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2017-10-31 Tue

#3109. ʤ -(e)s դ -ing դֻˤưۤʤΤ [suffix][spelling][sobokunagimon][3sp][plural][gerund][participle][grahotactics]

#3106. ʤ -ed դ -(e)s դֻˤưۤʤΤ ([2017-10-28-1]) ³ơƤ褦ǴˤʿŪǤʤ2Ĥζܼդ˴ؤֻꡥtry ˤĤơ-s <y> <ie> Ѥղä tries Ȥ뤬-ing ղäϤΤޤޤ trying Ȥʤ롥ȻפСdie Ǥϡ-s 򤽤Τޤդ dies Ȥ뤬-ing <ie> <y> ѤդΤ dying Ȥʤ롥츫Ի׵Ĥʡȿиε§ˤĤƤϡʬˤ -ed ȸʬ졦ư̾ -ing äȤʤ顤#3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤ ([2017-09-21-1]) ǹͤ
Carney (73--74) ϡѸֻܳŪʸΤʤǡMcLead ˤֻΤֻ§󤷤Ƥ롥Τ -(e)s -ing ղäľܡܤ˴ͿΤȤưʲΤΤ󤲤ƤΤǡѤ褦

Rule VII --- Words ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel simply add 's'.
--- an adaptation rule, presumably to form the plural or 3rd pers. pres. sg.: boy -- boys, say -- says, employ -- employs.
. . . .
Rule IX --- If you want to add other letters to a word ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant change 'y' into 'i'.
--- an adaptation rule; it refers in effect to the corresponding <y>/aɪ/ (deny--denial); the restriction 'preceded by a consonant' is intended to rule out betray--betrayal, employ--employer. McLeod points out that it does not apply before <-ing> (denying)
Rule X -- 'i' before another 'i' becomes 'y'.
--- a graphotactic rule; presumably it refers in an oblique way to examples such as die--dying or carrying--carrier--carried; the recent loan-word skiing is an exception.
Rule XI --- Words ending in a hissing sound form their plural by adding 'es' instead of 's'.
--- this has the form of an adaptation rule. It is a recognition that <s>, unlike the <ed> of the past tense, does not represent all the allomorphs /s/, /z/ and /ɪz/ of the plural . . . .


嵭ϡ-(e)s, -ed, -ing դε§򶦻Ū˵ҤƤˤ̻ŪʴޤޤƤʤСʤʤΤƤ⤤ʤ̻ŪפɬפȻפΤޤ긫ȤʤΤǡͤƤǤ롥

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
McLeod, M. E. "Rules in the Teaching of Spelling." Studies in Spelling. Publications of the Scottish Council for Research In Education XL. Ed. H. J. L. Robbie. London: ULP,1961.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2017-10-30 Mon

#3108. Υޥʤä顤Ѹϡ [hel_education][history][loan_word][spelling][stress][rsr][gsr][rhyme][alliteration][gender][inflection][norman_conquest]

#119. ѸˤΤϥޥͥߤ!? ([2009-08-24-1]) #3097. ĥᥦʥʤäѸ٤ʤäƤ᤯ʤäƤ ([2017-10-19-1]) ³ˤ if ۥ꡼Υޥʤä顤ѸϤɤʤäƤ
ޤäˤĤƤСե󥹼ѸʶˤϤäȾʤ͸ߤΥɥĸΤ褦˥ޥϤθ俸ƤϢơ⥲ޥŪǤȤˤʣήǤ³˰㤤ʤե󥹸ǤϤʤȤ줫θüѤϤʤˤʤ줿⤷ʤѸθäۤɤ¿¿ͤʸʬۤˤϤʤäƤʤäǽ⤤
ֻˤĤƤСűѸФ hus (house) ʤɤ¸³Ƥǽ뤷¾ cild (child), cwic (quick), lufu (love) ʤɤֻݤƤ⤷ʤ񤭸դˤ븫ɤϡߤΤΤ礭ۤʤäƤ롥<þ, ð, ƿ> ʤɤθűѸʸ⡤ḽޤѤ줺˻ĤäƤΤǤϤʤ (cf. #1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]))
ȯˤĤƤϡηϤΤΤѤꤷɤϵ路ѥϸߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤˤʤäƤŪˤСޥŪʶѥ (Germanic Stress Rule; gsr) ݤ졤ФޥŪʶѥ (Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ϤۤŸʤä롥ˤӱ (rhyme) ̲űѸ줫Ƭ (alliteration) ʤƤ
ʸˡ˴ؤƤϡΥޥȤȼե󥹸αƶʤä顤Ѹ϶ޤ˰͵򤹤Ūʸʤ򺣤ۤɼäƤϤʤäűѸΤ褦ʣʶޤݤ³ƤȤϹͤʤʤȤޤοϡ¤ˤ䤫ʤΤȤʤäƤǽ⤤űѸˤäʸˡϡˤǤƤǽϹ⤤οʹԶϤϤ긽¤ˤ䤫ä˰㤤ʤޤѲưޤ᤿űѸŪʡԵ§ʸѲפ⡤äȹϤĤäƤϡΥޥΥ󥰥ɼҲˤƥե󥹸줬̤θȤʤꡤѸ줬̤θȤʤäȤǡѸ˱ϤƯѲ¿ͲۤȤ˳뤳ȤʤʹԤȤ¤΢Ȥ館ݤǤ롥Υޥʤä顤ѸϤۤɼͳ˴θѲϩ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤǤʤäΤǤϤʤ
ʾ塤֥Υޥʤä顤ѸϡפۤƤߤ¤ϡ轵ؤα齬ˤƼߤʤǹԤʤäۤǤ롥ͷӿϤƤߤΤˤΰ̴طǧΤ˰ճͭˡȤ狼äˤ if ϡष׹ͤ¥Ƥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-25-1]

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2017-10-29 Sun

#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤 [slide][norman_conquest][history][french][loan_word][link][hel_education][asacul]

ѸˤˤΥޥΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤ
ޤǤ#2047. ΥޥαѸ˾ΰյ ([2014-12-04-1]) Ϥᡤnorman_conquest εƱˤĤƹͤƤޤ̤ΰŪʷȤơʲΤ褦ˤޤȤޤ

1. ΥޥϡʱѹˤΤߤʤ餺˱Ѹˤˤ
2. ʹߡѸϸä濴˥ե󥹸줫¿ʸŪƶ
3. ե󥹸ΤӤβˤäơäѲ¿Ͳ뤳ȤǤ

ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥Υ󥯤˭٤ĥäƤޤΤǡŬפʤȡΤȤƤäȤɤʪˤʤȻפޤޤե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤʼҲ˸ŪƶγѤȤʤäƤޤ

1. ΥޥȱѸ
2.
3. (1) Υޥ (Norman Conquest)
4. Υޥͤε
5. 1066ǯ
6. Υޥͤήȥ󥰥ɤθ
7. (2) ѸؤθŪƶ
8. äؤαƶ
9. Ѹäˤե󥹼Ѹΰ֤Ť (#1210)
10. ؤαƶ (#96)
11. ֻؤαƶ
12. ȯؤαƶ
13. ʸˡؤαƶ
14. (3) ѸؤμҲŪƶ (#2047)
15. ʸˡؤαƶˤĤƺƹ
16. ޤȤ
17. ʸ
18. 1: 1300ǯ Robert of Gloucester ˤǯ嵭 (ll. 7538--47) ε (#2148)
19. 2: ե󥹼Ѹʶˤ (#1210)

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1]) ⤴

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2017-10-28 Sat

#3106. ʤ -ed դ -(e)s դֻˤưۤʤΤ [suffix][spelling][sobokunagimon][3sp][plural]

ưβʬˤ {-ed} ȡư3ñ뤤̾ʣ {-(e)s} ȤǤϡֻˤդۤʤ롥褽ʿŪ˿񤦤Τ褦˸ơȺ٤ʰ㤤롥Carney (18--19) Ūʴ顤äƤΤǡѤ褦

. . . The past tense and participle morpheme {-ed} in regular verbs (ignoring forms such as spelt, spent, dreamt) has a constant <-ed> spelling in spite of the phonemic variation /ɪd/ (waited), /d/ (warned) and /t/ (watched).
   There is very similar allomorphic variation in the noun plural and 3rd person present tense of the verb with its variants /ɪz/ (watches), /z/ (warns) and /s/ (waits). The two sets of phonetic variants are often cited together as equivalent examples of morphemic spelling. If we look closely at the details, however we find in fact that they are dealt with rather differently in the writing system (table 5).

Table 5 English plural and past tense inflections
 {-ed} ending{-(e)s} ending
1/-ɪd/ matted/-ɪz/ masses
2/-ɪd/ mated/-ɪz/ maces
3/-t/ hopped/-s/ (No *hoppes)
4/-t/ hoped/-s/ hops, hopes
5/-d/ planned/-z/ (No *plannes)
6/-d/ planed/-z/ plans, planes
7/-d/ hurried/-z/ hurries
8/-d/ radioed/-z/ radios
9/-d/ vetoed/-z/ vetoes, or vetos


   Table 5 gives examples of each suffix in its three phonemic variants. The words provided as contexts include a preceding long vowel followed by a single consonant, a preceding short vowel followed by a single consonant, and the spelling variation found after <o>. The past tense has a constant <ed> spelling across all these contexts which is only varied by merging with a final <-e> in the long vowel words (e.g. hope -- hoped). The marking of the long vowels is also done indirectly by using <C>-doubling to mark a previous short vowel --- absence of doubling marks the long vowel. This is not done in the noun plural suffix, so there are no equivalents in rows 3 and 5 to <hopped> and <planned>, that is *<hoppes> and *<plannes>. Nor is there a variant spelling *<vetod> to spoil the uniformity of <-ed>. The <e> of <-oes> and <-ies> is best treated as a marker of the long vowel. Grammarians refer to the two inflections as the -s form and the -ed form and this is in accordance with the traditional spelling rule that one adds <-s> and <-ed> respectively to the base form.
   If we try to use a consistent <-ed> morphemic spelling in chopping up words into correspondences without any overlap, this lack of symmetry becomes apparent. In scribbles we have /əl/<le> and in scribbled we have /əl/<l>; in hopes we have <e>-marking of the vowel as /əʊ/<o..e>, /p/<p>, /s/<s>, but in hoped we have /əʊ/<o>, /p/<p>, /t/<ed>, while the long vowel is marked by absence of <C>-doubling. In a process description, and indeed for any human speller, this is catered for by 'dovetailing' so that <hope>+<ed> becomes <hoped>, <eight>+<ty> becomes <eighty>, etc.


Carney ϡֻθ "a constant spelling for a morpheme" "the varying pronunciation of the morpheme in different contexts" δ֤ΥХ󥹤ξΩĤΤǤꡤ줬ġֻʵ§ˤΤʤʣʬƤ뤳Ȥ򼨺Ƥ롥ʬΰ㤤{-ed} {-s} ˤ⸽Ƥȹͤ롥ʤʤΤˤĤƤϡ̻ŪʴޤƤĴ٤ɬפ롥

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1] [2017-10-31-1]

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2017-10-27 Fri

#3105. tithe tenth [numeral][doublet][history][reformation]

ɸ2ϡ10ʬ1פǤꡤֽʬΰǡפθȯŸ츻Ūˤ̩ܤʴطˤ2Ÿ (doublet) Ǥʡ#1724. Skeat ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-15-1]) ε American Heritage Dictionary tithe ߤ򻲾ȡˡ
ε#3104. ʤninthʥʥ󥹡ˤ e Ϥʤ󤹡פ͡ ([2017-10-26-1]) ǡninth űѸθ2ܤ n æ nigoða ȤǤȽҤ٤tenth ˴ؤƤƱͤǤꡤ tīen(e) (West-Saxon), tēn(e) (Anglian)ФƽǤ n tēoþa (West-Saxon), tēogoþa (Anglian) ʤɤѤ줿 Anglia tēogoþa ˲Ф tithe ȤʤꡤѸʹߤ˼Ѥ줿MED tīthe (n.(2)) 򻲾ȡˡ
tenth ϡѸǴη֤Ȥ˵§Ū˷줿ʷ֤ǤMED tenth(e 򻲾ȡˡ
tithe ϡֽʬΰǡפ̣̾ȤƤϡ1200ǯ˽Ф롥衼åѤǤϡ5ʹߡꥹȶ񤬿̤˼νʬΰǼǤ׵᤹褦ˤʤäƤ8ϥե󥯲ꥹȶ̤˲ݤǤȤʤä񤬶̱ʪνʬΰŪħ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥9ʹߡħ϶񤫤餷Ф¯μؤϤꡤ18--19ѻߤޤ³
䤳Ȥˡ󥰥ɤǤϡޡȥåԤ޶ĤФǼֽʬΰǡסʤ٤ tenthˤȸƤФƤפβǡHenry VII ϶ĤˤǤϤʤ񲦤Ǽᤵ褦׵ᤷ٤Ȥ夷ˡԻ˲ݤIJǤ tenth ʽʬΰǡˤȸƤФ줿Τǡؤ䤳ʿ桤p. 16ˡ
椬ξǤ10%ˤʤȤȤǤС tithe ȸƤ֤٤ tenth ȸƤ֤٤

Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ

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2017-10-26 Thu

#3104. ʤninthʥʥ󥹡ˤ e Ϥʤ󤹡פ͡ [numeral][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][sobokunagimon]

Τ礦ʤʡ˥ɸϡΥĥꡥϼ¤䡥ninth ֻˤĤƤϡΤ˻ΤԻ׵Ĥ˻פäƤΤΤޤä֤ǤϤʤΤ褦Ū̵ΤǤϤʤȻפˡΥĥȤ򸫤Ƥ龯Ĵ٤ƤߤΤϴñǤϤʤǤ⡤ͤƤߤȤ񤭵Ƥ
̤ηҤ٤Ƥȡ

(1) ninth η֤ѸʹߤŪη̤Ǥꡤ
(2) nine -- ninth ֻθؤ five -- fifth ʿŪȹͤ졤
(3) ninth <-nth> seventh, tenth, eleventh ʤɤˤΤǤϤʤ

ȤȤʲ줾ˤĤƽҤ٤

(1) ޤθ٤ϡninth θ츻űѸǴ9פ nigonν9ܤΡפ nigoð Ǥ롥θ n ϡǤ -ð æƤ뤬 seofoða, tēoða ʤɤƱͤ˵§Ūʲη̤Ǥ롥ȤȤϡѸ ninth, seventh, tenth ʤɤνη֤ϡη֤Ȥˡ夫ֺľפΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥űѸη֤ niȝeþe ʤɤȤѸˤѤ줿ǴϤȤ niȝonþe, ninthe ʤɤ졤1300ǯѤ褦ˤʤäMED ˤСθФˤϼΤ褦ʰ֤꤬ǧ롥

nīnthe (num.) Also nineth(e, neinthe, neinethe, neienthe, ninteth, nineinthe & niethe, nithe, neghed, (early) niȝethe, niȝothe, nigethe, nihethe, nihȝethe, noeȝthe, neiȝd, (infl.) niȝodan & niend, nind(e, neind, nend, neinind, neint, ninte, nent(e, nighend, neghend(e, neighend, neȝende, niȝente, neghent, nihend, neuent, (early) niȝende, niȝhende.


͡ʰ۷Ф餯¸ƤѸ16ˤʤȡϢʤ ninth ̤ȤʤäƤΤ褦ˡninth η֤ȯ⡤Ūٺ餭Ǥ롥

(2) ˡ nine Ȥδطͤ롥űѸ nigon η֤ʬȤꡤȤȴθ <e> ֻϤʤäѸˡ <g> ǼҲ첻̤ȤĹ첻򼨤 nin ʤɤȤʤäǤ <e> Ϥʤä̵ޤθФη֤ˤäǤ롥Ϸƻ֤Ǥ뤫顤ޤʣޤȤ nin -e θդ nine ʤɤȤʤ뤳Ȥϡfif Ф fife (> five) Ʊͤ˰ŪǤꡤȤƤϤη֤䤬夷˴ؤƤϡ(1) ǸȤꡤ夫Ρֺľפä櫓ϤȤʤäΤ -e դʤ nin ΤۤäȽδΤΰۤʤΤ񤷤1Ĥˤϡnin nine ɤ򼨤Ƥ˳ơΥڥ󥰤졤夷Ȥ𤬤ꤽ
⤦1ĤλȤƤϡ#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) five -- fifth ȤڥȤʿΤǤϤʤؤϤƤαѸˡ٥ѥ˥󡦥ȤΥ󥯽2.4ΤȤĥä⻲ȡˡfive -- fifth nine -- ninth ٤ʬȤꡤǤʣޤ -e ޤ֤ѤƤꡤǤ -e ޤޤʤ֤ -th ³Ƥ롥󡤲Ū˹ͤ fifth ǤϡŪûΤǡû첻򼨤ninth Ǥ2첻򼨤Ȥפʰ㤤ꡤʿĥ뤳ȤϤǤʤֻˤӤ줦طˤ뤳ȤϻŦǤ롥

(3) Ǹˡninth <-nth> ϡseventh, tenth ʤɤ <-nth> ˤΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥ninth ޤƤ <-nth> θҲ϶Ѹޤ [θ] Τۤ [ð] ԤʤƤp. 383ˡΤ褦ʲŪʿ񤤤ζ⡤*nineth ǤϤʤ ninth ĹΤǤϤʤ

ʾ塤ɬ⶯ϤȤϤʤäƤʤ褦ˤפ뤬ΩƤƤߤͤޤǤˡƼȴФҤȤƻĤƤ

ninth adj. About 1300 nynthe; developed from Old English nigonthe (nigon nine + -tha) (Barnhart)


ninish, ninth. The final -e of nine is not carried over into these two forms. (Burchfield)


ninth nainþ. ME. niȝonþe (XII), a new formation superseding OE. niġoþe. (Hoad)


ME. nyne, nine, Chaucer, C. T. 24. Here the final -e is the usual pl. ending, and nyne stands for an older form niȝene, extended form of niȝen . . . . (Skeat)


סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ21ǡ
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Hoad, Terence Frederick, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.

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2017-10-25 Wed

#3103. 10October̵ [calendar][month][latin][numeral][analogy]

̾꡼ (month) Ρ10פϤ롥űѸǤ10ϡwinterfylleð "winter fill" ߤˤȸƤǤ¾η̾ƱͤˡűѸˤϥƥ줫 October äƤƤ롥ŵʹߤΥƥǤϡSeptember, November, December Ф Octembre Ȥ֤Ѥ졤줬űѸѤ줿ߤĤ롥OED ε󤲤ƤǤϡƥ֤Ƥ롥

OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) Oct. 225 On ðam teoðan monðe on geare bið xxxi daga; þone mon nemneð on Leden Octember, ond on ure geðeode Winterfylleð.


October θ촴 octo- ϡƥ octō- 뤤ϥꥷ oktō- ͳ褷8פ̣롥ϡѸ eight ƱǤ롥8ܤη10ɽ路ƤΤϡǤǯϤ1ǤϤʤ3Ƥoct(a)- ȤƱѸǤ⡤Τ褦ˤĤ롥

octaacetate, octachord, octad, octagon, octahedral, octahedron, octameter, octan, octane, octant, octave, octavo, octet(te), octocentenary, octogenarian, octonary, octoploid, octopod, octopus, octoroon, octose, octosyllabic, octuple


October -ber ˤĤƤϡ#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1]) ǿ줿̤츻ԾܤʤȤ October ξ˴ؤƤϲη̤ȤϹͤʤΤǡSeptember ʤ¾η̾θ
ܸDZ10ɽ魯̵ֿפϡֿηפΰդȤ⤵뤬ȬɴοбҤ˽뤹Ǥ뤿ᡤ¾ι񤫤ʤʤȤ̣ǤȤ¯˸롥бǤϡäơषֿ߷סʤߤŤˤȾΤΤȡۤˤϡǼɽ魯־ʤʡˤפȤ⡤ΤʤȤ졤⤬롥

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2017-10-24 Tue

#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤 [slide][christianity][history][bible][runic][alphabet][latin][loan_word][link][hel_education][asacul]

Ѹˤˤ륭ꥹȶΰյˤĤơޤȤ᥹饤 (HTML) äΤǸ롥ɤ礭ǤꥹȶϱѸ (1) ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤˤܳŪʸʸƳ(2) ƥ줫μѸ¿⤿餷(3) 򳫻ϤȤ3ĤˤơѸ˾˷פΤʤյĤȷŤޤ

1. ꥹȶȱѸ
2.
3. ֥ƥؤΥꥹȶ (#2871)
4. 1. ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƳ
5. 롼ʸȤϡ
6. ¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽ񤫤Ƥ
7. űѸ쥢ե٥å
8. űѸʸ (#2526)
9. 2. ƥαѸäؤαƶ
10. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ (#206)
11. 3. γ
12. ¿δɽ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 1: Beowulf Ƭ11 (#2893)
16. 2ּεפγƻΥ (#1803)

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1]) ⤴

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-23 Mon

#3101. ѸμΨ [literacy][demography][emode][standardisation]

#3043. ѸμΨ ([2017-08-26-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ǡѸҲμΨˤĤˤϿ (116--17) ꡤƥ塼ī濴Ȥ16--17Υ󥰥ɤμΨߤƤߤ褦

ȥλҤɤ⤿ˤȤäƤϹ餬ҲŪɬפǤäԤˡΧȤˤʤˤϤˡʤäޤԻԤξͤλҤɤ⤿ˤȤäƤɤ߽񤭤ȷ׻ΤɬפǤäϹۤǡ͵ؤβǤҤɤ˹뤿ˤϡȷפǤγ褦ʽи礻ͤФʤʤäΤǤ롥ϤؤǤϻҤɤϫƯϤȷפ­ˤɬפäΤǡҤɤ⤬ɤ߽񤭤򽬤¼Įνع˹ԤäȤƤ⡤Ż˽̳ؤû֤ǽ뤳Ȥ¿äɤ߽񤭤ƤԲķȤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ깩ȤηиŪʵѡμμΤۤפȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿ä
λΥ󥰥ɤǤϥȥء͡͵̱ؤ濴˼Ψ夷켷˥ȥޥؤμΨϤۤܰ졻%˶դƤءͷ̱ؤǤȾ褦ˤʤ롥ؤϤ̱μΨ㤯켷Ǥ졻%%ã٤ǤäȿꤵƤ롥


ޤǿפǤ뤷ؤˤäƿͤۤʤȤä櫓ʤΤǡμΨĤळȤưפǤϤʤλΰѤڡʪ̤ȯԡפ˸岡줿ɽ񽬴θʤɤˤꡤ¤˿͡μΨ夷ƤȤϴְ㤤ʤɸֻϺ⡤ޤˤλνäȤ碌ƳǧƤ

Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-12-02-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-22 Sun

#3100. 󥰥ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦ [reformation][book_of_common_prayer][bible][celtic][linguistic_imperialism][emode]

#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ϤȤ reformation ΤĤεǡ16Υ󥰥ɽפѸϰ̤夵ˤĤƹͤƤפˡפʤ͡ˤȤäơŪʸҤäƥŨǤꡤषѸɥĸʤɳơ (vernaculars) Ż뤵٤Ȥʷϵ줿16ˤĤǤ줿αꡤ1549ǯ Thomas Crammer ˤ The Book of Common Prayer ʱѸ쵧ˤԻꡤפ줿Ѹϰ̤Τ˹׸ʡ#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1])#1472. ͥ󥹴θŪ ([2013-05-08-1])#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) ([2016-06-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ʱѸϰ̤θϡѸȤ륤󥰥ɤ¿ο͡ˤȤäƤϯä󥰥ɤμǥȤθ졦ʸݤäƤɤˤȤäƤɬϯǤϤʤä (70) ϡդλ˿ʤ齡פȱѸϰ̤θˤĤƤ롥

ϥ󥰥ɤնϰˤɤΤ褦ˤƽפդ뤫Ȥ礭ȤäƤɥɼνפϡѸǤʤѸ쵧禱ƳȤʤäƤᡤɡ륺󥰥Ǥ⥳󥦥ʤɤαѸȰۤʤ줬ѤƤϰۤɤƳˤϺ񤬤äȹͤ롥
󥰥ζ趵Ǥϥ졼ȡХ֥Ф붵̱δؿѹ⤯礭ʽʪμϤ˿꤬ͤǤۤɤǤäȤȥåοĤˤȤäƺǤפʥƥϡԤ٤ʶ͡ꤵ줿Ǥä̱οĤ̲˸Ȥߤʤ줿ץƥȤϥ衼åѳϤ˸ϸǤοդ뤳Ȥ


դΤϡɡ륺󥦥ʤɤαѸȤʤϰˤƤ⡤Ѹ䵧Ƴ줿ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤϰο͡ˤȤäƤߤСפɬָϸǤοդ뤳ȤפʤäΤǤ롥ˤȤäƤϡθ줬ƥ줫ѸإեȤˤǤȤǤϲѲʤä󥰥ɤνפϡΥȷϤο͡ˤȤäơޤˤƥβĤäƤ줿Ԥ⤷ʤ󥰥ɤˤѸβĤ⤿餷ԤǤ⤢ä
(85) ۩֥֥ƥˤ뽡פϡѸȤλѤ򿮶Ĥξǵ̳Ť뤳ȤˤĤʤäᡤθΥȷϽλѾˤ礭ʱƶͿΤȤסѸŪʤϡѸ줬Ȥʤä20--21ͭΤΤǤϤʤ᤯16餽˨꤬줿Ȥ

Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-13-1] [2017-11-10-1]

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2017-10-21 Sat

#3099. Ϣ10֤ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢Τ [link][notice][personal_pronoun][number][t/v_distinction][category][rensai][sobokunagimon][fetishism]

1020դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ10ε֤ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢Τޤ
ʸǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡѤʵˤֶä٤Ūطʤơפꡤ̤ơֱѸˤΥʥߥפ򴶤Ȼפޤ2;̾ˤĤƤϡޤǤܥ֥ǽ񤭤Ƥޤʲ˴ϢؤΥ󥯤ĥޤΤǡɤ

[ ƻ塤Ѽο;̾η ]

#180. űѸο;̾о ([2009-10-24-1])
#181. Chaucer ο;̾ηϡ ([2009-10-25-1])
#196. Ѹο;̾ηϡ ([2009-11-09-1])
#529. ɸѼ2;ʣ̾ ([2010-10-08-1])
#333. 󥰥Ĥ thou ([2010-03-26-1])

[ ʸˡƤȥե ]

#1449. ˤơס ([2013-04-15-1])
#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])

[ ƾΤȷɾΤΩ (t/v_distinction) ]

#167. θ T/V distinction ([2009-10-11-1])
#185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1])
#1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction ([2012-02-24-1])
#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1])
#1126. 衼åѤμ׸ˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1])
#1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1])
#2107. ɥĸ T/V distinction άˡ ([2015-02-02-1])

[ thou, ye, you ζ ]

#673. Burnley's you and thou ([2011-03-01-1])
#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1])
#1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) ([2012-12-23-1])
#1865. Ф thou ѤΤϤʤ ([2014-06-05-1])
#291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ ([2010-02-12-1])
#2320. 17 thou ο ([2015-09-03-1])
#800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia ([2011-07-06-1])
#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1])

[ ɾΤ you ̾Ĥ ]

#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1])
#1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1])
#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1])

[ you ȯֻ ]

#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])
#2234. <you> ֻ ([2015-06-09-1])

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-20 Fri

#3098. ֻȯ [phonetics][pronunciation][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][terminology]

equation <-tion> ֻĤˤ⤫餺/-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ ȯ뤳ȤΤۤ¿ˤĤƤϡ#1634. ֥ӥפ equation ([2013-10-17-1])#1635. -sion -tion ([2013-10-18-1]) Ǽꤢۤˡ#2519. transition ȯ ([2016-03-20-1]) Ǥ⡤λԹŸ໤ͭȯ뤳Ȥ˸ڤޤ̾ĥˤС<-tion> λǤϤʤcoercion Ǥ⥢ꥫȯ /ʃ/ ¤ /ʒ/ ʹ졤Kashmir(i) ǤƱͤȤѸɸֻηϤȤƤϡ<-tion>, <-cion>, <sh> ֻλԹŸ໤̵ȤΤ§Τ褦ʵ㳰⸫ФΤǤCarney (242) equation ˤĤ "A very curious correspondence of /ʒ/<ti> occurs for many speakers in equation. Among the large number of words ending in <-ation>, this appears to be a single exception." ȽҤ٤Ƥˡ
equation, transition, coercion ͤƤߤȡʤΤ褦ʤȤꤦ뤫ȤطʤˤĤƤϸ뤳Ȥꤽ#2519. transition ȯ ([2016-03-20-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ/-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ ɤ <-sion> <-sian> ǤϤ褯Τǡ줬Ū <-tion> ˤ礷ΤȹͤפȤȤ̤γ٤ߤȡ(1) ֻȯбط (2) ȯɤ뤤ֻɤط2δط缡ȯŸƤäΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥äȶŽ̤ɽȤơֻȯΡָġ (negotiation) ȤƾΤƤ
ʲοޤ򻲾ȤơָġפοŸͤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

--- 1ʳ ------ 2ʳ ------ 3ʳ ---
[ ֻ ][ ȯ ][ ֻ ][ ȯ ][ ֻ ][ ȯ ]
<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/
||||
<-tion>, <-cion>/-ʃən/<-tion>, <-cion>/-ʃən/<-tion>, <-cion>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/
--- 4ʳ ------ 5ʳ ------ 6ʳ ---
[ ֻ ][ ȯ ][ ֻ ][ ȯ ][ ֻ ][ ȯ ]
<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/<-sion>, <-sian>,
<-tion>, <-cion>
/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/
||
<-tion>, <-cion><-tion>, <-cion>


ޤ1ʳǤϡΩ2Ĥֻȯбط¸ߤƤ롥ϡޤˤƤʤΩ0ʳθĺѤ̤ơߤޤǤˡб§פȤƳΩƤФֻȯδطɽ路Ƥ롥
2ʳǤϡ岼2ĤбطȯˤƤȤ /-ʃən/ ޤǤ뤳ȤȤʤꡤ夬ظĤƯ롥Ĥޤꡤ /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ /-ʃən/ ƯơʬƱ褦˿񤨤ȰϤ򤫤롥
η̡3ʳǤϡȯȯƱͤ /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ Ȥʤꡤ̵ͭΥꥨƤ褦ˤʤ롥ɸѸϡ3ʳޤǿʤǤ褦ˤߤ롥 equation transition ʤɤΤñ˵ڤǤˤ3ʳνʳȹͤ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פ롥
4ʳǤϡ岼ȯ줷ȤƤ롥
5ʳǤϡȯξ岼ΰϤ¦ֻؤڤǤʸĤ롥̤ȤơֻˤƤ⡤<-sion>, <-sian>, <-tion>, <-cion> ̵̤˷ӤĤ褦ˤʤ롥ϢݤˤϡǸ6ʳιޤ˻
ʾϡޤֻȯᤰĤ޼Ū뤿ΤΤǤꡤ⤽4ʳʹߤϡã뤫⤷ʤΰˤĤƤλʪˤʤ⡤ֻȯᤰʣʴط̻ŪѲΥᥫ˥Ū褦Ȥǥˤʤ equation transition Ȥñ줬3ʳˤäơĤƤΤȤ̤ˤϲƤʤ
ֻȯΤʣʴطȯãȤȤϡ̻Ūˤϻˤդ줿ݤǤ롥ָġפȤѸ졦ǰʳޤ⡤ĤǤϤ뤬ܶʻ¤ȿǤΤˤʤ
ʤΡָġפȸƤݤˤĤƤϡ624Ļرؤdz줿Ѹ춨34ǤΥݥֱѸ첻ѲβŸ˾פˤơֱѸˤˤ벻񵭤ߺ --- Ѹ줫ѸˤƤλ㤫 ---פꤹȯɽǼꤢΥץPDFɤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-19 Thu

#3097. ĥᥦʥʤäѸ٤ʤäƤ᤯ʤäƤ [reestablishment_of_english][monarch][history][norman_conquest][hundred_years_war]

ε#3096. ѸѸϽˡ ([2017-10-18-1]) ˰³ѸΥԡɤˤĤƤꡥ
William I 1066ǯΥΥޥdzΥޥīϡѸȥե󥹸ܿ⤿餷³ơHenry I Stephen λŪФˡ1154ǯ Henry II ץ󥿥ͥåīϡ󥰥Τȥե󥹤ιʬʤ륢󥸥塼иʩޤξ¦ڤĤȤʣ֤ˤꡤ󥰥ɤθʣʹߡѸϡե󥹸̩ܤʴط³¸ߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤʤäȤ뤫θ14--15ɴǯ˻ޤʱʩط³طť²Τ褦˿ʤǤʤСѸȥե󥹸δط⡤ƥ󥰥ɤˤѸ⡤̤Υ򤿤ɤäƤǽ⤤
Τ褦ʤȤͤƤȤˡHenry I Stephen © Eustace ĥᥦʥ (lamprey) 򿩤˴ʤäȤäɤа桤p. 41ˡˤ if ۤȤȤǡĥåȤꤴʲĥåĴǡʼºݤ˥ĥȤʤΤǡ˺ƸƤߤ

ƱѵǤĥᥦʥ (lamprey) ȥʥ (eel) ʪŪˤϤޤä̵ط̾ѷǤޤƤϤʤ


ĥᥦʥ (lamprey) 򿩤Ǥǥݥå¤äΥޥī King Henry I ȡKing Stephen © Eustace 2͡Υޥīβ²äơʤ˥ĥᥦʥäΡ


ĥᥦʥ (lamprey) Eustace ʤä顤Henry II ˲̤Ϥ餺ץ󥿥ͥåīʤä⡥ȡ󥰥ɤϥե󥹤Ȥۤ໤αѸϤäᤫä⡥θαѸˤϤɤʤäƤȤ


ץ󥿥ͥåīγ Henry II Υե󥹤ͭˤꡤե󥹤Ȥť¤δط³櫓ǡǹαѸ٤ʤäˡѸϤ٤ξǤˤֲлϼϡŪʽȯϤǹǤ쵤ˤʤȤ˹񳰤Ǥȹͤ롥


Ȥơĥᥦʥʤä顤षѸϤ⤦ĹڤƤ⡪ơȤʤ뵡路Ƥ⡪ʾ塥


֥ĥᥦʥѸˤĥΡ֥ϥåαѸ?ˤ if ꡼ʲΡˡפꡤ#119. ѸˤΤϥޥͥߤ!? ([2009-08-24-1]) ɤ


Henry II ϰԤκƻդ̵뤷ƥĥᥦʥ̤˿³Ȥ顤ιʪäΤˤϡ䤹˺Τ⤷ʤ
ĥåɤե

а ҡؿ⡡ꥹβ١Ͻн˼2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-25-1] [2017-10-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-18 Wed

#3096. ѸѸϽ [reestablishment_of_english][history][toc][hundred_years_war]

褦ʥȥε#706. 14ѸϽˡ ([2011-04-03-1]) ܥ֥ǽ񤤤Ƥ뤬14פ򺣲ΥȥΤ褦ˡѸס1100--1500ǯˤؤƤ⡤Ϥʤ#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1]) Ǽǯɽ䡤¾ reestablishment_of_english εƤ褦ˡ󥰥ɤˤѸϰ̤βϡ3ۤɤΥѥǤȤ館٤ĹȤä
Baugh and Cable αѸ˳6Ϥ "The Reestablishment of English, 1200--1500" ꤵƤꡤĹȤ򰷤äƤΤǽˤβսɤȤˡʤƥȤɤߤˤϤȻפäΤǤ롥1200--1500ǯΥ󥰥ɤˤѸȥե󥹸ȤѲƤΤѸ褦䤯2ۤɿʤȻפСե󥹸Τ֤ȤݻΤȤǺ٤1ⲼȤäʣʵҤ³ΤѸȥե󥹸θݻȤ2Ĥȿή줬¹ԤäƤꡤ¤ˤ狼Ť餤
Baugh and Cable 6ϤɤߤʤȤɤΤȤƱϤƬ˶ᤤʸϤλƤǤ褯Ȥ館ƤȤȤʬä

As long as England held its continental territory and the nobility of England were united to the continent by ties of property and kindred, a real reason existed for the continued use of French among the governing class in the island. If the English had permanently retained control over the two-thirds of France that they once held, French might have remained permanently in use in England. But shortly after 1200, conditions changed. England lost an important part of its possessions abroad. The nobility gradually relinquished their continental estates. A feeling of rivalry developed between the two countries, accompanied by an antiforeign movement in England and culminating in the Hundred Years' War. During the century and a half following the Norman Conquest, French had been not only natural but also more or less necessary to the English upper class; in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, its maintenance became increasingly artificial. For a time, certain new factors helped it to hold its ground, socially and officially. Meanwhile, however, social and economic changes affecting the English-speaking part of the population were taking place, and in the end numbers told. In the fourteenth century, English won its way back into universal use, and in the fifteenth century, French all but disappeared. (122)


ˡλαѸ2ʤ1Ⲽ뤫Τ褦ɽBaugh and Cable 6Ϥ93--110ΤĤΥȥֱѸ岡װפȡ֥ե󥹸θҤݻװפȤƤˤ2ʬȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥



[ Ѹ岡װ ]

94. The Loss of Normandy
95. Separation of the French and English Nobility
97. The Reaction against Foreigners and the Growth of National Feeling
101. Provincial Character of French in England
102. The Hundred Years' War
103. The Rise of the Middle Class
104. General Adoption of English in the Fourteenth Century
105. English in the Law Courts
106. English in the Schools
107. Increasing Ignorance of French in the Fifteenth Century
109. The Use of English in Writing

[ ե󥹸θҤݻװ ]

96. French Reinforcements
98. French Cultural Ascendancy in Europe
100. Attempts to Arrest the Decline of French
108. French as a Language of Culture and Fashion



ο椫餤СѸ3ʤ1ⲼۤɤΥԡɤǿܤȤˤʤ
Baugh and Cable ܼˤĤƤϡ#2089. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ܼ ([2015-01-15-1])#3091. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ܼ˥ ([2017-10-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-17 Tue

#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty [pragmatics][title][address_term][honorific][monarch][personal_pronoun][agreement]

ꥹƾΡؼΤˡMajesty Ȥι椬Ѥ롥̾ͭʤȼYour Majesty, Her Majesty, His Majesty, Their Majesties, the Queen's Majesty, the King's Majesty ʤɤȻȤ롥Your Majesty 2;̾Ǽ뤬ưФƤ3;ñǰפȤüˡ򼨤
Ѹˤ Your Majesty ʤɤΡֽͭ + MajestyפȤɾΤηϡƥбɽˤʤäѸѤƤʿԤ Your Grace Your Highness ʤɤƱѤƤа (87) ˤСYour Majesty λѤΩΤϡ塼īγ Henry VII μ (1485--1509) ˤƤäȤ

塼īγĥإ꡼ϡȤΤ򤤤ĤѤ꿷ߤꤷΤʤ˲ºΤ롥ޤǤϡ񲦤ºΤ Your Grace ä Your Majesty ˲ᡤ򤤤ȹ֤Ȥä衤ˤ Your Majesty ȸƤӤΤ롼ˤʤäƤ롥


ºݤˤϥ塼īθ³η礿⡤Ӥ Your Majesty ȸƤФƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褫 Your Grace, Your Highness ѤƤ˥奢īǤ⡤ James I Ф Your Majesty ¤ Your Highness ̵̤ѤƤOED majesty, n. θ2ˤСYour Majesty 17ΤȤäȤJames I μθȾˤϳΩ褦

It was not until the 17th cent. that Your Majesty entirely superseded the other customary forms of address to the sovereign in English. Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I were often addressed as 'Your Grace' and 'Your Highness', and the latter alternates with 'Your Majesty' in the dedication of the Bible of 1611 to James I.


塼ī饹奢īˤơߤ˽ʣʤ⡤褽 Your Grace Your Highness Your Majesty ȰܤѤäƤȤˤʤ롥ꤷвߤ졤θҤ褤ޤäƤǤ롥᤬1ĤŤˤʤäƤƤ褦Ƕ̣

а ҡؿ⡡ꥹβ١Ͻн˼2007ǯ

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2017-10-16 Mon

#3094. 449ǯˤ⥲ޥͤϥ󥰥ɤ¸ߤ [anglo-saxon][history][archaeology][map]

ɸˤĤơ#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 ([2016-02-23-1]) ǡ Gramley (16) "Pre-Conquest Germanic cemeteries" ꤹϿޤ򼨤ʰʲ˺Ʒǡˡ

Pre-Conquest Germanic Cemeteries

5ᡤƤ餯äȸŤ顤ޥͤ󥰥ɤˤȤ͸ųŪʾڵ򤫤鼨뤬դλˤĤơGramley (16--17) ѤƤ

The earliest evidence we have of Germanic settlement in Britain consists of the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries and settlements in the region between the Lower Thames and Norfolk. Others possibly lay in Lincolnshire and Kent. In Caister-by-Norwich there was a large cremation cemetery outside the town dating from about 400. Similar settlements were found near Leicester, Ancaster, and Great Chesterford. One of the most likely explanations for these settlements, virtually always outside the city walls, was that the Germanic invaders were invited there to protect the British settlements, especially after the Romans withdrew. Much as in other western provinces, the Empire relied on barbarian troops and officers from the late third century on.
  The formal end of Roman rule by 410 did not mean the end of all efforts to protect Britain from external attacks, the most serious of which came from the Scots and the Picts . . . to the north and the sea-borne Saxons among others. It may well have been that the British leaders continued to use Germanic troops after 410 and perhaps even to increase their numbers. For the Germanic newcomers it was probably of no importance who recruited them. They were simply doing what their fathers before them had done. However, without any central power to coordinate defenses the Germanic forces would soon have realized they had a free hand to do as they wished. Soon more would be coming from the Continental coast near the Elbe and Weser estuaries (the Saxons), from Schleswig-Holstein, especially the region of Angeln (the Angels (sic)), from northern Holland (the Frisians), and probably from Jutland (the Jutes).


ˤС449ǯ Hengist Horsa Ȥ塼ȿͤη郎֥ȥͤ˸ƤФǥ󥰥ɤ­Ƨ줿Ȥ뤬ºݤˤϤǤ˥ޥͤϤοǯ饤󥰥ɤ¸ߤƤꡤ5ȾФˤϡΦ֤ƤӴ󤻤Τˡ̣ǽüǤäȤΤǤ롥ޥͤΥ󥰥ɤؤοϡ⤬ۤŷŪʤΤǤϤʤäȹͤ롥
Ϣơ#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2017-10-15 Sun

#3093. դ tongue twisters [word_play][pronunciation]

ޤ˼ȤǼƤ롤ͷӤͤȯȯΤΥܸͥΡաפȱѸ "tongue twisters" ʤͭ̾ʤΤ򽸤Ƥ롥ѸǤ褯Τ줿 tongue twisters ϡMother Goose ƸؽŵȤΤ¿ѤPDFɤä˳Τ褤ۤǤϤޤ󤬡ƤȤʤ˾꤯ʤΤǤ

[ ]



ִĴ沫

íޤʳ

٤εҤϤ褯Ҥ

ݲˤ⤤ΩƤ

õĤõĶ

˷礬֢˾˷γ򤫤

Ƥ߾ƤߤƤξ

Ԥ礳Ԥ礳Ԥ礳Ԥ礳礻ƤԤ礳Ԥ礳ϻԤ礳Ԥ礳

[ Tongue Twisters ]

A glowing gleam growing green.

If Sue chews shoes, Sue should choose the shoes she chews.

A wicked cricket critic cricked his neck at a critical cricket match.

Swan swam over the sea;
Swim, swam, swim.
Swan swam back again.
Well swum swan!

She sells sea-shells on the sea shore;
The shells that she sells are sea-shells I'm sure.
So if she sells sea-shells on the sea shore,
I'm sure that the shells are sea-shore shells.

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper;
A peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked;
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper,
Where's the peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked?

The Leith police dismisseth us,
I'm thankful, sir, to say;
The Leith police dismisseth us,
They thought we sought to stay.
The Leith police dismisseth us,
We both sighed sighs apiece,
And the sigh that we sighed as we said goodbye
Was the size of the Leith police.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-23-1]

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2017-10-14 Sat

#3092. Ĥ䤹񤭸դξڵ򡤾ä䤹񤭸դξڵ [writing][medium][grammatology][archaeology]

񤭸դȯʤʸȯϡ̤ܰΤΤŪʤΤεˤˤĤơNicholas et al. ʵŸƤ롥ʸΥ֥ȥ饯Ȥ褤ˤʤäƤΤǡѤ褦 (459)

A comparison of the evidence for the earliest scripts in different parts of the world suggests that an apparent preponderance of ceremonial; and symbolic usage should not be interpreted too literally. It seems to have more to do with archaeological preservation --- the better survival in archaeological contexts of the durable materials preferred as vehicles for ceremonial texts --- than with any deep-seated differences in the function of the scripts. It may well be that the earliest Chinese, Egyptian or Mesoamerican texts were largely as utilitarian in their application as those of Mesopotamia.


ʸǤϡ嵭ȴϢڤߤƤ롥

Some materials survive better than others, and for various reasons scribes chose relatively perishable substances for utilitarian texts, and more permanent vehicles for more formal ones. They were guided not only by the substance's durability, but also by its value and its convenience. Carving an inscription in stone improves its chance of survival for posterity; furthermore, the material may have been chosen for its intrinsic value (whether aimed at the inscription, or at the object, like a bowl or a statue, on which the inscription is found); and the labour of carving the text on a stone is itself an enhancement of the value of the object. As a general rule, therefore, we may expect surviving inscriptions to be those serving ceremonial purposes and found on durable materials. (472)


The main factor in deciding which script style was to be used was not purely the tools and media used for writing but also the content of the text. Likewise the amount of time devoted to a particular inscription (in turn reflecting the value attached to the text) will have had an effect on the form of the script used, with formality on ceremonial, informality on utilitarian vehicles: thus bones and tortoise-shells, though still formal, have more narrative content and generally have more cursive characters than the bronzes. (477)


The medium based for writing depended largely upon the content of the message. Because of the differential preservation of writing media, formal ceremonial texts, written on more durable substances, dominate in the archaeological record, giving a biased picture of the uses of early writing. The occasional survival of more perishable substances, together with certain other evidence, helps to correct this bias. (478--79)


ơȤ "[T]he stimulus to move from individual symbols or emblems to a coherent writing system is more likely to have come from the needs of administration than from a wish to disseminate propaganda." (479) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥񤭸դϡޤǼ̤ܰޤƤȤʷ
εϡʪؤˤĤ䤹Фμͻ벽 (taphonomy) ȯۤȹƤ롥#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵ򡤾ä䤹ڵ򡽡ؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ޤʸεȯãθˤäƤν̺νˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ׻ȡ

Postgate, Nicholas, Tao Wang, and Toby Wilkinson. "The Evidence for Early Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial?" Antiquity 69 (1965): 458--80.

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2017-10-13 Fri

#3091. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ܼ˥ [toc][quiz][hel_education][cgi][web_service]

ѸˤήĤǤ餦ˡȤǡ#2089. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ܼ ([2015-01-15-1]) ŵƤäƤ뤬ƥкΤˡʤȤ¤μưΤˡ˥˷ȴġäƤߤ֥饦ǰСΤޤ޾ƥȡ

Chapters for questions: to оݤȤʤϤ
Number of questions: 2ʾǡ뤤1.0ޤǤξΨġ
Hints: No Hints Hints ʥ塼Ȥʤñγ



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-28-1] [2017-10-18-1]

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2017-10-12 Thu

#3090. Ѹʸؤ鼢ܤȤäƤ [literature][borrowing][loan_word]

ʡ (33) ˤСʸؤɥʸؤƶϤ᤿ΤϡCarlyle μФƤ19ΤȤǤꡤˤϤۤȤɤʤäܿˤĤƤ⡤#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])#2621. ɥĸαѸؤܳŪ׸19 ([2016-06-30-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤѸϥɥĸ줫αƶŪǶޤǼƤʤäѸʸء줬ɥĤθ졦ʸؤĹ餯⤿ʤäȤϡ̤˱ѸʸؤǤϤʤ鼢ܤȤäƤˤȿǤƤ롥ʡ (33--34) ϡʸؤˤ뤳ŪˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ʸܤȤդΤϡɤ鼢ܤĤƤΤǡʸܤϤޤʳҤޤ󡥽ˤĤƥץԤޤ줫顤ˤʤޤơʸܤĤƻޤɤ⡤ɤ˹Ϥʤ餷ȥ륹ȥɥȥե⽽ʬòʤ䤦Ǥޤάͤʤ櫓̤Ȥ˽ϡե󥹤צɤʸܤ˶ĤͧãڽФޤ̸ά͡


ѸˡȤ櫓Ѹθüѻˤ˾Ȥ餷Ƥ⡤͡פθʥե󥹸졤ƥ졤ꥷʤɡˤ鼢ܤȤäƤȤϻ¤Ǥ롥Τ˸ťΥɸ졤θʤɡפΥޥ줫μѸ⤢äʤȤŪʴߤ餫ˡײ¿ȤäƤ褤
ʸؤˤˤ衤ŪŪμäƤȤˡŪŪʼܤǡߤ褦 English ǤäƤϡʸػˤȱѸˤ礭פǤ롥

ʡ Ϻرʸ١Ͻн˼1951ǯ

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2017-10-11 Wed

#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤 [slide][ame][ame_bre][history][link][hel_education][asacul]

ʥꥫ˱Ѹˤˤ륢ꥫΩΰյˤĤơޤȤ᥹饤 (HTML) äΤǸ롥ɤ

1. ꥫΩȱѸ
2.
3. ꥫѸθŪħ
4. ꥫѸμҲŪħ
5. ꥫˡʱëܼ
6. ֥ꥫ̿ (American Revolution)
7. ꥫѸλʬ (#158)
8. ΩȥꥫѸ
9. Υ֥ʾ; #3087
10. ֥Ͽ
11. ֻ֥
12. ޤȤ
13. ʸ

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1]) ⤴

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2017-10-10 Tue

#3088. ꥫѸΰ˴ؤ18--19Υ [ame][witherspoon]

#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1])#2784. ʤꥫǤϱѸ줬ͣμ礿ȤʤäΤ ([2016-12-10-1]) ǥꥫѸΰˤĤΥꥫѸħˤĤƤϡ᤯18Ⱦ鵤ŤƤꡤ19ˤϲ٤ڤƤ롥Baugh and Cable (347) ˡθڤѤƤΤǡǾҲ𤷤褦
ޤ1781ǯ˥åȥɽпȤǥץ󥹥ȥؤγĹ John Witherspoon ϡꥹͤӤƤΥꥫͤ mobility ˸ڤӡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤWitherspoon ˤĤƤϡ#2802. John Witherspoon --- Americanism ߤοơ ([2016-12-28-1]) ⻲ȡˡ

[B]eing much more unsettled, and moving frequently from place to place, they are not so liable to local peculiarities either in accent or phraseology.


ˡ1822--23ǯ˥ꥫιԤ󥰥ɿ Isaac Candler ϡΤ褦˽񤤤ꥫǤϡɸŪʡױѸ줬äƤȤ괶Ǥ롥

The United States having been peopled from different parts of England and Ireland, the peculiarities of the various districts have in a great measure ceased. As far as pronunciation is concerned, the mass of people speak better English, than the mass of people in England. This I know will startle some, but its correctness will become manifest when I state, that in no part, except in those occupied by the descendants of the Dutch and German settlers, is any unintelligible jargon in vogue. We hear nothing so bad in America as the Suffolk whine, the Yorkshire clipping, or the Newcastle guttural. We never hear the letter H aspirated improperly, nor omitted to be aspirated where propriety requires it. The common pronunciation approximates to that of the well educated class of London and its vicinity.


1828ǯˤϡꥫ James Fenimore Cooper ƱݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥

If the people of this country were like the people of any other country on earth, we should be speaking at this moment a great variety of nearly unintelligible patois; but, in point of fact, the people of the United States, with the exception of a few of German and French descent, speak, as a body, an incomparably better English than the people of the mother country. There is not, probably, a man (of English descent) born in this country, who would not be perfectly intelligible to all whom he should meet in the streets of London, though a vast number of those he met in the streets of London would be nearly unintelligible to him. In fine, we speak our language, as a nation, better than any other people speak their language. When one reflects on the immense surface of country that we occupy, the general accuracy, in pronunciation and in the use of words, is quite astonishing. This resemblance in speech can only be ascribed to the great diffusion of intelligence, and to the inexhaustible activity of the population, which, in a manner, destroys space.


ѤκǸ Cooper ϡꥫѸΰθȤΤŤȿ͡ΰưϤ󤲤Ƥ롥Cooper ΥȤˤϰŪʶⴶ뤬ˤ襢ꥫѸΰ19ޤǤ˹ǧ褦ˤʤäƤȤϳΤʤ褦

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2017-10-09 Mon

#3087. Noah Webster [biography][webster][ame][spelling_reform][american_revolution][history][lexicography][dictionary]

ħŪʰ̣ǥꥫѸä Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˤĤơȤơرѸؿ̾ŵ (376--77) ˵ꡤŪ˾Ҳ𤹤롥  *
Noah Webster ϡ1758ǯConnecticut West Hartford ޤ줿ع˳ضȤƬѤɽ路1778ǯYale ؤؿʳؤ롥߳Ω褬ȯȤؤΰ
´ȸ塤۸ΤȤʤäȤ̳ƤȤˡ Dilworth ˤѸֻܤʪ­ʤ򴶤鶵ܤɮ˻äA Grammatical Institute of the English Language ꤵ줿ܤϡ1ֻ2ʸˡ3ܤʤΤǡμζȤƤϹ罰ΤΤäΤȤưŪƤȤʤäƤꡤΤۤܤ٤ƤγعǺѤ줿1ֻܤϡ The American Spelling Book ȤΩ100ǯ֤8000줿Ȥ٥ȥ顼Ǥ롥ɽ椬ĤäΤ "Blue-Backed Speller" ¯Τ줿ܤμǡWebster ϰפ٤줿Ȥ
Webster ϡ̤ˤͿ1793ǯNew York ʹ American Minerva ʸ Commercial AdvertiserˤȾ Herald ʸ New York SpectatorˤȯWashington Τ٤ȾϡConnecticut New Haven Massachusetts Amherst Dzᤴ
̤Ǥϡ1806ǯ A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language 路1807ǯ A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English LanguageCompendious Dictionary ǤϡǤֻδʰײƤꡤfavor, honor, savior; logic, music, physic; cat-cal, etiquet, farewel, foretel; ax, disciplin, examin, libertin; benum, crum, thum (v.) / ake, checker, kalender, skreen; croop, soop, troop; fether, lether, wether; cloke, mold, wo; spunge, tun, tung ʤɤФȤΩƤƤ롥
1807ǯ缭ŵԻꤷ桤ȤΤϤɤʤϤäΤΡ1828ǯˤĤ7ܤʤ2Τ缭ŵ An American Dictionary of the English Language Ǥ줿ϡJohnson μ1818ǯβǤ12ܤ¿ΤäCompendious Dictionary ˺ѤƤʰײֻ¿ϡԺѤȤʤäĤϻĤäƤꡤϸˤޤ³ꥫֻȤʤä츻Ҥ˴ؤƤϡWebster 衼åѤֶƤӸؤ˥󥹥ԥ졼¿ñȼθ츻ͿºݤˤӸؤ褯򤷤Ƥ餺Ʊŵ̵ͤʵҤȤˤʤä
ʤȤƤ½ʰ̤ꡤ͡ʪǤϤʤä褦ꥫ罰Ω٤٤֥ꥫפΩ˰Ǥä
ʲWebster μפʱѸط󤲤Ƥ

A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part I (1783) [and its later editions: The American Spelling Book (1788) aka "Blue-Backed Speller"; The Elementary Spelling Book (1843)]: ֻ
A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part II (1784): ʸˡ
A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part III (1785):
Dissertations on the English Language, with Notes Historical and Critical (1789): ֻפμ¹Բǽɬ⤯
A Collection of Essays and Fugitive Writings (1790): ȼοֻˡǽ񤫤줿
A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806): ȼοֻˡǽ񤫤줿
A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Language (1807)
An American Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vols. (1828)
An Improved Grammar of the English Language (1831)
Mistakes and Corrections (1837)

¾Webster ˤĤƤ webster γƵȤ櫓#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]) ȡ#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ ([2017-10-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father. New York: Berkeley, 2012.

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2017-10-08 Sun

#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ [ame][witherspoon][academy][webster][american_revolution][history]

ꥫΩ夫顤ꥫͤˤ֥ꥫפιռƤʬαѸϥꥹαѸȤϰۤʤΤǤꡤȼɸĤ٤ͳ롤Ȥ¿ʬ˰ŪʰոǤ롥εǤѤ John Witherspoon ϡꥫΩ˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Being entirely separated from Britain, we shall find some centre or standard of our own, and not be subject to the inhabitants of that island, either in receiving new ways of speaking or rejecting the old. (qtd. in Baugh and Cable 354)


Ȥơ1774ǯ1 Royal American Magazine ˷Ǻܤ줿ƿ̾Ρ֥ꥫ͡פˤ륢ꥫѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ󤲤褦

   I beg leave to propose a plan for perfecting the English language in America, thro' every future period of its existence; viz. That a society, for this purpose should be formed, consisting of members in each university and seminary, who shall be stiled, Fellows of the American Society of Language: That the society, when established, from time to time elect new members, & thereby be made perpetual. And that the society annually publish some observations upon the language and from year to year, correct, enrich and refine it, until perfection stops their progress and ends their labour.
   I conceive that such a society might easily be established, and that great advantages would thereby accrue to science, and consequently America would make swifter advances to the summit of learning. It is perhaps impossible for us to form an idea of the perfection, the beauty, the grandeur, & sublimity, to which our language may arrive in the progress of time, passing through the improving tongues of our rising posterity; whose aspiring minds, fired by our example, and ardour for glory, may far surpass all the sons of science who have shone in past ages, & may light up the world with new ideas bright as the sun. (qtd. in Baugh and Cable 354)


#2791. John Adams ΥꥫѸˤ¡ʤ̴ԡ ([2016-12-17-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥꥫ2 John Adams 1780ǯ˥ǥߡΩƤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ʸϤ Adams ΤΤǤϤʤȵ롥
ơռȤ Noah Webster 󤲤ʤ櫓ˤϤʤ#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]) ͭ̾1̤βս򤤤ĤѤ褦

The author wishes to promote the honour and prosperity of the confederated republics of America; and cheerfully throws his mite into the common treasure of patriotic exertions. This country must in some future time, be as distinguished by the superiority of her literary improvements, as she is already by the liberality of her civil and ecclesiastical constitutions. Europe is grown old in folly, corruption and tyranny....For America in her infancy to adopt the present maxims of the old world, would be to stamp the wrinkles of decrepid age upon the bloom of youth and to plant the seeds of decay in a vigorous constitution. (Webster, Preface to A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part I (1783) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 357)


As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, in language as well as government. Great Britain, whose children we are, should no longer be our standard; for the taste of her writers is already corrupted, and her language on the decline. But if it were not so, she is at too great a distance to be our model, and to instruct us in the principles of our own tongue. (Webster, Dissertations on the English Language, with Notes Historical and Critical (1789) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 357)


It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English Language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, and it is desirable to perpetuate that sameness, yet some difference must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of our country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. Now an identity of ideas depends materially upon a sameness of things or objects with which the people of the two countries are conversant. But in no two portions of the earth, remote from each other, can such identity be found. Even physical objects must be different. But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs...the institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms, unknown to the people of England...No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate and assembly, court, &c. for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country. (Webster, Preface to An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 358)


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2017-10-07 Sat

#3085. Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ѡȤΥꥹ [list][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][orthography]

ϢSimon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? Ȥإڥ󥰤αѸˡ˥ڥ󥰴Ϣ󶡤Ƥ뤬ޤǤˤܥ֥ǤϡƱѡȤ͡˽񤤤Ƥʲˤΰ򼨤ʤ뤤ϡΰɤˡ⤷Ȼפ줿顤Ĥޤ߿Ƥ¾spelling, spelling_pronunciation_gap, orthography, writing, grammatology ʤɤδϢʬεɤ

#1760. ֤ȤȤ˿ޤäƤѸˡ ([2014-02-20-1])
#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1])
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])
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#2002. Richard Hodges ֻפʤֻ ([2014-10-20-1])
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#3081. ܤαѸؽԤΤΡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ɤ ([2017-10-03-1])
#3082. "spelling bee" εȯã ([2017-10-04-1])
#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1])
#3084. ڥ󥰤ˤΤäƤȡְ֤פ ([2017-10-06-1])

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-06 Fri

#3084. ڥ󥰤ˤΤäƤȡְ֤פ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][review]

ȯԤ줿Ѹʸزγز SIMELL 32ˡˤ Does Spelling Matter? νɾǺܤ줿ˤȤäơˮإڥ󥰤αѸˡ尴äȡޤɾԤο᤬2014ǯ12αѸΥڥ󥰤˴ؤ륷ݥ Horobin ᤪӻȤȤ˵СäȤ⤢ꡤɾ򤿤ؤ̣ɤcf. #3079. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1])#2053. Ѹʸز30Υݥ "Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?" 򽪤ơ ([2014-12-10-1])
#3080. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ξϤȤγס ([2017-10-02-1]) 򼨤θ϶˭٤ǤȤƤɤߤ䤹ε#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1]) Ǽꤢ᤯ƲȤˤĤƤϡȤȤưŪä˰㤤ʤ⿨Ƥ롥ơɾκǸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ (165)

ʾ塤ܽƤҲ𤷤Ƥ֤˱ƶ͡ʸ⳰װ򰷤äƤ뤿ᡤѻȻפۤɤ˾̤¿ޤͽμʤɤ褦ˤϤʤäƤ뤬ġεҤ򤷤褦ȻפȤʤ񤷤ȸ롥ʬä褦ʤĤɤФƤ⡤츫̵̣ԿԤȻפ봷ˤ⤽ʤ˻äͳ뤳Ȥʬ롥ɤФʤȤʤ֤Ǥ롥Ե§ظĹˤ뤳ȤΤäƤǤ⡤餫ΰ֤ˤʤΤǤϤʤ


Τ˾̤¿òɤ򵯤ʤۤɤΥڥ󥰤Υͥˡ̤򤹤Τ񤷤Τ¡Ǥ⡤ΤȤơ֥ϡθפ¿Υڥ󥰤ɤˤλʪäΤʤȲȤʤǼĤġ֤ĤġƤӱѸʥڥ󥰡˳ؽäƤ褦Ȼפ

ֽɾSimon Horobin, Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. x+270pp. Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature</i> 32 (2017): 153--65.
Horobin, Simon.
Does Spelling Matter?'' Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-05 Thu

#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ΤۤܺǸʬǡԤϱѸΥڥ󥰤ĹˤؤƲˤʤ館Ƥ롥ʸӡĤˤˮإڥ󥰤αѸˡγսѤ롥

Our spelling system could be likened to a cathedral church, whose origins lie in the Anglo-Saxon period, but whose structure now includes a Gothic portico added in the Middle Ages, a domed tower added in the Early Modern period, and a gift shop and café introduced in the 1960s. The end result is an awkward mixture of architectural styles which no longer reflects the builders' original plan, nor is it the ideal building for the bishop and his clergy to carry out their diocesan duties. But, in spite of these practical limitations, it would be hard to imagine anyone suggesting that the cathedral be demolished to allow the rebuilding of a more functional and architecturally harmonious modern construction. Quite apart from the practical and financial costs of such a project, the demolition and reconstruction of the cathedral would erase the rich historical record that such a building represents. (249)

ΥڥηϤƲˤʤ館뤳ȤǤ롥󥰥˵˷Ѥ­줿åͼϭؤι¤˥ɡ㤬졤1960ǯ˥եȥåפȥեƳ줿Ʋ̤ȤƤǤΤϡϤ۲ȤηײȿǤƤʤʤΤǤꡤ綵Ԥζ̳ԤʤΤŪʷʪǤʤΤ褦ʼѾ¤Ϥˤ衤ƤäȵǽŪǷ۳ؾĴ¤μ줿Ūʹ¤ˤ뤿ηľĤ٤ƤͤȤΤ褦ʷײˤºŪǺŪʥȤΤȤϤޤä̤ˤƤ⡤Ʋμȷľˤäơʪθ˭ˤεϿäƤޤ (276--77)


βսɤȤ Simon Horobin Τʤˡꥹʸء˰ήݼŪޤޤȸĤ줿פԤϱѸˡѸʸؤθԤǤ뤫顤ˤŻ뤹ΩˤȤͽۤȤºݤΩɼԤʤۤɤǤ롥ڥ󥰲פβǽꤹԤιͤ⤳ȯƤ뤷ԤΥڥηϤѶŪ˰ݻԤ٤ƱͤǤ롥
ǡ#3081. ܤαѸؽԤΤΡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ɤ ([2017-10-03-1]) Ǥɾ褦ˡԤϡʣˡ (orthographies) βǽ򸫿Ƥ褦ˤפ롥ĤޤꡤԤϡˤդ路ʥڥ󥰤ΤϺƤ⤤Τޤݤʤ顤Ѱۤ¿ߡѲʤƤޤ˥ꥹήݼήιͤΤΤǤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-04 Wed

#3082. "spelling bee" εȯã [spelling][ame][history][webster][word_play][spelling_bee]

Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? Ĥˤˮإڥ󥰤αѸˡ⻲ȡˤǡʷǼ夲Ƥ뤬ꥫǤŪ˥ڥ󥰶 "spelling bee" ͵Ǥ롥
ڥ󥰶εϥꥶ٥īΥ󥰥ɤˤ뤬ܤԻؤȯŸΤϡΩΥꥫˤƤǤäWebster Υڥ󥰶 "Blue-Backed Speller" ΥҥåȤ˻٤졤ꥫι̱Ū٥ȤؤĹWebster Kendall (106--07) ڥ󥰶ˤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

   Webster's speller also gave rise to America's first national pastime, the spelling bee. Before there was baseball or college football or even horse racing, there was the spectator sport that Webster put on the map. Though "the spelling match" first became a popular community event shortly after Webster's textbook became a runaway best seller, its origins date back to the classroom in Elizabethan England. In his speller, The English Schoole-Maister, published in 1596, the British pedagogue Edmund Coote described a method of "how the teacher shall direct his schollers to oppose one another" in spelling competitions. A century and a half later, in his essay, "Idea of the English School," Benjamin Franklin wrote of putting "two of those [scholars] nearest equal in their spelling" and "let[ting] these strive for victory each propounding ten words every day to the other to be spelt." Webster's speller transformed these "wars of words" from classroom skirmishes into community events. By 1800, evening "spelldowns" in New England were common. As one early twentieth-century historian has observed:

The spelling-bee was not a mere drill to impress certain facts upon the plastic memory of youth. It was also one of the recreations of adult life, if recreation be the right word for what was taken so seriously by every one. [We had t]he spectacle of a school trustee standing with a blue-backed Webster open in his hand while gray-haired men and women, one row being captained by the schoolmaster and the other team by the minister, spelled each other down.


ֻȯЪΥߤñΥڥ󥰶ǾĤˤϡ³줿ŵϤȸ츻Ūμ롥̣ǡѸ餷٥ȤȤ

Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father. New York: Berkeley, 2012.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-21-1] [2017-10-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-03 Tue

#3081. ܤαѸؽԤΤΡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ɤ [notice][toc][spelling][hel][review]

إڥ󥰤αѸˡˤĤơ󹥤ʤ褦ɤǤСǴ򤷤櫓Ǥơ¤ˤäʵΥȥʤΤǤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013. ܿɼԤ1ͤȤơޤѸγؽԡԤ1ͤȤơΤ褦ʤȤͤʤɤߡƤȤȤʸϤ˻ĤƤȻפޤݥȤ3ޤ

1ܤϡܽܤαѸؽԤ˥ڥ󥰳ؽ˺ݤƤμͿƤȤȤǤȤϤΤΡԤϰճʤȤˡϤκǸǡܽϥڥ󥰳ؽΩļѽǤϤʤȤ򼨺ƤޤΤ褦Ūܽ˼äɼԤȤС餯ǤȡΤˡܽDZѸΥڥ󥰤ˤΤäƤޤȡषʤߤΥڥ󥰤̵ۤǤꡤε§ʤΤ褯狼äƤޤޤŪˤϱѸΥڥ󥰤Τ٤ƤŤ褦ʾε§ϤʤȤäƤ褯˵ŤɼԤϡѸΥڥ󥰤ؽǤŪˡϤϤʤΤŪ˷Ť򤨤ʤΤ褦Ǥ
ԤϡʤԤ˱ѸΥڥ󥰤ޤ̵Ե§ȤϹͤƤޤ󡥤餯ڥ󥰤ε§ȤΤȤСڥ󥰤Τε§ǤȤΩȤäƤޤߤΥڥ󥰤ѻơ鲿餫ε§Ф褦ȤƤ⡤ɤ㳰Ե§Ƥޤषǽ餫̤˰äۤ褫äȤ̤ˤʤ꤬Ǥڥ󥰤ˤ򤿤ɤäƤߤȡΤ̵ιäϤäɤ⡤λΤҤȤĤҤȤĤ¿ξǼǤΤȤ狼ޤ;פʸ򥹥ڥ󥰤ͥ󥹤ʳؼԤεФ狼ޤΥ֥ڥ󥰲פƤͳ⡤ꥫΩλطʤθ祤ޤΤ褦ʸġŪʻؤơֵ§פȤ̾ƤӤޤ󤬡e β첻ĹȯɤפΤ褦̵ʵ§٤СäȿʹŪͭŪʡֵ§פȸʤǤ礦Τ褦ˤ˵ֵ§פɬŪ˻¿ǤϤޤˤ긽ߤΥڥ󥰤¿ǤΤǤˤؤ֤ȤϱΤ褦ǤơФкǤǼΤ椯ˡǤܽǤϡˡȤƤε§ɬʤȤ⡤ǼΤ椯ޤϡ줬ܽΤĺβͤǤ
ޤˤ§ǤȤԤΥ󥹤ϡԤΥڥ󥰲פФŪȽŪΩȤ礷ޤɽŪʥڥ󥰤زפƤޤȡڥ󥰤ɽ̤ˤȤ§κפäƤޤǤ

ܽܤɼԤˤȤäƤĤ⤦1ĤΰյϡѸνηϤդȤơ䤿ǤܸνηϤˤĤƺƹͤ¥ƤˤޤɼԤܽɤߤʤ顤ѸΥڥ󥰤оȤĤܸνηϤˤפڤǤ礦ܸͣФˡʤȤޤcf. #2392. ˡαѸȴˤˡܸ ([2015-11-14-1])#2409. ʿ̾򤸤ʸμͳʣ ([2015-12-01-1])ˡ˥㡼˥㡼ĤưʪɽȸСǭס֥ͥס֤ͤסnekoפΤǽǤѤʸ郎ꤵ1Ĥνޤޤ§ȤƤɤʸѤ뤫Ͻ񤭼˰ѤͤƤޤ񤭼ΤλεʬˤäơƤʸϤγʼˤäơꤵɤ߼꤬ïˤäơ뤤ϤޤäΥǡͳ˽ʬ뤳Ȥޤˤϡ񤭼μͳꡤˡΡͷӡפޤ
ܽ4Ϥǿ褦ˡ1100ǯ1500ǯαѸ졤ѸǤƱñǤ񤭼ĿͤȤ˰ۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤ꡤ˸ĿͤˤƤʣΰ֤ѤΤ̤ǤˤͷӡפäΤǤܸѸǤϡͷӡפμ̤ۤʤꡤ쳵ӤǤޤ󤬡񤭼μͳͿƤ뤳Ȥ϶̤ƤޤΤȯɽ魯Ȥפʾ硤ñΰ̣ƱǤФ褤硤񤭼꤬ʬ硤ɤ߼ФƵʤɡ͡ʥǡ񤭼Ͻ֤ȤǤޤʸϸդọ̇ʤɤʤǤƱˡѼԤεʬ䥢ǥƥƥʤǤ⤢ޤΤͣФˡϡˤ錄Υߥ˥ΤˤȤɬפǤ礦ɽȤʤĿŪ㤤ʪꥹȤΥ񤭤䡤¤ΤĥåʸϤޤ᤿񤭸դεˤơͣФˡ˽ʤФʤʤȤСˤ©줷񤭼θä뤳ȤˤʤʤǤ礦
űѸɸŪʥڥηϤΤȤǤϤۤɵʤäͷӡפѸˤϤŸޤ³ѸˤϺƤ¤äƤޤΤ褦ˤؤ֤ȤϡޤͷӡפݻƤܸηϤθߤ̤ͤǵŤƶͿƤޤѸΥڥ󥰲׻ˤˤƤۤȤɤƤԤ˽äȤ¤⡤ܸνηϤιԤͤǼŪǤդܸΩ줫Ѹߤȡܸ1ĤΥǥ륱ȤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤ȤΤϡԤϱѸˤĤơ1Ĥˡ (the orthography) ǤϤʤʣˡ (orthographies) βǽõäƤ᤬뤫Ǥ

ܽ3ܤΰյϡʸˤˤȤλ¤ǧƤˤޤܽϡߤʸդϡ줬ɤäƤˤλʪǤȤ¤ƶƤޤʸȤñ̤ˡդˤȤؤȰ⤷ƤȻפޤѸ˴ؤɤʪˤȤɤޤäƤ餺դ˴ؤ붵ܤεͤޤäܤȤʤäƤޤϡɼԤǤϤʤդȤؼԤѸؼԤФƤ⤷ƤݥȤǤ
20θ츦ǤϡŪǡƤޤޤŻ뤹뤢ޤꡤʸڤ󤸤ƤޤĤޤꡤڥ󥰤ˤȤϡ20μήɤθ츦ˤơǤڻ뤵Ƥơޤ1ĤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦̤ܽơɼԤθؼԤʸθؤŪʻäؤΤ⤷ȲͤǧƤ뤳Ȥ˴ԤȻפޤ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1] [2017-10-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-02 Mon

#3080. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ξϤȤγ [notice][toc][spelling][hel]

ε#3079. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1]) ܼ󤲤ϾϤȤγפ򼨤Ĥġإڥ󥰤αѸˡΥɤȤ¾塤Ѹ쥹ڥ󥰻ˤγάȤʤäƤ롥

1. ֽϡסˡڥ󥰡ˤǯε򻲾Ȥʤ顤¿οͤ뤹ͣФΥڥ󥰤ɬפʤΤȤ󵯤ʤ롥ȤСꥫ罰Υ󡦥 potato ˾ħ褦ˡڥ󥰤1ʸְ㤨ǼҲŪۤä褦ʸĬϰ۾ǤϤʤȡΤ褦طʤˤϡѸΥڥ󥰤̵Ե§ǤȤְ̤ɾ롥ͭյʵΤˤϡѸΥڥ󥰤ˤΤäƤȤפǤ롥

2. ּνηϡסʸε⤭ϤνηϤҲ𤷤ĤġʸỌ̇̄뤤ʸȯδطˤĤŪ˹ͻ롥衼åѤʸѤޤ٥ͰƤλˡػʪ٤βͶʸ˸ڤʤ顤ѸɽѤƤޥ󡦥ե٥åȤ§ȤɽŪĤĤ⡤ɬŪɽʸȤƤϵǽƤʤȤŦѸΥڥηϤȯȤδ֤˥åפ򼨤ֿˡפǤ⤯Ǹˡڥ󥰤ˤƺǤ⵬оݤȤʤ䤹¦̤Ǥ뤳ȤŦĤġɸŪʥڥηϤΤļҲŪ롥

3. ֵס6˱Ѹ˥ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤ⤿餵饢󥰥ѤƤ⤦1ĤΥե٥åηϡ롼ʸҲ𤵤롥ǸŤαʸϡ¤˥롼ʸǽ񤫤ƤΤǤ롥䤬ƥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤ롼ʸ˼ääʸμΤϸߤ줬ƤΤȼ㴳ۤʤäƤűѸ쥢ե٥åȤμʸȯδطϡΩĥƥʸȥꥢʸꥷʸʤɤѤΤȡűѸǤβѤȿǤΤκǤꡤűѸΥڥ󥰤⤹ǤʣǤϤäΤΡűѸˤϥȥפȤɸŪʥڥηϤƤäűѸΥڥ󥰤μ㤬إ١ա٤ΰѤˤ꼨롥

4. ֿάȲס1066ǯΥΥޥˤűѸɸ줬³Ѹˤ¿¿ͤڥ󥰤ֺ餤ˤꡤthrough such Τ褦ñϡ̻ˤäƤ¿ͤˡ500̤ˤ֤뤳ȤˤʤäޤѸˤϡե󥹸ναƶƽΤ䥹ڥ󥰤˾ʤ̲Ѥä줿ѸˤϡɸŪʥڥ󥰤餷Τڵ⤢뤬θĿͤ佸Ĥ˸ꤵƤꡤɸȤϤʤꤨʤäѸˤʤȸϢʤɸŪʥڥ󥰤θ˸Τ褦ʼͳѰۤѸΥڥ󥰤ϡͣФΥڥ󥰤뤹븽Υڥ󥰴Ѥ˿øΩΤǤ롥

5. ֥ͥ󥹤ȲססѸϡ֤꤬ɸŪʥڥηϤƤǤ롥͡ڥ󥰤ռ褦ˤʤꡤä˥ڥ󥰲׼ԡطԡȼԤơλǤΤȤ˥ڥ󥰤Τͥ󥹤ʳؼԤϡƥθ츻ȿǤ륹ڥ󥰤򹥤ߡȤ doubt Υڥ󥰤 b ¸뤳ȼĥۼŪȤϡʸȯδط̩Ǥ٤Ȥ⤭ʸ䵭Ƴʥڥ󥰲פƤäȲԤϡ褫ԤʤƤڥ󥰤δɬŪǤʤȤƤ夵褦ϤŪˡɤΥ㡼ɡޥ륫ƤΥڥ󥰤˱ƶͿ뤳ȤȤʤä

6. ֥ڥ󥰤θ경ס18ϡڥ󥰤ϤѸ경뤳Ȥ忴äեȤˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩλߤϼԤΤΡ1755ǯˤϥ󥽥󤬸¿ʱƶڤܤȤˤʤرѸ켭ŵ٤ФɸŪʥڥ󥰤¾ꤵեȤ䥸󥽥⡤줿ʸˤƤɸŪʥڥ󥰤ѤƤΤΡ修ʤɤμʸˤƤɸŪʥڥ󥰤ѤƤꡤĿͤΤʤǤ⤤ޤ֤꤬줿³ơ19Ⱦ20ȾˤƤΡإåեɱѸ켭ŵ (OED) Լԥޥ졼֥åɥ꡼Υڥ󥰤Ф⤵졤20Ρ֥åȡڥ󥰡סֵ§Ѹס֥硼ե٥åȡסֽ饢ե٥åȡפȤäڥ󥰲װƤ䥹ڥ󥰶ˡλߤȽŪ˾Ҳ𤵤롥

7. ֥ꥫڥ󥰡סΥ֥ˤ륹ڥ󥰲פʳƮҤ롥αѸ˾嵩ʥڥ󥰲פطʤˤϡƤ colour color ѤʤɲʤΤǤäȡڥܤŪȡƿꥫФ̱ΰ񿴤˴ͿƤȤŦ롥Τۤꥫˤ륹ڥ󥰶ο͵ȥΥڥ󥰴Ѥ˸ڤȤȤˡꥫñ㲽ڥ󥰰ѰθƤڥ󥰲װƤˤĤơŪȯȤäѤ˴ŤƤȤȽäƤ롥

8. ֥ڥ󥰤θߤ̤סǯηӥ᡼ˤߤάڥ󥰤꤬夲롥Ԥϡάڥ󥰤λѼԤȤʬ來ޤƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ĵ̤䡤ˤƱͤξάڥ󥰤ѤƤ¤󤲤ʤ顤άڥ󥰤¿οͤۤƤ褦˶बäƤڵȤʤʤСŪʥڥ󥰤ʤˤƤڵȤʤʤȿ롥ְ֤㤤ԴƤ٤򼨤ĬȽѸΥڥ󥰤ϱѸ줬ɤäƤ˭ˤξڿͤǤꡤ뤬ޤޤ¸ºŤ٤ǤȽҤ٤ܽ֡

ʾ塤ѸΥڥ󥰤ˤξΩäƤ뤳Ȥ狼

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-17-1] [2017-10-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-01 Sun

#3079. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤Ǥޤ [notice][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][history][hel_education][toc][link]

920դǡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ˼Ǥޤܥ֥Dz٤⻲ȡѤƤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013. Ǥܥ֥ɤޤƤƱѸ쥹ڥ󥰤ν˴ؿäƤ뤹٤Ƥˡ⤷ɤǤ館ƤǤ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover
󡦥ۥӥˡδˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ302ǡISBN: 978-41520970402700ߡ̡ˡ



ܽ򤿤Υڥ󥰤ܤȻפäְ㤤Ǥ롥ˤϡѸˡʸؤϤᡤѸζܤäȵͤޤäƤפȤοʸκƣ󤻤ƤޤޤܽӤˡ֥åեرѸضˤ롤ڥ󥰤ڤ̾פȤʸ礬ޤԤѸΥڥ󥰤˴ؤɤޤܤȤƤϺǹΤΤǤȳοƤޤʤ⤦1ɤޤ륹ڥܤȤơCrystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012. ޤˡ
ܽˤϡΥڥ󥰤䤢Υڥ󥰤طʤˤŪʻ郎ͿƤΤȶäԥɤܤǤ㤨С

罰Τ̿ηäpotato Υڥ󥰤ᤰ뽹ʹ
ػʪ٤Υȡ륭ϡȼΥե٥åηϤͰƤĤƤ
ǸŤαʸϥ޻ǤϤʤ롼ʸǽ񤫤Ƥ
Ѹˤ such ΰۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤500⤢ä
ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤μͤdoubt <b> Τ褦̯ʥڥ󥰤ʤ߽Ф
ԥإꥢ٤Ǹ롤Ѹˤ <z> ʸ
Smith 󤫡Smythe 󤫡Ϥޤ Psmith --- ̾Υڥ󥰤ؤΤ
ߤΰ仺Ūʥե٥åȹͰƤξ޶ˤƤȥСʡɡ硼
֥ꥫڥ󥰤βפΤϡΩΰ񿴤ȥ٥ȥ顼إڥ󥰶ܡ٤ξŪ椨
Żҥ᡼˰άڥ󥰤ϡѸθ줫Ū¤ϤΤޤΤ

ܼܽϡʲ̤ȤʤäƤޤ



Ǥؤνʸ
ް
ȯ
1
2 νη
3
4 άȲ
5 ͥ󥹤Ȳ
6 ڥ󥰤θ경
7 ꥫڥ
8 ڥ󥰤θߤ̤
ɽ
ʸ
ԤȤ




ԤĤơñ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ󡦥ۥӥϥåեإ⡼ɥ󡦥åեαѸضǤѸˡѸʸؤȤƤꡤʲΤ褦ʼФƤޤޤ˵ԤαѸ˸ԤǤ

Horobin, Simon and Jeremy Smith. An Introduction to Middle English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.
Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. 1st ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 2nd ed. 2012.
Horobin, Simon. Studying the History of Early English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

ޤǶϤޤ깹Ƥʤ褦ǤԤ2012ǯ Spelling Trouble ȤѸΥڥ󥰤󶡤֥ǡĤε񤤤Ƥޤ
ʤߤ˸ĿŪʤȤ򤤤СԤϥ饹ؤαؤ2005ǯιޤԤϥ饹ؤǶܤ򼹤äƤꡤԤγذ̿1ͤǤ⤢ޤΤȤ⤪äˤʤꡤΤӤ⤪äˤʤꡤȤаޤǤˡ2ǯ2014ǯ12ˤϡܽ˥󥹥ԥ졼ƳŤݥԤ򾷤ѸΥڥ󥰤ˤĤư˵뵡ĤȤǤޤcf. #2053. Ѹʸز30Υݥ "Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?" 򽪤ơ ([2014-12-10-1]
ְ㤤ʤѸΥڥ󥰤褯ʬ褦ˤʤޤإڥ󥰤αѸˡ󤴰ɤ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

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