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̤©֥饬פȤȡѸˤȤϡޤʤ褦˻פ뤬Ϥޤȡ٤ǷӤĤ뤫⤷ʤ륺ˡسʸ٤3ϡֳ̤ȸספɤǡդȻפäȤǤ롥
3ۤɤ礭γ̤ϡǯʾˡǥ֤̱ˤäƺνϤ饬ϡʾʡΰʤɤȤƲͤäפΤ˥ǥ֤ιΩä饬κǽδϤϥɤǤ롥Φϩǥϥ麽Ǥƥӥꡤ˥եꥫΦǤեꥫˤޤDZФ줿 (륺pp. 110--11)
ιϰϤˤ錄륿饬Ѥפ˺ǽ˵Ť衼åѿͤϡݥȥͤǤ롥ݥȥ뾦ͤ16ޤdzθפꤷƤ17ʹߤϥꥹȥξ쥤ɲҤ饬ή̤ۤ뤳Ȥˤʤä衼åѤξͤ饬Ż뤷Τϡ֥եꥫβ侦ͤȤμˤϳ̤Ȥȶ礬褤ȤΤäƤפʥ륺p. 113ˡγ̲ʾˤ衼åѤξͤ㤦ȤǤΤǤꡤ줿ΤǤƥֳϫƯϤȤʤäΤǤ1680ǯˤ1ͤϳ1ĤǸ졤1770ǯˤ1ͤβͤϳ15Ĥˤʤäˡơ֥ǥ֤Υ饬ȤȤѲ٤ȤƱФ줿դϥꥹǹˤʤꡤιˡƱ饬줿˽ݤưǤȤˤʤסʥ륺p. 113ˡ
饬Ϥ1ĤȤǰפˤ⤦ꥹϡ٤äƻȳ̿βΤǤꡤηкŪפäȤ⤤롥ơŸȤȤˡѸޤسȻ
1807ǯꥹػߤˡΧΩȼäƲʾȤƤΥ饬ⲼФȤʤäƤäեꥫǤϥ饬פ¿ϤäΤΡ19ۤƤĤƤ˱ɤ뤳ȤǤʾȤƤˤǥ֤Υ饬300İʾ夬ʾȤѤƤȤΤβѡȤˤեѸ˴ͿΤ̴ۤƤߤ롥
إ륺ˡ ͵ҡˡسʸ١Ͻۡ2016ǯ
ѸǤϡֿˤơס֥ꥹȤˤơפƼɽȤƾѤ롥1ѼȤơGod (hit) wot Ȥɽ롥ѸǤ (as) God knows (it) ۤɤwot Ȥ֤ϡŪˤϲưǤѸ witen (to know) ľˡ3;ñ˶ޤ֤Ǥʡ#66. ư ([2009-07-03-1]) ȡˡ
ȻʤΤGodd hit wite ȤɽǤ롥ѤƤ wite Ȥ֤ϡƱ witen Ρ³ˡ3;ñǤ롥ĤޤꡤǽȤƤϵȤʤꡤlet God know it ۤɤΰ̣ˤʤ롥Ƕ Bennett and Smithers Ǥ Ancrene Wisse ΰɤǤȤˡɽ˽вäA. ll. 151--52 ˡΤ褦ˤ롥
Godd hit wite and he hit wat, me were leouere þet ȝe weren alle o þe spitel-uuel þen ȝe weren ontfule . . . .
(God be my witness to it---and he knows it---I had rather you were all lepers than that you should be envious)
Ǥ Godd hit wite he hit wat ξɽ¤ǤΤǡζ̤˵Ť䤹³ˡˡεǤ롥
Onions ³ˡѤɽˤĤơ⤷ͤƤ (334--35)
Their equation with certain Continental Germanic formulæ has been overlooked, and in general their force has been misapprehended. Their meaning is: "Let God (or Christ) know (it)," "God be my witness (to it)," "I call God to witness." They are strong asseverations, and are virtually equivalent to "I declare to God." They are therefore more forcible than God wot, Goddot . . . .
ޥǤ楪졤ϥɥĸ졤ϥɥĸ³ˡѤбɽ롥Ѹ줫Ϥۤ¿ʸڤƤ櫓ǤʤΤOnions (335) ѤƤ褦ˡ12 Anglo-Norman Mestre Thomas ˤ Horn ȤʤˡΤ褦ʲս꤬롥
Seignurs bachelers, bien semlez gent bevant,
Ki as noeces alez demener bobant;
Ben iurez wite God, kant auerez beu tant. (Horn, l. 4011, ed. Brede and Stengel.)
(Young gentlemen, you have all the appearance of drinking fellows, who go to weddings to behave uproariously; you swear "wite God" when you are in liquor.)
ɽºݤˤȤƾѤƤȤŪ˼ڵȤʤΤǤϤʤ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Onions, C. T. "Middle English (i) WITE GOD, WITE CRIST, (ii) GOD IT WITE." The Review of English Studies 4.15 (1928: 334--37).
Ѹǡ֥㥬פ potato Ǥ롥֥ĥޥ (sweet potato, batata) ȶ̤٤Irish potato white potato ȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢롥㥬⤬Ƹʥڥ롼ȥܥӥˤޤƥƥмդϤȤˤǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬1570ǯ˥ڥͤˤäƥ衼åѤػޤ졤17ˤŸƤˤäơθƤ̾͡Ǥä
ƣˡإ㥬ˡ (44--45) ˤȡƤθϤǤθƾΤ papa ǤꡤǽϤΤޤޥڥäȤˡ̣ papà ƱǤ뤳Ȥ鶲¿Ȥͳ졤ѹ patata 뤤 batata ȤβѲưŤȤСǵäȤ (1) Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) βȡ(2) ֡ (taboo) ο˶ư줿(3) 2Ĥ p t ֤۲ (dissimilation) κѡʡ#90. taper paper ([2009-07-26-1]) ȡˤȡ(4) ta η֤Ȥʣ (reduplication) ȤͿƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѥ˴ؤ벻ŪʲȤƤϡ֤뤪⤷
ڥ patata ϡȤ˼㴳βѲϤˤ衤Ѹ (potato) ˤ16Ⱦäꥢ (patata) 䥹ǥ (potatis) ˤäcf. #1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])ˡ
ܲι⤤ʪȤɾơϤΥפ뤤ϡϤΥʥפȤƾΤȯãե pomme de terre aardappel ʤɤɽǥ jordpäron ȤΤ뤷ɥĸ Erdapfel, Erdbirne θƾΤ⤢롥
̷Ǥϡɥĸ Kartoffel 롥ϥȥդؤꥢ tartufo ͳ褹뤬ƥ㥬ܤڥͤȥդȴ㤤Ȥä˴Ť kartofel ϡɥĸѤΤ
ܸ֥㥬פϡ㥬⤬16ܤˡͤμˤꥸΥ㥫ȥʸ㥫륿θ̾ˤޤ줿ȤüȯƤ̾Ǥ롥ܤ¸ȤƤ͡ʸƾΤԤʤƤ뤬⤷ȤǤϡԡˤϿޤˤȡ̴줫̤ʿ¦ǥåץ顤ץ顤ץȤʹ롥ϡҤΥ aardappel ˴ŤΤȹͤʰƣp. 167ˡ
ƣ ϼإ㥬ˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ
ԡˡܤϿޡ33ǡҡӡ2013ǯ. *
#2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1]) ˰³֥Х٥פḽѸ8Сɲä⡤Weigle The Genesis Octapla (50--51) äƤΤǤ롥
μˤˤĤƤϡ#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1])#1709. ױǯɽ ([2013-12-31-1])#1472. ͥθŪ ([2013-05-08-1]) ȡ
(1) TYNDALE 1530
And all the world was of one tonge and one language. And as they came from the east, they founde playne in the lande of Synear, and there they dwelled. And they sayd one to a nother: come on, let us make brycke and burne it wyth fyre. So brycke was there stone and slyme was there morter. And they sayd: Come on, let us buylde us cyte and a toure, that the toppe may reach unto heaven. And let us make us name, for peraventure we shall be scatered abrode over all the erth. And the LORde came downe to see the cyte and the toure which the children of Adam had buylded. And the LORde sayd: See, the people is one and have one tonge amonge them all. And thys have they begon to do, and wyll not leave of from all that they have purposed to do. Come on, let us descende and myngell theire tonge even there, that one understonde not what a nother sayeth. Thus the LORde skatered them from thence uppon all the erth. And they left of to buylde the cyte. Wherfore the name, of it is called Babell, because that the LORDE there confounded the tonge of all the world. And because that the LORde from thence, skatered them abrode uppon all the erth.
(2) GREAT BIBLE (1539) 1540
Al the whole erth was of one language and lyke speche. And it happened whan they wente furth from the east, they founde playne in the londe of Sinhar, and there they abode. And they sayd every one to his neyghboure: Come, let us prepare brycke, and burne them in the fyre. And they had brycke for stone, and slyme had they in steade of morter. And they sayde: Go to, let us buylde us citie and tower, whose toppe maye reach unto heaven: and let us make us name, lest haply we be scatred abrode in to the upper face of the whole erth. But the Lord came downe, to se the cytie and tower whych the chyldren of men buylded. And the Lorde sayde: Beholde, the people is one, and they have all one language, and thys they begynne to do, neyther wyll it be restrayned from them, whatsoever they have ymagined to do. Come on, let us go downe, and confounde theyr language, that every one perceave not hys neyghbours speche. And so the Lorde scatred them from that place into the upper face of all the erth. And they left of to buylde the cytie. And therfore is the name of it called Babel, because the Lorde dyd there confounde the language of ail the erth. And from thence dyd the Lorde scater them abrode upon the face of all the erth.
(3) GENEVA BIBLE (1560) 1562
Then the whole earth was of one language and one speache. And as they went frome the Easte, they founde a plaine in the lande of Shinar, and there they abode. And they sayd one to an other, Come let us make brycke, and burne it in the fire. So they had brycke for stone, and slyme had they in steade of morter. Also they said, Go to, let us builde us citie and tower, whose toppe (may reache) unto the heaven, that we may get us name, lest we be scatred upon the whole earth. But the Lord came downe, to se the citie and tower, whiche the sonnes of men buylded. And the Lord said, Beholde, the people (is) one, and they all have one language, and this they begynne to do, nether can they now be stopped from whatsoever they have imagined to do. Come on, let us go downe, and there confounde their language, that everie one perceive not an others speache. So the Lord scattred them frome thence uppon all the earth, and they left of to buylde the citie. Therefore the name of it was called Babel, because the LORDE did there confounde the language of all the earth: from thence then did the LORDE scater them upon all the earth.
(4) BISHOPS' BIBLE (1568) 1602
And all the whole earth was of one language, and like speach. And when they went forth from the East, they found plaine in the lande of Sinar, and there they abode. And one saide to another, Come, let us prepare bricke, and burne them in the fire. And they had bricke for stones, and slime had they in stead of morter. And they said, Go to, let us build us citie and tower, whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us make us name, lest peradventure we be scattered abroad upon the whole earth. But the Lord came downe to see the city and tower, which the children of men builded. And the Lord saide, Beholde, the people is one, and they have all one language: and this they begin to do, neither is there any let to them from all those things which they have imagined to doe. Come on, let us go downe, and there confound their language, that every one perceive not his neighbours speach. And so the Lord scattered them from that place upon all the earth: and they left off to build that citie. And therefore is the name of it called Babel, because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.
(5) DOUAY 1609
And the earth was of one tongue, and al one speach. And when they removed from the east, they found a plaine in the land of Sennaar, and dwelt in it. And eech one said to his neighboure: Come, let Us make bricke, and bake them with fire. And they had bricke in steed of stone, and bitume in steed of morter: and they said: Come, let us make us citie and a towre, the toppe wherof may reach to heaven: and let us renowne our name before we be dispersed into al lands. And our Lord descended to see the citie and the towre, which the children of Adam builded, and he said: Behold, it is one people, and one tongue is to al: and they have begunne to doe this, neyther wil they leave of from their determinations, til they ac complish them indede. Come ye therfore, let us goe downe, and there confound their tongue, that none may heare is neighbours voice. And so our Lord dispersed them from that place into al lands, and they ceased to build the citie. And therfore the name therof was called Babel, because there the tongue of the whole earth was confounded: and from thence our Lord dispersed them upon the face of al countries.
(6) KJ (1611) 1873
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to an other, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. And they said, Go to, let us build us city and tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there con found their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.
(7) (RV 1881) ASV 1901
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Come, -let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. And they said, Come, let us build us city, and tower, whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us make us a name; lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And Jehovah came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And Jehovah said, Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do: and now nothing will be withholden from them, which they purpose to do. Come, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. So Jehovah scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off building the city. Therefore was the name of it called Babel; because Jehovah did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did Jehovah scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.
(8) RSV (1952) 1960
Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves city, and tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the LORD said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another's speech." So the LORD scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of all the earth; and from there the LORD scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.
Х٥ (tower_of_babel) ˴ؤƤϡ#2946. ˤߤȳȻ ([2017-05-21-1])#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ⻲ȡ
Weigle, Luther A. ed. The Genesis Octapla: Eight English Versions of Genesis in the Tyndale-King James Tradition. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1952.
֤ޤˡפ̣붯Ĵ too ʣ (reduplication) Ĵٹ礤˶ too too ʤ줬롥too Ȥֻ졦 to βỤ̄ŪʶȤ٤ǤꡤŤͤ too too ˤƤϡĴޤ˶ˤޤꡤȤäȤShakespeare Ǥ O that this too too sallied flesh would melt. (Hamlet 1. 2. 129) ȤѤƤꡤߤǤ She is too-too kind. ʤɤѤ롥
OED ˤȡĤƤ1 toto, totoo, tootoo ʤɤ֤줿Ȥ⤢äȤƻ٤ȤƤνФϤۤɸŤʤ1542ǯ㤬ƤʤưȤƤ a1529 ˽Фˡ
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 271, It was toto ferre oddes yt a Syrian born should in Roome ouer come a Romain.
ɽȯưŤϡĹɬפʤʣȤϷ֤Ǥꡤ֤ϰ̣ŪĴ̤롥ʣȶĴϡiconicity ʿˤǡƼ̩ܤʴطȤ櫓Τ䤹ˤƤϡ츽ݤȤӻȤʴϢơ#65. Ѹˤ reduplication ([2009-07-02-1]) ȡˡ
ʤˤҤ٤褦˶Ĵ too Τֻ졦 tō ζǤ롥űѸǤ to ñȤǡ֤ξ塤ˡפΰդȤѤ뤳ȤǤƻʤɤȶȡ֤ޤ?פΰ̣ɽ魯ȤǤȤơ첻夯ûȯֻˡĹȯжĴȤƵǽΤǤ롥ʬˤ⤫餺ֻƱ to ֤³16鶯ĴΤۤ too ֤褦ˤʤꡤΩ
ˤζȼΩ̤θǧ褦ˤʤϡѸˤǤ⾯ʤ餺Ƥ롥#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1]) ȡ
Ransomware Ƥ롥2֤ۤɤΤ˴ﳲ⤿餷Ƥ०ϡWannaCry ̾դ줿Τǡʤ®٤ǹޤäƤȤǡͼˤȤäƿ (ransom) ᤹륿פΰʥץǡܤǤȤ»äƤ롥
ransom ȤǤˤ϶̣ɤȡƥ redemptiō ̤롥ֵߤޤפ̣뤳Υƥñϡޤե˼Ѥ졤줬Ѹˤ14ˤۤܤΤޤѤ redemption Ȥʤä
ƥ redemptiō ˤϡեǼʲȯã뤲 rançon ؤȯŸä1200ǯ˱ѸؼѤ졤raunsoun ʤɤ֤줿MED raunsoun ȡˡ n ǤϤʤ m ۷֤14鸫褦ˤʤ뤬 random seldom θˤȤ롥
random θ m ˤĤƤϡOED Τ褦ͿƤ롥
The change of final -n to -m appears to be a development within English; compare ransom n., and see further R. Jordan Handbuch der mittelenglischen Grammatik (1934) §254. The extremely rare Old French form random (see F. Godefroy Dict. de l'ancienne langue française (1880--1902) at randon) is probably unconnected.
Ϣơseldom θβ֤ˤĤơ#39. ʣͿʸ -um С ([2009-06-06-1]) ȡ#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1]) ȡ
۷֤ˤޤĤʣ⤷ʤĤޤȤ ransom redemption 2Ÿ (doublet) δطȤȤˤʤ롥¯Ūʰ̣ǤΥǡεߤʤΤ뤤ϥꥹȶŪʰ̣ǤοεߤʤΤȤ㤤Ϥ뤬ˤֵߤΤλʧפȤǡRansom(ware) redemption ȤѤʤȤˤʤ롥
2ŸˤĤƤϡ#1724. Skeat ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-15-1])#1723. åץˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-14-1]) ΰ⻲ȡ
#2942. ޥβѲ ([2017-05-17-1]) ˰³Hamer (15) ꡤɸλ˴ط2ĤβѲҲ𤹤롥
| Sound change | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| D | The diphthongs all developed as follows: ai > ā, au > ēa (ēa = ǣa), eu > ēo, iu > īo. (This development of eu and iu was in fact very much later, but it is placed here in the interests of simplification.) | |
| E | a > æ unless it came before a nasal consonant. | dæg, glæd, but land/lond. |
The effects can be seen in comparing say OE dæg, OFr deg with Go dags, OIc dagr, OHG tag. (The original [æ] was later raised in Frisian.)
In outline, AFB turns low back */α/ to [æ], except before nasals (hence OE, OHG mann but dæg vs. tag. It is usually accepted that at some point before AFB (which probably dates from around the early fifth century), */α/ > [α̃] before nasals, and the nasalized vowel blocked AFB.
AFB ϸűѸ̾ޤʤɤˤʰ۷֤벻ѲȤƽפʤΤǡűѸؽԤϵαƤ
Hamer, R. F. S. Old English Sound Changes for Beginners. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
åɤŪʬʬˤĤƤϡ#1467. åɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-05-03-1]) dzפΥޥʬहäƤ⡤¯˥ƥ줫ŪʬͤΤŪʬ˴ؤŪˤäơʣʬबǽȤʤ롥ޤŪˤŪʬ̵ۤǤʤᡤϤ͡ʬब롥ҲŪʹθޤȡʣ#1660. ˥μҲء ([2013-11-12-1]) ǿ줿褦Ū¦̤˴ؤäƤ롥
Τ褦ʸȶʬˤĤƤΰŪʵȤƤϡ˰פ⤷ƤꡤͭѤǤ롥ξǡ (85) ϡޥˤĤŪŪȤ߹碌ʬ1ʲΤ褦Ƥ롥
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ޥƥޥ췲20Ƭ˺ǸüԤ˴ޥƥ
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ǡ˥äפϰǤɡ䥫ԥθϡꥢǤϤʤƥ줫ľǤꡤޥΤʤǤϺǤŤ֤ĤƤȤ *
缡֥ޥᤰäơס泤̥2014泤Ͷ2015١ʸ2017ǯ81--86ǡ
դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ5εalive ˸ءޤ
μĥϡְưפȤѲΥʥߥǤűѸ줫Ѹˤʲμ岽ü֡졤ֻäʤɡѸ˾ʤ̱ƶڤܤ礲ˤȡֱѸηϤɤ뤬פۤɤŪʥѥȤäݤǤ롤ȤȤ⤭ޤѸˤΥʥߥḁ̊ϤСȻפޤ
ʲˡ5εǿ줿̩ܤ˴ؤ hellog ؤΥĥäƤޤ碌ɤȡϢܵΤۤɤȻפޤ
#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ ([2016-10-10-1])
#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵ͭ ([2013-01-21-1])
#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1])
#702. -ths ȯ ([2011-03-30-1])
#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])
#712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1])
#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ ([2014-07-26-1])
#2435. eurhythmy 뤤 "buffer hypothesis" ŬѲǽ ([2015-12-27-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])
#2245. Meillet "tout se tient" --- ηϤȤƤθ ([2015-06-20-1])
A's X ȤɽθǡB's X ̣ΤȤơX ά줿 B's ȤɽѤ륱϶ḽˤ⸫롥㤨СA's X and B's A's X is better than B's Τ褦ʹ¤Τ褦ʾˡ2ܤ B ˽ͭʤ 's Ĥñ B ȤҤ٤ɽ⡤ޤǤ̤˸줿㤨СA's X and B A's X is better than B Τ褦ʹ¤ǤŪ X B ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤʹ¤ȤФʤΤ¤ˤѸ줫ѸޤǹԤʤƤ
Jespersen (302) Ѹ줫ȤưʲƤ롥
His top was dokked lyk a preest biforn (like that of a p.) [Ch., A., 589]
Hys necke he made lyke no man. [Guy of Warw., 8054]
ι¤϶ˤ³ä Shakespeare ¿ѤƤȤ𤬤롥Jespersen (302--03) ¿ȤȤˤθҲ𤷤ƤΤǡѤ褦
Al. Schmidt has collected a good many examples of this phenomenon from Shakespeare. He considers it, however, as a rhetorical figure rather than a point of grammar; thus he writes (Sh. Lex., p. 1423): "Shakespeare very frequently uses the name of a person or thing itself for a single particular quality or point of view to be considered, in a manner which has seduced great part of his editors into needless conjectures and emendations". I pick out some of his quotations, and add a few more from my own collections:---
Her lays were tuned like the lark (like the lays of the lark) [Pilgr., 198]
He makes a July's day short as December (as a December's day) [W. T., i., 2, 169]
Iniquity's throat cut like a calf [2 H. VI., iv., 2, 29]
Mine hair be fixed on end as one distract [2 H. VI., iii., 2, 318]
I know the sound of Marcius' tongue from every meaner man [Cor., i., 6, 27]
My throat of war be turned into a pipe small as an eunuch [ibid., iii., 2, 114]
Ūˤϡ嵭 A's X is better than B 餤ǡ A's X is better than B's ⤢ꤨΤǡξ¤ŪѰ۷äȤˤʤ롥ϡΰѤǤƤ̤ꡤѰۤ Shakespeare ʤɤˤƼͳѰۤäΤ뤤ϽŪʺۤȼäƤΤǤ롥⤷ 's ȤʷǤ̵ͭʸˡʸΤܿȤʤꤦΤǤСʸؾΥƥȤʤ
Jespersen, Otto. Progress in Language with Special Reference to English. 1894. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
䡦ꥹȶˤСȳȻˤޤĤäϡ줾쥢ȥХ٥ΰä˽롥ϡŪ˸Ƥ쵯ΤʤǤⷲȴƹΤ졤ŤĹˤ錄äƿƤγפMufwene (15--16) ˤǤǼ
Speculations about the origins of language and linguistic diversity date from far back in the history of mankind. Among the most cited cases is the book of Genesis, in the Judeo-Christian Bible. After God created Adam, He reportedly gave him authority to name every being that was in the Garden of Eden. Putatively, God and Adam spoke some language, the original language, which some scholars have claimed to be Hebrew, the original language of Bible. Adam named every entity God wanted him to know; and his wife and descendants accordingly learned the names he had invented.
Although the story suggests the origin of naming conventions, it says nothing about whether Adam named only entities or also actions and states. In any case, it suggests that it was necessary for Adam's wife and descendants to learn the same vocabulary to facilitate successful communication.
Up to the eighteenth century, reflecting the impact of Christianity, pre-modern Western philosophers and philologists typically maintained that language was given to mankind, or that humans were endowed with language upon their creation. Assuming that Eve, who was reportedly created from Adam's rib, was equally endowed with (a capacity for) language, the rest was a simple history of learning the original vocabulary or language. Changes needed historical accounts, grounded in natural disasters, in population dispersals, and in learning with modification . . . .
The book of Genesis also deals with the origin of linguistic diversity, in the myth of the Tower of Babel (11: 5--8), in which the multitude of languages is treated as a form of punishment from God. According to the myth, the human population had already increased substantially, generations after the Great Deluge in the Noah's Ark story. To avoid being scattered around the world, they built a city with a tower tall enough to reach the heavens, the dwelling of God. The tower apparently violated the population structure set up at the creation of Adam and Eve. God brought them down (according to some versions, He also destroyed the tower), dispersed them around the world, and confounded them by making them speak in mutually unintelligible ways. Putatively, this is how linguistic diversity began. The story suggests that sharing the same language fosters collaboration, contrary to some of the modern Darwinian thinking that joint attention and cooperation, rather than competition, facilitated the emergence of language . . . .
Ǹʬɾ⤷Х٥οäǤϡָͭƤȶƯ䤹ʤפȤ뤬θ쵯ǤϤषֶƯȯưפˤפ⤫롥դεϡȼҲشط̴طȤ̩ܤ˴طԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ؤ³Х٥㤫ؤȤĤʤƻڤȤϻפäƤ⸫ʤäΤǡäȯä
Х٥ˤĤƤϡǶᡤ#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ȡ#2938. ֥Х٥פθѡ ([2017-05-13-1]) ˤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Ѹˤϡ¿Ʊ֡ʸ (homophony) Υڥ롥ۤʤǤȤϤ̣ߤ˻ƤΤ¿ФгؽˤʲϡCrystal (81) äƤΤʤۤܡƱָޤʸǤ롥Ȥˤơɤ餬ʸ̮塦ʸˡŬڤʸ줫ŦǤϥHTMLȡ
(1a) Did they all accept/except?
(1b) Everyone accept/except John left?
(2a) Did we prophecy/prophesy the right result?
(2b) It was a rotten prophecy/prophesy.
(3a) Has he made any allusions/illusions to the problem?
(3b) He's under no allusions/illusions about its difficulty
(4a) I want to amend/emend what I wrote.
(4b) I want to amend/emend my ways.
(5a) She was born/borne through the crowds.
(5b) She was born/borne in 1568.
(6a) That will complement/compliment your shirt nicely.
(6b) Thank you for your complement/compliment.
(7a) Someone's complained to the council/counsel.
(7b) You should take some council/counsel about that.
(8a) You need a new licence/license for that hamster.
(8b) I'll licence/license it next week.
(9a) Look at that fantastic lightning/lightening.
(9b) I think the sky's lightning/lightening now.
(10a) I need some more stationary/stationery.
(10b) That car's stationary/stationery.
(11a) I'm the principle/principal speaker.
(11b) I'm going to stick to my principles/principals.
(12a) I'm going to do some sowing/sewing in the sitting room.
(12b) I'm going to do some sowing/sewing in the long field.
Ϣơ#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1])#2097. ɽʸƱֻ֡ȯ ([2015-01-23-1])#2432. Bolinger λŪǡ ([2015-12-24-1]) ȡ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡޥ [sk] ϸűѸ˸ȻФ [ʃ] ؤѲԤϡűѸǤ scip (ship) Τ褦 <sc> ȤŻ (digraph) ֤줿#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1]) ȤꡤѸˤϿŻ <sh> ֤褦ˤʤä
ޥƱˤƤ [sk] ݤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ餬Ѹ˼ѤȡѸȤȤŸ (doublet) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѹ shirt ȸťΥɸ줫 skirt δط褯ΤƤ뤬ɸ˵ ship, skiff, skip(per) Τ褦ʻŸȤ⤤٤ط鸫Ĥ뤳ȤǤ롥
פ̣Źϥɥĸñ scifɥĸǤ Schiff Ǥ롥Ҳ [f] ϡ2ޥҲ (sgcs) η̤Źϥɥĸ sciff ϸťꥢ schifo ȤƼѤ졤˸ťե esquif ФѸ skif Ȥƾ̣Ȥä줬Ѹ skiff Ǥ롥ե equip ˤϢ
Ƭ [sk] ݤä楪 schip ղä skipper ϡḶ́ȤѸꡤߤ˻롥θʬṳ̂졤ɤ skip ȤʤΤǡǤߤȤ˻Ÿ줬Ǥ롥skipper ˤĤƤϡ#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ʤ캬ϥꥷ skaptein ʤȴˤȶ̤Ƥꡤڤ̤ƺäΥˤĤʤ롥
ֱѸȯֻЪΥפˤĤơDMMѲå֥˥ӥ塼ƤˤƤ餤ޤεåץɤ줿ΤǡϤҲ𤬤Ƥ顤Ϣ hellog ؤΥĥäƤޤΥȥϡФְŪʢѸȯ֤꤬פʤͳȤʹ˹Ԥä顤ȿͤˤƤΡָɡפȡפäפǤɤ
¤ʬ䤹ܻؤäȤȤޤǴάޤά뤢ޤꡤ٤ǤΡ뤤ϸ餺ʤȤ⤢Ȼפޤ¿αѸؽԤ˴ؿ⤿ФơѸˤδɤΤ褦ΤѸŪʸָƤ館褦ˡȤλפǤݤäƤ館ФȻפޤ??ɤǡʢפ̣äƤ
ơܥ֥ǤϡֱѸȯֻЪΥˤĤơspelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εƤޤΥӥ塼Ǥϡdebt ˤʤȯʤ <b> ΤȤä츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤƼ夲ޤӥ塼˸ڤΤŪʻȤδطǤϡä˰ʲε
debt <b> 桧#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1])
Ѹ through ֻ˸뺮𡧡#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
15 through ֻμ«#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
ȯֻ̡äƤ#2292. ֻȯϥפǤĤʤ줿2ۤΥܡȡ ([2015-08-06-1])
Ե§ԹݤĤȤ˰̣롪#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])
1֤ۤɤΥӥ塼ǾäԤ褦ʥơޤǤϤޤǤɼԤΤߤʤˡޤѸˤȤʬ˴ؿȤʤСȤƤŪãǤ
ѸβˤؤܤȤȡűѸ鸽Ѹˤơޤ¿βѲäƤΤܤ饯餹ۤɤܥ֥Ǥ⡤ޤǸġˤ¿βѲäƤηŪ˼פʤΤǤ⾯ƤѤƤФȻפäƤ롥
ϡHamer (14--15) θűѸ첻ѲꡤűѸΩĥޥ3ܤ٤첻ѲҲ𤹤롥
| Sound change | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| A | u > o unless followed by a nasal consonant, or by u or i/j in the following syllable. (By this is meant if the vowel element of the following syllable consisted of any u sound, or of any i sound or of any combination beginning with j.) | bunden, holpen are both OE p.p. of Class III Strong Verbs, the u of bunden having been retained, because of the following n. god, gyden = 'god', goddess. gyden had earlier had i instead of e in its ending, and this i first caused the u to survive, then later caused it to change to y by i-mutation (see I below). Thus both the o and y in these forms derive from Gmc. u. |
| B | e > i if followed by a nasal consonant, or by i/j in the following syllable. | bindan, helpan are both OE infin. of Class III Strong Verbs. helpan has 3 sg. pres indic. hilpþ < Gmc. *hilpiþi. |
| C | eu > iu before i/j in the following syllable. |
#1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1]) ˤĤƵХܸǤ5ˡūθýǺܤƤ
ǯθˤСūϰƤ¿ϰǼƤ褦ĤƤϿؼԡ붵աιԲȤˤäƸū10㤢ޤȤƤ15ǯ֤θˤꡤ70ۤɤ뤳ȤʬäƤοϤäƤǽ롥ūϡŪˤϸΡʡ (surrogate) Ȥ֤ŤǤϤ뤬Ǿİоʹ֤Υߥ˥˴ؤθƤΤȻפ롥*
ä˶̣ΤƬȤбȤȡߥ˥Υ˴ؤ¦̤ʥꥢΥѤ륷ܡȤڥĴˤѤūϡ첻ȻҲūΥԥåʲˤѲ©ǤȤɽηϤƤ롥ƬβηϤΤūǤϡūμȿȿοʤηϤȤȤؤƤ롥鷺ʶȿӰǤ⡤٤ѤȤΤä٤¤ޤĴѤūξˤϡūΥԥåϸƬˤĴбĴξȤϰۤʤηϤäƤȤפä⤺äʣʥƥबѤƤ褦
ŪˤϡūϸƬ٤ĹΥߥ˥˸Ƥ롥ŷϷʤɤιﲼǤϸūϿkmޤꡤºݤ˻Ϥ俹ӤǤαΥߥ˥ѤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ƬƱͤˡïˤ⽬ǤΤǤ롥
The World Whistles Research Association ȤΤꡤθūξƤΤǡͤޤǤˡ
J. ᥤָūסХ Scientific American ǡ١2017ǯ560--67.
ideophone, ideophonic Ȥݤ롥ɽղʤΡˡפ뤬ޤߤʤäΤĴ٤ƤߤOED ˤȡ2Ĥθ롥
Linguistics (a) a term used by A. J. Ellis (in contradistinction to ideograph) for a sound or group of sounds denoting an idea, i.e. a spoken word; (b) an onomatopoeic or sound-symbolic word, especially one belonging to particular classes in Bantu languages.
1ܤϡideograph ɽʸˤбΤǡºŪˤϡ̣ͭñ̤ǤǤΤȤؤΤƤؤѤΤ2ܤθˤƤǤꡤä˥եꥫνˤߤ뵼Ụ̄ͭǤؤĤޤꡤΤƤѸǤСħ (sound_symbolism) (phonaesthesia)Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ȤäݤȽŤʤ롥
Ū ideophone ¸ߤϡ¿θdzǧ롥㤨Сꥫ̱ˤää Yuman 췲 Kiliwa Ǥϡn, l, r 3Ҳ̣Ūʴǡ٤䵬Ϥ٤ˤäơؤΤȤn ־סl סr פб롥㤨С־ʴݡפ tyinݡפ tyilݡפ tyir ȸ֤̤뤤פ panǮפ palֶ٤Ǯפ par ɽ魯Ȥ
ƱͤˡLakota (Siouan) Ǥϼλδ֤ǸؤְŪ˹Ӥ줿ɽ̡פ waza ǡֱʵפ˹Ӥ줿ɽ̡פ waž, ˹Ӥơ֤ͤ줿ʤäפ baxa ɽ蘆Ȥ
ǤϡỌ̇̄ˤäƹ뤢Ρηϡפ졤ƻҲ˲餫Ρְ̣פȼäƤɾƤ褵˻פ롥Ρְ̣פŪǡŪΤˤΤʰ̣ͭʤֲǡפ̣ͭΤʰַ̣ͭǡפ̵̣ǤȤǡ¤ؤηͤ褦ñ̤ȤߤʤȤǤȤ̾դñ̤Τ褦ñ̤ϡ¤ϸźθˤʤŪ¸ߤȻפäƤ롥
ˡŪʲȤƤϡΤ褦꤬¤ؤˤƤϡ¤ۣñ̤Ǥ뤬椨˰ˤȤȤǤ롥ؤȤơޤȤ˿ܤ˰ɤǥϤʤΤ
Ϣơ#1269. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť ([2012-10-17-1])#2222. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť (2) ([2015-05-28-1])#2605. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť (3) ([2016-06-14-1]) ʤɤεȡ
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
5ɽ魯ñ MayűѸ˥ե mai ѤǤ롥Υեñϡƥ Maius (mēnsis) ̤ꡤä Faunus Vulcan ̼˭ν Māia ͳ褹롥˸Ťˤ *magja ȤƷƤꡤŪˤϰĸΡְʤפ̣ *magya ˤɤ夯캬ϡְʡפɽ魯 *meg- Ǥꡤθ캬¿θ줬ޤ졤͡ʷϩäƸαѸäˤޤƤ뤳Ȥϡ#1557. mickle, much θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-08-01-1]) ǸȤǤ롥
űѸǤϰ̤ˡ5פͳ þrimilce(mōnaþ) Ѥ줿ϡְ˻ܤΤǤפΰ̣Ǥ롥
ܸǡ5פεΡֻʤĤˡפˤϡ͡ʸ츻⤬뤬ĤķʤʤĤˡפάȸ롥
3ˤĤƤϡ#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1]) 4ϡ#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1]) ȡ̤̾˴ؤƤϡ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1]) ɤ
#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ǡХ٥˸ڤȤδطǡؤȤХ٥ΰäˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȼνҤҤä֤ƤߤΤƳФƤʤǶθؽˤϡХ٥ν֤Ϥʤ餷ϤɤȤ
ߡؤθˤơä˸εεˤơ֥Х٥פФؼԤϤˤʤäơդ뤳ȤʤȤȤʬ롥ϰ̩夷äǤʤȤǤ⡤ʳؤȤƤθؤˤƽФ뤬ʤΤΤǽػˤʸ̮ʤɤǤϡڤ餤äƤ褵ʤΤޤФƤʤ
ˡ˼ҲؤΩ줫ϡƴŪǤϤ뤬Ѹˤδؿ餷Ƥ⡤֥Х٥פ礭ʰյäƤ롥߹ͭƤѡʶḽθؤθѤǤ⤢ˤϡȤȤΩƤΤǤꡤȽŪį뤳ȤʤˡˤĤ뤳ȤǤʤϤǤ롥ǤϡȤȤϲȤС衼åѤκФðۤʼҲ֤ǤꡤαˤϾ˹ȸƤФäХ٥ˤäƻ껶ˤʤäʹ֤νϡˡȤˤäƤդͿ줿ȤƤ줾켫ΩƻϤᡤ̤ƸߤƸ礦ΤǤ롥ơζˤƹȤ˸Ū꤬٤⤿餵졤ѸʤɤϹŪˤեȤƬƤƹμΩȯŸΤˡХ٥οäθѤʬŪѤ뤳Ȥ⤢äդ٤Ǥ롥
ä˲ƼƳθؤ֥Х٥פ˸ڤʤȤϡ줬졤ȡѥȤΤƼҲŪ¦̤Ф̵ؿǤ뤫뤤ϰտŪƤ롤ȤǽΤǤϤʤ
֥Х٥פθѤ˴ؤͤƤäơޤ McArthur (101) θػŵƤߤ
BABEL [14c: from Hebrew bābel Babylon, Assyrian bāb-ilu gate of God or bāb-ili gate of the gods. Pronounced 'bayble']. (1) Also Tower of Babel. The Biblical tower whose builders intended it to reach heaven. According to the Book of Genesis, all people once spoke the same language, but to prevent the completion of the tower God confounded their tongues. (2) A scene of confusion; a confused gathering; a turbulent medley of sounds, especially arising from the use of many language. Babelize and Babelization are sometimes used disparagingly of the growth of multiethnic, multicultural, and multilingual societies.
Ѹ˴طȤƤϡ (6--7) رѸˡ٤˸ڤäǤ롥
֥Х٥衼åѿͤϡ11ϡˤˤХ٥ (the Tower of Babel) ˴ؤ뵭ʸ̤˿Ƥäפϼ̤Ǥ롥Х٥ȤϥХӥ (Babylon) ΤȤǤ뤬˥Υ繿θˡ͡ŷޤǤȤɤ⤤Ƥ褦ȤϤοʹ֤ǿ͡θ𤻤Τ˶ƱȤȤԲǽˤʤꡤߤ˸դ̤ƱΤˤʤäơػäƤ줬ʸεǤ롥
äʸ̤˿Ƥ֤ϡ衼åѿͤˤȤäơޤޤʸ줬ϵˤäȤƤ⡤ԻĤʤȤǤϤʤäष줾̱²θϰ㤦ΤȤͤǤä
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
[2017-05-02-1]ε˰³ƤꡥαѸ˾ˤϡԤɥĸˤˤƤΤᤤȤΤϡפѤɥĤˤƻϤޤäԥ륿 (Martin Luther; 1483--1546) ȡΩĻγǰѤȯԥƥ٥륯 (Johannes Gutenberg; 1400?--68) λǤ롥
륿Υɥĸ (1521) ¯ɥĸϰ̤¤ˤĤơ (35--36) β
륿ϡɥĸˤǤפʰ֤Ƥ롥ɥĸˤϡ¿ͤ¸ߤŪʶ̸ϤޤƤʤä륿ϡ˺ݤơ餷ʣɽǤϤʤäդ¿Ѥάϡ˼ǻȤƤˡΧθդǤʤ̱θˤ˭ɽȴơ¿Ѥ륿θդϡ߽Ф줿ΤǤϤʤƤɥĤΤ٤ƤθŪη褦Ǥä륿ϡïˤǤ狼ߤΤǤ롥Τ褦˽뤳Ȥˤäƥ륿ϡΤ̱Ω褦ȳƮ륿ϡʤȤƻԾ̤㤵졤̲ɤޤ뤿νʪȤʤäʹߥ륿Υɥĸϡɥĸؤ֤̱ζȤư졤ɥʸؤθΰĤȤʤꡤȤƤΥɥĸΩ˴ͿȤϴְ㤤ʤױư˲äƶŵǤ¯λѤ¥ʤΤǡ̤ȤƤΤȤǤϻŪǤäƥλϰϤᡤ¯ϰ̤뤳Ȥ˷Ҥäޤ륿ϡƥʤɤαˤʱƶͿΤǤ롥
륿ϡ¯ɥĸǽ뤳ȤˤäơưȻפƤƥθҤȤˤơɥĸ˾礭ʰյͭƤ롥ˡΤȥåθҤȷӤĤ졤Ūϰ̤³ƥθҤŪ˱ϤΤǤ롥αƶϤ˶ٹؤꡤɤˤƤ¯줿Ѹؤ˴褵졤ƤȤˤʤäꤷǰϥƥ٥륯ȯȾФơƻ˾Ϥᡤפ٤붯ϤʿϤȤʤäɥĸƱ͡ѸƥйҤȤɤθȤǧ褦ˤʤäƤ
ʾ (41) θդǤޤȤ褦
ױưͻʺ濴Ǥơŵ˰͵¯ǤȤˤäơ̱ˤȤäľܿ뤳ȤΤǤȶ¸ߤؤƤβḢ¯ͤ˳줿ϡ٤ƤμҲؤ˿ƩǮɤޤϤΤǤ롥η̽פϡ衼åѤζˤƥθҤ㲼դȤƤ¯ϰ̤ᡤɸη˴Ϳƥ٥륯γǰѤȯΤ褦ư岡
ʡ֥ɥĽ״ˤȶƱΡסƥȤȶƱΡ١ʸԡ2017ǯ29--42.
ͤɤߡּҲ (sociosyntax) ȤοΤäΰȤϡθȤ٤Τǡ (146) ֥פȰ֤ŤƤ롥ޤʸˡȤΤּҲΡפȤİȤħ롥 (159) ˤС
¤ʸˡȤϡ쥳ߥ˥ƥƱΤߺѤ˽ɤ롤ʬ줿μȤƤΡּҲΡפǤꡤۤʸˡȤϡġ¾ȤΡֶͭϰϡפ䤷Ʒפä̤Ȥ롤֤Ϥ褯狼ʤ٤ֵϡפȤƤΡּҲΡפǤ롤ȤħŤǤ롥
쥳ߥ˥ƥϡߤƱ褦ä٤ȤҲŪʥץå㡼ʤ顤ƱܻؤƸѤƤΤȤȤȡɬŪˡ͡귿ɽѤʤɤݼŪʸư뤳Ȥ¿ʤȤȤñ㲽ƤСݼܼǤȾƤ롥ϡ¤ۤĥʸˡʤɽȤϿøΩͤǤ롥
θѤС㤨ʸˡ§æ㳰פˤϡĤƤλʸˡ§ĤȤǤΤʤʤΤ褦ʤΤ㳰פȤߤʤ٤ǤϤʤݼζȤߤʤФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥 (152) ۩
Τ褦ʡ㳰פȰ̤ˡʸˡפȤƵҤ뵬§ȤκϲŪʤΤǤϤʤŬѤϰϤεϤ礭κۤǤʤǽ롥ܼ¤ǤϤʤ귿ݼ˵Сϡݼٹ礤פȤƼٲ̲ǽǤꡤֵ§㳰פΤ褦켰ǹͤɬפϤʤʤ롥
Ҳϡʸˡ§μҲŪͭݼ˾Ƥ variationist ŪΩȤ
͡8ϡҲסؼҲءٰ ʼԡˡīҽŹ2017ǯ146--67ǡ
English ǤϤʤ Englic äפڤϡ줬եȤڤƤ椯طʤˤ礭ʬɸ3ĤǤ롤Ƥ롥ؤʵʤΤǡΤޤްѤƾҲ𤷤褦ڡpp. 35--37ˡ
Ѹ줬ޤäΤϱѸ줬ȤƤ褯ǤƤƽ䤹ȸͤޤ米ǤˤȡۼԤθٶʤʤͤŪʾСɤθǤƱޤޤ
¤Ͽʹ֤θϤɤ줬ŪȤפȤϤʤΤǤ¾οʹ֤ˤȤäƤߤʳؤ٤롥Ȥ˳ؤФʤȶϫ¿ȤΤϻ¤ǤȡפʤȤظʸ佡ΰ㤦ϳؽΤ˶ϫȤȤǤȤäƤߤСʬθȥפ㤦ϳؤ֤Τ˻֤ȤäǡܼŪ٤ȤΤϺޤ
פˡѸ줬ܼŪ˰פäȤޤäΤǤϤޤꥹȤδ⤬Ĥγۤϵʤ˥åδβǤۤޤʤȤϤޤäưˤʤäȡ줬ޤѸ˳ȤϤäΤǤ
Ƽˡ奢ꥫ̵ͣλܼȤȤơкѤθޡѡȶƤ櫓ǤΥꥫθ˶Ϥʱƶڤܤ³椨ˡ˱Ѹ줬Τ褦˹ޤäΤǤкѻۤȷۤȤϤۤȤɤξɽΤδطˤޤ
줫⤦ĤθϽǤ̥ϤΤ붯ϤʽȡνȷӤĤƤ졤ȤХඵϥӥ졤Υꥹȶϥƥ䥮ꥷȤդˡ줬ôȤƹޤäƤ櫓Ǥɤ⡤ȤΤϿʹ֤ǤϤʤΤǡɬο͡ʸȼкäƤޤ
Τ褦˸줬˹ޤ븶ϡ̤Ϸ̤Ͻ̤ϷкѡλĤȤޤ
кѡΤۤˤ⡤줬ڤʤ뤤Ͽ͡ؤܤؤǤ⤦1Ĥ褦˻פ롥ϡפǤ롥ǤˤäƸ줬Ū˰٤ޤڤȡθͭϤǤ˹ޤäƤꡤ͡뤳Ȥˤפ¿̤˵ڤ֡кѡȤäꤵ줿ΰˤȤɤޤ餺ؽѡѡ̡ʸʤɡͤ¿ʬǡθؤ֤Ȥβͤ褦ˤʤ롥ϳؤȸƤ֤Τͥƥ֤ȴʤСѶŪΥѥȸƤؤƤ褤
ƤܤˤѸ춵顦ؽǮǭݻҤѸؤФʤФʤʤȤǰϡŪưŤ˻٤ƤȤϡΡפˤȤ礭ΤǤϤʤˤԤǺФƤȤϤ̤ܤɸ3ǤȤ¤õƤ٤
Ѥκǽˤ̤ꡤֱѸϴñȤʤäפȤ¯ϡ˺ĤäƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1])#1082. ʤѸȤʤä (1) ([2012-04-13-1])#1083. ʤѸȤʤä (2) ([2012-04-14-1])#1607. Ѹ춵Ū¦̡ ([2013-09-20-1])#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])#2487. νȤϡμҲŪϤΤȤǤ ([2016-02-17-1])#2673. ָˤѸνο͡ˤȤäƤͭˤס ([2016-08-21-1]) εȤ줿
סؤʤϱѸ廊ޤ١ڻ˼ʥʥ롤2011ǯ
tea ȥꥹϡ䤿ΥΤʤʬӤĤƤ롥ϥ衼åѤζˤǮήԤ͢ʤǤꡤθ츻褯ΤƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȼΤ褦ˤ롥
1599ǯݥȥͤˤäƥ衼åѤˤϤƳ줿̾Τ cha Port. cha ϱѸǤ16Cʸˡchaa (1598) ȤơեǤ1607ǯ chia, tcha ȤƼ줿եǤϤޤʤѸƱ Malay ͳ thé Ѥ褦ˤʤäޤ Russ. chaĭ ľɸ줫ΤǤ롥衼åѽ¿ϡǽ餽ǰפۤȤɰ˰Ƥ쥤ɲҤʤɤΥ̤ͤΤȹͤ롥17--18CαѸ˸ té, thé, tay /téi/ ʤɤ F thé αƶƤ롥
Ĥޤꡤcha η֤1598ǯˤǤ˸뤬tea Ǥν17ȾФ1655ǯˤʤäƤΤȤǤ롥17ȾФˤϡϤǤ˥ꥹǤ͵ĤĤäȤSamuel Pepys (1633--1703) The Diary of Samuel Pepys εܤ狼γսˡ
17ȾФ˥ɤǷȴƹɾƤήԤΰʪȤСषҡäҡϥήԤˤꥳҡϤθ1δ֡ҸɥǤ³Ȥ18ȾФˤϡҡä㤬Ū˰褦ˤʤäΥҡؤѤȤϲΤޤ͡⤬ƤƤ (176--78) ϼΤ褦˽ɾƤ롥
ꥹȹιɤˤʤäͳˤϽ⤢롥(1) ʥ륷ʤɤ¿̤˴ޤſˡ(2) Ф⤤Ǥ줿(3) ᥢΥ(4) ͵ؤ濴˥ե̡ƥνޤä(5) ҡΰʪǤäΤФơϽ˿ƩƲΰʪˤʤäʤɤǤ롥쥤ɲҤƬˡ̤ˤ⥫ҡǰפͥ졤ꥹϿפɵоݤȤǰפפ褦ˤʤäȤ˴Ťžΰ֤ͳǤȹͤ롥
(177--78) ϡꥹˤ㽬ˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ꥹͤཬȤˤĤΤϡ켷ȾȤ⤬Ūꥹ㡼륺ϻϻǯݥȥ벦ޤ줿㥵֥֡饬ȷ뺧ȤäǡʸȤ
ƤΥ㡼륺跺줿塤ŤФ©ҤΥ㡼륺ꥹȤ褷衼åѲǶؤΥݥȥ뤫鲦ȤηƳΤǤ롥ꥹޤȤʤä㥵ϡǹʹڤߡ˥ݥȥ뤫ΰȤƼͤκʤɡȺϤʸ¤ꥹ˿ΩԤȤʤä
ˡˡ²ˤƽ֤֤˹äƤ롥㤬Ĺ鴶ϡ²ʸ˵롥㥵Ȥ֥̾ͰƤܹ䤵줿ϡ㥵ޤ̾ͳ褹롥
Τ褦˵Τäϵ²ʸˤä褦쥤ɲҤǰϡ˾褸ƥꥹΤֹιפȤƱФ˾ФȤ櫓Ǥ롥
tea ȤˤޤĤѸˤΤܤäϡåեؤαѸ˳ؼ Simon Horobin ˤ A history of English . . . in five words ȡtea 첻ȯȵӱˤˤĤƤϡΥ⻲ȡ
ߡˤĤä±١˼2011ǯ
路ػˡ٤ϡ̺ȤƤλˤɤʤ顤̤ȤʸʸʸˤƱ˵ҤƤ롥̺ˤĤƤϡ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ʤɤǰäƤϥδǯɽ (466--74) ǤȥƥΥҲưƤȤ褯ʬ뤬θդڤСּҲƥΥ߽ФƤפȤ٤ʤΤ
| 38000ǯ | ̥ڥΥ롦ƥƶ˻Ĥ֤ʹ֤ˤǸŤȤƤ |
| 3500ǯ | ݥߥг˺ǸŤʸޤ |
| 3300ǯ | Хӥ˥ʸ饯ˤΥ륯ǴĤʸޤ롥ܸʸλϤޤ |
| 3000ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤΥѥԥ륹ʸפΤʤʪ٥åʯ褫ȯ |
| 3000ǯ | ץȤΥҥվݷʸʿʸˤλϤޤ |
| 2500ǯ | ήǤϤʸ |
| 2400ǯ | ¸ǸŤΥץȸʸ |
| 2200ǯ | ήƼҤƫҤʸĦ |
| 2100ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤΥѡҤڥ롼ǽ |
| 1850ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤʸ˽줿ץȸδʪ |
| 18 | 쥿ǽηϤޤ |
| 1400ǯ | ǽùʸ |
| 1300ǯ | Ƽǿ顤äʸ |
| 1200ǯ | ȯã |
| 1100ǯ | ץȿͤե˥ͤ˥ѥԥ륹͢ФϤ |
| 1000ǯ | ե˥Υե٥åȤޤ |
| 600ǯ | ᥭǥݥƥߥƥʸޤ |
| 600ǯ | ȥꥷĤĢ |
| 5 | ̤ͤ˻Ȥ |
| 400ǯ | ˥ե٥åȤꥷǤɸȤʤ |
| 400ǯ | 줫Ϥȯ |
| 3 | 쥯ɥꥢ˿ۤ¤ |
| 255ǯ | ˴ؤϤƤεҤʤ롥ϤѤǴڤ˲줿 |
| 252ǯ | ϰȯ줿ǯΤ餫ʺǸŤλ |
| 250ǯ | ޥʸѤ |
| 220ǯ | ȯ̤ɮƻ˻Ȥ |
| 206ǯ | βī볫Ǥϴ˻椬ȯ |
| 63ǯ | ꥷؼԥȥܥߤݥȥΥߥȥƥ6βܤ˿뤳Ȥؤζä |
| 31ǯ | ¸ǽΥᥫʸ |
| 30ǯ | ץȤѥԥ륹泤˹ޤ |
| 1 | ޤǰŪʽ̤ϹĤѤ |
| 75ǯ | ܸʸǺǸʸ |
| 105ǯ | Ǥϸ촶ε˻ȤᴱѤȯȤƤ |
| 2 | ǥʥӥǥ롼ʸΥե٥åȤޤ |
| 250ǯ--300ǯ | ǯ夬ۤꤵƤ椬ȥ륭ǽ |
| 256ǯ | Ǻǽλ˽줿ܡȷС٤ |
| 297ǯ | ǽΥޥФĦ |
| 394ǯ | ץȤΥҥվݷʸǺǸʸ |
| 5 | ܸȼʸηϤȯ |
| 450ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤܣݭդ˽줿ǽμơռܤҤȯ줿 |
| 476ǯ | Ǹι륹ȥ륹Ѱ̤ˤĤ |
| 500ǯ | ޥͤޥƤʸϤ |
| 500ǯ--600ǯ | ޥͤȯã |
| 538ǯ | īȾɴѤβǺ줿ŵʩܤ |
| 610ǯ | Τħˡܤ |
| 630ǯ | ϥޥɤå |
| 673ǯ | ηʩŵ̤ϤᡤۤɤʤܤǼ̷Фȯˤʤ |
| 8 | ǰϤޤ |
| 706ǯ | ֿͤå˻ |
| 711ǯ | ֿΨ٥٥ͷå饸֥륿볤ۤƥڥ |
| 712ǯ | ʸؤκǸŤκʡظŻ٤ʸǽ |
| 720ǯ | ʩοƩȤȤܤǤλλѤ硹Ū˹ޤ |
| 751ǯ | ޥ륫ɤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 762ǯ--66ǯ | Хɤη |
| 770ǯ | ܤξ뤬Ȥäΰʪµʿꤦɴκ |
| 794ǯ | ۤȤ줬Хɤߤ |
| 800ǯ | ץȤǻ椬ϤƻȤ |
| 832ǯ | ඵ̤ꥢ |
| 848ǯ | ӥǻ˽줿ʷܤ롥ǯ夬ꤵ줿ҤǤϺǸŤȤƤ |
| 850ǯ | ʪ٤Ϥƽ줿ȿꤵ |
| 868ǯ | ¸ǸŤνҡض̼С٤줿 |
| 889ǯ | ޥͤ٤ƤεϿФǤϤʤѤϤ |
| 9Ⱦ | ХɤȤνȤʤ |
| 900ǯ | ץȤ椬 |
| 969ǯ | ͷѥɡʻסˤϤƻȤ줿 |
| 1041ǯ--48ǯ | ŴǤȤޤƫǺ롥ǯ夬ꤵǸŤβư |
| 900ǯ--1100ǯ | ޥͤإɥ쥹ǥǥå٤ |
| 1140ǯ | ඵ̻۲ΥڥΥϥƥФ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1143ǯ | إ٤ƥ |
| 1164ǯ | ꥢΥե֥ꥢΤǽεϿ |
| 1308ǯ | Ƥؿʡ٤μɮ |
| 1309ǯ | ɤǻ椬ϤƻѤ |
| 1332ǯ | ǻ椬ϤƻѤ |
| 1353ǯ | ܥåإǥ٤ɮ |
| 1387ǯ | 硼إ٥ʪ٤μɮ |
| 1390ǯ | ɥĤ椬˥٥륯ǻϤޤ |
| 1403ǯ | īƼ¤ |
| 1411ǯ | 椬Ϥޤ |
| 1423ǯ | 衼åѤǰϤޤäȤ |
| 1440ǯ--50ǯ | 衼åѤǺǽܡʥ֥å֥åˤ |
| 1456ǯ | ƥ٥륯ưǽΡ٤ΰ |
| 1462ǯ | ޥĤ˲졤ԤΥ |
| 1463ǯ | åҡĥ뤬ǰ |
| 1464ǯ | ٤ΥӥƻꥢǺǽΰȤʤ |
| 1469ǯ | Ρز²ؤνʽ٤ͥĥǰ줿ǽνҤȤʤ |
| 1473ǯ | 롼֥ǥ塼٥åǰ |
| 1475ǯޤ1476ǯ | ʹϿ٤եǰ줿ǽνҤȤʤ |
| 1476ǯ | ꥢࡦ㥯ȥꥹǺǽΰ |
| 1494ǯ | ɥޥ̥ƥͥĥ˥ɰ˼ |
| 1495ǯ | ƥȤϡȥեɥ㡼˥ɤǺǽ¤ |
| 1502ǯ--20ǯ | ƥͤιפʪεϿ˻ͽǺܤƤ롥ǯָλäƤ¼⤢ |
| 1515ǯ | ֥ҥȡǥ塼顼åϤ |
| 1519ǯ | ʥƥ٥饯륹ն˾Φƥʸ˲Ϥ |
| 1520ǯ | ޥƥ륿Ρإꥹȶβ˴ؤƥɥĤΥꥹȽ²˰Ƥơ٤졤ǯ֤Ǹۤ |
| 1528ǯ | եǡޥ饬㤬轻̱߸ԤȤƥᥭ夷ܤdz䤹 |
| 1539ǯ | ڥͤ轻̱ܤ뤿˥ᥭΰ |
| 1549ǯ | ޥͤοۤڥͤ˾Ƥ |
| 1575ǯ | ڥͤᥭ˺ǽƤ |
| 1576ǯ | ͤ |
| 1586ǯ | ĤɥȥҥȤȯۤ롥˾ǸŤεϿ |
| 1605ǯ | ХƥΡإɥۡơ٤Ǥ |
| 1609ǯ | νʹȥ饹֥륯ϴ |
| 1627ǯ | եΥ顦뤬ȥåϤϤ졤楰ΡȼԤϥɤƨ |
| 1635ǯ | ǥޡ椬 |
| 1638ǯ | ѻϤƥꥫؤ⤿餵 |
| 1672ǯ | áȯˤꥪɼ͢͢йž |
| 1690ǯ | ꥢࡦåƥϥꥫǺǽΩ |
| 1690ǯ | ꥫǺǽοʹإѥ֥åܡեɡɥƥå٤ܥȥϴ |
| 1690ǯ | ꥫΦο̱ϤǺǽλʾޥ塼åĤȯԤ |
| 1698ǯ | ȥޥ꤬ۻӿŪǺǽξؤ߷פ |
| 1702ǯ | ɥإǥȡ٤ϴ |
| 1719ǯ | ͡ȥ̡ե륷硼ɡ쥪ߥ塼뤬ںफ륹Хμˡ |
| 1728ǯ | ޥ塼åĤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1744ǯ | ϤƤλƸܡؾʤ襤ݥåȥ֥å٤ɤǽǤ |
| 1744ǯ | ˥椬Ϥޤ |
| 1767ǯ | ͥåȤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1768ǯ | ٥롦ӥ奨뤬ꥫΦ̱ϤǤϤƳ¤ |
| 1769ǯ | ˥塼إΥåɥȥ뤬ꥹΥꥫΦ̱ϤǤϤư¤ |
| 1773ǯ | ˥塼衼椬Ϥޤ |
| 1774ǯ | ǥե롦ˤǤȯɺؤƻ |
| 1785ǯ | ɥΩϿʹإǥ˥롦쥸٤ϴǯ塤إॺ٤˻̾ѹ |
| 1790ǯ | ȥޥӥ奤åꥹǤäȤ͵ȤȤʤ |
| 1798ǯ | ˥-륤١뤬Ϣ³浡õ |
| 1798ǯ | JMWʡ̲Ǽ¸Ϥ |
| 1799ǯ | ͥեȥդͰ |
| 1800ǯ | ۡŴΰȯ |
| 1801ǯ | 祻-ޥ㥫뤬ѥɤˤ뼫ưȯ |
| 1804ǯ | ֥饤ɥĹ־浡¤ |
| 1809ǯ | ǥ־浡õ |
| 1811ǯ | եɥҡ˥ҤưϤΰȯ |
| 1814ǯ | ɥΡإॺ٤˥Ҥξ |
| 1818ǯ | 祷奢ԥꥫǤϤϢ³浡¤ |
| 1820ǯ | ǯꥹɴʾοʹ |
| 1825ǯ | 祻ա˥ե롦˥ץϤƼ̿Ƥ |
| 1830ǯ | ɺˡˤ꿧ĤΤܤۤǽȤʤ |
| 1833ǯ | ںȤõꥹϿ |
| 1840ǯ | ꥢࡦإեåܥåȤ夹̿Ϥƺ |
| 1841ǯ | ӥˡǥ륺ɥɻإѥ٤ϴ |
| 1843ǯ | ꥫΥ㡼ɡMۡưϤžȯ |
| 1863ǯ | ꥫȼԤںѥפλѤϤ |
| 1867ǯ | ꥹκڵѥŸ |
| 1867ǯ | ޥ塼åĽΥȥå֥åǹ罰Ѥںѥפ |
| 1867ǯ | ץ饤ȯ |
| 1872ǯ | ꥫ罰ꥹȥɥĤȴλˤʤ |
| 1874ǯ | ͭҤ¤ϡ塤ԡͤϻҤȤ³ |
| 1890ǯ | 罰ιĴ˥ѥɼνѤ |
| 1899ǯ | ǥõȥإǥԻԡϰΰȯ桤252ǯλȯˤɤѤ |
| 1931ǯ | ֥ͥå夬ʥԥ塼ȯ |
| 1945ǯ | եΥޥŻҥץߥ뤿ʿκѤʸȯɽ |
| 1947ǯ | ȥ٥븦ȯ |
| 1951ǯ | ߥȥɤ֤Ƚ֤˼ơפкܤUNIVAC1ͽ¤ |
| 1959ǯ | ޥåפõд |
salacious ȤϡֹʡФʡŰΡפ̣롥츻õȡƥ salāc, salāx ķͤΤʡˤ̤ꡤ˸캬 salīre ķͤˤ˹Ԥ夯ϡsalient, saltant, assail, assault ߽Ф캬ưǤ롥Ѹ salacious ϥƥ줫Ѥ졤1647ǯ˽ФǧƤ롥
츻Ūˤϰʾ̤ŤϤष salt ʥƥ sāl) ȷӤĤƤ褦رˡ٤ԥʾ崬pp. 13--14ˤϡؼԥͥȡ硼1912ǯͤҲ𤷤ʤ顤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ϡ硼˸碌˴Ϣդ뤳Ȥ¿ϱɤ©ΦưʪϤ뤫¿λҤĤȤ褿ΤֽˤϥͥߤϤӤ䤹ͥߤϸ뤳Ȥʤ˱ˤĤǽлǤ롤Ȳˤ錄äƿƤ
硼ϡͤʹ֤֥åפʤֱҤξ֡פȸƤȻŦ롥ϡֹ (salacious)פȤñθ츻ԥ̮͡ǤϥݥƥĤ뤿ˡϺؤΥݥåȤ˱ƶ˹ԤäեǤˤꡤϺäƤȤȡؤäȤäɥĤǤϿؤη˱դ꤫뽬ä
Ʊ p. 14 ˤϡפҤˤ٤ꤹ1157ǯΥѥDz褬ǺܤƤ롥ͤκʤȤܤˤî˲Ǥ볨ǡۤȤɥǤ롥DzˤϻźƤꡤΤȸ˱ꤳळȤǡäˤ϶ʤפȤ롥ʤ餤ʤǡȸʤ뤬αîҤϴۤƤ餤
硼 salacious θ츻ϡºݤˤä¯佬ˤäƻ٤줿ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ȤȤǤ롥Ӹؤ˴Ť긷̩ʸ츻ʡֳؼԸ츻סˤΩ줫ϰ콳ΤʤΤ⤷ʤָ̱츻Ȥ϶֤°Ǥꡤθΰ̣ѲʤɤνȯȤʤϤƤ뤳Ȥ˻פڤʴϢơ#2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1]) ȡˡ
ޡˡ ˡرˡپ岼ҡ2014ǯ
ˡػˡ٤ɤˤˤĤƤϡ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1]) Ǥⰷä̩ܤ˴ϢѤΥƥΥȹ碌ơ椬ʸ˰ʹʤȤϵ褦ʤ
λˤνҤϰʤƥΥˤ˴ؤŪʸλŦ⼨٤Ǥ (11)
ƥΥˤؤ֤٤פʤȡ̤˸äʤƤ뤳ȤϤۤˤ⤢롥ƥΥϸŤƥΥӽȤΤΤҤȤĤϤäˤϵʤѥԥ륹ϻ椬ƳƤ泤ߤ濴ȤϰDzȤĤŤϤޤ˻ȤƤ롥ŵȡ֤ȯƤϧʤʤ뤳ȤϤʤäǤ褦ˤʤäƤͤϥڥǽȤʤäƥӤϥ饸षʤäDzϷʤʤäۡӥǥDzۤʤʤäΤϤɤäͽ¬Ƥ줿ФλѤ餻뤳ȤǤʤäΤˡơŪ«줿ŵõȡޥͿ줿ȬǯʾФäߤǤ⡤ꥫ罰ǻɴҤϹ¤ȼԤ¸ߤ褽ͤνȰۤǯ֤ɥʾ夲Ƥ롥κǽνǯˤϹ夲ӤۤɤϹλȤӤ礭Ѥäɤ⡥ƱͤΤȤ¤ˡӤˤĤƤⵯäʥƥΥϸŤƥΥӽȤ䤹Τԥ塼ϤޤʤѤ椬ä뤳ȤϤäƤʤ
Τˡ˰줿Ҥ줿ȤĹ餯ϤȤ櫓ʸˤդ路ǺȤߤʤ³18ΥꥫΩˤƤǽ٤Ȥ⤫줿ۤɤǤ롥
νҤŻҽҤζˤĤƤε (461--62) Ͼ嵭ΥƥΥѤ˲ʤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥
ǥ˾äƤ椯ǤΤͽ¬ޤˡʸĤäƤȤȤפФƤߤΤ⤤ܤ¥ʤǺǽˤʤ륤٥ȤԤˤϯɲǤäꤹΤϡͤˤϼʹΤɤߤʤ뷹뤫ǥ֥å͵ȤʤäƤ롥
ʤۤɡŤƥΥϿƥΥˤ֤ȤϡäʵǽݻĤġ¸³Ƥ椯Ȥ¿Τ⤷ʤϡ礦ɸŤ줬֤ΤǤϤʤˡѰòƤ֤ȤĤäƤͤˤƤ롥ŤΤϼҲΰय⤷ʤѴƤޤ櫓ǤϤʤषΰĤȤѤ߽ŤͤƤɽΥꥨ˭ˤƤΤʤΤ
ޡˡ һҡˡػˡˤͤư줿ѡ١ֽŹ2016ǯ
ѸμǤ abc ˰ΤܸμǤСǰΤǤ롤Ȼ䤿ϻפäƤ롥Ʊ褦ˡܸǤСϽǰΤäϤȻפäƤ롥ΰ˴ؤ뤢ޤ˼ȯۤʤΤǡʳˡäΤȵäƤޤۤɤ⤫ĤïԤ߽ФŪˡäΤǤꡤˤλʪǤ롥
ܸμ˴ؤϤȰθĤȤСؿջྶ٤Ǥ롥ʿ»1144--80ǯˤ˵ŤͤʤԤȤ졤ܸθȤ˴Фμä줬ƬΰϤȽԻƤȤΤܸˤȤƲŪʤΤǤ롥ȯۤȤƤϡǤʾ塤βˤäư٤Ǥ롤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽˽सˡǰ٤Ǥ롤ȹͤΤ̤äפڤäܸβηϤˤ٤äΰϤȤǤäưȤΤ顤ȯۤžȤ롥
(208--09) ϡԼԤβθǤϤʤϤȤθѤȤνΤ褦Ƥ롥
ߤξQ餹ʤСƬܰ¤ˤΤǤ뤷ؿջྶ٤ǤϸˤˡȤƤΤǡΤ褦ʤɤɤȤ̣ϡޤä̵ѤβƻǤʤ褦ˤߤ뤬Τ褦˹ͤΤǤϡ˽פʻȤˤʤ롥
ܸθäȯζ̤˽ä̤ΤϡλǽλߤǤꡤγΤ꤫ͤʤ顤ռŪˤ⡤ޤ̵ռˤ⡤ˤϤΤä顤ȯλȤȤǤСʬึŬѤǤ뤫ɤȤǽޤƤ줿Ϥȹͤ롥ȤƤϡξ硤ϤꤽΤȤƤ줿ǡǰ줿ΤǤȿ¬ƤȤȤϡֻνסʤƬˤ̤ȤۤᾮɾƤϤʤʤȤ̣Ǥ⤢롥ϡ餯ϺΤҤʤΤǤȯλȤ뤫ꡤʳˡϤꤨʤäϤȤ뤤ϡͤޤǤʤ줬QäȤȤʤ顤ʸˤɽƤϤʤ
ơβŪʰϤȰݥȤϡؿջྶ٤ˤƸ̩˰ϤȽȤʤäƤΤϸƬΤߤäȤȤΤϡܸϡƬǤȲ̾ȴط11Ǥ줤бƤ2ʲǤϡ֤ҡס֤פ֤ءס֤פʤɲȲ̾1¿δط줿Ǥ롥Τ褦н褹ֲ̾פޤꤵƤʤˤäƤϡष2ʲDz餫δưϤȽŰ줵뤳ȤɬǤϤʤȽǤ줿ΤԼԤϰϤȽŰ褦ȻפФǤºݤ˻פĤ⤷⤷ʤ̤ȤƼˤϻʤäȽǤޤơϴְ㤤ʤܸ˾˿ΤǤ롥
ǡȤ餫褦ʥѸˤˤ⤢äȤפФʤƬʸ˴ؤƤϥե٥åȽ̩˼뤬2ʸʲϤθ¤ǤϤʤȤԻǤääƤ⸫줿դϡ#1451. Ѹ˾Υȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1]) 䡤#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1]) (6) Ȥ줿
ͺؤϤ١̼ҡ2009ǯ
ε#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ǡ֥Х٥פθűѸǤɤ#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ˤʤäѸʹߤΥƥȤޤ7¤٤Ƥߤ(1), (2), (3), (4), (7) 5Ĥϻ߷8Ϥꡤ(5), (6) ȤäƤѸǤǤ롥
(1) 1000ǯθűѸ Old English Heptateuch ꡥ
Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.
(2) 1388--95ǯ Wycliffite Bible (Later Version) ꡥ
Forsothe the lond was of o langage, and of the same speche. And whanne thei ȝeden forth fro the eest, they fonden a feeld in the lond of Sennaar, and dwelliden ther ynne. And oon seide to his neiȝbore, "Come ȝe, and make we tiel stonys, and bake we tho with fier," and thei hadden tiel for stonus, and pitche for morter; and seiden, "Come ȝe, and make we to vs a citee and tour, whos hiȝnesse stretche `til to heuene; and make we solempne oure name bifor that we be departid in to alle londis." Forsothe the Lord cam down to se the citee and tour, which the sones of Adam bildiden. And he seide, "Lo! the puple is oon, and o langage is to alle, and thei han bigunne to make this, nethir thei schulen ceesse of her thouȝtis, til thei fillen tho in werk; therfor come ȝe, go we doun, and scheende we there the tunge of hem, that ech man here not the voys of his neiȝbore." And so the Lord departide hem fro that place in to alle londis; and thei cessiden to bielde a cytee. And therfor the name therof was clepid Babel, for the langage of al erthe was confoundide there; and fro thennus the Lord scaterede hem on the face of alle cuntrees.
(3) 1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Versionˤꡥ
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speach. And it came to passe as they iourneyed from the East, that they found a plaine in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there. And they sayd one to another; Goe to, let vs make bricke, and burne them thorowly. And they had bricke for stone, and slime had they for morter. And they said; Goe to, let vs build vs a city and a tower, whose top may reach vnto heauen, and let vs make vs a name, lest we be scattered abroad vpon the face of the whole earth. And the LORD came downe to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the LORD said; Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language: and this they begin to doe: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they haue imagined to doe. Goed to, let vs go downe, and there cōfound their language, that they may not vnderstand one anothers speech. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence, vpon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the Citie. Therefore is the name of it called Babel, because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad vpon the face of all the earth.
(4) 1989ǯ The New Revised Standard Version ꡥ
Now the whole earth had one language and the same words. And as they migrated from the east, they came upon a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." The Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which mortals had built. And the Lord said, "Look, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and confuse their language there, so that they will not understand one another's speech." So the Lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore it was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.
(5) øäΤߤѤ Basic EnglishThe Holy Bible --- Bible in Basic English) ꡥ
And all the earth had one language and one tongue. And it came about that in their wandering from the east, they came to a stretch of flat country in the land of Shinar, and there they made their living-place. And they said one to another, Come, let us make bricks, burning them well. And they had bricks for stone, putting them together with sticky earth. And they said, Come, let us make a town, and a tower whose top will go up as high as heaven; and let us make a great name for ourselves, so that we may not be wanderers over the face of the earth. And the Lord came down to see the town and the tower which the children of men were building. And the Lord said, See, they are all one people and have all one language; and this is only the start of what they may do: and now it will not be possible to keep them from any purpose of theirs. Come, let us go down and take away the sense of their language, so that they will not be able to make themselves clear to one another. So the Lord God sent them away into every part of the earth: and they gave up building their town. So it was named Babel, because there the Lord took away the sense of all languages and from there the Lord sent them away over all the face of the earth.
(6) ʿפƸ Good News Translation (BibleGateway.com) ꡥ
At first, the people of the whole world had only one language and used the same words. As they wandered about in the East, they came to a plain in Babylonia and settled there. They said to one another, "Come on! Let's make bricks and bake them hard." So they had bricks to build with and tar to hold them together. They said, "Now let's build a city with a tower that reaches the sky, so that we can make a name for ourselves and not be scattered all over the earth." Then the Lord came down to see the city and the tower which they had built, and he said, "Now then, these are all one people and they speak one language; this is just the beginning of what they are going to do. Soon they will be able to do anything they want! Let us go down and mix up their language so that they will not understand each other." So the Lord scattered them all over the earth, and they stopped building the city. The city was called Babylon, because there the Lord mixed up the language of all the people, and from there he scattered them all over the earth.
(7) Ʊꡥ
ƱդȤäơƱ褦äƤưƤ͡ϡϤʿĤ˽夤ϡ֤ꡤ褯ƤפääФˤä˥եȤѤϡ֤ŷޤϤΤĮơͭ̾ˤʤơϤ˻餵뤳ȤΤʤ褦ˤ褦פȸäϹߤäơͤλҤ餬ƤΤ뤳Įơ줿ϰĤ̱ǡĤθդäƤ뤫顤Τ褦ʤȤϤΤǤϡ餬ƤƤ⡤˸뤳ȤϤǤʤ桹ϹߤäƹԤäơľθդ𤵤ߤθդʹʬ̤褦ˤƤޤϤ˻餵줿ΤǡϤĮηߤ櫓ǡĮ̾ϥХ٥ȸƤФ줿礬ϤθդʥХˤޤ礬Ϥ˻餵줿Ǥ롥
߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ
Ѵ֥塼֥Х٥ŸƤ롥24ǯ֤ǡؤ夬äƤ롥
֥Х٥ (The Tower of Babel) äϡ11:1--9 ˵Ƥ롥͡ʸ줬¸ߤ뤳ȤʤˡŤսȤ졤쵯ˤƤ⤷Фа礤˽Ф롤ˤ̾ʤǤ롥
ϡ֥Х٥פθűѸʸϤ߷ΡǤɤѸˡ8Ϥ顤Old English Heptateuch ǤˤäƼ
Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.
߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ
(230) ϡػˡ٤10ϡְȽספˤơѤȤǿƥΥפưȤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ϽפοҤȤäۤۤɿ¤˶ᤤפάȤưѤϤƤαưäפä餳Ϥλˡξȯ줿ΤĤޤȤ衼åѿͤϰ¤ˡ⡤°Ħ⡤¤⡤Ħ줿˥Ĥƺˡ⡤֤ޤΤäƤơεˤʤСĤǤưǰϤ줿κ俷ۤѲؤߵʨ֤äƤɥĤǰȯ줿Τ϶ǤϤʤץƥȤνױưˤϡοƥΥβǽľŪϤäΤץƥȤϹߤ˰Ȥʤ衤ͥåȤδޤޤǡϤ뱿ưȿμܤȤƤεǽ̤
ϡۤʤȤСƬⶵ餤ΤΤä͡μΨ夬äƤȡʸ𤬤ŪʼʤȤƬƤ롥פߤƤۤȤȿ͡μΨθ塤ưѤȤƥΥŪˤԤä礷ΤǤ롥ơפȰѤϤͻӤǿʤळȤˤʤä
16ƬΥɥĤǻϤޤäͻӤϡ˥ɤˤäޡȥå䤷ƥɹΩإ8ϡɹ̱λٻդ뤿ˡʸĤޤѤѤΤǤ롥 (258) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥʸʸ˵ϲؤƤˡ
ɹˤ罰λٻɬפǤꡤɤνޤؼ뤳Ȥϵ٤ǤϤʤȤĥʤ罰ζ뤫⤷ʤäʤФʤʤʢȥޥ०ϤάIJȶĤɥĤΥץƥȤΤ褦˰ȼԤѤ罰λٻᤵ०ϡȿĤαѸϢξʸǤѥեåȤ⤽ΤʤƤͤ罰˽ʬ˼ΤäʪʤݤοϤطʤǽϻ夷Τ
०뤬ѤѤƾʸȤʸˤإ8̱˼줵褦ȤפǤ롥ơ줬ޡȥåȷӤĤƥǤϤʤǤ줿ѸǤäȤ˽פǤ롥ˤơסѡαѸ3ĤӤĤȤˤʤäפʤСޤޤ¿αѸ줬դƤϰ̤夹뤷Ѹϰ̤夷ư뵡Сפϩ줿츫ӤĤʤ褦͡ʸݤ16ΥɼҲ礭ưƤΤǤ롥
ޡˡ һҡˡػˡˤͤư줿ѡ١ֽŹ2016ǯ
ɸϡ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) colonial_lag γƵDz٤ˤƤ#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ϣܵɮ Algeo (23) ȤƤ顤ꥫʤΩˤȥꥫѸݼŦ뼡ʸϤ˽вäʲ˰ѤƤ
. . . just as the British Empire was not only the greatest, but also the most enlightened and humane of colonial powers, so the American Revolution was the most conservative and least radical of revolts in its social consequences. And the linguistic consequences of the Revolution were also in many ways conservative. The colonies had begun lexical innovation early, but they were also old-fashioned and conservative in many aspects of grammar (such as the participle gotten) and pronunciation (such as the rhotacism and "flat" a in words like path), as well as in some word choices (fall for the season).
ꥫΩȤŪ¿ݼŪäΤƱͤˡꥫѸ¿ݼŪˤȤɤޤäȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ꥫѸ鿷ϽФäǧĤĤ⡤ʸˡȯȤäΤ¾¦̤ˤƤϸݼŪäȻŦƤ롥
Algeo ϥꥫȸŪ˷ӤĤȤˡݼŪפɾƤ櫓ηӤĤͦΤ褦˻פ롥ΰѤʬ Algeo ϥꥫѸγŪǤ˸ƤƤꡤȤΥХĤǡβսǤϤݼŦΤȲ᤹뤳ȤϤǤ롥ȤƤ⡤ꥫΩȥꥫѸ줬ʿŪݼŪǤ⤯ˤϡŤʵɬפʤϤǤ롥ޤĤʿҤ٤Τ˰礤˽ФƤ롤ΡַŪǻפΤʤˤĤƤϡʤ鼫ǤϤʤ
ΰκǸ fall (vs autumn) θˤĤƤƤ뤬fall ݼŪη̤äȼĥϡε褦ˡʣŪ͡פ˴ŤΥꥨ "redistribution" η̤äۤŬڤȹͤ롥
Algeo, John. "External History." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 1--58.
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