Voicy heldio ˤ#961. ɾ if you like ֤ƤӤСꤷơѽХե졼 if you like Ϥ
¤ϻ伫Ȥ˺ƤΤˤĤƤ hellog ǡ#4593. Ū if you like ֤äƤ褱СפȯŸ ([2021-11-23-1]) ȤƼ夲ƤβεǤ⻲ȡѤ Brinton ʸɤľif you like ɽˤĤƶ̣Ū¤ΤäΤǡ˵Ƥ
Brinton ŪѤ if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish त "if-ellipitical clauses" (= "if-ECs") ̾դƤ (273) ̣δ顤2 if-ECs ̤롥1ĤϾάƤŪ줬ΥƥȤŪ䤨륿פǤ ("elliptical form") 2ĤŪΥƥȤ䤦ȤϤǤäѤŪȤѤ륿פǤ ("metalinguistic parenthetical") ƥפˤĤơBrinton (281) ˥ѥ齦ä1ĤĵƤߤ褦
1. I said no, they are copper, but if you choose, you shall have them (1763 John Routh, Violent Theft; OBP)
2. I ought to occupy the foreground of the picture; that being the hero of the piece, or (if you choose) the criminal at the bar, my body should be had into court. (1822 De Quincy, Confessions of an English Opium Eater; CLMETEV)
choose ȤưѤǤ롥Ԥ if you choose to have them Τ褦˥ƥȤ˴ŤŪ䤦ȤǤ뤬ԤϤΤ褦ˤ䤨ʤޤǥŪ if you choose to say so ۤɤްդƤˡ
ŪˤϡԤΥפ㤬ưؤĤ18--19˽ФƤ롥ơ⤷ȤˡԤΥפ㤬θǯ100ǯۤ٤ƽФƤ롥ΤȤƤϡư줬«ˤʤäơäȻ褦ˡγĥ뤲Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Brinton (282) "Dating of if-ECs" ꤹɽǤ褦Ѹ͡ʥѥѤǯĴη̤Ǥ롥
| Earliest elliptical form | Earliest metalinguistic parenthetical | |
| if you choose | 1763 | 1822 |
| if you like | 1723 | 1823 |
| if you wish | 1819 | 1902/PDE |
| if you prefer | 1848 | 1900 |
| if you want | 1677/1824 | 1934 |
ˤ⤷ΤϡŪˡνؤ if you choose ϡߤޤǤ˿͵äƤ뤳ȤǤ⿷ if you want ŪˡȤƤ٤Ωʤ괶ΤΤϤ¾3like, wish, prefer դΤǤ롥ư줬«ˤʤäɽˡȯŸƤȤƤ⡤ΰ괶˺ФΤϤʤʤΤȤƤⶽ̣
Brinton, Laurel J. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
#5074. Ѹɸ43 ([2023-03-19-1])#5075. ɸθŪħ ([2023-03-20-1]) ɸ () ŪˤȤ館ƤΤ褤ȤǤ롥
¤Ϥ3ĤΥץϡɸΰ̣ˤȤɤޤ餺̤θΰ̣ʬϤݤˤ⤽ΤޤޱѤǤ롥פˡƱ۵ (homonymy) ʤΤ뤤¿ (polysemy) ʤΤȤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1])
#815. polysemic clash? ([2011-07-21-1])
#1801. homonymy polysemy ζ ([2014-04-02-1])
#2823. homonymy polysemy ζ (2) ([2017-01-18-1])
ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ
ε#5074. Ѹɸ43 ([2023-03-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ۤΡرѸɸˡŵ٤Ǥϡɸ (discourse_marker) ˤĤƤν¤⤬ͿƤ롥äˡɸˤĤƤδŪʹͤפεͭѤǤ롥
ɸʻʹ⤤٥ΥƥǤꡤĤΥƥϥץȥ (prototype) ȤƲᤵ٤ΤǤ롤ȤϤޤ롥ɸΤΤȤ⡤ɸŪˡ롤Ȥª˶ᤤθˡɸΰŪħפꤹ륳ब³ (333--34) ȤƤ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡ˰ѤƤ
ɸ˶̤ǤŪħϡäβ餫ȯðտޤޤõǽƤפȤǤ롥á (discourse) ϹˤȤ館ơɸʸ̮䡤ƥȤȤƶʸ̮Τߤʤ餺ȯþ (utterance situation) ΤޤΤȤ롥ˡȯþ˻Ϳäꡦʹμ䥳ߥ˥νǤɸεǽ˴Ϳ롥ʲĤδɸħޤȤ롥
ڸŪŪħ
(a) 줫ʤΤ¿٥롤٥ΤΤޤޤ롥
(b) ŪñθˤϽǤʤ
(c) ݡȼΩĴ뤳Ȥ¿
(d) õǽ˱ޤޤʲĴȼ
Ūħ
(a) ʸƬ˸뤳Ȥ¿ʸ桤ʸΤ⤢롥
(b) ̿ιǤγ¦롤뤤칽¤ˤ䤫ղä롥
(c) ŪǤ롥
(d) ʣɸ뤳Ȥ롥
(e) ñȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥
ڰ̣Ūħ
(a) 켫Τǡʸοͤ˴ؤ복ǰỤ̄ۤȤɡ뤤ʤΤ¿
(b) ʸοͤ˴ؤ복ǰỤ̄ľˤ⡤ʸ̤ΰ̣ɽ礬¿
ڵǽŪħ
¿ǽŪǡĤå٥ǵǽΤ¿
ڼҲŪʸŪħ
(a) դäդѤ礬¿
(b) ʸΤѤΤ¿
(c) ϰŪװ̡ǯ𡤼Ҳء̤ʤɤˤħ롥
͡ʳ٤ʬϤ뤳ȤΤǤοƥǤ뤳Ȥʬε ([2023-03-19-1]) 43ɸפ⤫٤ʤ顤ħǧ줿
ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ
ǯ (pragmatics) θˤʤäƤƤʬ1Ĥˡɸ (discourse_marker) 롥#2041. ɸ졤 ([2014-11-28-1])#3267. ɸȤηϩ ([2018-04-07-1])#3268. ɸΥ饤եû ([2018-04-08-1]) ϤȤ뤤ĤεǼ夲Ƥ
ѸɸλϤˡ ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ʸҡ2015ǯˤҲ𤷤Ƥ

ˤ̤ꡤ43ζŪɸ夲졤ơˡܽҤƤޤܽˤϡɸˤĤƤν¤ޤޤƤޤʡɸߡסɸˤĤƤδŪʹͤסɸεǽŪʬסˡ
43ɸϰʲ5ĤΥƥʬƤޤäˤäѤɽǤ뤳ȤȻפޤ줳ɸפǤ
ΡŪɽ
actually
anyway
besides
first(ly) [last(ly)]
however [nevertheless, nonetheless, still]
kind [sort] of
like
now
please
then
though
whatever
Ρֻɽ
according to
after all
at last
at least
by the way
in fact
in other words
of course
on the other hand [on [to] the contrary]
Ρ³Ūɽ
and
but [yet]
plus
so
ΡŪɽ
ah
huh
look
oh
okay
say
uh
well
why
yes/no
Ρ쥭ե쥤
I mean
if anything
if you don't mind
if you like
mind (you)
you know
you know what?
you see
ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ
̾ưʤ¿θϳǰŪͭƤ롥Τʤˤϼ³ŪĤΤ롥¼ (192) ˤСԤϼΤ褦̤
ȯäʹ꤬ɤΤ褦ʲλФΤؼɽ롥Τ褦ʻؼȯä˴ޤޤƤȡʹϡ;פϫϤȤ鷺ȯäΰ̣᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ϫϤʤ뤳ȤˤäȯäδϢã˹ΤǤ롥Τ褦ɽ³ŪɽȤ
Ȥ but μ³ŪˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦ʲ2ʸϿƱ̣ȤƤϲ餫ΰ㤤褦˴롥
(1) She is a linguist, but she is quite intelligent.
(2) She is a linguist, and she is quite intelligent.
(1) but ȤƤ뤿ˡȾȸȾΥȥ饹ȤտޤƤ뤬(2) ˤϤΤ褦ʰտޤϤʤ(1) ʹϡbut ˤ륳ȥ饹ȤΩĤ褦ˡä (assumption) "All linguists are unintelligent." Ǥ뤳ȤФ⤷꤬ she ˤĤƳ뵢 "she is unintelligent" ꤵϤºݤϤषդ she is quite intelligent ƤΤĤޤꡤ꤬ǤäƤ롥
ʹˤΤ褦ʲ褦˻ؼƤΤbut μ³Ūȹͤ롥¼ (194) ˤС֤Τ褦ʾʹͿȡ;ʬʽϫϤȤ鷺äΰտޤˤɤ夯ȤǤ롥³ŪɽϡʹνϫϤ餹ȤˤäơȯäδϢ˹ƤΤǤס
¾˼³ŪĸȤƤϡso, therefore, nevertheless, after all ʤɤɸ (discourse_marker) 䡤oh, well ʤɤδ (interjection) 롥˴ؤƤ⡤Ϣ (relevance_theory) Ω줫鶽̣ʬϤƤ롥
¼ ҡ4ϡǽŪʸסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
if you like/choose/prefer/want/wish/will Ȥɽϡif you wish it to be so called ֤äƤ褱Сפۤɤΰ̣ǡȤƸǤ褯Ѥ롥Ūˤ if ѤŪ˵ƤȷӤĤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǥŪѤ롥3ĤۤʸƤߤ褦
It was, if you like, an error of judgment.
He, or She, if you prefer, could do better than that.
Music, if you will, is medicine.
Τ褦ʸŪʻȤΡif you + ưʸBrinton (273) "if-EC" (= if-elliptical clause) ȸƤǤ롥ιʸȯŪѸΤȤ餷θȤ Call it cruelty if you like, not mercy. Τ褦 "call it X" ʸäΤǤϤʤƤƤ롥ʸ (constructionalisation) ǰƬ֤Brinton (290) ͤηѤ褦
In conclusion, elliptical if-ECs --- if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish --- all serve metalinguistic and politeness functions in PDE; like and prefer are particularly common in these functions. The clauses make their appearance in the LModE period. Semantically the metalinguistic meanings of if-ECs can be seen as developing from the concrete propositional meaning 'if you choose to do X'. The syntactic derivation of these clauses is problematic, however, because it is impossible to trace their origin back to bipartite (protasis-apodosis) structures where the valency of the verbs is complete. Reconstruction of the complement of the verb in the if-clause proves difficult because of the varied complement structures found historically and the rarity of such structures with metalinguistic meaning. While if-ECs in their propositional meaning typically occur with an explicit apodosis (if you want, open the window), apodoses never occur when the if-ECs function metalinguistically (it's large, even gargantuan, if you wish [*you may say so]). Despite its rather late attestation, a more plausible source for the if-EC is the 'call it X' pattern, which is inherently metalinguistic. Metalinguistic if-ECs may result from constructionalisation of the 'call it X' pattern in conjunction with explicitly metalinguistic if you V- clauses.
˴ؤιȤ٤Ǥ롥
Brinton, Laurel. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014. 271--90.
ε#3815. quoth 첻 ([2019-10-07-1]) ǡ̯ʿư quoth Ҳ𤷤quoth he Ȥ礬ޤäƴȤƵǽ褦ˤʤä quotha /ˈkwoʊθə/ ʤ롤äѤʸ¸ߤ롥ϤŤᤫɽѤθǷΤѤ졤֤줿ޤäۤȤˡեեפۤɤ̣롥
OED quotha, int. ˤȡФϼΤ褦?1520ȤʤäƤ롥
?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Bvjv Thre course dysshes qd a.
Τ褦ˡѸǤ qd a qda ʤɤȾάɽƤ褦Ūʸ̤ḽ夫⤦Ƥ
1698 Unnatural Mother iv. 33 Hei, hei! handsom, kether! sure somebody has been rouling him in the rice.
1720 W. Congreve Love for Love v. i. 115 Sleep quotha! No, why you would not sleep o'your wedding night!
1884 R. Browning Mihrab Shah in Ferishtah's Fancies 99 Attributes, quotha? Here's poor flesh and blood.
1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 507 It's Emerson and that lot. Ragged children. Swarms, quotha.
quoth he Ȥ礬ɸ (discourse_marker) ؤȼѲ (subjectification) Ȥơ˸Ūˤ⤷ȥԥåǤ롥
ˤѲβž®ΰȤΤ롥#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡո (intensifier) 䡤֡ɽ (taboo) ζ餲նɽ (euphemism) ޤƤϾä뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥ѤСɽϥ饤ե뤬ûȤȤˤʤ
Ʊͤˡε#3267. ɸȤηϩ ([2018-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ɸ⡤Ū饤ե뤬ûȤƤ롥ºݡɸŪ˿ɽޤƤϾä֤ƤεǤ⼨褦ˡɸääդˤ٤⤤ȡƼθ줦뤳ȤطʤˤΤˤĤ Lewis (909) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Discourse markers are known for their frequent renewal. Particularly subject to sociolinguistic factors and fashion, they tend to be "caught" easily, spreading quickly among social networks. Choice of markers therefore can reflect age, social position, and so on. Discourse markers date quickly: many of the most frequent discourse markers and connectives of the 20th century arose only in the 18th or 19th century, including of course, after all, still, I say.
饤ե뤬®ȤäƤʾλ֤褦Ǥꡤոնʸˡ˸饤եۤ®櫓ǤϤʤΤˤäѤˤʤȸ路ۤɤˤϡֵ§ŪʡѲΰȤߤʤޤѤκǽˤ褦ˡɸüԤħŤȤΤⶽ̣˼ҲŪʴѻоݤˤʤ뤳Ȥ̣뤫ɸήԤȤƤ¦̤ϡäܤƤ褤
Lewis, Diana M. "Late Modern English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 56 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 901--15.
ɸ (discourse marker, DM) ˤĤơ#2041. ɸ졤 ([2014-11-28-1]) discourse_marker γƵǼ夲ƤǤϡԸ椫ޤȤ Archer ˽äơɸħȷϩˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥
ޤɸħ顥Archer (660) ϼ4夲Ƥ롥
- DMs are phonologically short items that normally occur sentence-initially (but can occur in medial or final position . . .);
- DMs are syntactically independent elements (often constituting separate intonation units) which occur with high frequency (in oral discourse in particular);
- DMs lack semantic content (i.e. they are non-referential/non-propositional in meaning)
- DMs are non-truth-conditional elements, and thus optional (i.e. they may be deleted).
ƤɸϡˤɤСɸʤɤǤϤʤäˤβǡɽɸ餷ʤäƤȤȤǤ롥ǤϡɤΤ褦ɽɸؤȯŸ䤹ΤŵŪɸηϩˤĤƤϡŪʴ鵭ҤΤȡ̣ŪʴΤΤ롥ޤԤˤĤ (Archer 661)
- adverb/preposition > conjunction > DM;
- predicate adverb > sentential adverb structure > parenthetical DM . . .;
- imperative matrix clause > indeterminate structure > parenthetical DM;
- relative/adverbial clause > parenthetical DM.
̣Ūʴηϩϡ̤ (Archer 661)
- truth-conditional > non-truth conditional . . .,
- content > procedural, and nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective meaning,
- scope within the proposition > scope over the proposition > scope over discourse.
Archer, Dawn. "Early Modern English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 41 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 652--67.
ǼĤˤ "It is . . . that . . . ." ηʬʸ (cleft sentence)붯ĴʸˤˤĤƼ䤬줿ˤĤơʲΤ褦ơ˲
ʬʸʤ붯ĴʸˤȯŸ䡤Ǵ֤ŪפοܤˤĤƤϡʣʷаޤȼ⤬ꡤǤǤޤΤϸűѸ줫餢ꡤˤ it Τߤʤ餺 that 䥼ѤƤޤѸˤʬʸȤݤŪʴˤ餺̻ŪʴʬϤΤǤСthat ϴطǤꡤit ϤԻǤȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ"It is father that did it." ȤʸǤС֤٤ȤΤΡǤפȤȤˤʤޤͤǤʤ it ѤΤ̯ʴϤޤ"Who is it?" it ʤɤǤȻפޤʸűѸǤƱǤˡȤ "It is I that am wrong." ˤߤ褦ˡthat ԻʸƬ It ǤϤʤľ I Ǥ뤫Τ褦ʰפ˻ޤʾ塤ޤơβǤ
ˤĤơٹ (245--46) Τ褦Ƥ롥
դѤ줿 It is... μط̾줬ʤǤȤνʸˤư It is I that am wrong. Τ褦ˤФȿ;οǰפ롥ȤС
It is you who make dress pretty, and not dress that makes you pretty.---Eliot
But it's backwaters that make the main stream. ---Galsworthy.
It is not I that bleed---Binyon.
ϺɤʸˡȤǤ⡤餯ȿФΤϤʤǤ that Ի餫 It Ǥ롥ǤϤʤΰˡԤʤ뤫ȤСάIt ʸˡη that ԻǤϤ뤱ɤ⡤ٸԤǾˤϤäƤߤСϷ褷Ƽ˴ޤޤư⤷Ͼ֤ʤɤμ礿ΤΤǤϤʤʤ It is I that am wrong. ȸȤԤǾˤ¤ I am wrong. ˤۤʤʤǤ롥
ٹ p. 246 ǡե "Nous, nous n'avons pas dit cela." "Ce n'est pas nous qui avons dit cela." 2ĤζĴηˤƤ⡤嵭ƱȤȤƤ롥Ϣơ#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥եαƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1]) ȡ
βκǸ˽Ҥ٤ȤϡˤβŪפͼѲƤȤȤǤ롥̤δߤС衤ŪʷȤƽȯΤĴȤŪŪôʤȤȯãη̤ȤơŪפͼѲˤ餵줿ΤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤٹμĥʸˤƷ֤СüԤƬˤ did it ʤ٤ˤΤ餫 father ˤȤǰ뤷wrong ʴְäƤˤΤ餫 I ȤǰϤǤ롥椨ˡδǰ¨Ūפ褦ˤʤäΤơѸޤǤˡΰפͼŪʷΤΤŪʵǽ̤¤ȤƳΩƤΤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Ѥθˤơʹäȯȯäȼ̣Ūʰ̣ξˡƥ (context) ʤɤȤŪʰ̣ղäơΤȤƤΰ̣İȹͤƤ롥ƥȻȤΤۤˤⶨĴθ§ްդʤɼθŪ黻˰͵ựΤȤ館ƤΤꤵ뤬ǤϥƥȤŪʤäơμʬषƤ
쿹 (13--15) ˤСȯäȼƥ (context) 뤤Ͼ (situation) ˤ4Ĥ̤Ȥ
(1) ȯþ (utterance situation) 뤤ʪŪ (physical environment) ȯäԤƤ֡ꡥüԤưۤʤɤΥΥСХ롦ߥ˥㤨СȯäƤΤīդˤ Good morning. Good evening. ǰ夨ɬפȯäƤ˱ here there λؼоݤѰۤ롥ޤʪʤ I'll pour. ȸȤʪŪ餫ʤΤǡưŪά뤳ȤǽǤ롥
(2) þ (discourse situation) ä夹ȯäϢ³ΤǤꡤήΤʤ٤ब롥ȯäȤ̾Ƥꡤά줿䤦褦ʤȡޤɸ (discourse marker) ä餫δطǷƯǡþҴǤ롥
(3) ǧξ (cognitive environment) ˤĤƤäꡤʹξƤξΤɤʬߤδ֤ǶͭƤ뤫ȤäȤ˴ؤǧξס쿹p. 14ˡʤɤι٤ʸŪѤǤϡФʹˤɴʻŵŪμ˭٤˵롥㤨СäΤʤǰ츫ؼоݤΤʤ she Ѥ줿硤֤ǺäƤؤƤǽ롥
(4) ҲŪ (social environment) ƾθ (address term) ɸޤݥ饤ȥͥ (politeness) ɽϡäʹμҲŪʴط狼äƤʤС뤳ȤǤʤ
ȯäϤǰ̣ŪƽäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ͤ˭٤ʥƥȤϤȤƸŪˤϤƤ롥ˤ⼨θŪϤȤ櫓ľܤ˴ͿΤľ (deixis) ɽ;λؼ줬ŵ㤨 this ȤؼƤϡȯþþǧξΤ줫ȤʤǤʤѸ thou ϡȯþҲŪθˤǤʤ
쿹 ְ̣ΥƥȰ¸סظ١翮סԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ13--32ǡ
ǯΤ˸ΤʤǰäƤǰ1Ĥˡּ (periphery) 롥μϳŪƤ褤ΤˤȯäξüʬȤȤ館Ƥȯäκü LP (left periphery)ü RP (right periphery) ȸƤФ졤ŪˤȤ櫓פʵǽ̤ݥȤ롥εǽȤϡŪˤϡñľΰտޤ롤ؤΥݥ饤ȥͥޤθžóϤʤɤι٤ޤޤʾ, p. 16ˡ
˸μ礿ؿǤɸ (discourse_marker) ϡΤ˼˸뤳Ȥ¿ɸŪˤϡȯä (bracket an utterance) ǽͭȤ뤬˸뤳ȤϡŪŬäƤȹͤ롥LP RP ξ¦鶴߹褦ˤơ֤פȤϡ줫ΤߤѤ뤳Ȥºݤˤ¿褦Ǥ롥
ǤϡLP ǤϤɤΤ褦ɸ¾ɽѤ뷹Τ뤤ϤɤΤ褦ʸŪǽ̤뤳Ȥ¿ΤޤRP ǤϤɤʤΤޤ̸Ūˤߤ硤"form-function-periphery mapping" ʾp. 17ˤδطˤĤƲ餫ϤޤܤƤʤޤǤθʬäƤȤϤĤ롥 (17--20) ꡤ3Ҳ𤷤褦
(1) LP ˤϡ³礿ʬ뤿ǧŪȤͿ֤䤹ηȤϡɸѸ if ⡤ɥĸ wenn ⡤ܱڥڥʬȥԥå--ȹ¤ΥȥԥåʬʤɤǤ롥ä꤬Ȥ˲餫ȤƤξȤȤ館롥
(2) LP RP ξý (turn-taking) ˴ؤäƤ롥äΤȤˤơȯäΥХȥäϡLP ˤýäȤꡤХȥϤȤˤ RP ˤý뤳Ȥ롥
(3) LP ˤϡ줫ԤüԤι٤Ǥ뤫Τ餻뵡ǽ롥СLP ֤ɸηϡäιٹ¤ (action structure) ʤ̤ɥĸüԤ줫Ҥ٤褦ȤȿаոΤ餻 obwohl 䡤ܸüԤäγϤ֤Ǥפʤɤ°롥
(1), (2), (3) Ϥ줾ϰۤʤ뤬ȯäפȤŪǽ̤Ƥ롥ǡ(1), (2), (3) ̸ĤθŪǽȤϡ줾줬ߤ˾Ϣ³ΤΤ褦ˤפ롥㤨СѸ Excuse me, but . . . ܸΡ֤ߤޤפ LP ˸졤(1) (3) ʤ (2) ⡩ˤεǽƱ˲̤ƤȹͤʤּפȤϡ⤷ǰƤ
ŵҡɸʸˡᤰȡּפȤͤס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ3--27ǡ
˸ǤϡμήɸؤϼŪȤߤʤ褦꤬ɽΩġɸ (discourse marker) (interjection) (insert) ȸƤФ⡤ǯˤ狼˵ӸӤ褦ˤʤäѸ˸Ǥ⡤well please um 褦䤯ޤȤ˰褦ˤʤä
θˤ͡ʬλꡤ줷ƾΤʤᤷ˻ͽǻȤƤѸƤߤȡ"discourse marker" "interjection" Τۤˤ "discourse particle", "mystery particle", "implicit anchoring device" ʤ͡Ǥ (Jucker and Taavitsainen 55) θηϲ褦ȤߤΰĤ Jucker and Taavitsainen (56) ˤ "Inserts and pragmatic noise" οޤ롥ԹǾѤΤʲ˼

οޤˤ "Inserts", "Pragmatic noise", "Discourse markers", "Primary interjections", "Secondary interjections", "Words", "Vocalisations" ʤɤѸ줬ФƤꡤ줾ζܤۣ˼Ƥ뤬 Jucker and Taavitsainen θŪʽǽץȥŪˤߤƤ뤫Ǥ롥
ޤޤ礭ʬ롥ޤΤ褽¦ Inserts ϡ¾ʻεǽͭƤΤ¿¼Ūʰ̣ƤͭƤ롥Ф뱦¦ Pragmatic noise ϡ¾ʻεǽ⤿¼Ūʰ̣ǡäѤŪпŪòȤ롥ơ¦ Inserts ǤץȥŪ Inserts Ǥ뺸ü Discourse markers ȡŪʱ Interjections ʬ롥 Interjections ⡤ƱȤ¾ʻˤⶡ뤫ݤˤä Secondary interjections Primary interjections ʬ롥ΤȤƺؤΥǡνΤɽƤΤ狼ʤüˤ Ha ha he he ʤɤ Vocalisations Ȥ褦Τʤθꤵ줿ɽߤ롥
interjections 3ʬƤYuk! ouch! ʤɤδŪ (emotive) ʤΡaha!, Oh!, Well! ʤɤǧŪ (cognitive) ʤΤϹ碌ɽŪ (expressive) ʴȸƤФ롥ˡʹ˶Ưؼꡤդ¥ꡤưǽŪ (conative) ʴȤ shh!, eh?, hey!, ho!, Look! 롥Ǹ˸Ū (phatic) ʴȤơŤǤĤ mhm!, uh-huh! ʤɤ̤ (Jucker and Taavitsainen 57--58)
ϸѸˤʬǤϤ뤬Ѹ˸ˤ⤪褽ΤޤƤϤޤŪʶʬ
Jucker, Andreas H. and Irma Taavitsainen. English Historical Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ܿʬǤϡѤ䤹Ϥ뤫ȤꡤʤѼ (scale of adoptability, or borrowability scale) äƵ깭ƤThomason and Kaufman ϼѤʤϤʤƤ뤬ȤƤѤ䤹ܤȤǤʤܤ뤳ȤǧƤ롥#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1]) ʤɤǵΰüߤƤŪʴˤ٤ä褽ɽȤ뼫Ωι⤤֤ǤѤ䤹ǡǤʤɤι«줿֤³ȤäΤʤ˲졤̣ʤɤμѤ⺮äƤ뤬ϽȤƤŪΤۤǤ롥
Ω줬ǤѤ䤹ŪʸˡܤǤѤˤȤŪʼ٤ϡľŪˤ䤹ġ㳰ŪʻϤˤ衤褽ƱդƤȤäƤ褤ȤǡŪʴǤϤʤǽŪʴˤѼ٤ȤΤϤˤĤ Matras (209--10) ̣ŦƤ롥
. . . it was proposed that borrowing hierarchies are sensitive to functional properties of discourse organization and speaker-hearer interaction. Items expressing contrast and change are more likely to be borrowed than items expressing addition and continuation. Discourse markers such as tags and interjections are on the whole more likely to be borrowed than conjunctions, and categories expressing attitudes to propositions (such as focus particles, phrasal adverbs like still or already, or modals) are more likely to be borrowed than categories that are part of the propositional content itself (such as prepositions, or adverbs of time and place). Contact susceptibility is thus stronger in categories that convey a stronger link to hearer expectations, indicating that contact-related change is initiated through the convergence of communication patterns . . . . In the domain of phonology and phonetics, sentence melody, intonation and tones appear more susceptible to borrowing than segmental features. One might take this a step further and suggest that contact first affects those functions of language that are primary or, in evolutionary perspective, primitive. Reacting to external stimuli, seeking attention, and seeking common ground with a counterpart or interlocutor. Contact-induced language change thus has the potential to help illuminate the internal composition of the grammatical apparatus, and indeed even its evolution.
ղûϤȤɸ (discourse_marker) ٤ɽ魯ʤɡʹռߥ˥εǽɽΤۤ̿ŪؼŪʵǽɽѤ䤹ȤŦǤ롥ɸϤƤʸ¾ǤΩƤ롤뤤ϴΩƤϤʤȤ⡤٤ʬΥǽݻƤ롥ĤޤꡤεǽŪʴˤ٤ϡŪΩ伫ͳ٤ȴϢƤ¤ˤơηŪʴˤ٤Ȥ̷⤷ʤषηŪʴΤʤ˼ޤʹˤʤΤǤϤʤ
ȡޤǹͻȤǡΰѤθȾǽҤ٤Ƥ첻˴ؤѼ٤ΤǤϡʬ֤֤겻פǤαΧŪǤΤۤѤ䤹Ȥ롥ηŪʴǤϡʬ䲻ǤμѤؤθڤϤäΧŪǤμѤϤۤȤˤ줿ȤʤΤǤϤʤʺε#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1]) (6) ȡˡΧŪǤŪ˼Ѥ䤹ȤŦȹ碌ơѤȾʬƤɾȡǽŪʼѼ٤Ƥ˰롥äʹΥߥ˥ľܴͿࡤСʴ֡˼ޤबǤʤΤѤ䤹ȤΤϡεǽȤߤơΤ˹Ūοʲ (evolution) ؤƶˤڤǤꡤɷŪǤ롥
Τ褦˰츫ʤۤɤȻפ碌ǤϤ뤬Ѥ줿ܤοȤߤȡdiscourse marker μѤϡʳ̿ŪؼŪʵǽɽŵŪˤ̾ưˤ٤ơŪ˾ʤȤϵ褦ʤŪʴȵǽŪʴबߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطǺѤѼ٤ƤΤ¿λ㸦椬ɬפˤʤäƤ
Matras, Yaron. "Language Contact." Variation and Change. Ed. Mirjam Fried et al. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2010. 203--14.
Treffers-Daller μѤ˴ؤʸ Meeuwis and Östman θܿ˴ؤʸɤߡ#1778. Ѹ츦 to-do list ([2014-03-10-1]) դ٤ܤ¿뤳ȤΤäʲˡĤƤߤ롥
(1) ѤˤϸѲβ1ĤȤƹͻ٤¦̤뤬θǤϼȤƸŪ¦̤ܤƤܿǤˤ⤫餺쳰Ū¦̤ιͻҲŪʻʤäΤǤϤʤŪˤϡѤηȻɾθ椬٤Ƥ롥Treffers-Dalle (17--18) ΰʲλŦ狼䤹
. . . researchers have mainly focused on what Weinreich, Herzog and Labov (1968) have called the embedding problem and the constraints problem. . . . Other questions have received less systematic attention. The actuation problem and the transition problem (how and when do borrowed features enter the borrowing language and how do they spread through the system and among different groups of borrowing language speakers) have only recently been studied. The evaluation problem (the subjective evaluation of borrowing by different speaker groups) has not been investigated in much detail, even though many researchers report that borrowing is evaluated negatively.
(2) ѸΤߤʤ餺ܿΥơΤ˴ؤ뤬ǯϥͥåȤϤȤǥȯŸˤꡤѤεʪŪʾ¸ߤȤʤʤäƤĤޤꡤܿμѤäƤȤȤǤꡤѲϼѡʸˤμ̤ˤƶڤܤ
Due to modern advances in telecommunication and information technology and to more extensive traveling, members within such groupings, although not being physically adjacent, come into close contact with one another, and their language and communicative behaviors in general take on features from a joint pool . . . . (Meeuwis and Östman 38)
(3) Ūʸ桥#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1]) Ǽ "scale of adoptability" (or "borrowability scale") βˤĤơ2ѼԤäեѥѤƸڤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤäƤOttawa-Hull ΥեˤѸѤ䡤եȥ2쥳ѥˤѤηڥȥ奢2¸女ѥˤʬϤʤɤϤƤ롥
(4) ˤѤȤʥ뤬ڤ곫ĤĤ롥ޤοϾʤ2ѼԤˤɸ (discourse marker) õǽμѤλ㤬𤵤Ƥ롥
(5) 嵭 (3) (4) Ȥط뤬2ѼԤμѤ˺ݤ뿴ŪʥץŪʬǤ롥#1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1]) 褦ˡcode-switching ȤδϢȤʤ롥
(6) ȥ͡ꥺʤɱΧŪǤμ̡
ƺǿμѸϡηϤȤδϢˤƸȤϡüԸĿͤ뤤ϼҲȤδϢˤƸؿܤƤƤ褦ޤ̤ȤƤμѸ (loanword) ܤȤϡȤƤμ (borrowing) ܤȤؿѲ⤢褦
ĿͤȤƤϡ跿θηϤȤδϢˤƤμѤθˤƤ⡤ޤʤȤϤȹͤƤ롥㤨С̣ (semantic loan) ʤɤϡ¿;ϤĤƤȻפäƤ롥
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine. "Borrowing." Variation and Change. Ed. Mirjam Fried et al. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2010. 17--35.
Meeuwis, Michael and Jan-Ola Östman. "Contact Linguistics." Variation and Change. Ed. Mirjam Fried et al. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2010. 36--45.
ϡε#1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]) ȯŸȤּѲ (intersubjectification) ˤĤƼ夲롥Traugott ϡ"nonsubjective > subjective" Ȥ̣ѲαĹ "subjective > intersubjective" Ȥ⤦1Ĥʳ뤳ȤƤƤ롥ޤּѲ (intersubjectification) ιԤ夯Ǥּ (intersubjectivity) ˤĤơTraugott (128) ߤƤߤ褦
[I]ntersubjectivity is the explicit expression of the SP/W's attention to the 'self' of addressee/reader in both an epistemic sense (paying attention to their presumed attitudes to the content of what is said), and in a more social sense (paying attention to their 'face' or 'image needs' associated with social stance and identity). (128)
ơּѲ (intersubjectification) Ȥϡ"the development of meanings that encode speaker/writers' attention to the cognitive stances and social identities of addressees" (124) 롥
Ѹ줫ּŪɽ褦Actually, I will drive you to the dentist. "Actually" ּṲ̄ƤȤ "Actually" ϡ֤ʤϤƤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤΤǤƸޤפۤɤΰ̣ޤǤꡤʹ face ФƤθɽ魯ä٤ɽ路Ƥ롥ޤĤƤαѸˤ2;̾ you thou λȤʬ (cf. t/v_distinction) ⡤ŵŪʴּŪɽǤ롥
ּѲȡLet's take our pills now, Roger. ˤ let's 롥 let's ϡlet us (allow us) Ȥ̿ʸȯãǤꡤlet's ṳ̂ʤ "I propose" ۤɤξ塦ΰդɽ魯褦ˤʤä줬˿ƤҤˤʤ褦ư¥ "care-giver register" ǤˡؤȯŸΤǤ롥塦ȯãϼѲȤߤƤ褤μȯŸʳϡäʿơˤʹʻҡˤؤΡ֤ʤ¥פ٤ɲƤȤǴּѲȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥̿ʸԤ please pray ʤɤˡȯã⡤Ʊͤ˴ּѲȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˡ֤ޤȤǤƱդޤפۤɤ̣ɸ well ȯã⤦1ĤȤߤƤ褤
ʹ face Ťä٤Τּ뤤ϴּѲȤСѸȤϤषܸν֤ºݡּּѲθǤϡܸϰĥǤ롥Ƽηɾɽ˻Ϥޤꡤ졤ɸȤƤΡ֤ơפʤɡ¿ɽ˴ּߤ롥Traugott "nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective" ȤѲꤹΤǤСܸϡΤɤͤޤˤޤǹԤڤäɽ¿¸ߤ롤ŪȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡɤͤޤˤޤǹԤڤäɽΤθϤɤʤΤȯŸʳʤȤȤˤʤСɤͤޤˤϼɽѤ뤳ȤˤʤꤽѤȤʤäƤɽ¿Traugott (136) ϡΤ褦Ƥ롥
. . . by hypothesis, intersubjectification is a semasiological end-point for a particular form-meaning pair; onomasiologically, however, an intersubjective category will over time come to have more or fewer members, depending on cultural preference, register, etc.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
(pragmatics) ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) θǤϡѲ (subjectification) ȤȤФˤ롥ǤСֻؼŪ̿Ụ̄ƥŪɽŪ뤤ϡпŪ (interpersonal) ؤΰ̣Ѳסʽp. 11ˤǤ롥̿ΰ̣üԤμŪ٤˽Ṭ̌ؤѲǤꡤʸˡˤŵŪˤߤǤȤ롥ŪˤС"propositional > textual > expressive/interpersonal" Ȥ
(11--13) ˽äƱѸˤȡư̤ΰջ֡ɽ魯 be going to ȯãˡư must, may ʤɤε̳Ūˡ (deontic) ǧŪˡ (epistemic) ؤȯãɸȯãĴȯãʤɤ롥Ūˡư promise ηФѲߤƤߤ褦Ѹ˥ե줫Ѥ줿 ư promise ϡͭμȤꡤ«Ȥȯ٤ԤȤ̣16ˤ̾Ūơͽ𤹤롤ͽפΰ̵̣μƤ褦ˤʤ롥18ˤϡʸȤäŪ夲ˡȯãջŪǧŪʰ̣˻롥̡The conflict may promise to escalate into war. Τ褦ʸǽˤʤäư promise ФƤѲΥץϡ"full thematic predicates > raising predicates > quasi-modals > modal operator" ȿǤ
⤦1ġƻ lovely μѲˤĤƤƤ褳ηƻϿʹ֤°̣18Τɽ魯褦ˤʤꡤDzͤɽ魯褦ˤʤä19溢϶ո (intensifier) ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤꡤĤˤϤˡ餷פۤɤ̣ȿ (response particle) ȤƤˡȯã "descriptive adjective > affective adjective > intensifier/pragmatic particle" ȤäȤϢơƻ줬ɾŪʰ̣ˤĤƤϡ#1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]) Ǽ夲ΤǡȤ줿ոȯãˤĤƤϡ#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1]) ȡ
ۤˤ⡤Traugott (126--27) ˤСafter all, in fact, however ʤɤɸȤƤȯãeven μٻȤƤȯãonly ξȤƤȯãʤɤ뤷ܸ줫ȤơʸƬΡ֤ǤפɸȤƤȯã䡤ʸΡ֤櫓פμŪ٤ޤͳˡȯãʤɤŦ롥
μΰ̣ѲȤˤʤȡɬȿ餷ΤŦ롥ºݤˡȿѲ (de-subjectification) ܤ⤢롥㤨Сcriminal law criminal ϵҴŪǵŪʰ̣äƤ뤬ŪˤϤηƻǤ a criminal tyrant ˤ褦ʼŪɾŪʰ̣ԤƤȤޤѸǤŪ˼ư֤ȯãƤư֤ŵŪưʤȿŪɽȤ롥
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.
#1971. ʸˡˤӸݤ ([2014-09-19-1]) κǸDzʤĤäˡʸˡŪή졤drift ΰȤƤǤϤʤѲư붦ŪϤȤƤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤפȤΤäĴ٤ƤߤȡʸˡӸݤʤΤ뤤Ϥ켫ȤưϸʤΤȤϡºݡʸˡθԤδ֤Ǥ褯ƤǤ뤳Ȥ狼äϴϢʸˡθưäˤΰΰȯŸȳˤĤơTraugott εҤ˰͵Ƴ⤷
ʸˡϡ30;ǯۤɤƸؤ礭ʥɤȤĹƤ礭ͤ2Ĥ롥1Ĥ "reduction and increased dependency" Ȥߤ븫Ǥꡤ⤦1ĤϤष "the expansion of various kinds" Ȥߤ븫Ǥ롥ξԤȤˡ̣ȲѲʸˡѲΩĤĤⲿ餫ηǴؤäƤȤߤƤ롤ä˷ŪѲȤδطɤȤ館뤫ˤäΩ줬ʬƤ롥
Ūˤϡʸˡ "reduction and increased dependency" ȤߤƤ̣ɺ (semantic bleaching) Ȳθ (reduction) åȤˤʤäȤǡ"unidirectionality from more to less complex structure, from more to less lexical, contentful status" (Traugott 273) Ȥθĥ롥θ Givón "Today's morphology is yesterday's syntax." ΰ⤤ŵŪ˽Ƥ뤬˰̲ǡΤ褦ʰΥǥƤƤ롥ǤϡΧ (autonomy) ¾Ǥؤν° (dependency) ٹ礤ʤ顤ĤˤϾäƤޤȤʸˡΥ饤ե뤬ɽƤ롥
discourse > syntax > morphology > morphphonemics > zero
θϡ1990ǯȾаʹߡ¿Ƚˤ餵뤳ȤˤʤäǤϤʤޤӸݤȤߤ븫ΨŪʷˤʤȤ븫Ф졤ȤȤˡæʸˡ (degrammaticalisation) ָò (lexicalisation) ʤɤΩǰŦ褦ˤʤäȿΰĤȤæʸˡȤϲòȤϲȤɵ椵褦ˤʤꡤʸˡȤޤΥեɤϳ礷Ƥä
ʸˡΤ⤦1Ĥθϡreduction ǤϤʤष expansion ǤȤΤʸˡܤ줿ϡƤޤˤäɽ줿ꡤˡʡʤɤ˴ؤΤäܤܤ³ɸʤɤܤȡʸˡȤϤष¤ŪʳĥǤŬϰϤγǤϤʤȤפƤ롥㤨Сؼ줬괧ؤʸˡ뤳Ȥˤꡤͭ̾ˤ³褦ˤʤꡤŬϰϤ̤Ȥʤäʸˡ̣ΰ̲ݲǤ뤳ȤͤСŬϰϤȤϼǤ롥 (productivity) γȸƤ褤ܸΡ֤Ȥǡפξɽɸؤȯãʤɤ "reduction and increased dependency" Ȥª줺ष autonomy ͭƤȤͤ롥ˤơʸˡϸѲ (pragmaticalisation) βȤӤĤ褦ˤʤä
ʸˡ2ĤθҲ𤷤ǯǤʸˡϿäơʤȯŸȳ뤲Ƥ롥㤨С1990ǯιʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) оˤꡤʸˡθǤ̣ȷ֤ΥڥռʬϤܤ褦ˤʤä㤨Сñפ A lot of fans is for sale. ʣפ A lot of fans are for sale. ؤѲ A lot of our problems are psychological. Τ褦ɽƤΤߤȡʸˡȤȤΰʬϤȤ狼롥ۤˡgive an answer make a promise ʤɤΡַڤư괧ܹ̾פʣ⡤ʸʸˡʸˡδ뤳ȤǤ
ʸˡΰˤĤƤˤʤäƤ̤ϡȤͶƳ (invited inference) ŦƤ롥ޤ (analogy) ʬ (reanalysis) Τ褦ʸŤǰФƤ⡤ʸˡΰ⡤ưŤᥫ˥Ȥ顤ƲλߤʤƤƤ롥ȤΤϡʸˡȤϰʬϤǤȤͤ졤ʬϤȤϴ¸ι¤ȤȤ٤ʤƤʤΤȹͤ뤫ǡΥǥȤʸˡꤹȡŬ (Optimality Theory) ˤʬϤȤƤ롥ܿʬϡʸˡμѤȤⰷ褦ˤʤäƤ
ʸˡΰϸ¤ʤȤäƤƤ롥
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "Grammaticalization." Chapter 15 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum, 2010. 271--85.
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