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223ˤۿ줿 YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥβפΤۤ¿İƤޤܵɮ5,400Ķˡ#313. ;̾ζƱ --- get'em get them th ΤǤϤʤǤѸ3;̾η֤ᤰ롤17ʬΥȡȤʤäƤޤҤ
ưˤ3;̾ؤʣޤ1ˡ֤ʤ she νͭʤŪʤ her ƱˤʤΤǤפȤѸ˴ؤѤʵ䤬夲ޤˤĤƤϡhellog ¾Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
#4080. ʤ she νͭʤŪʤ her ƱˤʤΤǤ ([2020-06-28-1])
#4121. ʤ she νͭʤŪʤ her ƱˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-08-08-1])
ˡűѸ3;̾Τ٤Ƥη֤ h ǻϤޤäƤˤĤƤޤȤˤǤĤη֤ˤ h æ̤λҲ֤줿ꤷΤǤͤޤǤˡϢ hellog Ƥޤ
#467. ;̾ it θƬ /h/ äݤ ([2010-08-07-1])
#4004. űѸ3;̾θƬ h ([2020-04-13-1])
3;νñ̾ˤĤƤ⡤ưǿޤˤĤƤϰʲεɤ
#793. she --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])
Ǹˡư西ȥˤ get'em ˤĤƤϡʲεɤߤ
#2331. Ѹˤ3;ʣ̾ʳŪ th- ([2015-09-14-1])
#2337. 16hem, 'em Ժߤ (1) ([2015-09-20-1])
#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲ ([2011-12-27-1])
#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1])
ѸˤϱѸ˴ؤѤʵΤդǤѸˤˤȤɤޤäƤƤϲǤʤ䤤¿ޤѸˤ餵̤äƥޥˤˤˤۤꤹɬפФޤΡֳDZѸˡפ̥ŪǤ͡
ư褬͵ȤʤäΤǡؾ褷 Voicy heldio Ǥ#1368. 3;̾˴ؤ⤦1ĤΥʥ --- Τۤǿ褯İƤޤۿޤ碌ƤİС

*
220Ҥηؤդ2025ǯ3Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤǽȤʤޤǤϥե줫ѸؤαƶܤƤޤǸϱѸ줫եؤαƶȤήݤ˸ƤȻפޤȥϡ֥եäñפǤʲ˳γפޤ
1. Ѹ줫եؤθü
Ѹ줫եؤθäήϡ18ʹߤ˸ˤʤäƤޤμҲŪʸŪطʤȾȤ餷碌ơüѤƤޤ礦кѡݡġѤȤäʬñ줬Ѹ줫եؼѤ졤夷ޤ
2. 18Υꥹؤδؿ
եǤ18˥ꥹȡ͢ͼФؿޤޤαƶ bill, committee, jockey ʤɤαñ줬ե˼ޤbudget ȤѸˤȤ櫓ܤޤ
3. 19αѸ줫αƶ
19ˤʤȡեϱѸ줫αƶ˷ٲǡȡ㡼ʥꥺࡦݡĤʬθäѸ줫¿Ѥ夵ޤ㤨 interview ticket Ȥäñ줬եήƤޤ
4. 21³ƤΤ
ʩδطǯʾˤ錄ǤХ벽ʤǤϡѸαƶ˳礷ͥåȤ䥽ǥ̤ƥե˿Ʃ³ƤޤѸ줫θüѤϷ³ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹ˿줿褦ˡʩθήȤ櫓øήϺ³Ƥǽ⤤ȹͤƤޤˤ϶줤ˤ⤢ޤɤⰭӤǷФ줿֤Ǥξκδطˤ⥢ƥʤĥäƤȻפޤϢܵɤߤ⡤Ҥ˸äƤޤ礦
ˤĤƤ hellog furansu_rensai ˤޤȤޤäƤޤΤǡ1ǯ֤ˤ錄Ѹȥեˤιҿ֤äƤС1ǯ֤Τդ礤꤬Ȥޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/02/01(Sat)
ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1375. եäñ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ12ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡12ΥեѸסؤդ2025ǯ3桤ҡ2025ǯ22052--53ǡ
ε#5783. ꥷϢ뼭 (connective) -o- ȥƥϢ뼭 -i- ([2025-02-25-1]) Ǽ夲 -o- ˤĤơKruisinga (II. 3, p. 7) ʤ˱ԤȤŦƤ롥
1587. In literary English there is a formal way of distinguishing compounds from groups: the use of the Greek and Latin suffix -o to the first element:
Anglo-Indian, Anglo-Catholic, the Franco-German war, the Russo-Japanese war.
Of course, this use, though quite common, is of a learned character, clearly contrary to the natural structure of English words.
Ƭ "a formal way of distinguishing compounds from groups" Ǥ롥ñǤ2¤٤硤ŪȤ߹碌ʣ (compound) ȤʤꡤŪȤ߹碌 (phrase) Ȥʤ롥̤θȡʣ12Ǥ롥ؾ¸ߤλۤʤΤŪ˲ۤʤΤȡΤ˾֤פ롥
ȯƤߤС֤ۤʤȤϤ褯Ǥ bláckbòard ʹġˤʣblack bóard ʹġˤ϶Ǥcf. #4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ ([2022-08-12-1])ˡֻǤ⥹ڡ뤫ݤȤ̤롥ϱΧˡˤ̤Ǥꡤζ̤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤʣȶʬˡϡճȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
դˤΤȤ˵դƤ줿ΤΰѤäʤۤɡϢ뼭 -o- 2Ǵ֤ƤСΤ϶ǤϤʤʣǤȽǤǤ롥ޤŪʶȤˡ֤ĤʤפȤ -o- Ѥ¸ߤʤʾʤȤ⡤פ⤫٤ʤˡȡϢ뼭 -o- ϤƷŪǤǤɸǤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1]) ˤơϢη (3) ǡanthropology anthrop- -logy combining form ʤ뤬֤ˤϤޤäƤϢ첻 -o- Τˤɤ°ȤϤפȤƼ夲 -o- ȤΤϲ
رѸ츻ŵٸ츻õȡꥷˤƹʡʣˤ1Ǥ2Ǥ֡Ϣ뼭 (connective) Ȥ롥ΤˤСꥷ̾졦ƻθ촴첻ˤΤܤ롥aristocracy, philosophy, technology ˤߤ̤ꡤϥꥷǤĤʤ륱ͭä˥ƥ䤽¾νǤ־ˤѤ褦ˤʤä
̤ʣΤۤAnglo-French, Franco-Canadian, Graeco-Latin, Russo-Japanese Τ褦Ʊʴطɽ魯ʣ (dvandva) ˤ褯Ѥ롥ѸθˤǤϡμʣŪΤǤꡤʥꥷϢ뼭 -o- β̤Ϸ褷ƾʤˤĤƤϡ#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1]) ȡ
ƱͤϢ뼭ȤơꥷǤϤʤƥͳ褹 -i- ⤢롥ѸäƤʣȤ omnivorous, pacific, uniform ʤɤ롥 -i- Ϻǽ2ñˤĤƤϸ촴ΰȤƤäǸθˤĤƤϤʤäΤǡϢ뼭ȤƵǽƤȤˤʤ롥
Ϣŵͳ褷եФơѸˤäƤѸˤ붦ŪȤƤϡ֤Ĥʤ첻פȤȤ館ƤƤ褤ʳѸ濴ȤƹѤ褦ˤʤäʥǤǤ롥
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ϡʻᤰʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
ʻϡʬ˲뤫꤬礭ۤʤäƤ롥ϡ̩˷֤˴ŤʬहȤɤʤ뤫ͤƤߤȤΤϡ³ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιǤ롥
֤˴ŤʬȤƺǤʬ䤹Τϡñ줬ŪѲ뤫ʤǤ롥٥ŽȤСѲפȡѲפդ路
º Sweet ϡδˤʻʬƤˤȡŪˤȤΡ̾סַƻסưפϡʸˡǽ˱Ʋ餫ηѲΤǡѲפȤʤ롥ֻס³סִפϸ§ȤƷѲʤΤǡѲפȤʤSweet ǤϤˡפäƤ뤬ˤѲ뤳ȤդɬפǤˡ
³ơJespersen ŪʴˤѲפȡѲפʬѲפˤϽΡ̾סַƻס̾סưפޤޤ졤ѲפˤϽΡסֻס³סִפޤޤ롥
Sweet ˤ Jespersen ˤ衤ѲפѲפγơβ̶ʬδˤĤƤϿƤ餺ɤΤȤεǽ̣ŪŤ˺ѤƤǤϤʤȤȽʤ
̾פˤ̾ȼΡưפˤưȼηѲΤǡηŪˤƲ̶ʬƤȤϲǽǤ롥ξ硤㤨̾ưǤ love Ȥξ硤ƱªΤʸˡŪƱ۵פȤưۤʤ2ªΤȤ꤬롥ŪʻʬˤƤƤꡤ̤ǤϤʤȤФʤΤ⤽ʻʬȤϲΤˤϤäΤȤΩ֤ͿƤϤ롥
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5757. helñ졼סʲˡ ([2025-01-30-1])#5770. helñ졼פθǤηϩ ([2025-02-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 stand.fmʥաˤǤͷӡhelñ졼 (English Word-Lore Relay, or ewlr) ΥХȥĴϤäƤޤ졼ηϩʬήȷ㤷ʤäƤơɬ⤦ޤޤɽ路ڤƤʤΤǤƥΡɤ˥ĥäƤǤȻפٺޤƤߤޤ
ܲhelñ졼פ˻á礷ƤäƤإᥤ9̾Ҳ𤷤ޤ9̾ϾοޤγƥΡɤǿʬƤޤˡ
ari ˤari 饸
umisio ˤ֤Τ
夵ˤͥ
Grace ˤ֤~ȤФȤȤ~
δˤֱѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)
ߡˤ֤ߡͥ
mozhi gengo ˤகதை மொழி 〜⤸〜
~ߤˤ֤~ߤͥ
Lilimi ˤ֤ߤβ
¾ΥإᥤȤ⡤ҥ졼˲äޤ
ε#5779. Ϣϸб빴«ǤǤ ([2025-02-21-1]) ǡϢ (combining_form) ܤ³ܤƤؿѸؼŵ٤βɤǤߤ褦
combining form ʸ͡Ϣˡʣ졤¤ȤѤ빴«Ūʰ۷֤ѸǤϸ (BASE) ȶ̤ʤꥷ졦ƥͳ褹֤ξϢȼ¸ߤΤդĤǤ롥Ϣħ鸫Ϣ㤨 philo-ˤȸϢ㤨 -sophyˤȤʬ뤳ȤǤ롥ƬΤ褦ʽʹ«ȰۤʤꡤϢϸߤˤƱΤǷ礷ꡤ뤤ܼȤ뤳ȤǤ롥
褽εҤȽŤʤ뤬ֱѸǤϸ (BASE) ȶ̤ʤפλŦӸŪˤоȸŪˤⶽ̣ѸǤϡŤʳθűѸǤ顤 (word) ñ̤ʤΤǡȤ̤˸촴 (stem) 캬 (root) ڤФŪưŤŪ夤
ФơꥷƥʤɤθŵǤϡѸ٤ƶޤ褯ĤäƤꡤȿǤơŪΩȤϰۤʤΩŪϢ¸ߤ롥
θŵϢȴϢƻפФΤϡܸΩ뤤ʤȸƤФ֤#3390. ܸ i-mutation Ȥ٤첻ء ([2018-08-08-1]) Ƴ̤ꡤ㤨С֤סˤȡ֤סˡ֤դ͡סˤȡ֤դʡסˡ֤סʱˤȡ֤ޡסʱˤΤ褦ˡΩȡʣݤѤΩ2äŪˤϲŪѲη̡2ΤθŵϢˤĤƤƱȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Ƭ (prefix) ݤ뤤 (suffix) ݤǤƤɤǤʤȤȾüʰ֤Ťη (morpheme) 롥Ϣ combining_form Ǥ롥ϢˤĤƤϡ#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1]) ǿ줿ȤرѸ켭ŵ٤Ǥβ⤬ʬ䤹äΤǡϤιܤѤ
combining form ̸͡Ϣ¤ˡ (COMPOUND) Ȥ (DERIVATIVE WORD) ηѤ빽ǤOED aero- ˤϤѤ줿ȹͤ롥ϥꥷ졦ƥϤͳ褹Τ¿Ϣ philo-ˤȸϢ -logyˤ2ब롥Ϣϼͳ (FREE FORM) ʤ (WORD) ι«۷ (bound allomorph) ȤȤǤΩȤѤʤǶǤ anti ( anti-)graph ( -graph) Τ褦㳰ŪˡäƤ롥ޤϢƬ (PREFIX) (SUFFIX) ٤ựضŪǤꡤϢδطŪǤ롥ǶǤ bio-degradable (= biologically ---) Τ褦㳰ǧ롥ˡƬľܸߤϢ뤹뤳ȤʤΤФơϢϸ¾ϢΤܼۤäϢ뤹뤳ȤǽǤ㡧-morphic ( -morph + -ic)heteroness ( hetero- + -ness)ˡ
Ϣϸб빴«ǤǤפȤªϡȤƤʬ䤹
ʤˤ OED ؤθڤˤĤƤcombining form ιܤ˽ȤưʲǺܤƤ
1884 Gr. ἀερο-, combining form of ἀήρ, ἀέρα
New English Dictionary (OED first edition) at Aero-
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
5ۤ Voicy heldio ˤơꥹʡ lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡκǿ˴Ť#1357. Ƭ con- ñϤޤ³ --- lacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿꤹ벻ۿϤ
1ĤȤơ֥ͥפбñֻ connection connexion δ֤ɤ郎줿ԤֻŪꥹǤϸԤֻ⸫Ȥdeflection, inflection, reflection ˤĤƤƱͤˡ㡼 <-ction> Фƥޥʡ <-xion> ⼭ϿƤ롥complexion ˤĤƤϡषֻΤۤŪ complection ϵǤ롥
嵭 heldio ۿ塤˴ؿ줿ꥹʡ~ߤ-ction v.s. -xionꤷ Google Ngram ǤĴȹ碌ƵƤ롥
⤳꤬ˤʤäơĴ٤ƤߤȤΤ⡤伫ȤθơޤѸζ (inflection) ˤˤꡤԸʸ inflexion ֻ褯ܤˤƤ
Upward and Davidson (167--68) ˤСѸǤŪˤ <-xion> ̤˸줿ꥫμԻȤֻԤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) <-ction> Τۤ侩ΤȤ19鸽ˤƤ <-ction> ΰ̲ˡWebster αƶä餷
-XION and -CTION
Complexion, crucifixion, fluxion are standard ModE forms, and connexion, deflexion, inflexion exist as alternatives to connection, etc.
Complexion derives from the past participle plexum from the Lat verb plectere; although ME and EModE used such alternatives as complection, complection, ModE is firm on the x-spelling.
Crucifixion derives from the participle fixum of figere 'to fix'; the form crucifixion has been consistently used in the Christian tradition, and *crucifiction is not attested.
Fluxion is similarly determined by the Lat participle fluxum; the verb fluere offers no -CT- alternative.
Uncertainty has arisen in the case of connexion, deflexion, inflexion because, despite the Lat participles nexum, flexum with x, the corresponding infinitives, nectere, flectere have given rise to the Eng verbs connect, deflect, inflect.
In his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), the American lexicographer Noah Webster . . . recommended the -CT- forms, which (despite ModFr connexion, deflexion, inflexion are today found much more frequently.
ñ㲽Ƥ <-xion> ϥƥβʬ˴ŤĤѤեŪֻǤꡤ<-ction> ϥƥ˴Ť侩ꥫѸŪֻȤȤˤʤ롥crucifixion <-xion> Ȥ֤ʤΤϡͤɽݤ <X> ȴطΤǤ롥
ȴϢơ#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Poutsma ѥѥäƤȡ̣ñĤ롥㤨Сƻ줫̾ʻž (conversion) ꥹȤ⤷ (Chapter XXIX, 1--3; pp. 368--76) ޤΥꥹȤʬѤ褦
A large group is made up by such as end in certain suffixes belonging to the foreign element of the language. Some of these seem to be (still) more or less unusual in their changed functions. In the following illustrations they are marked by † . . . . The suffixes referred to above are chiefly: a b l e, al, an, a n t, a r, a r y, a t e, end, e n t, (i) a l, (i) a n, ien, ible, i c, ile, ine, ior, ist, ite, i v e, ut, among which especially those printed in paced type afford many instances. (368)
ĤΤ¿ȤϡʲΥꥹȤζįȤ褯ʬʤPoutsma 1914ǯǤ뤳Ȥաˡ
adulterant
aggressive
alien
annual
astringent
barbarian
captive
casual
ceremonial
classic
cleric
clerical
confidant
consumptive
constituent
contemporary
cordial
corrective
†degenerate
dependant
†detrimental
dissuasives
domestic
†eccentric
ecclesiastic
†electric
†effeminate
elastic
†epileptic
†exclusive
†expectant
†exquisite
†extravagant
familiar
fanatic
†fashionable
†flippant
†fundamental
gallants
†human
illiterate
†imaginative
imbecile
immortal
†incapable
†incidental
†incompetent
†inconstant
incurable
†indifferent
†inevitable
†infuriate
innocent
†inseparable
†insolent
†insolvent
†intellectual
†intermittent
intimate
†irreconcilable
†irrepressible
juvenile
†legitimate
lenitive
mandatory
mercenary
†miserable
†militant
moderate
mortal
†national
native
†natural
necessary
negative
†neutral
†notable
†obstructive
ordinary
orient
oriental
original
particular
peculiar
†pragmatic
†persuasive
†pertinent
†politic
†political
preliminary
private
proficient
progressive
reactionary
†regular
†religious
requisite
reverend
revolutionary
rigid
†romantic
†royal
†solitary
specific
stimulant
†ultimate
†undesirable
unfortunate
unseizable
†unusual
vegetable
visitant
voluntary
voluptuary
†vulgar
ƻ줫ʻž̾ΰ̣ˤʤäƤȤηƻΰ̣ŪħƶƤΤΤͿƤ
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
ε#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ ([2025-02-17-1]) ³ʣ -s ʶǤˤĤơ Poutsma Ȥ (142--43)
եδѶͳ褹ʣ̾ʶˤ¿ϡѸäƤեȿǤơ̾ǡܷƻǡפνˤȤɤޤ롥ѸȤƤϡθʣˤäơ̾Ǥ -s ĤΤŪǤ롥attorneys general, cousins-german, book-prices current, battlesroyal, Governors-General, damsels-errant, heirs-apparent, knights-errant Τ褦ˤʤattorney generals, letters-patents ⤢ˡ
ȯüǤ passer(s)-by Υסʤ̾Ǥθֻ硦줬դʣ⡤̾Ǥ -s դʣΤŪcommanders-in-chef, fathers-in-law, heirs-at-law, quarters-of-an-hour, bills of fare; blowings-up, callings-over, hangers-n, knockers-up, lookers-on, lyings-in, standars-by, whippers-in, goers-in, comers-out, breakings-up, droppings asleep, fallings forward ʤ (cf. men-at-arms)
ɽϥե̵ͭʤɤˤĤƤФɤ줬̤ꡤơɽˤĤˤ䴷ѤΤȻפ졤̲§ߤ뤳ȤθˤȤ롥
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
ʣǤʤʣ̾ˤĤơʣϸˡĤޤǽǤ -s ղäФ褤ȤΤŪʵ§Ǥ롥brother-officers, penny-a-liners, forget-me-nots, go-between, ne'er-do-wells, three-year-olds, merry-go-rounds Τ褦ˤǤ롥
Ȥɸ passers-by Τ褦ˡζư (phrasal_verb) ˤͳ褷줬ʻžत̾˴ؤƤϡ𤬰ۤʤ륱롥ǽǤȤʤ뾮ֻƱθˤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơľ -s դΤ뤫*passer-bys ǤϤʤ passers-by ȤʣΤ
#5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ͤˤȡpassers-by ʣȤΤȤ crossings-out, lookers-on, tellings-off, tickings-off, turn-ups 뤳ȤǤ롥
ǤϹԤʤƱפ˸Ƥ⡤絬§˽äƸ -s դ turn-ups, hand-me-downs, lace-ups, left-overs, makeshifts, onlookers 㤬ФƤ롥
Ϣơ -ful(l) ǸǤȤƤʣϡɤ줬롥ѸǤϤʤѸλǤ뤳ȤǤĤġ§Ȥ handfuls (of marbles), bucketfulls (of fragrant milk) ʤɤȺǸǤ -s դʣ뤬Ȥ (two) table-spoonsfull (of rum), (two) donkeysful (of children), bucketsfull (of tea) Τ褦1Ǥ -s Ĥ۷ߤ줿
ʾ塤Poutsma (141--43) ȤƼɮñˤäɤ줬ȤȤϡ̣Ūʹθ̻Ū¦̤δͿ⵿롥̣
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
28ˡǯ٤ī㡼ɶǤΥֺ¡ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ11֤ޤϡֱѸˤߤ븽οפꤷơ͡ʿƳˡƳĤġŪʸοҲ𤷤ޤޤŪʴ鸽ѸοƳü˿ޤ
οƳ¾줫μ (borrowing) ˤۤɰ¸ʤȤǡѸ˾ðۤ褷ޤѸϡû (shortening) Ȥηؤΰ¸٤Ƥޤľ100ǯۤɤǡƳΥȥɤѤäƤȹͤޤ21αѸäϡɤΤ褦ŸƤΤǤ礦
ιֺ¤ϡ̤ǻä줿Ĥʾ¿饤ǻä줿ʤɡȯǥԥ졼٤Ȥʤޤդޤ11Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡѤˤȤС
ε#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1]) ǡ1Ĥδ̩ŬѤʻˤĤƹͤϤ³ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ι˰͵ʤ顤ϵǽΤߤ˴Ťʻʬͼ¸Ƥߤ褦
(3) ǽˤʻʬ. Fries (1952, ch. 6) ʻ̩˵ǽˤʬह٤ǤȼĥȼʻʬƤΰ֡εǽϤˤơƱΰ֤ˤĤθˤޤȤThe concert was good (always). / The clerk remembered the tax (suddenly). / The team went there. 3ɽŪʸ (test frame) ȯȤơʸˡ¤ѤˡʸΤɤθΰ֤ˤ뤫ˤäơ4 (CLASS WORD) --- ۤƸ (CONTENT WORD) Ʊ --- ꤷʻȤ
(class 1 word): concert, clerk, tax, team ΰ֤ˤ
(class 2 word): was, remembered, went ΰ֤ˤ
軰 (class 3 word): good ΰ֤ˤ
(class 4 word): always, suddenly, there ΰ֤ˤ
ʳϵǽ (FUNCTION WORD) Ȥ A O ޤ15η (group) ʬդ٤ϡThe poorest are always with us. poorest ϡη֤ɤǤȤΰ֤Ȥ뤷ޤI know the poorest man. poorest ϡ軰ȤΤǤ롥ˡa boy friend a good friend boy good Ʊ軰Τ餫Ǥ롥ä a cannon ball cannon ̾Ǥ뤫ƻǤ뤫εƤʤ̤ξ cannon 軰Ȥʤ롥͡ʬˤСĤθ줬ĤʻʤʤΤʤĤΤȤˤʤꡤĶˤɤʸ줬뤫ȡ̾Ȥ̾ȤǤʤ1줺ĸ줦뤹٤ƤθʤФʤʤΤ褦ʬˡθ̩˲ͤϤ뤬ʸˡηΤȤƤ;̣Τʤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޤɤʬȻפֵǽפȤϡŪǽפΤȤǤ롥ΤˤϤŪ˰ӤƤ롥Ѥˤ϶Ť餤ؿѸؼŵ٤εҤˤϡʻʬϼˤꡤȤ뤳ȤǧǤ롥ϽפȻפ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ɸˤĤơ#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1]) ǵƤ
ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ȤΤߤȷʾ塤˴ŤʬहΤ٥ȤʤΤȤ꤬ʻߤɬפʤȤΤ1ĤΩǤϸʬΤ褤ΤȤ̤䤤ˡεǤϡŪʻʬब̣ǽ֤3Ĥδʣ˵äƤ뤳ȤǧΥСåפȤʤΤǤС줫1Ĥ˴Ť̩ܻؤ٤Ȥʤ롥
Ǥϡ̣ (semantics) ˴Ť̩ʬȤɤʤ뤫ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιǤϡλߤϤޤԤʤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦 (p. 837)
̣ǽ֤3δΤɤѤƤ褤櫓Ǥ뤬ĤȤ硤ޤΤʬǤ뤫ɤޤˡʬǤˤƤ⡤ʬबʸˡҤͭɤͤʤФʤʤ㤨С̣ʬषƤߤȡʻ֤ζΤ˶̤뤳ȤǤꡤˤ⤷ʬषȤƤ⡤ʬबʸˡҤˤ;ͭפˤϤʤʤǤ㤨Сarrive arrival Ʊʻ줿ȤȡˡˤĤƵҤ褦ȤСʬϡȤᤫؤžȤƤ̵̣ˤʤΤ褦˰̣ʻʬ̵פ顤˵ǽ֤ˤʬबͤ롥
̣ˤʬϡޤǤʤ̣ȤƤϤ˰յΤʻڤȤƤͭפǤϤʤ褦ȤȡʻȤΤϡ⤽̣ؤ;ϤʤȤȤˤʤΤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1]) ȡ#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1]) ʻҲ𤷤ƤϡؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιȤʤ顤ѸŪ8ʻʬˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
ѸŪ8ʻϡ̣ǽ֤3Ĥʬब㺮ˤʤäʬǤꡤŪˤ꤬Ȥ롥ޤ̾졤ƻ졤ư졤ˤĤƤϡ˰̣ŪʴʬƤȤäƤ褤̣ŪʴȤäƤ̯ʥϤǤ⤢롥Ѹ white ϡܸǤϡפȤ̾ˤ⡤פȤƻˤ̣Ūˤϸߤ˸¤ʤᤤƱͤˡʬϷƻưι礤λҤȤäƤ褤礤λҤߤФˤ̣Ū˶ᤤˡʾ4ʻʬˤĤƤϷŪʴ⾯ʤ餺ؤäƤꡤ̣ŪʴǸ櫓ǤϤʤ¾٤ựŪʼΧȤޤƤ;Ϥ뤫⤷ʤ
̾졤졤³ϵǽŪʴˤʬˤơֵǽŪפȤΥ٥ϥСϰϤ˹ˡŪפȶƤСʤǤ뤫⤷ʤ졼ϻĤ롥³Ū˷Ǥ̾ŪǽƱ˸ŪǽӤӤƤꡤֵǽŪפΥСϰϤäȹꤷƤɬפ褦ˤפ롥
ǸֻϤɤŪˤŪʵǽδʬȤäƤ褵̣ŪʹθäƤʤȤϤʤlike worth ϸˡŪפ餷ΤȤŪˤֻŪʿŪȤΤỤ̄äƤǤϷƻݤ
ʻ֤ζܤΤǤʤȤ꼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤġŦƤ3Ĥʬबʣ˥СåפƤȤܼŪʲƤΤǤ롥
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5757. helñ졼סʲˡ ([2025-01-30-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 stand.fmʥաˤǤͷӡhelñ졼 (English Word-Lore Relay) θĴ˷³ƤޤإᥤȤ黲ԤƤơ䤫ˤʤäƤޤ
ޤǤΥ졼ή SVG ƤߤޤƥΡɤåȡб륹ۿ٤褦ˤʤäƤޤ
ܲhelñ졼פ˻á礷ƤäƤإᥤ9̾Ҳ𤷤ޤ9̾ϾοޤγƥΡɤǿʬƤޤˡ
ari ˤari 饸
umisio ˤ֤Τ
夵ˤͥ
Grace ˤ֤~ȤФȤȤ~
δˤֱѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)
ߡˤ֤ߡͥ
mozhi gengo ˤகதை மொழி 〜⤸〜
~ߤˤ֤~ߤͥ
Lilimi ˤ֤ߤβ
Υ졼³Ƥޤ礦
ܥ֥λǡǤȤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ī6ۿƤޤ2021ǯ62ۿϤƤ顤hellog Ʊͤ礫˱ѸˤϤƤޤ
ۿ heldio ϡαѸ˳ưȡhel (helkatsu) κǤפʥ١1ĤȤƵƻ˾äƤƤꡤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפȤݤ˻ƱƶϤƤ륳ꥹʡˤäޤ졤ۿʤΤǶ줷˳ڤhel饤դäƤޤ
heldio Voicy ȤۿץåȥեˤŸƤޤ2024ǯ721̤βۿץåȥե stand.fmʥաˤֱѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)Ȥͥˤơheldio 3ǯ٤κϤƤޤˡ stand.fm ˡ͡ʲưץåȥե (Podcast) ƱƥĤޥۿƤޤƥĤƤƱǤȤΤʥץåȥե heldio αѸˤİȤǤ褦ˤʤäƤޤΤǡ⤴Ѥʲ˷Ǻܤޤ
īϤƤǿƥĤϡVoicy heldio ΥΤߤ˸ꤵƤޤΤǡ餫餪İƱͤˡVoicy heldio ΥץߥꥹʡۿֱѸˤ (helwa)䤽¾Τ⡤Voicy ץåȥեफΤߤΥȤʤޤΤǤ餺
ǯ١ʸʸ칶ĥߤ13ܤ´ʸ1ܤνʸФޤʲơܤޤαѸˤΥߤǤɤʤȤơޤȤʤΤȻפޤ
Ρ´ʸ
The Shifts in Australian Accents: Tracing Changes Through Media Narratives
The Characteristics of the Suffix -ive: with Special Attention to Its Noun-Forming Function
De-pluralization of Data: A Synchronic and Diachronic Research on Latin-or-Greek Plurals in English
Productivity of Suffixes and Their Relationship with Hyphens: A Comparative Analysis across Genres
Complexity as a Motivating Factor behind the Choice of more or -er in Comparative Alternation
The Changes of Prepositional Verbs Born in the 20th Century: A Case Study of Adjust to, Aim for, Argue about, Complain about and Concentrate on
The Decline of "May" in American English: Simplification as a Driving Force
A Study on the Polysemy of "Fast" through a Diachronic Analysis
The Varying Patronymic Surnames in England: Focusing on Bare-form, s-Form, and son-Form
Changing Proverbs: Insights into the Use of English Proverbs
Analyzing the Stereotype of English Dialect: A Case Study of The TV Corpus, Interview
Relationship between Slang and Its Speaker
The Linguistic Community of Singapore: Changes in Public Perception of Singlish After the Launch of Speak Good English Movement in 2000
Ρʸ
The Diffusion of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Reference to the Latin Prefix Ad- and Analogical Changes
ǯ٤ΥߤǤѸˡѸؤ˴ؤ¿ͤʥơޤǸ椬ʤޤ̣ˡ桤̾ءҲؤʤɡؿ¿ˤ錄äƤޤǯʸˡ椬¿ä褦˻פޤ
ǯ٤Υ´ʸܤˤĤƤεå뤤 sotsuron ɤѸʬΥơõΥҥȤȤʤ뤫Ȼפޤ
Ϥߤ khelf ʷѸ˥եˤΥСǤkhelf αѸ˳ưϰʲǹԤʤäƤޤΤǡˬƥեʤɤƤС
khelf ۡڡ
khelf X @khelf_keio
khelf Instagram @khelf_keio

콤ءˤ121դǸ줿ǿ note ֱѸο30 ---CNN English Express 2025ǯ2ýξҲ˿ȯơƱꤷޤ礦ɸѸο˴ؤīֺ¤ΤλõƤȤäȤ⤢ꡤý꤬ڤɤळȤǤޤ꤬ȤޤƱ2Ǥޤ
ýǼ夲줿30ϻԽˤȤȤǡϾܤƤޤǯ¿Ѥ졤ǯ³ˤ˻ѤƤñ줬ԥååפƤΤꤵޤʲ5ĤʬǻʬƤޤ
ڴĶʳء heat dome, zero-dose, autumn sneezing syndrome, popcorn brain, anthrobot, decel
ڷкѡӥͥ greedflation, neobank, digital twin, employee experience, bag holder, wanderpreneur
ڼҲ situationship, porch piracy, Barbiecore, anti-airport dad, range anxiety, bed rotting
ڥͥåȴطǥϢ prompt, For You page, ELI5, doomscrolling, chronically online, enshittification
ڥԸա girl dinner, cap, bussin', brat, cash grab, the ick
ɽβʸϡýľäƤФȻפޤɼԤγϡɤ줯餤¸Ǥ¿Τ餺ٶפΤ餵ޤ˸ο˴ؿƤȻפޤʤεŤʾϡͽ̤곫֤줿īֺdzѤ뤳ȤǤޤ
ƱȤδϢǤϡ礦6ǯˡ#3542. CNN English Express2αѸýǺܤޤ ([2019-01-07-1]) ꤷƵƤޤҤ⤪ˬͤ
ýѸο30סCNN English Express2025ǯ2桤īǼҡ2025ǯ33--43ǡ
Voicy heldio #1348. ʱѸƤꤷơꥹʡγˡֿ䤷פǴƤ餦÷helβϤޤ2֤30ۤɤΥȤ졤ƥꥹʡΤΡ뤤ϵˤʤ餫ˤʤĤĤޤ
⤽Ѹ (suffix) äơääȤȿ֤äƤǤηǤȤʤϤޤܥ֥ǤϰʲεƤȤޤΤǡͤˤƤС
#5677. ظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ٤ܼꥹȡ129ˡ ([2024-11-11-1])
#1478. Ƭ ([2013-05-14-1])
#5718. ꥷͳμƬϢ ([2024-12-22-1])
ˤСȤϴ¸ñκǸդ벿餫ΰ̣ǽäѡĤȤʤޤʵդñκǽդΤƬ (prefix) ǤˡΤˤäƤʤΤǤʤΤ䲻δ鸷̩˻ʬ뤳Ȥ⤢ȻפޤʤդͤùˤĤƤϡΥץߥۿ֡ڱѸˤ #247ۺīΡֿ䤷פۿˡǿޤˡ
Ϥ䤳ϲ֤Ƥʤι1ĤǤ2ĤǤƤ館СϾ˥ץƤޤΤǡ¿βޤäƤ뤳ȤԤƤޤ
֤äƤߤСˤ褦 heldio ڤȤޤΤȤϡֿ䤷ֻפäΤǤʲ̤ꡤ夬ޤ
#5516. ʤΡֿ䤷ֻפϲǤ ([2024-06-03-1])
#5517. ˿Ҥͤޤ --- ʤΡֿ䤷ֻפϲǤ ([2024-06-04-1])
#5578. ֿ䤷ֻפ夬ä helwa ۿΥåɤ ([2024-08-04-1])
ε#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1]) ǡ"parts of speech" ʻˡ"word-class" ʸˡ"form-class" ʷˤȤäѸ췲ˤĤƹͤꥫ¤δ Bloomfield ϡɽŪ Language (§12.11) ˤơ3Ĥ̤ƹͤƤ롥
The syntactic form-classes of phrases . . . can be derived from the syntactic form-classes of words: the form-classes of syntax are most easily described in terms of word-classes. Thus, in English, a substantive expression is either a word (such as John) which belongs to this form-class (a substantive), or else a phrase (such as poor John) whose center is a substantive; and an English finite verb expression is either a word (such as ran) which belongs to this form-class (a finite verb), or else a phrase (such as ran away) whose center is a finite verb. An English actor-action phrase (such as John ran or poor John ran away) does not share the form-class of any word, since its construction is exocentric, but the form-class of actor-action phrases is defined by their construction: they consist of a nominative expression and a finite verb expression (arranged in a certain way), and this, in the end, again reduces the matter to terms of word-classes.
The term parts of speech is traditionally applied to the most inclusive and fundamental word-classes of a language, and then, in accordance with the principle just stated, the syntactic form-classes are described in terms of the parts of speech that appear in them. However, it is impossible to set up a fully consistent scheme of parts of speech, because the word-classes overlap and cross each other.
form-class ϸŪбñ̡word-class Ϥ form-class ŵŪʼ°Ūʶʬparts of speech Ϥ word-class ŪǴŪʷȤȤˤʤ
ƤäޤȤΤǤС줾Ūñ̡Ūñ̡á졦Ūñ̤ȤäƤ褤ʻ (parts of speech) ϼŪ椨˹ѤƤ뤬ºݤˤʣŪʤǰճʣˤñ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

28ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
ǯ٤ī륷ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡȤʤ顤ѸûˤɤäƤǤ
28ڡˤͼ˳֤11ϡֱѸˤߤ븽οפꤷơ褤踽Ѹ졤ʤ20--21αѸθä˾Ƥޤ
ѸϡιȤäȯŪäλޤƤޤǥ뵻ѤȯŸҲε®ѲȼñɽƤޤظˤŪ˰Ӥη¸ߤޤƬɲäˤסʣñȤ߹碌ʣס¸ñΡû̡סե졼ƬʸƬפʤɤǤ
ιֺ¤ǤϡѸˤγƻηˤդʧʤ顤Ѹˤ뿷Ƴħ⤭ĦˤƤޤä˾ҤΤ褦ʸ¿ͤˡܤɤΤ褦˸ҲѲʸŪĬήȿǤƤΤõޤθΥץ뤳ȤϡѸθäΥʥߥɤ߲ȤʤϤǤĤΤ褦ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ʤɤȤʤʤƤޤ
ܥֺ¤γƲΩƤޤΤǡؤλáԻäˤ餺餴äȤǤޤ10ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε
#5625. ī륷ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽвפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
#5723. ī륷ֺ¤9ֱѸ졤ƥꥷƴפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-27-1])
#5760. ī륷ֺ¤10ֱѸ졤νܿפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-02-1])
ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǡŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ

11ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǥ#1345. 28ڡˤīֺ¡ֱѸˤߤ븽οפ˸ơȤƤ⤷ƤޤΤǡҤİ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ε ([2025-02-04-1]) ³ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ȤǰѸᤰꡥ Crystal θѸ켭ŵäƤߤ
part of speech The TRADITIONAL term for a GRAMMATICAL CLASS of WORDS. The main 'parts of speech' recognized by most school grammars derive from the work of the ancient Greek and Roman grammarians, primarily the NOUN, PRONOUN, VERB, ADVERB, ADJECTIVE, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION and INTERJECTION, with ARTICLE, PARTICIPLE and others often added. Because of the inexplicitness with which these terms were traditionally defined (e.g. the use of unclear NOTIONAL criteria), and the restricted nature of their definitions (reflecting the characteristics of Latin or Greek), LINGUISTS tend to prefer such terms as WORD-class or FORM-class, where the grouping is based on FORMAL criteria of a more UNIVERSALLY applicable kind.
ꥷƥʸˡΰ仺ѤŪŪʸˡ (category) Ǥ뤳ȤĴƤꡤ줬ɬΤʸäζʬǤ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤƤ롥衤ʻϳǰŪʸöʬȤ뤳Ȥ¿äºݤˤϤ "unclear" ΡˤǤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
äơCrystal ϸؤǤϤष "word-class" ʸˤ "form-class" ʷˤȸƤָ¿ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ΤˡʻפȤѸ륱ϤꤽʻפǤ줤˳ڤʤˡŪʳǰѸȤƤΡָפФȤϤȻפ
Ǥ⡤ؤˤƤϡäΩǤϤ뤬ʻפϤޤƼʤΤۤ¿ΤǤϤʤؤȤƤޤƧ߸Ǥ줿ʻפΤˤ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ϺǸŤʸˡƤ1ĤȤäƤ褤夫鸽ˤ빭̣Ǥθ (linguistics) ˤΤʤǡͭѤǤ³Ǥ롥
ܸΡʻפȤѸˤĤơ켭ŵɴʻŵεҤΤƤߤޤܹ缭ŵ٤ꡥ
Ҥ-ʻۡ̾͡ұ parts of speech ӡʡбѡparts of speech ʸˡΰյǽ֤ʤɤʬषñζʬƸγعʸˡǤϡ̤߰Ȭʻ̾졦̾졦ƻ졦ư졦졦³졦ֻ졦ˤȤ롣ʸˡǤϡ̾졦졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦졦ư줬뤬ʻ硢ʬ⤢ꡢޤˤäưƱ롣ʻפθϡʸˡȤƤϡǯʰȬ͡ˤ־ʸŵפǼʻ⤤ΤǤᤤʸẉ̂͡Ȭּʻ̾ܡס¯ϻỌְ̃̄ʻǡ˴ؤñɸϤȽоȤΡסʸˡ涵ʽ̣͡ʸɧӰñΰʾȬʤʻ̾Ťסʸẉ̂͡˧Ӱ졦컰ֽϼʻβˤĤ¾ʻȤδط¶Ѥʤ
ˡإǥ缭٤ꡥ
Ҥ-ʻۡparts of speechʸˡοǽˤä̤ñζʬʸˡǤϤդĤ̾졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦ư졦11ʻʬह롣ʬˤĤƤϡΤưǧʤΤ䡢Τۤ˿ΩƤΤʤɡˤƱ롣
ɴʻŵ٤ǤĹܤȤʤäƤ롥Ƭ1ΤߤѤ롥
ʻ Ҥ
ʸˡѸΰġ줾θˤȯäεȤʤñ̡ʤʸϡʸˡΥ٥ǤϺǽŪñʬϤʵդˤСñʸˡΤ褦ñˤϡޤ¿ʤơʤϤ椦ˡʥƥˤ¸ߤơ٤ƤñϤΤ줫°Ƥ롣ĤƤ°ñϤεǽѤʤʸΤɤΤ褦ʰ֤˸뤫ˤͭƤ롣Ƥʻ parts of speech ȸƤǤ̾ȤưȤȸƤФƤΤǤ롣
ɴ٤ǤĹܤʤΤǡǽ3Τ
ʻ Ҥ
ʸˡεҡηϲŪȤơʸˡ˴Ťʬष̡ǽʸˤʤɤδȤʤ롣ġθϤ줫ʻ˽°뤳ȤȤʤ롣
ʻ̾Τ parts of speech ʱѸˡparties du discours ʥեˤʤɤʸŵνѸȤΩΡͻˤϡʸˡȤơֻʡסʡסֶʤλפΤ褦ʤΤäʬռȤƤϡܤˤŤ餢ꡢֻסּס֤Ƥˤϡסֽסֵ٤ס̾ʤʡˡפʤɤ̾ΤΤȤ˸ʬबԤƤʻפȤϡ̤ˡʸŵ͢ˤäƿͤ줿̤ʻμࡢ̾Τˤϡˤä¿ΰƱ⤢뤬̤˹ԤƤΤϡ̾졦졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦졦ưʤɤǤ롣ΤοξʬǤθסѸפʤɤ̾ΡӲʬǤֳʽסַפʤɤʻȤư뤳Ȥ⤢롣ʤƬספʤɤʻ̾ΤȤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롣
줾ʻ˽°Ūʸ⡢ˤäưƱ롣ȤСȡǽȯºɡɽ֤롦롦ʤ롦롦롦ˡפϡĹͺ ʤ褷 γǤϡʣסܿʵȤγǤϡֽưס ʤȤ γǤϡפȤ롣ߤι켭ǤϡФβʻ̾Ȥ̤Ǥ롣Ū˿¿̾פˤĤƤϡάƤΤ¿
פȻפ4ФȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ʻϸյǽ֤ˤäƶʬΤǤ
⡦Ԥˤäʻζʬۤʤ
̤˶ʬ줿ʻοϾǡĤҤȤĤñϤ줫ʻ°
ܸΡʻפϡθ줫͢줿ζʬؤΤ˼ȤѤ

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