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ѸˤμȤԤ鶽̣䤬ޤ
굤ˤʤäƤȤꡤʹޤ
ޤǡѲäؤαѸιֵˤơͥƥ֤ǡĽݤˡե٥åɽʸˤƽä㤤ޤ
ͥƥ֤ͥƥ֤˶餹ݤˡΤ褦ʽΤǤ礦
⤷¸ǤСꤤޤ
εФơҤȤޤΤ褦˲ޤ
Τ˹Ĥʤɤˤ٤Ƥʸ륷ȤΤϡ褯ޤ͡
ŪˤС䤿Ѹ춵ǽ褦ˡʸȾʸλȤʬϤäޤäƤޤεϤޤäΤʹߤΤȤǡŪΤǤ
ޤǤɬϤˤȤʤ쥸ʻѰˤŪ¿ޤ̡ʸ̤ǤɤζĴΤιĽʸޤˤΤ褦ʥǤ͡ĴΤʸѤˤǯʾĹˤ錄ޤΤǡ줬ѤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤޤ
⤽ʤʸȾʸΤͤƤߤȤ⤷Ȼפޤ֤ʤʸƬͭ̾ʸǻϤΡӴϢåɤ
1ĻפФȤޤŻҥƥȤˤߤܹŨդʸפȤ٤Ǥ٤ʸ뤳ȤϡäդǤǡܹ椷ơȯƤ뤳ȤޤˤꡤҰŪʥåФȤǤ櫓ǤHorobin (129) ⤷Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ
While exclamation marks, smileys, and emojis offer methods of defusing situations and apologizing, what happens when you want to deliberatively provoke or insult someone? Here traditional punctuation offers little help, since there are no marks that explicitly indicate anger or aggression. In electronic discourse, however, the use of capitals has become an established means of shouting, or expressing hostility towards your addressee. To write an email entirely in upper-case is seen as an act of deliberate aggression; a New Zealand woman was dismissed from her job for sending emails exclusively in capitals, which were deemed to be the cause of disharmony in the office. The US Navy was forced to change its policy of requiring all communications to be in upper-case, since sailors accustomed to reading text messages and emails considered the default use of capitals at the equivalent of being constantly shouted at.
ʸ1ĤȤäƤ⡤Ωɤʸؤˤʤޤ
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Ҳ (sociolinguistics) ȰˤäƤ⡤ΰʤΤǸƤ¿ˤ錄롥#2545. Wardhaugh μҲسܼ ([2016-04-15-1]) įǤ⡤äƤ¿
ҲؤоݤȤʤ븽ݤεϤȤ餶ä2ʬȡ#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1]) Ǥߤ̤ˤʤ롥ػŪʴƧޤȡҲؤǤ礭3ĤΥѥबȯŸƤΤǡ3ʬ뤳ȤǽʲϡDittmar ˤ3ʬ˰͵ Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg (18) ɽǤ롥ҲؤθޤȤͭѤ
| Paradigm/Dimension | Sociology of language | Social dialectology | Interactional sociolinguistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Object of study | * status and function of languages and language varieties in speech communities | * variation in grammar and phonology * linguistic variation in discourse * speaker attitudes | * interactive construction and organization of discourse |
| Mode of inquiry | * domain-specific use of languages and varieties of language | * correlating linguistic and sociological categories | organization of discourse as social interaction |
| Fieldwork | * questionnaire * interview | * sociolinguistic interview * participant observation | * documentation of linguistic and non-linguistic interaction in different contexts |
| Describing | * the norms and patterns of language use in domain-specific conditions | * the linguistic system in relation to external factors | * co-operative rules for organization of discourse |
| Explaining | * differences of and changes in status and function of languages and language varieties | * social dynamics of language varieties in speech communities * language change | * communicative competence; verbal and nonverbal input in goal-oriented interaction |
ε#4748. ѸΥڥѰۤȽդμΩ ([2022-04-27-1]) ǤϡѸΥڥѰ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤʤ5ѥҲ𤷤̻θŪѡȥ̻ο˴ؤΤǤ롥μ̻οȤΤˤ͡ʥѥ뤬McIntosh and Samuels ˤСޤ3ѥ̤ȤLALME General Introduction (3.1.3) ꡤ3ѥ
A. He may leave the language more or less unchanged, like a modern scholar transcribing such a manuscript. This appears to happen only somewhat rarely.
B. He may convert it into his own kind of language, making innumerable modifications to the orthography, the morphology, and the vocabulary. This happens commonly.
C. He may do something somewhere between A and B. This also happens commonly.
üŪˤСA μ̻ "literatim-copyist"B "translator"C ϡŪʼ̻פȸƤǤƤ褤
ܥƥȤɽ蘆ƤηѾȤȤ館ʤСA ϼܸ⤦1ʤ館̻B ϤޤǤŪѤĢäˤƿϻϤ̻C ʬŪ˵ѾʬŪ˿ϻϤ̻ȤȤˤʤ롥
̻ŻɬפС̷ּСפȤ⤤ A κȤᤵ褦ʻ֤λȤϵʤ B 䡤 C λŻ֤ˤʤäƤȤʤºݡѸˤƼܺξȲʤˤĤ졤B פμ̻γ礬礭ʤäƤäȤβ¸ԤǤϤʤϻϼԤƬƤäǤ롥
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
ѸΥƥȤˤ¿¿ͤʥڥߤƤ롥ޤѰۤλѸäդѰۤĴХեޥȤ˿ҤͤʤɼҲؾμˡѤ뤳ȤǤ뤬꤬ѸνդǤСʤ٤ȤѤäƤ롥եޥȤĤޤʤФ꤫ȯˤɤ夯ȤΤǡѸΥڥѰۤˤĤĴ٤褦ȻפСȼˡȯ¸ʤФʤʤ뤲ΤA Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (= LALME) Ի Angus McIntosh Michael L. Samuels Ǥ
McIntosh and Samuels ˤ LALME General Introduction (3.1.2) ˤȡѸΥڥѰ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤơ5ब̤Ȥ
(i) Normal dialect variation, e.g. as in border areas . . . .
(ii) Variation of textual or codicological origin, e.g. layers of variants resulting from successive copyings.
(iii) Sociolinguistic variation, especially in writers affected by the spread of Standard English.
(iv) The combination of two separate dialects in a writer of mixed upbringing.
(v) Especially in the fifteenth century, an unusually wide range or eclectic combination of spellings in a single writer.
Ѱ (variation) ȤϲȤʱѡ˸äդȤǤϤʤѸνդȤįʤǡƱ꤬ɤ˭ӤӤ뤳Ȥ(i), (iii), (iv) äդˤΤ뤬(ii), (v) ˤĤƤϽդͭλͳ褹Ѱۤȹͤ롥
ؤˤƤϽդФäդͥȤΤQŪȯۤǤ롥ʸؤ칶ƤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäƤϡξQŪȤɤդμΩȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϲεǤ͡˵Ƥ㤨аʲεɤ
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
#2819. ä濴æĤĤء ([2017-01-14-1])
#3886. äȤФȽȤ (6) ([2019-12-17-1])
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
#4672. μͭӥMondפDZѸ˴ؤѤʵ˲Ƥޤ ([2022-02-10-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤ2 Mond Ȥӥ̤ơƿ̾ǴƤФơѸ˸ԤΩ줫ĤƤޤ䤬ŪϱѸ졦ΰ˸¤ޤƤ¿ǡʤäƤޤۤɤǤ
ʳˤ¾βԡȡˤƤ⤢ꡤ碌ɤȲλ줾ۤʤäƤٶˤʤޤƤߤޤҴؿΤȲˤĤɤǤߤƤ
ե䥤ꥢ̾ˤȽ2ζ̤ޤѸˤΤ˽¾̾3बäʹޤ䤿οȶʤȤǤϡ˽塦ʤ2ĤΩϤ褯ޤ3ĤʬȤȯۤϤɤä褿ΤǤ礦3ȤǻפĤΤϡ1--3;̾졤ꥹȶλ̰ΤʤɤǤ
ѸΥïɤΤ褦߽ФΤǤ
դѤ³̡ɽȷŪˤʤ뤳ȤޤѸǤϤΤ褦ʻϤޤ
桤ʹͤޤʲϷɤɤäΤǤϤʤΤǤ餽ǻ罪λ vs ο etc.
ʤˤȤդˤϡ֤äȤۤɶס³Ƥ롥ʡפȤ2Ĥΰ̣ޤԤΰ̣ǼѤƤݤǤѸ¾θˤ⼺ĤḤ̂ñϤΤǤ礦
aerobics ʤɤƬ aero- ֥פȯΤϤʤǤ礦
ꥹѸȯϤɤΤ褦ˤơߤΥꥫѸȯƤäΤǤ礦ͥƥ֥ꥫ¸ߡ̱ʤ¿ͤʿͼˤƶ礭äΤǤϤʤͽۤƤޤꥹ⥢ꥫϰ躹ΤǤŪħȤƤξǰۤʤǧƤޤ
Ƹȯˡι⤵ˤϴطΤǤ礦
Ѹ¾ȤθܿˤޤѤʤɤ̵ʤäƤäȤΤȤǤȲˤĤƤϤΤ褦ʷʤΤϤɤƤǤ礦
ˤäƲǤο礭ۤʤΤϤʤǤ礦
ߤΤȤ虜λ줬ޤϤޤޤƤʤȤ虜λ줬ɴǯޤǽϤޤ
ƱȯʤΤˤޤạ̈ΰ㤦դ¸ߤΤϤʤǤ礦
ܸʤSOVѸʤSVOӥʤVSOʤɸˤäƸ礬ۤʤޤϤɤΤ褦ʸ㤤ʤΤǤ礦
ꥫѸȥꥹѸ졤ȥꥢѸδطϡܤǸȤϰۤʤΤʤΤǤ礦
Ȳؤΰ㤤褯ʬʤΤǤѤƶƤ
ɥĸեϡֽ̾פȡ̾פȤʬबޤɤΤ褦ޤäƤΤǤ礦
줬ʸΤǤ礦ȤʸΤǤ礦
ؽ並ǽפʤΤϡ䤤ȹͤƤޤ⡤ɤ䤤ΩƤ뤳Ȥɸ˳ؤ³Ƥ
ܥ֥λǤȤƤβֱ֥Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȤƱĤƤޤǯ62ꡤVoicy Ȥǥ̤ơѸˤϤƤޤ̶С̳ػӤİǰƬˡī6˥Ƥޤ
ʸϡʽա濴ܥ֥Ȥϰۤʤꡤäաˤ˰¸륦־οǥǤޤߤʤ⤷ޤܥ֥Ʊ餤ϤۿƤޤΤǡİ褷ƤФȻפޤֿǥפȤϤäƤ⡤Ū˿Ȥǡ饸ȤŪʲǥαĹǤ伫ȡΤȤ˿饸ˤϤޤäƤǤΤǡۿ¦ˤʤäƤʤڤǼϿƤޤ
41ϿǯٳϤڤơֱѸ˥ȥåספȤʣŪʴΩ夲Ƥޤʡ#4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1]) ȡˡVoicy Ǥ⡤3֤ۤɤϡѸ˸ԤȤ̴濴ˡʰʾϤǼϿƤޤޤǡܥ֥ɼԤޤVoicy λİԤޤ꤬ȤޤѸˤ̥Ϥ٤ͥ˳ɤ˶줷ߤĤĤ˺³ƹԤȻפޤ
Voicy ϥ־ǤİǤޤޥۤΥץѤȥХå饦ɺϤᡤʵǽѤǤޤҤεƤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υեꤤޤheldio ʳˤشϢβƥ͡˼ꤽƤޤ
ơޤǤ10ʬ329ܤۤɤϤƤޤޤǤκ¿٥50ƤߤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤİƤߤƤ1ۤޤǤϡ1̤ϡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥǥӤȤޤƤƤƱνΰʼʢĶ͵ԡˤȤ̤ˤƤޤǯٴˤɤη̡伫ȤνʶϺǡ1̤֤餭ޤΤǡǰƤ˸ɽޤʾСˡ
ؤǤϡͭɸ (marked) ̵ɸ (unmarked) ȤѸ줬褯Ȥ롥ͭɸ (markedness) ȤŪǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#550. markedness ([2010-10-29-1])#551. ͭɸ̵ɸԵ§§ ([2010-10-30-1])#3723. ͭɸ ([2019-07-07-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ͭɸϸؤδŪѸȤʤäƤ뤬褷ƼγǰǤϤʤפ֤رμȤͭɸ꤬ФΤޥ줤ǤʤȤͭɸϲʬޤ줿ǰ˷̣ˤѤƤäαѤβ͡˰ۤʤबޤƤޤͭɸγǰܤ䤱ƤޤäȤ롥Ūͻ¿ʤƤΤΡäͭɸ̵ɸȤ뤫ŪΩ並ԸĿͤˤäưۤʤȤޤƤ롥ˤʬΤܤʬʤȤǰѸˤʤäƤΤ
Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵ markedness ιɤǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥
markedness
The concept of markedness is concerned with the distinction between what is neutral, natural, or expected (= unmarked) and what departs from the neutral (= marked) along some specified parameter. It was introduced in linguistics by the Prague School (L. Trubetzkoy, R. Jakobson) for evaluating the members of an oppositional pair as 'marked' (having some kind of feature) or 'unmarked' (having no features). An example: according to Jakobson (1936), in the opposition nominative vs accusative, the accusative is the marked case, because it indicates the presence of an affected entity (i.e. a direct object) while the nominative does not have this feature, i.e. it signals neither the presence nor the absence of such an entity. Unmarked elements also exhibit many of the following characteristics (see Greenberg 1966; Mayerthaler 1980): they are expressed by simpler means, they occur more frequently in the languages of the world, they are learned earlier in first language acquisition, and are less often the 'target' or 'goal' of processes such as language change. Generative transformation-language change. Generative transformational grammar has contributed much towards a better understanding of the concept of markedness. Chomsky and Halle (1968) evaluate phonological feature descriptions by means of markedness conventions. With the opposition [± rounded], for example, the unmarked feature is [- rounded] for front vowels and [+ rounded] for back vowels. According to this markedness rule, the vowel /y/, a rounded front vowel, is more marked than /u/, a rounded back vowel. On the basis of this convention, phonological systems, word representations, and processes can be compared to one another and evaluated according to their markedness. In syntax, the concept of markedness is applied within recent generative transformational grammar, within natural generative grammar, as well as for syntactic universals (cf. hierarchy universals). In semantics, most of the characteristics mentioned above for unmarked categories hold for prototypes. Markedness asymmetries have been shown to hold not only for binary systems but also for larger sets of elements yielding markedness hierarchies (e.g. nominative < accusative < dative < genitive, see Primus 1987; singular < plural < dual, see Greenberg 1966). An important principle of markedness theory is the iconicity between form units and their corresponding meanings. Mayerthaler (1981) proposes a principle of morphological iconism, according to which semantically unmarked elements are coded morphologically more simply than marked elements. The idea that the markedness of linguistic units corresponds more or less exactly to cognitive-psychological complexity or simplicity can already be found in the first proposals of markedness theory, and is still focal in research on naturalness and markedness.
ʸ˸ڤ븦ԡνϤǤϳ䰦뤬Ѹ켭ŵܹˤϡ¾λʸޤƽפʻΤǡ˼Ȥߤˤϻͤˤʤ
ͭɸϸѲˤطѸˤεˤ⤷ФнФƤ롥ͤ³ƤɬפΤ륭ɤ
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
ǯ2022ǯ518ʿ19:00--20:40Ȥơ10ˤ錄ꥪ饤츦عֺ¡ΰĤȤơֻŪءפôޤŪˤϱѸ˳ιֵȤʤޤʰȤƤϡֺ³ (PDF)¤59ʷˤȤʤäƤޤ
θ˾嵭ֺ¤Ρ֥פޤǹֺ¾ҲΤѤñʥ饤ɤˤƤޤΤǡ
1. 츦2022ǯعֺ¡˥Ū
2. ֱѸ˳ --- ѸŪ̻Ūˤߤ
3. ֤ˤä
4. ιֺ¤dzؤ٤뤳
5. ʤѸˤؤ֤ΤǤ --- ôԤλŪ
ѸˤϳغŪΰǤΤǡС٤ϰϤʤޤ¤줿֤ιֺ¤Ȥʤޤܥ֥ʤɤѤʤʬäƤФȻפޤʲ⤴Ȥ
#4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1])
#4729. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-08-1])
#4738. եꥫѸˤ "swamping" ([2022-04-17-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡǯѼηˤĤƤδؿޤäƤƤꡤ͡ʳ⤬о줷Ƥ롥
Millar (40--54) ϡΩ3ĤοѼǥǰƬˡĤοѼλҲ𤷤Ƥ롥Tristan da Cunha English (cf. #2311. Tristan da Cunha ([2015-08-25-1])), Falkland Islands English (cf. #3249. The Falkland Islands ([2018-03-20-1])), Newfoundland English (cf. #4490. ꥹƿ̱2Ƥ3ơ ([2021-08-12-1])), Glaswegian Scots, Milton Keynes and 'Estuary English', Scottish Standard English (cf. #1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])) Ǥ롥η̤狼äȤϡοѼǥˤĹûꡤˤäƤޤǤꡤǤʤäꤹȤȤMillar (55) Ѥ롥
The formation of new varieties of a language does appear to follow set patterns, based in particular upon the original inputs derived from the linguistic backgrounds of early settlers. A number of scholars --- most notably Trudgill --- are convinced that it would be possible to predict the outcome of this mix from the proportion of different origins in the initial settlement. Others are unconvinced by this argument, in particular in relation to a 'mindless' application of proportions, without reference to personal and group identities and the shifting linguistic attitudes found in all societies. Nevertheless, analyses of this type are useful in making us think about both origins and evolutionary change.
Equally useful, but also suspect, are the concepts of founder effect and swamping. The primary issue with these explanations is that they are very effective in some contexts, but do not seem to have much effect elsewhere . . . . The fact that the two apparently antagonistic views are actually sometimes similar and may well work together under certain circumstances needs to be borne in mind. Whatever their full applicability, both are useful metaphors for how some parts of a population can affect the development of a new variety even when they are not in the majority.
ߤΩǥȤϡषŪˤȤ館ۤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤƤɤ
Millar, Robert McColl. Contact: The Interaction of Closely Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016.
ʬ̤줿ȤŪ˥åץǡȤĤľҲ𤷤Ƥ Oxford Bibliographies ꡤ"Syntactic Change" ιܤȤƤߤʤ٤Ƥɤˤϥ֥饤֤ɬסˡAcrisio Pires David Lightfoot ˤǡǽ2013ǯǽӥ塼2017ǯȤʤäƤʤʤȴԤˡ *
ѸˤʬǤѲ椬Ǥꡤ椬ǤãΤDZѸλŪϤ褯ʤǤ롥ػˤ֤äƤߤȡѲδ20ȾʹߤθݤȤäƤ褯ϲθ椬ήä1950--60ǯʸˡоȡ˿ȯ줿ޤޤ츦Υ֡ˤꡤѸˤʬǤؤδؿޤäƤΤǤ롥21äƤϡȤ櫓ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ܤ졤ѲϿ̤嵭 "Syntactic Change" ιΥȥѤ롥
Linguistics began in the 19th century as a historical science, asking how languages came to be the way they are. Almost all of the work dealt with the changing pronunciation of words and "sound change" more broadly. Much attention was paid to explaining why sounds changed the way they did, and that involved developing ideas about directionality. Work on syntax was limited to compiling how different languages expressed clause types differently, notably Vergleichende Syntax der Indogermanischen Sprachen, by Berthold Delbrück. With the greatly increased attention to syntax in the latter half of the 20th century, approaches to syntactic change were enriched significantly. Most of the work on change, both generative and nongenerative, continued the 19th-century search for an inherent directionality to language change, now in the domain of syntax, but other approaches were developed seeking to understand new syntactic systems arising through the contingent conditions of language acquisition.
Oxford Bibliographies ȤƤϡ#4631. Oxford Bibliographies ˤ̣Ѳγס ([2021-12-31-1]) ȡ#4634. Oxford Bibliographies ˤѸ˸ˡ ([2022-01-03-1]) ⻲ȡ
(inversion) ȼưֲ (passivisation) Ȥ2ĤŪˤ϶̤䤬롥ŪʼʳǤŵŪ (topic) ôƬΰ֤ưȤǤȤȤС2ĤŪϤȤ경 (topicalisation) Ȥ˱ƤʤʤΤǤ롥
֤ȼưֲˤϡ̣롥䡤ȤȤäۤŬڤξԤϥåȤǡޤ褷Ƥ褦ʤΤǤ롥Seoane (379) εѤ褦
. . . inversion and passivization operate in different syntactic environments: passivization applies to transitive verbs whereas inversion applies to intransitive and copular clauses. Empirical studies . . . have made manifest that the tendency of inversion to apply to intransitive clauses was already observed in OE, ME, and EModE, when intransitive verbs dominate in the inverted (XVS) order, while there is a predominance of transitive verbs in the non-inverted order (XSV, probably determined by the need to maintain the cohesion between V and O . . .). As argument-reversing constructions, therefore, passivization and inversion were in a nearly complementary distribution and passives were almost the only order-rearranging pattern available for transitive clauses.
ʤۤɡ֤ȼưֲϡ줾켫ưʸ¾ưʸˤȤ㤤Ϥʤ⡤ܻؤƤȤǤƱߤƤȤ롥2ĤβˤϷŪ˰ۤʤ뤳Ȥ1Ĥ롥ϡ֤ͭɸФưֲФϤޤ̵ɸǤ뤳ȤΰѤˤ³1ʸѤ褦 (Seoane 379)
However, the most significant difference between the two argument-reversing devices is that, even if they satisfy the same discourse constraints, inversion produces marked topics, while passivization is the only strategy reversing the order of clausal constituents and creating unmarked topics/subjects.
ޤ֤ȼưֲӤĤƹͤȤʤäΤǡȤƤ⿷ʸä
Seoane, Elenna. "Information Structure and Word Order Change: The Passive as an Information-Rearranging Strategy in the History of English." Chapter 15 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 360--91.
ǯ٤ϤޤꡤءʱˤαʸʤܤʤɤǡָűѸפμȤ֤줿Ȥ⤢뤫ȻפޤֱѸˡ׳Ϥޤ⡤ָűѸμȤȤΤܤءʱˤǤ⤫ʤ굩ǡǴȤäƤ褤ʪǤءʱˤμȤǤ餽Τ褦ʾǤΤḁ̇̄ǥǤΡָűѸؽפΤξȯȻפޤȤȤǡָűѸפƼǥؤΥҲ𤷤ޤ
֤ޤˤͥΡűѸϡܽθűѸ YouTube ͥǤ
ޤˤˤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ2٤ۤɽб餷ƤäƤޤʲ2ܤİ
- #149. ̡űѸפΤޤˤȡűѸäƤɤʸ졩2021ǯ1027
- #309. khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤűѸϻס2022ǯ45ˡλߡűѸϻΤΤɤ
Ĥˤ Voicy θűѸϢȤƤϡ̤Ǥ
- #148. űѸäƤɤʻ塩2021ǯ1026
- #321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤä2022ǯ417
- #326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ2022ǯ422ˡʢդޤ
űѸζɽΥ祳 (PDF) ɤ
Essentials of Old English: 饤ǸűѸٶʤ餳űѸŪطʤʸˡʤɤؤ٤ޤȤ櫓 A short grammar of Old English ϼڤɬ
Readings in Early English: űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸΥƥȤȤɤ߾夲ǥե뤬Ǥޤ
Essentials of Early English : űѸζɽʤɤPDFǼޤμܤؤΥĥƤޤܽ
Peter S. Baker ˤ YouTube Ǥ Old English Readings
ܥ֥ oe Υդ⡤ͭѤʤϤǤ
Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
41Ω夲ǯٴֱѸ˥ȥåספ⾯夤Ƥޤcf. #4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1])ˡ
̥ܶ٥Ȥ1ĤǤäرѸ˿ʹ1ϡޤ¿ɤǤޤܲ1,000ӥ塼˶ŤƤޤˤԽѰȤӤäꤷƤǤ1ˤĤƤϤĤȿ⤢ޤ褫Ĥ2ȯԤ˸ƻưȹͤƤޤ
ֱѸ˥ȥåס״Τ⤦1Ĥ̥ܶ٥ȤֱѸ˥ƥ50ǤѸ˥ե (khelf) ΥСʼرȳĥˤڤɤѸˤΥƥĤ45ۡڡ˥åפƤȤ졼Ǥcf. #4725. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פϤޤäƤޤ ([2022-04-04-1])ˡ
ΡֱѸ˥ƥ50פ⡤3ܤޤرѸ˿ʹ٤Ʊ͡ˤ̤¿ΥƤޤޤޤȾǤϤޤΥߥDzƹȻפޤ
ޤǤ˰ʲ14ΥƥĤƤޤkhelf СγơϡؤӻϤοǯ٤Ȥˤդ路ƤǰƬ˥ƥĤΥȥԥåǤޤ̤ȤϺ¿ʤäƤޤΤǡޤɤǤʤ褦ǤСҳƥƥĤǽƤФȻפޤֱѸ˥ƥ50ˤƥƥĤäƤͽǤkhelf ĥå @khelf_keio ⡤åפ줿ƥĤξȯƤޤΤǡ碌ƤѤ
#1.ִϤʤޤ줿Τ 41ʶˡˤ륳ƥġ
#2. ֵߤٲˤߤ --- ٲˤȤϲ --- 42ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
#3.űѸϻ 44ʷˡˤ륳ƥġ
#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء 45ʲСˡˤ륳ƥġ
#5.ָűѻξҲ1: The Wanderer 46ʿˡˤ륳ƥġ
#6.ֲȵ 47ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
#7.֤ȤäΤʤˤߤѸˡ 48ʶˡˤ륳ƥġ
#8.ֹʪꥫθǮ? 49ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
#9.ֱѸε졦ָ 411ʷˡˤ륳ƥġ
#10.ܤλҶ̤ʤƥ 412ʲСˡˤ륳ƥġ
#11.Johnnie Walker ⤤Ƥ 413ʿˡˤ륳ƥġ
#12."Girl", "Lady" Ϻ̡ 414ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
#13.||||||||||ɤޤ 415ʶˡˤ륳ƥġ
#14.֥ѥԥå "ѥ" äƤʤˡ 416ڡˡˤ륳ƥġ
ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״Ϥޤޤ³Ƥޤ³ꤤޤ
̱̱ˤ뿷ѼϤˤƷΤ϶ǯ˼ҲؤǤܤƤǤ롥Trudgill Mufwene ɽҤ͡Ƥΰ̱ʤΨǤɤΤ褦ѼȤƤȤä׳ŪװŪ˽פǤȤ⤢СŪüԽġʤ "founder" äƤѼ盧θѼȤ⤢ʸԤˤĤƤϡ#1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1]) ȡˡ
Millar (38--40) ˤȡޤ̤θȤ "swamping" ȤͤȤߤեꥫѸνħϡΰ̱ˤȤƤ⡤ޤ뤳ȤǤʤΰ̱ˤˤäħϡ1850ǯοʰ̱ˡֿספƤޤߤޤǺפĤƤʤȤΤ "swamping" μݤ
ߤեꥫѸˤ¿ʬɱѸθħޤޤȤ뤬ñ˰̱ˤɤǤĤʤȤMillar (39)
There is some evidence which suggests . . . that this South-Eastern English predominance does not represent well the history of the first English-speaking immigrants of the 1820s, when the Cape and its surrounding districts had newly been brought under British control. (English speakers would have been regular visitors to the Cape during the period of Dutch rule; they would have been unlikely to have made a lasting impression on the linguistic history of the region, however.) The settlers of the 1850s in KwaZulu-Natal may be more representative of the later speech patterns of South African English . . . . Practically all evidence for any local variety of English predating this central event has been expunged from the present dialect. Thus the nature of an initial variety is swamped.
ѼħŤħΡֿספʤ븽ݤˤΤΤǤСʤǵΤ
Millar, Robert McColl. Contact: The Interaction of Closely Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016.
Millar 2016ǯΤʤǡܿ (contact) ݤˤϡܿ2θŪᤵθɬפƤ롥2ɤܿȡᤤ2졤뤤Ʊ2ĤɤܿȤǤϡ꤬ۤʤϤȹͤƤ롥
Millar ΤθϾQŪǤꡤ⤹ɬפʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤܿؤʬʱƶϤؤ Thomason and Kaufman Thomason ˤƤϡŪʶᤵϸܿǤۤɽפʥѥȤƤȤ館ƤʤͿȤƤ⡤Ǥ夤ͿˤȤɤޤȤöŪ䤷ͿƤʤΤǤcf. #1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#1781. ܿ ([2014-03-13-1])ˡ
Millar μĥϡΤ褦ʳػŪطʤΤȤˤʤ줿ΤǤ롥Millar (9--10) ϡThomason ˤܿ˴ؤ4ʳμ٤Ҳ𤷤ˡ2ˤĤȽƤ롥
1Ĥϡμ٤ϡܿ1¦̤Ǥ (borrowing) 礭Фä٤ȤʤäƤꡤ (interference) ʬ˹θΤȤϤʤäƤʤȤȤ (cf. #1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#2009. ؤˤܿġ2ѡѡ ([2014-10-27-1])ˡܿˤñ㲽 (simplification) ʤɤνפ꤬ꤳܤƤޤäƤȤ
2ĤϡҤ̤ꡤThomason (and Kaufman) ϳܿ2֤θŪᤵȤѥڻ뤷Ƥ뤬Millar ̤Ƥ褦ˡºݤˤϽפʥѥȤȤǤ롥Millar (10) ϽϤˤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . close linguistic relationship makes for a much more nuanced (and sometimes unexpected) series of contact-induced outcomes. We also have to include into such an analysis a discussion of occasions of near-relative contact where the two (or more) varieties involved would normally be considered dialects of the same language.
ܿؤΰ¤˵θƤƤ褦˻פ
Millar, Robert McColl. Contact: The Interaction of Closely Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Thomason, Sarah Grey. Language Contact. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2001.
δñѸ in English٤5椬ȯȤʤޤƥȤDZѸˤ˴ؤϢܤôƤޤ14ϡԵ§ʣ֤1 children ˤĤơ-ren ȤϤäʤΤȤѤʵ˾ܤפƤޤ

children Ե§ʣΤʤǤѤԤतǤϢܵɤСǯۤθűѸλ夫餹ǤˤʤʤѤԤäȤʬޤФƤʤѤޤ͡child -- children ȻƤ brother -- brethren ˤƤޤˤñ㥤פʤΤʣǤϡפȯѤˤĤƤ⤷Ƥޤchildren ˤϡѸѸγؽԤγ⡤äȤʤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
Ѹؽˤϰŵ٤Ե§ĤΤǤɤԵ§ˤŪͳޤҤȤޤŵƤޤäϡұѸˤδ鿶֤ꡤפỤ̄äƤߤƤѸˤ̥ϤˤȤĤȻפޤ
ϢȤơ#145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])#4181. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-07-1]) ⤴
Ūˤäֻ (spelling_reform) ʤΤǤ롥ºݡѸˤǸ¤ϤۤȤɤʤͳˤĤƤϡ#606. ѸֻפԤͳ ([2010-12-24-1])#2087. ֻפؤοŪ ([2015-01-13-1])#634. ǯֻ (1) ([2011-01-21-1])#635. ǯֻ (2) ([2011-01-22-1]) ʤɤǿƤ
ѸˤˤֻפʤȤߤʤȤΤǤۤͣλ㤬Noah Webster ˤ륢ꥫѸˤֻפǤʲפоݤȤʤäñϡ#3087. Noah Webster ([2017-10-09-1]) ȡˡ
Ǥϡʤ Webster ֻפतʤΤˤĤƤϡ#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1])#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ ([2017-10-08-1]) Ǥ夲ƤüŪˤСֻ֥פϡȿꥹֻˤȤȤȤǤ롥ꥫΩ̿Ȥȼꥫο͡οȤФ밦˻٤ơ̾Ǥϼ¸ֻפոΤǤ롥Webster ȤԤä
Webster ΰζˤĤƤϾ嵭βεǤڤƤͺۤ˸ĤΤǾҲ𤷤εǤ줿 Coulmas (267) ꥫѸˤ路 Mencken ŬѤʤ顤 Webster ֻǥˤĤưŪʵҤܤƤ롥
Webster was an ardent nationalist who had an intuitive understanding of the symbolic significance of the written language as a national emblem. Like many of his contemporaries in England and in the colonies, Webster promoted a reformed mode of spelling; however, what distinguished him from others is that he realised the political significance of claiming an independent standard for American English. Spelling to him was a way to write history. Webster's various publications on the English language were intended to further America's intellectual independence and to prove political nationalism with a manifest appearance for all to see and identify with. 'As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, language as well as government' (Webster 1789: 20).
Reducing the number of letters, weeding out silent letters, and making the spelling more regular were general principles of reform in line with the Enlightenment's call for more rationality. While Webster subscribed to these ideals, to him the 'greatest argument', as Mencken put it, 'was the patriotic one: "A capital advantage of his reform in these States would be that it would make a difference between the English orthography and the American"' (quoted from Mencken 1945 [1919]: 382). Regulating spelling conventions since the Renaissance had been intended to advance homogeneity, but Webster's new spelling was, on the contrary, designed to bring about a schism. Reversing the printers' plea for as wide a distribution of print products as possible, he argued that 'the English would never copy our orthography for their own use' and that the alteration would thus 'render it necessary that all books should be printed in America' (Mencken 1945 [1919]: 382). The assumed economic advantages of a simpler spelling system that would accrue from savings in the cost of teaching as well as publishing books at home rather than buying them from England were an important part of his reasoning.
Self-interest and nationalism thus prevailed over rationalism. Webster's new spelling could succeed because it was supported by a strong political ideology, because it was not so sweeping as to burn all the bridges and make literature in the conventional orthography unintelligible, and because the population concerned was favourably disposed to novelty and not strongly tied to a literary tradition, hailing to a large part from less-educated strata of society. If any generalisation can be drawn from this example, it would seem to be that in spelling reforms ideological motives are more important than correcting system-intrinsic flaws of the extant norm, although it is usually properties of this kind --- irregularity, redundancy, polyvalence --- that are first put forth by reform proponents.
䤬̣줿Τϡ2Ⱦ˸ڤܺ˴ؤ뤯Ǥ롥ꥫֻǰ줿ܤϥꥹǤʤϷ빽ʤȤǤ롥ꥫǰȤĤȤˤʤꡤꥹܤ͢ɬפʤʤ뤫ֻפкŪѥȤͽƤȤСWebsterޤ˶٤Ǥ롥
Coulmas, Florian. "Sociolinguistics and the English Writing System." The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. London: Routledge, 2016. 261--74.
Webster, Noah. Dissertation on the English language. Boston, MA: Isaiah Thomas and Co., 1789. Available online at https://archive.org/stream/dissertationsone00webs#page/20/mode/2up.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. 4th ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945 [1919].
ѸνηϤˡּҲءפƤߤɤʤCoulmas ʸϡΤ褦ʻߤǤ롥
ǥ䥳ߥ˥ȯãƤȼưѥѲˤꡤᤤ衤ѸνդϤɤΤ褦ѲƤΤïˤȤäƤ̤ΤΰǤϤ뤬Coulmas (271-72) ĤƤ롥
The admittance of spell checkers and electronic dictionaries in ever-lower grades at school could alter public attitudes toward the importance of spelling.
By virtue of easy access to materials in other languages and automatic translation software, language contact in the written mode has acquired a new dimension.
Non-native written English text is made public on an unprecedented scale.
Communities of vernacular writing are more easily formed. To what extent is this potential actually exploited?
More people partake in word play (Leetspeak, Lolcat) and Internet memes like Doge.
Non-standard and loaded spellings (e.g., imagiNation, a book title prior to Scotland's independence referendum) and cacography (wot? magick, marshall law) can gain currency in ways unimaginable only a generation ago (by 'going viral'). The exposure of the reading public to text on the Internet that has not gone through the traditional filters has grown exponentially. Will this have an effect on what is considered Standard English?
The authority the written word was traditionally accorded could be undermined and the grip of norm-preserving institutions (i.e., school, government printing offices, newspapers, dictionaries) on the language could weaken as a result.
New forms of writing practices evolve as the new media take hold in society. The handwritten CV is already anachronistic, while it is becoming more common for employers to screen job applicants' social media pages. At the same time, digital literacy is becoming ever more important for any employment and full participation in society.
Coulmas εƤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤΤϡΥǥ֤ˤƤޤޤ¿ɸŪʱѸɽӸȤˤꡤɸŪʽΰæʹԤΤǤϤʤȤ̤¾Ϥ뤷ɸफΰæϳؤⲿ餫ηǺѤ˰㤤ʤ٥ߤʤɤǵˤդ路Ȥߤ
Coulmas, Florian. "Sociolinguistics and the English Writing System." The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. London: Routledge, 2016. 261--74.
41#4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1]) ꤷƱѸˤγؤӤ礷Ƥޤhellog λǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Ǥ⡤Ϣǯ٤ڤʤȤϰۤʤ̣ϤƤޤŪˤϱѸˡѸؤ칶̤Ԥʤ͡ʳ٤Ʊʬ̥ϤƤޤ11³Ƥ̴ˤĤơƿ֤ĤľҲ𤷤ޤ
ֻȤ̡Ĺϥɤ42ˡءˤȤΤ٤ǤޤΡĹפĤʤ̾αѸˡѸˤȤϡοȶʤȤˤޤ
khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤرѸ˿ʹ٤ξҲ43ˡkhelf ȤʡˤرѸ˿ʹ1ȯԤޤԽѰĹ̳ khelf ĹΤäǤ
khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤֱѸ˥ƥ50פξҲ44ˡ³ơkhelf Τ⤦1Ĥοǯ̴ֱܶѸ˥ƥ50פξҲǤ1ıѸˤ꤬夬äƤޤƱβǤ
khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤűѸϻס45ˡkhelf Ĺ桦ưȼ̣ʡˤαĹǡȤʤűѸϻޤź掠ӥꡥ
ֻܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤ46ˡܻĻرءˤȡѸ춵ȱѸˤˤĤǮޤ
ڹȤ̡饹ä1ġ47ˡڹʷܳرءȤΡѸˤӥ饹ؤ夬ޤƱؤαؤƱ Jeremy J. Smith ˻ջޤ
ָľȥȤ̡ɸѸ츸ۤˤĤƸ48ˡľȥءˤȤɸѸˤޤĤäǮ̤ǤϡѸˤηäǤ褫ȥԥåȻפäƤޤ
߷ͧȤ̡ʤѸؤδؿޤäƤΤ49ˡ߷ͧΩءˤȤΡ͵ޤ World Englishes ˤĤƤ̡ʤʤΤޤ
ྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3410ˡྰʡˤˤ븷3ξҲ𡥿ǯ٤γؤӻϤˡؤΩľǤ3ˤĤƤرѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰ȤƤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ǦȤ̡Baugh and Cable αѸ˳411ˡǦʽٲءˤؤǺǤɤޤƤѸ˳Ȥ Baugh and Cable ˤĤƾܤ⤷ƤޤδϢɤ
ְʼȤ̡YouTube Ϥ1Ⱦˤʤޤ412ˡʼʷءˤȻ䤬2ƤְʼδѸظإͥˤĤơޤ13ο֤̤Ÿ˾ޤ
Ϣ³̤Ϥäǽޤޤߤ̤ԤʤäƤȻפäƤޤɤ
ǯλιԻǤǯ٤ΡֱѸˡֵνǤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפäƤޤʤ٤¿ФƤäǡäƤߤȤǤŪ˽ʣΤ¿ǤեåȤ˿Ⱥ481Ѥʵ䤬ޤޤ
ǯ٤Ρ#4389. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ2685クޤ ([2021-05-03-1]) ˤ481ɲäľ3ǯʬǤȤʤޤ碌3166Ȥʤޤ
Ѹ˴ؤѤʵΰ2020--2022ǯ٤ǡ
ˤޤȾ夫鲼ޤǡ麸ޤǤ¿¿ͤʵ䤬ФäƤ봶ޤѸˡѸءؤδ鿿˼夲ͤΤ䤤Ǥ츫ȻҶݤդ䤤⤢褦˸뤫⤷ޤ䤤פгؽŪˤʤΤФǤɲä481ˤĤƤϤ٤ܤ̤ޤΤ褦˸ڤޤ
ؤӤǤϡ뤳ȤƱʾˡ䤦ȤȹͤƤޤҳѸؽΤʤǤդȵ˻פäȤˤƤˤȤäƤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ hellog ɮθưϤǤ⤢ޤʲϢĥäƤޤ
#3677. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵפƤߤޤ ([2019-05-22-1])
"sobokunagimon" դ
μͭӥMondפǤΡѸ˴ؤѤʵؤβ
#4052. ֺѤʵץʡߤޤ ([2020-05-31-1])
#1093. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ罸 ([2012-04-24-1])
#4021. ʤѸˤؤ֤ --- Ū ([2020-04-30-1])
41رѸ˿ʹϴȯԤޤ⿷ǯٹ泰ФޤʾСˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤθǤྰʡˤˤ롤ꤹαѸǽ줿Ѹ˳3Υ奢ʽɾǤ#4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1]) ƤΡαѸˤγؤӻϤ礹뤿ι泰ȯԤǤ

泰ǿƤ3ϡʲΤΤǤ#4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1]) ǤҲ𤷤Ƥ䤷γǤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ܥ֥ʸϤǿǤϿ䤷夤Ȼפव Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ̤ƤޤޤྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3ǤҤİ
वȤκǯ٤ Voicy ̤Ȥơ̡Ѹˤ̡Ѹˡ߹ݱѸ2021ǯ1019ˤϢޤΤǡɤ
World Englishes ѸˤؤδؿޤäƤƤޤܥ֥Ǥ world_englishes Ϣε¿夲Ƥޤ֤äƤߤȡäˤǯ֤Ǥμ夲ˤˤʤäƤޤδؿ˸äƤȤ⡤δؿĬήˤꡤʤȤɤƤȤޤ
伫ȤΤ褦˳ؤӻϤʳˤΤǽҲ𤹤ȤΤ⤪ޤΤǤ½νƤߤޤʲΥꥹȤˤϡǯ1019̡Ѹˡ߹ݱѸꤷƸäྰᤫΤޤޤƤޤ
߷ ͧαѸ줬Ǥޤǡ١˼2016ǯ
Τ ءαѸץꥹ˥١륯2019ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ
Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Filppula, Markku, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. New York: OUP, 2017.
Galloway, Nicola and Heath Rose. Introducing Global Englishes. London: Routledge, 2015.
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.
Trudgill, Peter and Jean Hannah. International English: A Guide to Varieties of English around the World. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2017.
ʤΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Ǥϡ־˵ܤԤǤ߷ͧΩءˤ̤Ƥޤ߷ͧȤ̡ʤѸؤδؿޤäƤΤפȤ̣ȥԥåǤ
hellog ȤƤϡ#4558. ѸˤѸ ([2021-10-19-1])#4591. Ω̿ؤǤιֱ "English" "Englishes" ءפޤ ([2021-11-21-1]) ʤɤǤ
ؤʤɤ⿷ǯ٤ϤޤĤĤȻפޤν°ؤܳŪ˳شȤޤε#4728. 2022ǯ١ֱѸˡֵν --- ʸʸ칶ɬܡֱѸˡפϤޤޤ ([2022-04-07-1]) ̤Ǥ
41 khelfʷѸ˥եˤζϤΤȡ#4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1]) ƤޤѸˤγؤӤ礹뤤ĤΥ٥ȤǤ˻ϤޤäƤޤΥ١פȤªƤ餤Τ hellog~Ѹ˥֥Ǥ
hellog ˤѸˤ˴ؤ夲Ƥޤ³ХåʥСɤʤɤȤƥǷ֤ȤˤꡤΥǡ١Τ褦ʤΤǤäƤ뤳Ȥ˵դޤ hellog Ϥϻפʤä̤ʤΤǤʤ궯Ϥʥǡ١ǤäƤޤ伫ȡ˲٤ hellog Ƥޤ
ǯ٤Ρ#4359. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ2021ǯǡˡ ([2021-04-03-1]) ǡ2022ǯǤʲ˼ޤ
(1) hellog ǤϡѸ˴ؤѤʵŻ뤷ƤޤΤʤ¿ɼԤγͤɤޤƤ뵭夷ƤޤΥȥå500
(2) Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ佸⤪Ǥܥ֥ǤϡѸؽԤǯˤ錄äƼΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפƤޤ佸ޤȤѸ˴ؤѤʵΰ2020ǯ٤2021ǯ٤ǡ⤴碌ơǶϤμͭӥMondؤβ⡤Ҥɤ
(3) hellog βǤȤ٤ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ĤƤޤƥİ (heldio & hellog-radio) hellog Ʊ͡ȤƱѸ˴ؤѤʵ夲Ƥޤ
(4) ֵֺѤƤ饤ɻ¿֥ȤƸƤޤcat:slide ꤴ礭ΥơޤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿饤ɤǤϲΤȤʬʤʬ⤢ȻפޤäįǤפϳؤ٤Ȼפޤ
(5) hellog Ǥϡ¿ǥäƤޤ¿εΤδϢݤʤȤơ֥ƥפȡֵåȡפȤǰѤƤޤ֥ƥפϤ̤̾ꡤƵդƤ륫ƥ˴ŤƵޤȤΤǡȥåץڡαΥե٥åȽ¤Ǥ륫ƥΰ饢ǤޤȥåץڡǾθ "cat:" ϤƤ餦ȤǤޤ㤨С"cat:norman_conquest" "cat:start_up_hel_2022" ʤɤƤߤƤ
(6) ⤦1ĤΡֵåȡפȤǰϡֹϢͤ뤳ȤǡʣǤդεޤȤƱǤͤǤȥåץڡǾθˡڤΰϢεֹϤƤߤƤνǡ䤹ǵɽޤ
ֵåȡפϴʰŪʥ饤ɤȤʤΤǡ伫Ȥֵֺ¤ˤѤƤޤ䤬褯ԤʤΤϡ㤨СֱѸä (cosmopolitan_vocabulary) ȤˤĤƹֵ褦Ȥˡ"##151,756,201,152,153,390,3308" ȤǵʤȤ˴ޤޤлˤ˼Ʋ⤷ƤȤΤǤƬ "##" Ǥաˡ
οǯ٤ˤϡֱѸ˥ȥåס״˴ؤ뵭åᤷƤޤ礦
¾ˤ͡ʵåȤƤޤΤǡȤ cat:hellog_entry_set γƵ饸פƤФȻפޤ
(7) ܥ֥Ǥϡɽ̿ϤȤлʤ٤¿Ǻܤ褦ؤƤޤȤ櫓Ͽ (map) (family_tree)ǯɽ (timeline) ʤɤ¿ǺܤƤޤΤǡǤ̡įǤؤ٤Ȼפޤ⡤13ǯ֤Ѥˤꡤ֤ޤäƤޤ
(8) ȥåץڡαˡ֥ġפȤޤCGIѤ1ΥץȤǤǤưʤΤ⤢ޤʤˤʤΤ⤢ޤ㤨СFrequency Sorterϡñ췲ٽ˥ȤƤġǡ褯ȤäƤޤޤhel typist ASCIIΤߤѤȯʹݲɸʸIPAˤϤ뤿Υġǡ hellog ɮ˷礫ʤġȤʤäƤޤ¾ˤ⤪⤷ġõƤߤƤcgi web_service ⻲ȡ
(9) hellog γǤϤޤѸˤ˴ؤ륪饤Ϣܡ˵뤴Ȥ˽ƤޤȤ櫓2017ǯ112ˤϢܤ12ܤΥ饤ָѸѸˤλͤϡŪˤޤȤޤäƤꡤǤ⤦1ġ IIBC ʰ̺ˡݥӥͥߥ˥ˤΥӥ塼ֱѸϤˤζ̸ˤʤäΤɤ
(10) Ǹˡhellog ϻ¿ʵǤΤǡܳŪʳؤӤΤˤϤޤäԽʬǤηŪʱѸˤγؤӤΤˡҳɤǤǿοΥꥹȤϡ#4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1]) ɤˡ#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1]) ȡ heldio ̡Ѹˤ⻲ͤޤǤˡ
⥪饤ؽε³Ƥͽۤޤ嵭ͤ hellog ͭѤƤйǤ
ʸʸ칶Ǥϡɬܤ1ĤˡֱѸˡפιֵޤǯ٤ƱֵϤȤʤޤ1ǯ֤ƱѸˤɳƤͽǤ
νϡפʥȥβˤʤޤܥ֥εȤ߹碌뤳ȤǹֵŸƤͽǤ̤¿ΤǡֵǴòǤʤäǤäƤ⡤γϤĤǤ⤳εäƤ뤳ȤǤޤޤ̤ hellog ɼԤ⡤ʲΥ̤ơʬŪŪ˽ȤθǤ뤫Ȼפޤܲǯ٤ȤȤǡ#4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1]) ȤơѸˤ˴ؿΤ뤹٤ƤγؤӤ礷ƤΤǡƤΤ褦ʷ֤뼡Ǥ
1. ȥ
1.1. #831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1]): 괧 a an ˤĤơheldio ֤ʤ A pen ʤΤ AN apple ʤΡɤ
1.2. #2. ʾҲ ([2009-05-01-2]): ôԤξҲ
2. Ѹˤؤ褦
2.1. #4546. شλϤޤˡѸˤγؤ ([2021-10-07-1]): Ѹˤ̥4
(1) Ѹθ180Ѥ롪
(2) ѸˡʼҲʡˤߥåԻĤʴФβܡ
(3) Ѥʵ䤳⤷
(4) ѸäƤѸ
2.2. #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1]): ̥ (2) ̤ޤ
2.3. ֤ʤѸˤؤ֤Τפεå: ͡ʳ٤֤ʤؤ֤ΤפƤƤߤޤcf. ֱѸˤäƲΤᡩ (heldio) Ǥ⤷٤äƤޤ
3. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ
3.1. #1093. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ罸 ([2012-04-24-1]): ̥ (3) ̤ޤ
3.2. 2685Ѥʵ
3.3. ޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤѤʵ佸
3.4. μͭӥMondǡѸ졦˴ؤѤʵ˲Ƥޤ
4. Ѹˤ
4.1. #4359. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ2021ǯǡˡ ([2021-04-03-1]): 礫ƤѸˤΥ֥Ǥ hellog θŪʻȤ tips ɤ
4.2. ƥİ (heldio & hellog-radio): hellog βǤȤ٤ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) 礫110ʬ̤DZѸˤϤƤޤǯٽϱѸ˸ԤȤ̤Τ¿Ǥ
4.3. ֱѸ˥ȥåס״: ǯٳϤ˹碌41ϤޤäƤޤ
4.4. #4723. رѸ˿ʹϴ ([2022-04-02-1]): αѸˤ˴ؤ뿷ʹ1Ǥ
4.5. #4725. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פϤޤäƤޤ ([2022-04-04-1]): ۤѸˤ칶를ڤɤֱѸ˥ƥġ־˥åפƤޤ
4.6. #4726. ǯ٤ΥƥĴΥ٥10 ([2022-04-05-1]): 嵭ǤʤȤϤ餫ɤ
4.7. #4724. Ѹ˥ե (khelf) γư ([2022-04-03-1]): khelf ۡڡȸĥå @khelf_keio ⳫߤƤޤ
4.8. ְʼδѸظإͥ: Ʊ칶ΰʼȰ˽2ʿ塦ˤƤޤ
5. Ѹˤɽ
5.1. #4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1]): ǯǤɽޤ
5.2. #4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1]) heldio Ǥ̡Ѹˤ
6. 饤Ǵ줿ѸѤʵ¨륳ʡʻ֤С
ǯٻϤˡѸˤγؽΩĽκǿǤɽƤޤѸˤγؤӤ˳ѤƤ館ФȻפޤ
ؼԤˤοˡؼԤ´ȤʳΤοˡդƤޤƿδʤɤˤϡƤ仲ʸޤޤƤޤΤǡ˳ؽ³ϰŤ뼰ˤɤäƤȤǤޤѤPDFѰդޤΤǡͳۤƤƷ빽ǤϢơ#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1]) ⤴Ȥ
αѸˡܸˡ
ջҡ إ١åѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
߷ ͧ¿̱²ιꥹ --- 4ĤڤѹˤΤ١ҡ2008ǯ
߷ ͧرѸΥ롼ġ١ҡ2011ǯ
߷ ͧαѸ줬Ǥޤǡ١˼2016ǯ
¼ ˡؿѸ --- ԥį ---١رؽDz2006ǯ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.
ⶶ ѸرѸˤؤӱѸؤ --- ѸθߤȲá١ҡ2020ǯ
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.
δ졡رѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ϲ ͭԡˡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡˡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
رѸˤɤι١إ֥å Acta 30ҡ2019ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ
αѸˡʱѸˡ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. London: Macmillan, 1955.
Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English. New York: Arcade, 2003.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
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Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
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αѸ˴ϢΥ֥ȡ
ջҡֱѸ̡ʴʸˡסhttps://iyeiri.com/569 ʤȴ줿ʸΥꥹȡ
δ졡hellog~Ѹ˥֥ס2009ǯ51~http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog/
δ졡ϢܡѸѸˤλͤס2017ǯ1~12http://www.kenkyusha.co.jp/uploads/history_of_english/series.html
ߡA Gateway to Studying HELסhttps://sites.google.com/view/gatewaytohel/
αѸˡѸؤλͿ
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
סԡˡرѸˡ˱ѸءʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
С¾ˡرѸˡ١ ϯƣ ɧԡˡرѸϡ١8--11ˡ罤۽Ź1972--85ǯ
ãڸ ԡˡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸˡ˱Ѹ --- ʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
߷ ˧ͺ ()رѸǯɽ --- ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻ ---١ҡ1993ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Bergs, Alexander and Laurel J. Brinton, eds. English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012.
Bergs, Alexander and Laurel J. Brinton, eds. The History of English. 5 vols. Berlin/Boston: Gruyter, 2017.
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Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003. 3rd ed. 2019.
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van Kemenade, Ans and Bettelou Los, eds. The Handbook of the History of English. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.
ε#4725. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פϤޤäƤޤ ([2022-04-04-1]) ǰ⤷褦ˡǯٻϤ41ꡤkhelf СѸˤ˴ؤ1ĥ־˥åפȤߥڡˤƼ»Ǥ
īϡűѸϻꤹѤαѸ˥ƥĤ夬äƤޤԤ khelf ĹοͤǤűѸΡϻפäƲ⡤Ƥ DM äƤäƤɤʥӥȶäФλߤǤؤӿͷӿκäɡƥĤǤ
ơǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ƥ50פϤޤϤޤäФǤ1ǯƱݤδֱѸƳ2021Ǥ49ܤαѸ˥ƥĤޤޤȥϡ#4417. ֱѸƳ2021פλޤ ([2021-05-31-1]) ꤴ
ǯ٤ΡֱѸƳ2021פǤ夬äƤ륳ƥĤ־˰̸Ƥޤ轪λ塤ʥץӥ塼ܥɿˤפƤߤޤǤ褯줿10ƥĤʲ˷Ǻܤޤˡ⤪⤷ΤǡҤɤФѸˤ̥Ϥǽ뤳ȤǤޤ
1̡ʱ725ˡ1. be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť1ˡhellog Ҳ
2̡ʱ711ˡ8. ܿͤϤʤ Japanesehellog Ҳ
3̡ʱ531ˡ23. ֻ줤ʤǤhellog Ҳ
4̡ʱ493ˡ41. ֤ʤ̤ΤȤɽʸˡ will be going to ¸ߤΤhellog Ҳ
5̡ʱ485ˡ20. goodbye ΰ̣hellog Ҳ
6̡ʱ478ˡ5. ֥(Covid-19)äˡhellog Ҳ
7̡ʱ482ˡ42. ֤ǰ֡פΤïhellog Ҳ
8̡ʱ481ˡ2. ּѸ --- "spaghetti" Υڥ뤫餤 ---hellog Ҳ
9̡ʱ425ˡ4. ֤졤Ѹ졩hellog Ҳ
10̡ʱ416ˡ46. ʣ -s ĤʤɤΤˡhellog Ҳ
ϥƥĤΤ⤷1ĤλɸǤϤޤ٤ƤǤϤޤˤȿǤʤƶ٤प⤷ƥĤϡ¤¾ˤ⤿ޤ1ǯֱѸƳ2021⿶֤äƤߤƤ23֤ϳڤᤴޤ
ޤǯ٤ϽդΤߤʤ餺ˤԤʤäƤޤ#4560. ߹ɤǤΥƥŸΥ٥Ⱥʡ ([2021-10-21-1]) ɺǽ
ǯ٤ֱѸ˥ƥ50Ǥ⡤ǯ٤Ķ뤪⤷ΥƥĤ³Ⱦ夬äƤϤǤ줫𤦤ԡ
Ϣǯ٤˳Ϥkhelf ˤֱѸ˥ȥåס״˴ؤΤ餻Ƥޤ41ϤޤäƤֱѸ˥ƥ50ˤĤƤǤ
41곫Ϥơ6ܤޤǤ2֤ۤɡkhelf СѸˤ˴ؤ֥ƥġפ־˥åפƤޤСäɤ롤¤ʤŪֱѸ˥ͥפڤȤǤ
Ǻܤϡkhelf ۡڡΤʤֱѸ˥ƥ50ǤƥĤɲäƤޤΤǡҿԤ뤳ȤΤʤѸ˥ͥǽƤǯ٤ȤȤǡѸˤ˽ƿؼԤǰƬ֤ƥĤ¿夬äƤȻפޤȤƳرˤ륳ƥĤǤΤǡؤӤαȤ̣礤ޤƤɤꤤޤΥƥľ khelf θĥå @khelf_keio Ǥ⤪Τ餻뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤΤǡҥեƥޥȤƤѤ
¤ϡǯ٤45ˤƱݤֱѸƳ2021»ܤ49ܤαѸ˥ƥĤޤޤϡܥ֥ǤΤ褦˥ƥĤɤƥӥ塼ޤϤĤäǤʾСˡʡ#4417. ֱѸƳ2021פλޤ ([2021-05-31-1]) khelf_hel_intro_2021 εȡˡ餷ȥԥåޤäȻפޤǯ٤ΥƥĤˤĤƤϡǤ⤸äꤴվޤˤĤ֤ʾɼɽȤʤޤ
ΡֱѸ˥ƥ50פκŤϡ2022ǯǤȤȤˤʤޤֱѸ˥ƥ50פˤĤƤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤơkhelf ĹǤ֤ޤˤפ̤ʤҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
ʤߤˡ41ΰȯܤϡرˤִϤʤޤ줿Τꤹ뤿ؤ̣ƥĤǤҤɤ
ַѸ˥եס̾Ρkhelf (= Keio History of the English Language Forum) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Dz٤ƤޤǯٳϤˤϪܤޤ

khelf= Keio History of the English Language Forum = Ѹ˥եˤϡ2020ǯ1Ω夲줿ʸʸظʱʸ칶αѸ˥(δ츦ˤ١ȤѸˤˤĤƵꡤͭ뤿ΥեǤ
Ѹˤ칶븽γȱ濴Ȥֳǥߡפޤ OBOG ̿αѸ칶γʤɤޤ٤δˤäեǤ
¸ߤѸ˴طγزϡǯ12濴Ȥ뵨ᥤ٥ȤˤȤɤޤäƤޤkhelf ϡŪʳưפܻؤޤѸˤؤֿ̾͡ȤϤǡŪˡޤäƤ¾ˤϤۤȤɤޤΤǡkhelf ϾߤʤŪʳưפŻ뤷ޤ
ȯɽߥʡֱ顤ƥŸʤɤΥ٥Ȥ衦ŤƤޤʾˡѸˤ꤬Τ褦ɺäƤȤ褦ʥեܻؤƤޤޤŪʥ٥Ȥ⤪⤷ǤŪʳưϤƤȻפäƤޤ
ѸˤγؽѤ̤ơŪˤϸߤ˳ؤӤ¥гŪˤϾȯƼҲԤʤäƤȤɸȤޤѸˤγؤλˤĤƵȯƤȤϤʸ˱ѸѤʵ夲ѸˤδۤƤȤȯŪʳưʤƤޤ
ޤǤ khelf γưӤˤĤƤϡkhelf ۡڡֳưӡ
ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤϡܵȤϢư khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤرѸ˿ʹ٤ξҲƤޤΤǡҤİ
khelf Ǥϡοǯ٤41ֱѸ˥ȥåס״ȾΤơʲΤ褦ʤޤޤʥ٥ȤŸƤޤ
1. رѸ˿ʹϴΥָ
2. khelf θĥå @khelf_keio γ
3. ֱѸ˥ƥ50Υָkhelf СѸˤ˴ؤ֥ƥġפǺܤޤ
4. ܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤϢư»ܤƤޤ
Ϣ٥Ȥ³ޤΰϡ嵭 khelf Υĥå khelf ۡڡήƤޤΤǡܥ֥ɼԤγˤɤƤФȻפޤ
Ѹ˥ե (khelf) ˤرѸ˿ʹϴ椬־ǰ̸ޤPDFǤˤʤޤ

ε#4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1]) ǥäȽҤ٤ޤΡرѸ˿ʹϴϡƱ1ƤȤʤޤkhelf С衦ԽΤǡϴƽȤΩǿʹ˴ؤޤѸ̾ⲡƤޤ礦ȤȤǡThe HEL Herald ȤƤߤޤHEL = "History of the English Language") h ƬߤʡʾСˡ
ȹ碌ơֱѸ˥ȥåס״Τ khelf θĥå @khelf_keio ⳫߤޤؿΤϡҴΤˤΥĥåȤեƤйǤѸ˾ȯϤȤƤͽǤرѸ˿ʹϴΰĥ⥢Ǥޤ
ѸˤγؤӻϤ³礹ΰĤǤΤǡ4ڡλ̤ˤϡֱѸˤäơʤäѤˤ⤷ʤפȻפäƤ館褦ФޤѸˤʤɤޤäơȤˤɤǤ館ƤȤʤäƤȻפޤkhelf ĹʢǤϤޤˤԽ嵭Ѥޤ
űѸѸȤä꤫顤ڥȯפ桤츻ʤɡ꤬ƤޤѸؽκݤ˴֤ʤפȤäϡ¤ϱѸŪʴ鸫ȡ椬Ǥ¿ޤѸˤΤ⤷⤳ΡرѸ˿ʹ٤̤Ƴͤȶͭޤ鹬Ǥ
ϴǤ⡤褫鴰ޤǶƱȤ2ۤɤޤΤǡ塤Ѥ˽ФƤȤ櫓ˤϤޤ®2ȯԤ˸ưФȻפäƤޤ
رѸ˿ʹϴˤĤޤơոʤɤޤ顤 @khelf_keio ޤǤΤۤɤꤤޤ
꿷ǯ٤ǤơϤ礦ɺǤ
ǯ٤λϤޤǤΤǡ45ܥ֥ɼԤγαѸˤγؤӻϤ³¥٤ֱѸ˥ȥåס״»ܤޤѸ˥ե (khelf) ζϤʤ顤hellog~Ѹ˥֥ϤλǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)khelf ۡڡߤ khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ʤɤ̤ơϢưŪ˴ŸƤޤ
ꤷФ餯δ֡ۤΡֱѸ˥ȥåספΩƤϤƤͽǤѸʻˡˤ˴ط뤹٤ƤܤƤйǤŪˤϡ
ش˽ơֱѸˡפȤʬܤγˤȤäơؤӻϤͭѤʾҲ𤵤ƤޤΤǡҤܤ
ֱѸˡפμפȤʬäƤ뤱ɤ⼫ϤǤϼ꤬ФˤȤͤαѸζˤȤäƤ⡤ΩľܤǤ
¾αѸؽԤΤߤʤ餺Ѹؽ³Ƥ̤μҲͤγˤ⡤ѸˤȤʬ̥ϤΤäƤ褦ʤ٤ʬ䤹ٶˤʤƤȻפäƤޤ
Ѹˤ칶ءʱ䡤ؤʤɤDZѸ˴ϢμȤôȤˤ⤴Ƚ䤴ոйǤ
ơֱѸ˥ȥåספϷѸ˥ե (Keio History of the English Language Forum; khelf) ˤǤΥեˤĤƾܤ khelf ۡڡФȻפޤɮԤν°ʸDZѸˤ칶رĥߤΥС濴ȤĤǤǯ٤ˡkhelf ĥå @khelf_keio ˳ߤޤʤΤˡʲΥȥХʡСƤޤˡҥեΤۤɤꤤޤ @khelf_keio ե

嵭ΥĥåȤˤǤĥȤޤֱѸ˥ȥåס״1ƤȤ khelf ˤرѸ˿ʹϴȯԤޤΤǡҤΡرѸ˿ʹ٤ˤĤƤϡεǾܤ줿Ȼפޤ
Ʊ˴ؤ뺣Υ饤åפȤƤϡѸˤ˴ؤ륳ƥĤ khelf С־˸ƤֱѸ˥ƥ50䡤Ѹˤ칶븦ԤĤȤ Voicy ̡ѸˤؤӻϤ롿³äƤΤΩȯʤɡ͡ŸƤޤΤǡɤԤ
ν¤ѸˤγؤӤ˴Ԥޤǯ٤ꤤޤ
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ǽ: 2026-07-01 06:06
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