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perfect - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-07-14 Thu

#2635. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (2) [perfect][syntax][wave_theory][linguistic_area][geolinguistics][geography][contact][grammaticalisation][preterite][french][german][tense][aspect]

ε ([2016-07-13-1]) ǡ衼å¦νǶ̤ have ˤ뱪ŪλΤϡȤȥꥷȯѥ󤬡˥ƥ蘆졤˸˽ϰŪ˳Ȼ (areal diffusion) ƤäǤȤ Drinka Ҳ𤷤ε (3) Ȥƿ줿⤦1ĤδϢĥ롥֥ե󥹸ɥĸʤɤǡλεǽεǽؤѲΤϡŪǶνǤꡤȵڤεϥѥΥե󥹸äפȤĥǤ롥
ǤϡޤѥΥե󥹸DZŪλδλεǽȤƤǤϤʤεǽȤѤ褦ˤʤäȤĥƤ롥Drinka (22--24) ˤСѥΥե󥹸ǤϡǤ12ޤǤˡǽȤƤˡԤʤƤȤ

It is here, then, in Parisian French, that I would claim the innovation actually began. In the 12th century, the OF periphrastic perfect generally had an anterior meaning, but a past sense was already evident in vernacular Parisian French in the 12th and 13th c., connected with more vivid and emphatic usage, similar to the historical present . . . . During the 16th c., perfects had already begun to emerge in French literature in their new function as pasts, and during the 17th and 18th centuries, the past meaning came to replace the anterior meaning completely in the language of the French petite bourgeoisie . . . .


¾Υޥ󥹽٤Ƥή˾äȻȤϡɤζۤƥɥĸˤ⹭ääʸкѥ󥿡Ȥ᤯ȯŸɥԻԤ Augsburg Nürnberg Ǥϡ1516ˤơλ®֤Ƥä¤ŦƤ (Drinka 25) ե󥹤˶ᤤ Cologne Trier ʤɤԻԤǤϡ12--14ȤᤤʳǡλȤѤФƤȤڵ⤢ (Drinka 26)
⤷Υʥꥪ¤ʤСҿ12ΥѥΥե󥹸줬λβǽȤƤˡήԤȤƶ٤θ졦ŤƤäȤȤˤʤϰ (areal linguistics) (geolinguistics) ΰȤʤꤦ롥

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-07-15-1]

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2016-07-13 Wed

#2634. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (1) [perfect][syntax][wave_theory][linguistic_area][geolinguistics][geography][contact][grammaticalisation][preterite][greek][latin][tense][aspect]

Ѹޤ衼åѽǤϡhave be ưưβʬȤ߹碌ơִλפ뤳Ȥ롥衼åǤΤθϰŪʬۤϰ (areal linguistics) (geolinguistics) Ω줫ĴơȯȳŪ餫ˤ褦Ȥʸ򸫤Ĥ
Ԥ Drinka ϡޤ衼åѤθϿޤϤǡ(1) have ˤ봰λȯãΤ¦Ǥꡤ¦Ǥ be ͥǤ뤳ȤŦˡ(2) ¦ have λȯȡʬưŪʰ̣ǽưŪʰ̣ؤȺƲᤵ줿εϡȤ˸奮ꥷ̤ꡤƥ줬ȤˤꡤΥޥ󥹽䤽¾θؤ⹭äƤäȵƤ롥Ǹˡ(3) ե󥹸ɥĸʤɤǡλεǽεǽؤѲΤϡŪǶνǤꡤȵڤεϥѥΥե󥹸äƤ롥
(2) ˤĤơ⤦Ҥ٤褦ꥷǤϸ衤Ūλϡbe ܴλʬפǺäƤhave + ʬפζȤ˴λ˶ᤤ̣ɽ魯ȤäˡʸˡΥ롼Ȥ˾äƤä5ޤǤˤϡhave +ꥹʬפȤ졤ޤǤϹʸʤä¾ư⻲ۤɤ򼨤δˤ᤿ƥ¦θˤȤäƤϡΥꥷǤǤʸˡƤhave + ʬפΥѥ󤬡ʸ٥оݤȤʤäȤhave λθǤŪޤʹ¤Ǥ뤳Ȥͤȡƥʤ䤽¾¦θˤΩȯȹͤϡꥷȤܿˤΤȹͤۤȽҤ٤Ƥ (16) Drinka (20) have λΥꥷ쵯ˤĤưʲΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

My claim, then, is that the actual concept of HAVE periphrasis owes its existence largely to the Greek model, that the development of the HAVE perfect in Latin is tied closely to that of Greek, that it arose especially in literary contexts and in the language of educated speakers, and continued to be connected to the formal register in its later history. As a result of this learned calquing of the HAVE perfect from Greek into Latin, including ecclesiastical Latin, the Western European languages were, in turn, given a model to aspire to, a more elaborate temporal-aspectual system to imitate. The Romance languages, of course, all inherited these perfect structures, and, as I will argue elsewhere, most of the Germanic languages appear to have developed their HAVE perfect categories on the basis of this elaborated model, as well . . . . What is particularly fascinating to note is that the western languages have preserved and innovated upon this pattern to different extents, but continually show patterns of areal diffusion as these innovations spread from one language to another.


ѸˤȤδϢǵˤʤΤϡѸ have ˤ뱪ŪλεȯŸˤĤơDrinka ŪˤϤۤȤɽҤ٤ƤʤȤǤ롥Drinka ϡѸǤ⡤衼å¦ΡϰŪʳȻ (areal diffusion) ΰĤȸƤΤȤȡȤϰۤʤ롤ʤʲȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ˾δϢȤƤϡ#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1]) ȡ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޤεǤϡƥ줬ˡ򥮥ꥷ줫ּѡפȤǤϤʤ"model" Ȥפ˶ᤤѸ줬ѤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2010. Ѥϸʣ狼 ([2014-10-28-1]) ε⻲ͤˤ줿

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

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2016-07-12 Tue

#2633. ʤߴλϲɽ魯ȶǤʤΤ --- Present Perfect Puzzle [perfect][aspect][preterite][tense][adverb][present_perfect_puzzle][pragmatics][sobokunagimon]

#2492. ɽ魯ȴλΡԡ˶ ([2016-02-22-1]) Ǽ夲 Present Perfect Puzzle ȸƤФʸˡ꤬롥褯ΤƤ褦ˡߴλϲλؤȤ϶Ǥʤ㤨 Chris has left York. ȤʸˡŪʸˤơChris York ȯäΤϲΤϤΤؤ *Yesterday at ten, Chris has left York ȤʸˡŪȤʤäƤޤ "past-adverb constraint" ʤݤƤΤ뤳Ȥ񤷤"puzzle" ȤƤΤ
1ĤβˡȤƤƤΤ"scope solution" Ǥ롥ߴλư have ߤؤƤȤˡؤκѰ (scope) ʬޤˤϡξͤȤͤľΤ褦˸뤬Ĥ񤬤롥㤨СChris claims to have left York yesterday. Ǥϡ yesterday λѰ to have left York ޤǤޤǤꡤǤʸξλѰȰ㤤ʤ褦˻פ뤬ºݤˤϵƤΤǤ롥ޤǤϡߴλϡɤߤλؤȤⶦʤȤ뤳ȤǤʤĤޤꡤ*Chris has been in Pontefract last year. ʸǤǡ*Chris has been in Pontefract at present. ʸǤ뤳ȤǤʤ
ˡٻƤ뤤Ȥ "current relevance solution" 롥ߴλȤϡߤȤδϢɸʤǤȤͤޤDz鸽ߤؤη³򼨤Τ礿뵡ǽʤΤǤ뤫顤ȤζϵʤȤ롥üԤľˤ礦Ȥ뤬ȸߤδϢϡ¤ϲˤäɽ魯ȤǤǤϤʤȤȿ롥㤨СWhy is Chris so cheerful these days? --- Well, he won a million in the lottery. ǤϡߤȲδϢʤȤϸʤޤȸߤδϢ餫ǤäƤ⡤*Chris has been dead. ϵ줺Chris was dead. ϵ롥
Klein (546) Ͻ2ĤȽơŪʴ餳äTT (= "topic time" = "the time for which, on some occasion, a claim is made" (535)) TSit (= time of situation) Ȥ2λֻؼƳơ1ĤȯäΤʤǡTT TSit ɽȤΩƲŪʻ (p-definite (= point-definite)) ƤϤʤʤ󤬤Ȳꤷ

P-DEFINITENESS CONSTRAINT
   In an utterance, the expression of TT and the expression of TSit cannot both be independently p-definite.


Klein ε٤Ƹ뤳ȤϤǤʤĥ Present Perfect Puzzle 򤯸ϡˤϤʤˤȤȤ˵󤲤ƤʸϡŪ꤬ΤǤϤʤŪ˥ʥ󥻥󥹤ϤƤΤǤ롥"p-definite constraint" ϡΥѥ򤯤ȤǤǤϤʤ㤨 *Today, four times four makes sixteen. ʤƤʤΤʤ뤤ϥʥ󥻥󥹤ˤǤ롥Ǥϡư makes (TT) Today (TSit) ξΩơߤλɽ路Ƥ (p-definite) ˡŪʸȤʤΤȤ
"p-definiteness constraint" ϡ⤦1ĤΥѥβƤǤ롥

Klein, Wolfgang. "The Present Perfect Puzzle." Language 68 (1992): 525--52.

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2016-02-22 Mon

#2492. ɽ魯ȴλΡԡ˶ [perfect][preterite][tense][aspect][syntax][auxiliary_verb][adverb][generative_grammar][present_perfect_puzzle]

#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ˴λʸŪ˳Ω⡤ǽŪˤϲȤʬϽѸޤǤۤΤʷǸʤäξڵˡˤϲλؼʶˤȴλ㤬ʤ餺ʸڤ롥ηˤĤơMustanoja (504) Ѥ褦

In ME and early Mod. E the functional distinction between the preterite and the compound tenses of the past is not, however, nearly so clear-cut as it is today, and the perfect, for example, may occur in conjunction with adverbs of past time: --- and homward he shal tellen othere two [tales], Of aventures that whilom han bifalle (Ch. CT A Prol. 795).


16--17ˤʤȤξѲѸΤ褦˴λȲʶˤζʤʤäƤե󥹸ɥĸʤɶ٤ν줬Ʊͤʣñɽ魯ΤݻƤΤоŪˡѸǤϤλ򶭤˴λȲ֡ǽȤΤ˶̤褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥ʤѸˤˤƤϡΤ褦ʶ̤ΤơʤȤ櫓λΤդϡʸˡŪΩ줫 "present perfect puzzle" ȸƤФƤ롥
ѸȶٽӤ Yanagi ˤСhave ư V-to-T movement ʸŤѸ졤ե󥹸졤ɥĸ졤ɸʤɡˤˤĤƤϲʬʿԤưư뤬ǤʤʸѸΦǥʥˤˤĤƤϲʬưʤơγƹŪʰư̵ͭ3 (Event Point, Speech Point, Reference Point) ߴطϢưƤꡤǽŪ˲˶Ťλ˶ŤꤹȤV-to-T movement ˤĤƤϡ̾ۤʤ졤¼ŪˤۤƱݤˤĤưä#1670. ˡưȯã V-to-I movement ([2013-11-22-1]) 򻲾ȤƤΰ츫ƤŪʸݤȤǽ̩ܤ˴ϢƤǽȤȤϡ¤˶̣Ȥ櫓פϡV-to-T movement äȤȡɽ魯ȴλζʤʤϤ16礹뤳ȤǤ롥
Yanagi η (96) Ѥ褦

Here it has been argued that the obsolescence of the present perfect puzzle in the history of English can be attributed to the loss of overt verb movement by using the following assumptions: (a) In a language with independent V-to-T movement, perfect participles can move overtly; (b) In a language without independent V-to-T movement, perfect participles cannot move overtly. In addition, the viability of the present analysis was further supported by applying it to modern Germanic and Romance languages. As a theoretical contribution, it is semantically motivated.


Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Yanagi, Tomohiro. "A Syntactic Approach to the Present Perfect Puzzle in the History of English." ضѸ츦١20桤2004ǯ73--103.

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2016-02-20 Sat

#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã [auxiliary_verb][syntax][reanalysis][word_order][tense][aspect][perfect][grammaticalisation][agreement][participle][generative_grammar]

ɸϡѸǤϤ褯Τ줿ʬ (reanalysis) Ȥơޤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤƼ夲Ƥʲ (110--17) ˽äơʽŪʵҤܤ
űѸǤϡѸ They had their enclosure closed. have + Ū + ʬפιʸ¸ߤ (þā hīe tō Ðǣm ġemǣre cōmon . . ., þā hæfdon hīe hiera clūsan belocene [Or, ed. Sweet 112/34]) ιʸΰ̣ϸȰۤʤ餺֡Ūˤʲʬˤɽ魯֤ȤƤġפۤɤǤꡤŪȲʬŪỤ̄Ū̩ܤʴطˤäξڵˡʬŪʤ˰פƶ޸ȼäƤʾǤϡñгʡˡʳǤϡä˿δްդϤäƤʤä
8ޤǤˡŪѰۤƤŪȲʬΰ֤žhave + ʬ + Ū׹ʸоǤ롥θϤФ餯¸ƤΤΡϸѸΤ褦 They had closed their enclosure. They had their enclosure closed. ΰ̣Ωɽ魯ΤǤɬʤä˿have + ʬ + Ūפ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤꡤޤ¾ưβʬ˸¤ƤΤưʤѰưʳˤβʬˤޤdzȤʤɤơֲʬŪפΤĤʤhave + ʬפΤĤʤ꤬ռ褦ˤʤä
ѸȡʬŪδطŪʰפɸʤʤꡤhave + ʬפβʣŪʽҸưȤª˻äʳǡhave + ʬפϸѸˤĤʤ칽ʸȤƳΩȤäƤ褤̣ŪˤСޤ߻Τ˶̤뿷꤬줿櫓ǤϤʤäºݡwhilom long ago ʤɲɽ魯ȸߴλʸ뤳Ȥϡʹ Shakespeare դޤ³ƤꡤѸθߴλˤߤָߤȤδͿפȤħΩƤȤΤ16ʹߤǤ롥
ιʸεȯãʸˡȤ޼Ū˵ҤȼΤ褦ˤʤݺ, p. 14 οޤ򻲹ͤˤˡ

         OE                        ME                    ModE

  have   + NP + pp ----->  have  +   pp   + NP -----> have + pp + NP ===> λ
ͭư                  ư   ư

ĥ꡼ƱȯãɽСʲ̤ݺ䡤p. 149 ι¤򻲹ͤˤSC "Small Clause" ɽ魯ˡ

Grammaticalisation of Have Perfect

λ¤ˤ have λǤʤ be λ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1])#1814. 18--19 be λο CLMET dzǧ ([2014-04-15-1]) 򻲾ȡChaucer ѤλˤĤơ#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2014-04-15 Tue

#1814. 18--19 be λο CLMET dzǧ [perfect][clmet][corpus][syntax][be][auxiliary_verb][aspect][participle][lmode]

#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1]) ǡѰư (mutative verb) ϡ18ޤǡ̾ be + ʬȤǴλäƤȤ򸫤ѸˤǤϡ be λ18դ򶭤˿ΰӤ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤƤ롥#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ϡ1710--1920ǯ򥫥С3,400줫ʤ緿Х󥹥ѥǤꡤμθѲɤˤϺŬʥ꥽ȻפΤǡѤ be λοǧƤߤ
ϡεǤ夲7ĤѰư (arrive, become, come, fall, flee, grow; go) ˸ꤷCLMET3.0 3Ĥλʬ (1710--1780, 1780--1850, 1850--1920) 6ĤΥʬ (Narrative fiction, Narrative non-fiction, Drama, Letters, Treatise, Other) ˤäơѥ򽦤ä3ĤλΥ֥ѥεϤϤ褽Ʊ٤̤Υ֥ѥϡ[2013-10-20-1]ɽǼ褦ˡNarrative fiction 礭ФäƤΤǡβˤդפ롥ʲ(1)--(7) ˳ư˴ؤܤѤ߾夲ա(8), (9) 7ưҤä᤿̡ư̤Υ򼨤Ѥ߾夲դ򼨤(1)--(6) ˤĤƤϡӤΤYκͤ·Ƥ롥ǡեɽϥHTML򻲾Ȥ줿

Be Perfect with Seven Verbs


ưˤäƿΥԡɤ˼㴳ΰ㤤ߤ뤬ΤȤƵ޷˿षȤϡŪ䤫ˡ¤˿षƤäȤݤ롥(7) go ϡʸѸǤ be gone ǥಽƻĤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ褦ˡ˸ѸˤϤۤǤ餺¾ư礭äƤ뤿ˡ(8) (9) ˼褦 be λο¿ʤȤĤƤ뤳Ȥˤդɬפ롥

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2013-11-05 Tue

#1653. be λ [syntax][be][auxiliary_verb][grammaticalisation][tense][aspect][passive][perfect][participle]

Ѹǡbe + ưβʬפŵŪ˼ư֤빽¤Ѱư (mutative verb) Ǥϴλɽ魯

The cookies are all gone.
All my lectures are finished.
The sun is set.
How he is grown up!
Babylon is fallen.
Everything is changed.


ŪˤϤʸ gone finished ʤɤϷƻȹͤƤꡤλɽ魯칽¤ΰȤϤȤ館Ƥʤbe have Ѥ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥ狼Ȥꡤbe λǤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤˼Ūʹ¤Ȥ虜ʤbe have Ωˤϡbe λϾ֤ɽ路have λϹ԰٤ɽ魯Ȥ롥be λϤΤ褦λξ֤ǤϤ뤬#752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1])#1347. a lawyer turned teacher ([2013-01-03-1]) Ǹ褦ˡʬƻˡΤʤˤ̮̿ݤäƤ롥ʲbe λˤ򡤡رѸIIIA (432--33) ˵äƳ⤷褦
Ѹˤ be λϸűѸ鹭롥űѸǤϡư졤Ȥ櫓ѰưˤĤ wē sindon ȝecumene Τ褦ʹ¤ϰŪäűѸˤʤȡ褯褦ˡhave + Ū + ʬעhave + ʬ + ŪפθѲФ have λʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ¾ư̤˹äǤᤤλ have λϤޤ˼ưˤĥƤΤǡbe λƤ椯ˤϤǤ˻ϤޤäƤȤ⤤롥Ѱư be λϡθ18Ⱦ˻ޤͥݤäƤ18ˤʤäƤ褦䤯be have ̤ͥϤȤȤʤäˤ be λ֤ɽ路Ƥ褦ˡŪˤ֤ɽ魯ˡäǹ԰٤ɽ魯ˡ⾯ʤʤäŪʾ֤ˡϡѸˤƳΩΤǤ롥
Ѹ줫ѸˤƤλΥʥåץåȤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦ʲϡFridén ˤ롤Spenser ʡMarlowe 5ʡShakespeare ʤоݤˤ7Ĥμ׼ư (come, go, arrive, fall, flee; become, grow) ˤĤơbe λ have λʬۤĴΤǤ롥ʤɽʤ 's ϡhasis Τ줫ܷ (enclitic) ؤɽϡG. Fridén. Studies on the tenses of the English Verb from Chaucer to Shakespeare: With Special Reference to the Late Sixteenth Century. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri Ab., 1948. Rpr. Nendeln/Liechtenstein: Kraus, 1973. ˴ŤرѸIIIA١p. 432 ꡥ

ưcomegoarrivefallfleebecomegrow
SpMarShakSpMarShakSpMarShakSpMarShakSpMarShakSpMarShakSpMarShak
be9288789195799289836767656567828650901008990
have86139098111133332735077030113
's0690512006008033117507007


ʳǤϡޤ be λϴ˷ߤǤꡤhave λ fall 㳰ȤС10%ۤɤΥˤʤȤ櫓פ̣ become, grow Ǥ have λγ礬ʤ
18 have λ be λο路ƤäˤˤĤƤϡVisser (2043) Rissanen (215) 򻲾ȡ

ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
Rissanen, Matti. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.

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2013-04-30 Tue

#1464. ˡλʸΰ۷ [syntax][ame][lmode][perfect][tense]

ʸˡʤɤɬФ빽ʸɽ˲ˡλιʸ롥ư줬3ĤФƤʤζʸǤ롥

If I had missed the train, I would have had no chance to see the woman of destiny.


Ǥ had + ʬ줬׵ᤵ졤Ǥ would have + ʬ줬׵ᤵΤ§Ǥ롥ξǰۤʤưʤȤ߹碌ˤ׵ᤵΤdzؽԤˤȤäƺ𤷤䤹
ؽԤʤ餺ȤѸüԤˤȤäƤʹʸ餫Leech et al. (63) ˤȡAmE ǼΤ褦ʹʸʹȸ롥

If I would have missed the train, I would have had no chance to see the woman of destiny.


ιʸǤϼȽ°ξ would have ȤƱưȤ߹碌֤ƤꡤñǤ롥ƱʸϡDenison (300) ˤɸθѸǤѻȤ

Certainly, non-standard examples like the following are not uncommon, especially where there is some trace of a volitional meaning in would, (595a), or a non-English substratum, though Fillmore regards . . . it as common in current American usage:

(595) a. I think if he would have let me just look at things quietly . . . it would have been all right (1877 Sewell, Black Beauty xxxix. 123)
        b. If I would have known that, I would have acted differently.


ޤɸŪʶäΰ۷ʤΤ켫ΤʤȤ100ǯʾˤäʸǤ뤳ȤˤդƤȵ would have done ͭ嵭Τۤhad done ͭѸˤϸ줿parallel structure ؤλָϡ夤ʤ˺ѤƤϤȹͤΤǤϤʤ

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Denison, David. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 92--329.

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2013-01-03 Thu

#1347. a lawyer turned teacher [passive][adjective][perfect]

ɸϡֶդžȤˡΧȡפ뤤ϡˡΧȤžȤաפΰ̣ζǤ롥̤ˡA turned B ǡBžȤAפ뤤ϡAžȤBפȤʤ롥ζ turned Դư turn βʬǡľ̾򽤾Ƥ뤬³ƤΤħǤ롥ư줬ʬȤ̾򽤾ˡϡ#752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡĤ롥֤Ѳɽ魯ưμưϸŤ be ˤ괰λäΤǡa lawyer turned teacher ϡ"a lawyer who is turned teacher" ʸѸȤƤ "a lawyer who has turned teacher"ˤб뤳Ȥˤʤ롥B ̾ϡ̾̵Ѥ롥an activist-turned-leader, an actor-turned-President, an engineer-turned-psychologist, a failed Kentucky lawyer turned smuggler, a lawyer-turned-legislator, a peeler-turned-pol, a writer-turned-governor ʤɥϥեȼ¿

OED turn, v. δϢεҤʸΤĤΤƤߤ褦

39. intr. with compl. To change so as to be, to become.
. . . .
b. with n. compl. (most commonly without article). Freq. as pa. pple. modifying a n.
. . . .
1945 Times 4 Aug. 5/2 Mr. Aneurin Bevan at the Ministry of Health..is conspicuously the poacher turned gamekeeper.
1964 Eng. Studies 45 382 Their Scandinavian conquerors-turned-neighbors.
1973 E. F. Schumacher Small is Beautiful i. iii. 44 The economist-turned-econometrician is unwilling..to face the question.
1982 Times Lit. Suppl. 10 Sept. 968/3 Jerome's father was a Nonconformist preacher, turned architect, turned mine-owner.


#752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1]) Ǥϡưβʬ줬֤̾󤲤 A turned B Τ褦ˡưβʬ줬̾˸֤Ϥۤɤܤˤʤʤ櫓ǤϤʤٹ (92--93) ε󤲤ƤǺܤ褦

A Daniel come to judgement! --- Shakespeare.
Everybody knows the treasure of the sailor arrived in port. --- Sir Walter Besant.
"My dear, you must ask Priscilla," he said in the once firm voice, now become rather broken. --- Eliot.
But Lottie staggered on the lowest verandah step like a bird fallen out of the nest. --- Mansfield.
The gallant old squire, lately gone to his rest. --- Thomas Hughes.
He looked at the little sister returned to him in her full womanly beauty. --- Eliot.
He looked as a man just risen from a long illness. --- William Morris.
The brave that are no more! / All sunk beneath the wave / Fast by their native shore. --- Cowper.
He led me to a place where I found a kind Englishman lived right in the midst of the natives. --- Mrs. Gaskell.
Here is a gentlemen come to see you. --- Bennett.
Ah, you are the young woman come to look after my birds? --- Hardy.


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2011-05-19 Thu

#752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ [passive][adjective][perfect][participle]

¾ưβʬƻ줬Ȥΰ̣ˤʤ뤳ȤϡʸˡδܻǤ롥a satisfied customer, a surprised look, written language ʤɡ㳰¸ߤ롥¾ưβʬƻǤˤ⤫餺ǽưŪʰ̣Ȥʤ뾯㤬롥

a drunken fellow ( = a fellow who has drunk much )
a well-read man ( = a man who has read much )
an out-spoken gentleman ( = a gentleman who speaks out his opinions )


¾ưβʬƻϼȤΰ̣ˤʤפȤ§ФǤϤʤȤʬ롥ǤϡּȡפǤϤʤִλפˡǤ롥
ϢơưβʬƻˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥ưȤˤʤ뤳ȤǤʤΤǡưβʬƻ줬ȤȤϰ츫ԲIJ򤫤⤷ʤ٤⾯ʤΤdzعʸˡŪ˼夲뤳ȤϤʤʲ̤ꡤΤˤ롥

a gone case ( = a case which has gone too far )
a departed guest ( = a guest who has departed )
a faded flower ( = a flower which has faded )
a fallen city ( = a city which has fallen )
a grown man ( = a man who has grown up )
a learned scholar ( = a scholar who has learned much )
a retired officer ( = an officer who has retired )
a returned soldier ( = a soldier who has returned )
a risen sun ( = a sun which has risen )
a well-behaved child ( = a child who behaves well )
a withered flower ( = a flower which has withered )


ط̾ѤƸɽߤ餫ʤȤꡤǤβʬƻϡִλפˡȤƵǽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥μư¿ϱȯ֤Ѳɽ魯ưǤꡤŤ have ǤϤʤ be ˤ괰λääơa fallen city Ȥ a city which is fallen Ṳ̄ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
βʬƻˤĤƤϡٹ (46--48) 򻲾ȡ

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2010-10-13 Wed

#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ [chaucer][tense][aspect][popular_passage][perfect][voicy]

Chaucer The Canterbury Tales "The General Prologue" 顤ޤˤͭ̾Ƭ1ʸ ll. 1--18 from The Riverside Chaucer )

   Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour
Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne,
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open ye
(So priketh hem nature in hir corages),
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes,
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende,
The hooly blisful martir for to seke,
That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke.


ɤѸʸϤʸäȤͤ¿ΤǤϤʤĴι⤤Ĺ񤭽ФŪʸι¤ȤƤ Whan . . . Thanne عʸǤʸ̣襤ɼԤοΤ⤷ʤ Burnley (46--47) ˽äƻ ( tense ) ( aspect ) ܤɤҲ𤷤
ޤѤƤưλϤܸۤߤ줵Ƥͣ㳰ϺǸιԤ were ΤߡˡΤʤ񤭽ФǤθ߷Ѥϡ򴶤롥4ˬ졤ܳФФƱˡͤˤޤ줺󥿥٥꡼ؤνפΩġȤȤǯΤ褦˷֤Ƥ뤳Ȥż롥ν۴ġβ󵢤۵롤餫𤤤Ǥ롥
( aspect ) ܤܤȡWhan ǤϼȤƴλѤƤ롥 Whan Ȥ³ Thanne ƤŪ˴֤򤪤˷ѵƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ȤȤˡñ˻ŪѵΤߤʤ餺̴ط⼨Ƥ롥͡פΩĤΤϡ¾ʤ4μΰˤΤʤΤĹʸǤʤ顤Whan That Ƥ̩˷ӤĤƤΤϡλϤ椨Ǥ롥
ޤȤСƬʸǤϡּܳФᢪܳ͡ФפȤ̴طǯΤ褦˷֤ȤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸθˤ "Bifil that in that seson on a day," ȲǤθ꤬ϤޤΤǡоŪƬθ߻Ȥ줬ްդΩĤȤˤʤ롥ʾ塤ͭ̾ƬˤäɤǤߤ

ʸ嵭2022/05/03(Tue)Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ1Ѹȯɤ߾夲ƤޤΤǤȤѸäȤɡ硼Ρإ󥿥٥ʪ٤ƬǤ
ʸ嵭2023/10/10(Tue)Ellesmere MS ƬʬβǤ

Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.

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