cccc wintra & xciiii uuintra.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xvi. 1 Sæternes dæg wæs agan [L. transisset].
Τ褦 be λʸȯãɽȤ³뤦 be άǡ?ˡפ̣Ȥƺʬ (reanalysis) 졤ˤĤʤˡȯãƤΤȻפ롥̤θСΩʬ칽ʸ many years (being) ago(ne) ȤȯãƤȤȤ館Ƥ褤ˡνФϡOED ago, adj. and adv. ˤС14ȾΤȤǤ롥Ĥǽ褦
c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 1695 (MED) It was ago fif ȝer Þat he was last þer.
c1415 (c1395) Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale (Lansd.) (1872) l. 863 I speke of mony a .C. ȝere a-go.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 158 (MED) It is not yet longe tyme agoo that suche custume was vsed.
MED Ǥ agōn v. 5, 6 㤬˭٤˵ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
ֹԤפ go Ǥꡤ?ȤפȤиΰ̣ϸߴλhave + ʬפɽ魯ȤȤǤС?˹ԤäȤפ̤˹ͤ have gone to . . . ȤʤꤽŪˤ have been to . . . ǤȽϻ⤺äԻĤ˻פäƤե졼ȤơʸȤƤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤȸʹƤΤǡʾμϤƤʤäƹͤƤߤơϤǤ롥
have gone to . . . ϡֹԤäȤפȤиǤϤʤֹԤäƤޤäʤη̡ˤϤʤˡפȤ̤ΰ̣ˤʤȡФи롥顤ߴληиˡȷˡηХåƥʤ褦Ԥˤ϶̤줿 have been to . . . ѤΤȤΩǤ롥Ϥ٤ޤǼǤ롥ʸ "blocking" ȤǤƤ֤٤Τ褦ʶŪĵǽŪϡɥۥåΤ餤褦˻פ롥1ĤεǽФ1Ĥηб褦ȤΰŪظˤĤƤǤȤƤ⡤ηʤȤ櫓 have been to . . . ǤʤФʤʤäΤȤ̤ˤĤƤϡҥȤͿƤʤޤꥫѸˤ¤Ȥơhave gone to . . . иΰ̣ɽ魯⤢롥ȤС (568) I took a scuba course in college and I've gone a few times to the Caribbean. ʤʸƤ
ŪˤҤȤе䤬ä뤫ȤСȤϤñǤϤʤ褦ΤȤʾʤȤˤϡ餷ΤϸФƤʤˤλ¤ͿСߤ餫ѤäƤ롥ȤΤϡ⤽?˹ԤäȤפ̣ have been to . . . ȤŪ18λʪǤꡤˤѤƤʤä褦ʤ18˸줿ΤƤʤȤ櫓ηФ뤳ȤˤʤäΤ϶ŪѸؤǤϤʤ̻Ū˱ѸؤǤ롥
OED be, v. 8c ˡˡ夲Ƥ롥
c. With to and a noun: to have been present (in a place, esp. for some purpose, or at an event or special occasion); to have gone to visit (and returned from) a place.
Apparently rare before the second half of the 18th cent. (when it occurs frequently in the usage of Fanny Burney).
1712 R. Laurence Bishop of Oxford's Charge Consider'd §xlviii. 73 Publickly Baptiz'd a Child in the Meeting-house; which was carried thither in as great Form and Order, as if it had been to Church.
1763 F. Brooke Hist. Lady Julia Mandeville I. 178 We have been to the parish church, to hear Dr. H. preach.
1773 F. Burney Early Diary (1889) I. 186 She had been to these rehearsals.
1778 F. Burney Evelina I. xvii. 115 Miss will think us very vulgar..to live in London, and never have been to an Opera.
1802 C. Wilmot Irish Peer on Continent (1920) 39 We have been to the Opera Buffa or the Italian Opera.
1829 R. Sharp Diary 21 June (1997) 209 This understrapping Parson of ours has been to Cambridge the last week to vote for who? why for Mr. Bankes.
1892 E. Reeves Homeward Bound 205 Hadji is his title, and means that he has been to Mecca.
1902 Westm. Gaz. 25 Aug. 2 His Majesty has been to Westminster Abbey, and the Crystal Palace,..and Madame Tussaud's.
1915 T. S. Eliot Let. 3 Jan. (1988) I. 77 I have just been to a cubist tea.
1977 J. Lees-Milne Diary 27 Sept. in Through Wood & Dale (2001) 195 I have not been to the lav since I left Salonika on Friday.
2007 S. Worboyes Lipstick & Powder iii. 91 This wasn't the first time she had been to the flat so she knew where everything was kept.
ˤȤꡤ18Ⱦ Fanny Burney (1752--1840) ˤѤȤˡμ¼ŪȤʤä褦ϺɤƤɬפꤽˤ衤Ū be ȡưӤŪϤްդưŪ to ȤľܷӤĤȤ´Ϥ̤ʤ̤βȤơ߲Ƥʤ go ˴ꤻʤΤǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ɸϡѸˤˤ봰λɽ魯¤ѰۤѲ礭1ĤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1])#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1])#1814. 18--19 be λο CLMET dzǧ ([2014-04-15-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤѸ˸¤餺¾θˤ⡤have λ be λʬۤ䤽Ѳäꡤ#2634. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (1) ([2016-07-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦̸ŪʸʤƤ
⤦1Ĥ̸ŪŪʸȤơSorace 褦Sorace 衼åѤνӤhave λ be λѰۤѲϥǤϤʤưΰ̣Ūˤͽ¬ǤȤ "Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy" ƤûˤС (aspect) ȼ (theme) δ顤ư˴ؤ "controlled process" 椵줿ˤɽ魯ưǤФۤɴλνưȤ have 䤹㤤 be 䤹ʤȤSorace (863) Υꥸʥοޤ䤹 Los (76) ˤǤƸ褦
| change of location verbs (arrive) | most likely to select be |
| change of state verbs (become) | |
| continuation of pre-existing state (remain) | |
| existence of state (be, sit, lie) | |
| uncontrolled process (tremble, skid, sneeze) | |
| controlled process (motional) (swim, run, cycle) | |
| controlled process (nonmotional) (work, play) | most likely to select have |
#2750. "Present Perfect Puzzle" --- Ѹ줫βȸߴλ ([2016-11-06-1]) ˰³ƤꡥVisser ϡѸˤȸߴλˤĤơեʤɤαƶ⤢ꤦȤϽҤ٤ƤΤΡ礿ͳϻŪ (poetic_license) ˤȹͤƤ롥ȤΤϡξԤؤӱ (rhyme) 䱤Χ (metre) ưŤƤȤܤ㤬ºݤ˾ʤʤӱưŤȤơVisser (713) εƤΤ椫餤ĤȴФƤߤ롥
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. H264: His bowe he bente, and sette ther-inne a flo, / And in his ire his wyf thanne hath he slayn, - / This is theffect, ther is namoore to sayn.
c1390 Gower Conf. Am. (ed. Morley) V p. 245: Wherof this lord hath hede nome / And did hem bothe for to come.
c1390 Gower Conf. Am. (ed. Morley) V p. 277: whan it came unto the grounde, / A great serpent it hath bewounde.
c1400 Syr Tryamowre (ed. Erdman Schmidt) 1030: The messengere ys come and gone. / But tydyngys of Tryamowre herde he none.
ƱͤˡΧˤȹͤΤĤ Visser (717--18) 꼨
c1250 Floris & Bl. 985: Clarice, joie hire mot bitide, / Aros up in þe moreȝentide, / And haþ cleped Blauncheflur.
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. B628: This gentil kyng hath caught a greet motyf / Of this witnesse, and thoghte he wolde enquere / Depper in this.
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. H203: And so befel, whan Phebus was absent, / His wyf anon hath for hir lemman sent.
c1390 Gower, C. A. (ed. Morley) p. 277: And he, which understood his tale, / Betwene him and his asse all softe / Hath drawe and set him up a lofte.
ȸߴλȤƻŪƤ˵Ȥϡ줬ĶˤäƤٻ롥Τ褦ϡ14--15αʸˤܸۤ¤ƤΤǤ롥θűѸѸǤϡʸˤ軶ʸˤ衤Ϥ㤷ǧʤޤѸǤ⡤ʸǤ̤ߤʤˡȸߴλߤĶǤϡȸ߷ƱͤˤߤȤ¤⡤ŪƤˤɤȤʤ롥ḽˤơŪʥƥȤƽŻ뤵褦ˤʤꡤȸߡʴλˤζ̤⤦뤵ʤäƤѸǤϡΥƥȤηϡΧС̤ê夲Ƥ褤٤νפǤȤ館ƤΤ
ǤϡḽˤơδƤ졤ͤˤʤäƤäΤϤʤʤΤϡȼҲᤰ礭ʱѸ˾Ǥ롥
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
#2492. ɽ魯ȴλΡԡ˶ ([2016-02-22-1])#2633. ʤߴλϲɽ魯ȶǤʤΤ --- Present Perfect Puzzle ([2016-07-12-1])ڤӺε#2749. "Present Perfect Puzzle" --- ḽѸ줫Ρְȿ ([2016-11-05-1]) ˰³"Present Perfect Puzzle" ˤĤơѸˤϡΥѥȴϢȤơȸߴλư줬Ū뤤ʸ̮ŪƸ륱롥ξԤδ֤˺ΩäǽŪʶ̤ϴʤȤ顤ޤѸΤ褦Τʶ̤ϤʤäȤȲǤ롥Visser (2198) 顤Ĥ褦
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. E 1956, Adoun by olde Januarie she lay, That sleep til that the coughe hath hym awaked.
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. F 1082, His brother . . . Up caughte hym, and to bedde hath hym broght.
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. E 2132, er that dayes eighte Were passed . . . Januarie hath caught so greet a wille . . . hym for to pleye In his gardyn . . . That . . . unto this May seith he: Rys up, my wif!
c1390 Gower, Conf. Am. (Morley) II p. 107, And whan it came into the night, This wife with her hath to bedde dight Where that this maiden with her lay.
c1430 Syr Tryamowre (ed. Erdman Schmidt) 830, [he] bare hym downe of hys hors, And hath hym hurted sare.
ϡ"epic (present) perfect" ȤȤ뤳ȤǤ뤷ΧˤŪ (poetic_license) ͿƤ뤫⤷ʤVisser (2198) ϡեˤƱͤɤ줬뤳Ȥ顤αƶβǽ⤢ꤽȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
It is not difficult to concur with 1960 Mustanoja and 1970 Bauer in assuming French influence as very likely. (As a matter of fact Modern colloquial French often prefers the type 'Je l'ai vu tomber' to that with the 'passé défini': 'Je le vis tomber.)'
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
#2492. ɽ魯ȴλΡԡ˶ ([2016-02-22-1])#2633. ʤߴλϲɽ魯ȶǤʤΤ --- Present Perfect Puzzle ([2016-07-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡѸˤϡߴλȲλɽ魯϶ǤʤȤ§롥ȤѸȤ櫓ѸǤϡΤ褦ʶ㤬롥ѸˤơʤΤ褦µ§ޤäΤȤꡤ "Present Perfect Puzzle" ˤĤƤϡ͡ƤʤƤˤϲƤʤ
Visser (2197) ꡤѸ20ޤ夫Ĥ
1601 Shakesp., All's Well IV, iii, 3, I have delivered it an hour since.
1669 Pepys's Diary April 11th, which I have forgot to set down in my Journal yesterday.
1777 Sheridan, School f. Sc. I, i, I am told he has had another execution in the house yesterday.
1820 Scott. Monastery XXX, The Englishman . . . has murdered young Halbert . . . yesterday morning.
1847 Ch. Brontë, Jane Eyre XVI, Indeed I have seen Blanche, six or seven years ago, when she was a girl of eighteen.
1912 Standard, Aug. 16, Prince Henry has decided to travel to Tokio by the overland route. Twice already he has visited Japan, in 1892 and 1900 (Kri).
1920 Galsworthy, In Chancery IV, I have been to Richmond last Sunday.
1962 Everyman's Dictionary of Literary Biography p. 609--10, He [sc. Shakespeare] is, of course, unmeasurably the greatest of all English writers, and has been so recognized even in those periods that were antipathetic to the Elizabethan genius.
Τ褦ʸŪʵ§æƤˤĤơVisser (2197) ¾θԤȤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Several scholars (e.g. 1958 F. T. Wood; 1926 Poutsma) account for these idioms by suggesting that the writer or speaker has embarked on the given form before the idea of a temporal adjunct comes into his mind, and then adds this adjunct as a kind of afterthought. Another explanation is based on the assumption that instances like those quoted here may be seen as survivals of a usage that formerly---when there was not yet the strict line of demarcation between the different uses---occurred quite normally.
Ǥ2ĤƤʤƤ뤬Ԥ "afterthought" 䤹嵭Τ٤Ƥ夫פĤƤդȤǤ뤫ɤϡҴŪȽǤǤʤ褦˻פ롥2ΡָŤλ¸ϡ̤ʤΤ⤷ʤѸˤƤζ¤ݤ줿ΤϤʤȤ "Present Perfect Puzzle" ľܤΤǤϤʤ
Υѥ̤ȸ虜ʤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ˤͭ̾ʻߤˡReichenbach ΤΤ롥3ĤλȻѤ뤳Ȥǡ礿Ū褦ȤΤ3ĤλȻȤϡʲ̤Saeed (128) ѡˡ
S = the speech point, the time of utterance;
R = the reference point, the viewpoint or psychological vantage point adopted by the speaker;
E = event point, the described action's location in time.
S, R, E λּŪʰִطԤˤ "<"Ʊξˤ "="³ˤ ">" εɽ뤳Ȥˤ롥㤨Сʸ "I saw Helen", λʸ "I had seen Helen"̤ʸ "I will see Helen" Τ줾λϡʲΤ褦ɽ魯ȤǤ
"I saw Helen" >
(R = E < S) R, E S
"I had seen Helen" >
(E < R < S) E R S
"I will see Helen" >
(S < R = E) S R, E
| Simple past | (R = E < S) | "I saw Helen" |
| Present perfect | (E < S = R) | "I have seen Helen" |
| Past perfect | (E < R < S) | "I had seen Helen" |
| Simple present | (S = R = E) | "I see Helen" |
| Simple future | (S < R = E) | "I will see Helen" |
| Proximate future | (S = R < E) | "I'm going to see Helen" |
| Future perfect | (S < E < R) | "I will have seen Helen" |
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