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ǯ1ǯ֡ܥ֥ hellog ӻǤβ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ̤ƱѸ˾ȯ³뤳ȤǤޤͤˤޤƤϡϤɤǡİƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
hellog ϳ14ǯܻؤưԤƤޤheldio 2021ǯ62˻ϤФǡޤ1ǯȾ;꤬ˤޤǤΤǡۤɤΰ괶ϤޤǮʥꥹʡΥݡȤˤ겿Ȥ³Ƥ뤳ȤǤޤեο⡤ǯǯˤ1,200ͤۤɤǤޤǤ3,000ĶȤʤäƤޤǤåȡǤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפΰãȤޤͤΤޤޤα˴ԤƤޤ줫ꤤޤ
糢ȤȤǤŪǶꥹʡȤʤ줿⾯ʤޤΤǡ1ǯ֤ heldio ֤ꤿȻפޤȤ櫓褯İ줿ȥå50ǼޤʺǤϤʤꥹʡȤɸ˴ŤǤˡҤǯǯϤΤ֤ΤȤˡǿΤߤʤ餺⤿İƤߤƤ
ͤγؤδۡոԤƤޤؤΥȤޤޤơʤ٤ǿǡ֥֤פȻפޤޤ˥ͥեƤйǤˡֺפⴿޤƤޤ
Voicy ϰʲɤǤ륢ץ̵ˤȤȤŬİǤޤҤѤ

1. #406. QQQϾQγθκ̡2022/07/11()
2. #408. ʾҲ𡧱Ѹ˸ԤδǤ2022/07/13()
3. #233. this,that,theʤɤthϲ̣Ρ2022/01/19()
4. #299. ̾θ츻2022/03/26()
5. #281. 첻ܡԡˡ2022/03/08()
6. #326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ2022/04/22()
7. #327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ2022/04/23()
8. #321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤä2022/04/17()
9. #282. 첻ܡʸԡˡ2022/03/09()
10. #343. ֻȤϲʤʤˤΡ2022/05/09()
11. #271. 饤ʡʸˤˤĤơ2022/02/26()
12. #358. ѸΥڥ椷ƤΤ˥ڥˤʤäƤޤơ2022/05/24()
13. #388. Ź浻Ѥȸء2022/06/23()
14. #300. ʤ Wednesday ˤɤޤʤ d Ρ2022/03/27()
15. #464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸס2022/09/07()
16. #222. ꥹȶϱѸˤȤäƤä2022/01/08()
17. #479. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδ --- Part 142022/09/22()
18. #374. ƥ줫Ѥ줿ֻ per, plus, via2022/06/09()
19. #399. ѸؽϡǤлޤǡפǹԤ2022/07/04()
20. #288. three ˤޤĤ츻줳 ˡ§2022/03/15()
21. #411. ʩȸ춵֤̯ʴط2022/07/16()
22. #486. Ѹ¾μפʥ衼åѸȤδطʩȸ2022/09/29()
23. #226. Ѹݤʸˡ18λʪ2022/01/12()
24. #344. the virtual world of a virile werewolf ˤ餷ϵˤΥ --- Ʊ4Ϣȯ2022/05/10()
25. #360. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- Part 52022/05/26()
26. #448. ؤ6Ĥδܹ2022/08/22()
27. #359. ŪʸűѸ줫ʬŪʸѸ --- ʸˡΰѲ2022/05/25()
28. #301. was were δطˤĤƤޤ礦2022/03/28()
29. #357. Ѹñ֤˥ڡ֤ȤȻפäƤޤ2022/05/23()
30. #413. ܤɽ魯ñθ츻2022/07/18()
31. #368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ2022/06/03()
32. #432. ʤû̷ that's ϤΤ *this's ϤʤΡ2022/08/06()
33. #383. 餱Ƥޤäե㡩2022/06/18()
34. #377. suggest, collect, direct ʤѸϥƥβʬư츶ȤƼƤΡ2022/06/12()
35. #318. can't, cannot, can not ɤȤФ褤Ρ2022/04/14()
36. #375. -ing ˤ3ढäΤäƤޤ2022/06/10()
37. #230. very ϥե줫ڤƤƻä2022/01/16()
38. #253. ʤ who Ϥֻǡ֥աפɤΤ2022/02/08()
39. #450. ѸءѸˤ2022/08/24()
40. #490. ʹߤΥեѸ2022/10/03()
41. #364. YouTube ǤΡgo/went 礤פؤȿޤơ2022/05/30()
42. #437. ޤˤȤ̡ᥬեåץȤϲʤΡ2022/08/11()
43. #322. butter, cheese, pepper Φ˱ѸäƤƥñ줿2022/04/18()
44. #218. shall will λȤʬ§ϤĤ餢Ρ2022/01/04()
45. #410. ӡ arm ȡ arms δط2022/07/15()
46. #423. ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤ2022/07/28()
47. #250. ΥޥʤäѸϤɤʤäƤǤ礦2022/02/05()
48. #527. right ¿ --- סֱסָס2022/11/09()
49. #227. ʤʸˡ18ήԤäΡ2022/01/13()
50. #329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ2022/04/25()
ε#4994. There is no accounting for tastes ס ([2022-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϡ褯Τ줿 there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפư̾칽ʸȤʤäƤ롥One cannot account for tastes. It is impossible to account for tastes. ȸ̣
θ18˽ФŪΤȤ뤬there is no ---ing ư̾칽ʸΤΤϡɤΤ餤Ťޤˤ̤ΤOED no, adj. ˤȡ13νƻޥ˥奢 Ancrene Riwle ˽Ф롥ʸȤƤ it is no ---ing ʤɤѰ۷ߤ (cf. #4790. there they Ѹ it ˡ ([2022-06-08-1])) ʲ OED ΰѤʸ嶽̣ʬ֤ǼƤߤ
4. Modifying a verbal noun or gerund used as the predicate, denoting the impossibility of the action specified. Chiefly with non-referential there (also it) as subject.
[c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 149 Hwen þe delit iþe lust is igan se ouerforð þet ter nere nan wiðseggunge ȝef þer were eise to fulle þe dede.]
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 23812 (MED) Quen we it proue þat es to late, Es þar na mending þan þe state.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccclxxxvi. 657 It is no goynge thyder, without ye wyll lose all.
1560 Bible (Geneva) Nahum iii. 19 There is no healing of thy wounde.
a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. D4v Cosin it is no dealing with him now.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) ii. i. 146 Val. No, beleeue me. Speed. No beleeuing you indeed sir.
a1643 J. Shute Sarah & Hagar (1649) 108 So the people were so impetuously set upon their lusts, that there was no speaking to them.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 39 There was no keeping Friday in the Boat.
1753 Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 54 There is no going any where without meeting Pretenders in this Way.
1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. vii. 117 Do what they might, there was no keeping down the butcher.
1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. xv. 138 There's no accounting for tastes, sir.
1895 A. I. Shand Life E. B. Hamley I. ii. 21 There was no mistaking the meaning of the invitation, and there was no declining it.
1954 A. Thirkell What did it Mean? 87 There would be no getting hold of the girls as the evenings got longer.
1975 Times 6 Dec. 8/5 Try Village Prospects..R 3 again, I fear, but no avoiding it.
2001 Financial Times 27 Jan. 8/4 There is no mistaking African anger at the external barriers they confront.
űѸ줫餹ǤȯãƤ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ȡѸˤ褦䤯ȯãϤư̾줬Τޤ줿ʸȤäƤ褤¸ʸˤĤƤϡ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1]) ȡ#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) ȡ
#4992. absence Ժߡפ˴ؤѸθ2ġ ([2022-12-27-1]) ǽҤ٤Ȥꡤ֤˱Ѹθŵ A ɤ߿ʤƤ롥ɤϤƴ֤ʤ accounting ɤȤɸͭ̾ʸ˽вäס¾ͤιߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤ櫓ʬˤȤḁ̈ϤʤϹäƤͤιͤƤ뤳ȤϤ餫ʤȤƥ de gustibus non est disputandum "There is no disputing about tastes" ˤ줤б롥
ODP6 ˤȱѸǤν1794ǯȤʤäƤ롥
1794 A. Radcliffe Mysteries of Udolpho I. xi. I have often thought the people he disapproved were much more agreeable than those he admired; --- but there is no accounting for tastes. 1889 Gissing Nether World II. viii. There is no accounting for tastes. Sidney . . . not once . . . congratulated himself on his good fortune. 1985 R. Reeves Doubting Thomas iv. 'You're usually in here with a little guy, wears a rug. Looks like he gets his suits from Sears. Paisley ties. . . . There's no accounting for taste.' 2014 Spectator 13 Dec. 75 I read of an ornament which is 'a plywood cutout of a giant boiled egg', but there's no accounting for taste, even bad taste.
ǯǤñԲĻ̾ taste Ѥ¿褦촶ȤƤϡʣ tastes ξˤϡ͡ϹХХ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤΤޤǧ봶мˤǡñ taste ξˤϡʬϹޤƿʹ֤ϹȤΤǤʤΤȤãѤмˤ褦˻פ뤬ɤʸ but θѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦ǡ¿쾯ʤֻʤ͡פȤްդ褦
θΰ۷ȤƤñ Tastes differ ⤢ꡤۤƱ19Ƭ˽ФƤ롥
Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
ƾ (address_term) ιतϲûʤ䤹ȤƤߤФΤ褦˻פ롥Bybee (42) ûʤۤɤȻפä
Terms of address also tend to undergo special reduction. Spanish usted 2nd person singular developed out of the longer and more elegant phrase vuestra merced 'your grace'. Old English hlafweard which contains the roots hlaf 'loaf' and weard 'keeper' is reduced to hlaford and eventually lord. Both Mrs. [mɪsɨz] or [mɪzɨz] and Miss [mɪs] are reduced forms of mistress.
ƾΤû䤹Τϡ1ĤˤŪˤ褯ȯɽ͡θˤˤΤܤ뤫餳˼岽ṳ̂䤹Ȥ̤˱Ѹο;̾ʰθƾΤȤäƤ褤ˤˤϼȶ뤬٤餳ûˤ餵䤹櫓üû롤Ĥޤꥼˤʤ뤳Ȥäƶɬפˤ⤵餵Τ (cf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])
⤦1Ĥϡä Lord Mrs. Τ褦˾ιȤѤ졤˿̾³ˤϡĿͤꤹϤĿ̾ʬˤ֤Τǡ֤ι椬Ū˼夯ȯ䤹Ȥ𤬤ΤǤϤʤ
Ȥǡ嵭 lord ʸűѸθϡ֥ѥˡסˤΤߤʤ餺lady űѸθ֥ѥͤפä褦ˡ¤ʣäѸζŪʴʣ˸ʤᡤΤ褦ʸʣ (disguised_compound) ȸƤǤ (cf. #23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1])#260. ([2010-01-12-1])ˡѸˤǤϤ⤷츻ȤƤ褯ΤƤ뤬ʤ2줬ޤûΤȤͳͤȤϤʤäBybee λŦ˥ϥäȤ补ƾΤû䤹Τ
ȴϢơ#895. Miss ϲξά ([2011-10-09-1])#1950. ʤ Bill William ΰΤˤʤΤ ([2014-08-29-1])#1951. ѸΰΡ ([2014-08-30-1])#3408. Elizabeth οΰ̾ ([2018-08-26-1])#4404. ܸͳηɾ san ([2021-05-18-1]) ʤɤ⻲ȡ
Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.
The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs (6th ed.) A įƤ롥ǯǯϤˤǤ⾯ɤ߿ʤƤȻפäƤ롥Ѹθ (proverb) ˤϸŤʸˡˡĤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿ѸˤȿΤ

®1ڡܤ absence Ժߡפ˴ؤ2ĽФƤabsence ʹСˤդ路ɤΤ褦ʿηäפ⤫٤ˤǤʤäؤۤʤ2ĤθӽФƤƶä
1Ĥ Absence makes the heart grow fonder Ǥ롥ͤԺߤȡοͤޤޤˤʤäƤޤȤODP ɤǤƤ⤷Τϡ¾ǤδϢɽ䡤Ѹ˾ǤѰ۷ȤƤθˤĤƴϢƥɽƤ롥
Cf. PROPERTIUS elegies II. xxxiiib. I. 43 semper in absentes felicior aestus amantes, passion [is] always warmer towards absent lovers.
Ѹ˾⤤ĤƤꡤǽc1850ǯΤΤǤ롥̣Τϡ1923ǯ Observer 11 Feb. 9 Ǥ롥ȿդθȤͭ̾ Out of sight, out of mind ڤƤ롥
These saws are constantly cutting one another's throats. How can you reconcile the statement that 'Absence makes the heart grow fonder' with 'Out of sight, out of mind'?
2Ĥθ He who is absent is always in the wrong Ǥ롥ʺȽΤȤʼԤϰԤˤ졤ΩɤޤȤΤ1640ǯθŵ "The absent partie is still faultie" ȸƤΤФϢɽ15 Lydgate ˽ФƤ롥եˤбɽ褦
If a person is not present to defend himself it is easy for others to say he is the person at fault. Cf. Fr. les absents ont toujours tort; c 1440 J. LYDGATE Fall of Princes (EETS) m. l. 3927 For princis ofte . . . Wil cachche a qu[a]rel . . . Ageyn folk absent.
1736ǯⵡΤ٤Ǥ롥
1736 B. FRANKLIN Poor Richard's Almanack (July) The absent are never without fault, nor the present without excuse.
1ĤΥɤ͡ȯۤФȤǤŵοӤߤĤ롥ʤߤ˺ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥ#575. Ѹŵ A ɤϤƤޤꤷϢư뤪٤ƤޤҤİ
Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
ε#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])ӰΡ#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) εȹ碌ơ -ise -ize ˤĤƹͤʸȤ̤2Ĥۤɲä롥
εǡOED -ize ֻܤȤƺѤƤݤҲ𤷤<z> Ѥۤꥷθ츻¤Ǥꡤ <z> /z/ δطȥ졼Ȥ顤ȤΤѤͳǤ롥 OED μĥˤĤơCarney (433) -ise/-ize ⤷Ƥսǵ褷Ƥ롥ͭѤʤΤDzΤѤƤ
17 /aɪz/ in verbs as <-ise>, <-ize>
The <-ize> spelling reflects a Greek verbal ending in English words, such as baptize, organize, which represent actual Greek verbs. There are also words that have been made up to imitate Greek, in later Latin or in French (humanise), or within English itself (bowdlerise). Some printers adopt a purist approach and spell the first group with <-ize> and the second group with <-ise>, others have <-ize> for both.
Since this difference is opaque to the ordinary speller, there is pressure to standardize on the <s> spelling, as French has done. To standardize with a <z> spelling as American spelling has done has disadvantages, because there are §Latinate verbs ending in <-ise> which have historically nothing to do with this suffix: advertise, apprise, circumcise, comprise, supervise, surmise, surprise. If you opt for a scholarly <organize>, you are likely to get an unscholarly *<supervize>. The OED argues that the pronunciation is /z/ and that this justifies the <z> spelling. But this ignores the fact that <s>/z/ happens to be the commonest spelling of /z/. To introduce more <z> spellings would probably complicate matters for the speller.
⤦1ĤϡꥹѸ -ise ϥե켰ֻΤƤ褤Ūʾܺ٤ˤĤƤĴɬפȤȤΤϡեǤĹ餯 -ize ϻȤƤ褦ǡեǤĤɤΤ褦 -ise ֻ̲ΤȤʤ롥ޤʥꥹ˱Ѹ줬ĤɤΤ褦ˡΤ褦ʥեǤ -ise ؤΰ̲˹碌-ise 褦ˤʤäΤפ䤤Ȥʤ롥Upward and Davidson (170--71) βΰҥȤˤʤ롥
The suffix -IZE/-ISE
There are some 200 verbs in general use ending in the suffix -ISE/-IZE, spelt with Z in American usage and s or z in British usage. The ending originated in Gr with z, which was transmitted through Lat and OFr to Eng beginning in the ME period.
Three factors interfered with the straightforward adoption of z for all the words ending in /aɪz/:
- The increasing variation of z/s in OFr and ME.
- The competing model of words like surprise, always spelt with s (-ISE in those words being not the Gr suffix but part of a Franco-Lat stem).
- Developments in Fr which undermined the z-spelling of the Gr -IZE suffix; for example, the 1694 edition of the authoritative dictionary of the Académie Française standardized the spelling of the Gr suffix with s (e.g. baptiser, organiser, réaliser) for ModFr in accordance with the general Fr rule for the spelling of /z/ between vowels as s, and the consistent use of -ISE by ModFr from then on gave weight to a widespread preference for it in British usage. American usage, on the other hand, came down steadfastly on the side of -IZE, and BrE now allows either spelling.
Ѹ -ise/-ize α˥ǥߡեƯäȤΤϤ⤷ɵᤷƤߤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ư -ize/-ise ˤĤơΥڥѤ뤫Ȥ顤#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) ˤƤ OED εҤʤ顤ˤ⤹롥
-ize/-ise ϥꥷư -ƦŦɦ ̤롥̱ͤ²ɽ魯̾ˤĤơ~̱͡²ˤȤơʤΤ褦ˡ˿פΰ̣ư뤳Ȥ¿äѸбǤ barbarianize, tyrannize, Atticize, Hellenize Τ褦
34ˤϥƥ -izāre ȤƼޤ졤Ϥ夷ƤäꥹȶůؤѸȤ baptizāre, euangelizāre, catechiizāre, canōnizāre, daemonizāre ʤɤ߽Ф줿䤬ơꥷưѤꡤ路ư¤줹ݤΰŪʷȤ夷
ϡƥʥ顼ˤơ䤬ưŪ˥ƥηƻ̾줫ư뵡ǽȯãεǽΰ̲Ϥ餯եˤƺǽǤ -iser ֤褦ˤʤäciviliser, cicatriser, humaniser ʤɤǤ롥
ѸѸե줫 -iser ưѤݤˡե켰˴Ť -ise ֤뤳Ȥ¿äϡ˱ѸǤȼκݤ˥ƥեǤΤȤưˤ -ise ꥷǤ˴Ťˤϥꥷ츻ºŤ -ize Ѥʤɤη⸽줿ηϤޤȾüʤΤäˡ-ize -ise Τ䤳꤬˻롥OED ˤȤƤϡ츻ŪǤꡤ /z/ ʸ̤ɽ魯ڥȤ -ize 줷ƤȤ
ʤѸΤ2첻뤳ȤˤĤơOED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In the Greek -ιζ-, the i was short, so originally in Latin, but the double consonant z (= dz, ts) made the syllable long; when the z became a simple consonant, /-idz/ became īz, whence English /-aɪz/.
2022ǯΥꥹޥǤλαѸǤΡֻΰפϡ鷺Ȥ줿 Merry Christmas! Ǥ͡ꥸʥη (I wish you a) merry Christmas! ۤɤǡ (greetings) ΤԤʬά줿ǤꥹѸǤϤФ Happy Christmas! Ȥ⤤졤Happy Holidays! ʤɤѤޤϢơ#4284. ʸϤۤȤ̵ ([2021-01-18-1])#4259. ꥹޥξͥ5ܡ ([2020-12-24-1]) ⤴ɤ
Merry Christmas ˤĤ OED Ĵ٤ƤߤȡΰνФϽѸ1534ǯΤȤǤ1534ǯȤСإ8ȷ̤Ʊѹ (Church of England) ΩǯǤ͡16κǽ3ʸޤ礦
1534 J. Fisher Let. 22 Dec. in T. Fuller Church Hist. Eng. (1837) v. iii. 47 And thus our Lord send yow a mery Christenmas, and a comfortable, to yowr heart desyer.
1565 J. Scudamore Let. 17 Dec. in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 209 And thus I comytt you to god, who send you a mery Christmas & many.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 v. iii. 36 Welcome mery shrouetide.
ǽϡư wish send ̤äΤǤ礦Lord ּפ£դä褦Ǥ͡
ѸޤǤϡ˥Υޥͳ Nowell ֥ꥹޥפΰ̣ӰΤѤƤޤ (cf. ե (Je souhaite un) joyeux No&etrema;l!) OED Nowell, int. and n. 1ȽƤߤޤ礦ϥե硼 (Geoffrey Chaucer) Ρإ٥ʪ (The Canterbury Tales) Ǥ
A. int.
A word shouted or sung: expressing joy, originally to commemorate the birth of Christ. Now only as retained in Christmas carols (cf. NOEL n.).
c1395 G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale 1255 Biforn hym stant brawen of tosked swyn, And Nowel crieth euery lusty man.
ʤߤˡNowell ϡ֥ꥹޥζ±פθ⤢ꡤϡإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) Ƭ˶ᤤεξ̤ǤλѤȤʤäƤޤ
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 65 (MED) Loude crye watz þer kest of clerkez & oþer, Nowel nayted o-newe, neuened ful ofte.
ꥹޥϢθäˤĤƤϡOED ֥ A Christmassy Lexicon εᤷޤ
ȤȤǡ Nowell!
#4986. ܸƤƤ봶ò ([2022-12-21-1])#4987. ѸδòλȤȽ19 ([2022-12-22-1]) ³ƴò "!" 夲ƤܸǤϡִòפΤ֤ۤӤäޡסֱס֤ס֥ޡס֥ݥȡפʤɤθƤ̾褦ѸǤ⤤ĤθƾΤ롥OED exclamation, n. admiration, n. 꼡̤ꡥ碌ƽ⼨
4c. note of exclamation, point of exclamation, also (originally U.S.) exclamation mark, exclamation point: a punctuation mark (!) indicating an exclamation; ; cf. note (also mark, point, sign) of admiration at ADMIRATION n. Phrases 2. Also figurative.
1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 271 A note of Exclamation or Admiration, thus noted!
P2. note (also mark, point, sign) of admiration: = exclamation mark at EXCLAMATION n. 4c.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Admiratif Th' admirative point, or point of admiration (and of detestation) marked, or made thus !
admiration θƾΤϸߤǤϤۤȤɻȤʤ褦ѸˤǤνФ exclamation ᤤե admiratif Υԥ졼Τ褦
1755ǯ Johnson μǤϡò EXCLAMATION ι3ȤƵƤ롥

Ƥ̾ϢươѸˤòλѤˤϤʹߤΤȤǤ롥ۤɸŤ櫓ǤϤʤϸŪʶ˰Ūˤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ϣơ#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#2666. Ѹʶˡ ([2016-08-14-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ε#4986. ܸƤƤ봶ò ([2022-12-21-1]) ǡܸˤ봶òˡǧΥͥåȾǤܸѤǤϴò䤬˰ۤɻȤƤ뤬伫ȤĤĤѤƤޤηϡεˤ̤ꡤ̯19Ⱦ餢äˤϤäΤ
ѸǤϤɤȤСϤ괶ò¿ѤƤޤä褦ǡȤȽϸԤȤ19餢äȤCrystal (177) Ѹζ˴ؤܤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥Mark Twain (1835-1910) о줷Ƥ롥
No other punctuation mark has attracted such criticism in modern times as the exclamation mark. The antagonism isn't restricted to pedantic stylists. Some very well-known authors have taken against them. Mark Twain opens his essay 'How to Tell a Story' (1897) by warning comic writers against the depressing habit of shouting at the reader, including the use of 'whooping exclamation-points', which, he says, makes him 'want to renounce joking and lead a better life'. And there's a much-quoted remark attributed to F Scott Fitzgerald: 'Cut out all these exclamation points', adding 'An exclamation point is like laughing at your own joke.' Repeated marks attract particular criticism. One of the characters in Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel Eric (1990) insists that 'Multiple exclamation marks are a sure sign of a diseased mind.'
The antipathy seems to have set in during the late nineteenth century, as part of a general feeling that writers, editors, and printers had rather overdone their preference for heavy punctuation. We see exclamation marks littering the pages in editions of Shakespeare, for instance. Take this line from Romeo and Juliet when the Nurse tries to wake Juliet (4.5.12). Modern editions (such as Arden, Oxford, Penguin) print it thus:
What, dressed, and in your clothes, and down again?
The Albion edition of the plays (1889) prints it thus:
What, dress'd! and in your clothes! and down again!
òϡɤȤƤܤդƤ뤵ΤΩˤʤưפ˻ȤäƤޤòϽ˲Ѥ¥褦äƤΤ
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
1212īʹΡֳŷפˤơܸˤ봶ò (exclamation_mark) ѤƤؤ⤷äΤȴ褷ưѤ롥 *
줫ܸǴò䤬¸ߴ⤷ʤ
. . . .
綶ԡڶʣˤˤȡܤǴò䤬˻ȤϤΤϣǯ꤫顥Ȥ櫓ο͵Ȥä̯ʤӤߤ礦ˤȤϡʤ̯ϡ֥ۥפȸƤȤ
. . . .
ɽijʤ礦ˡ٤ȡؤɱ٤ɤǤߤޤɿפ̡ɤ顪ʸʸ˴ò䤬¿롥Ǥ˵§ʤʪΥǤǤ⡥ɤߤʤܤФ
̯ˤ٤ϤäޥǤĤΤϣĤޤǡȤξˡϸʤ㤭Ȥòǯ⤷ޡ郎ޥۤβ̤Ӹλ餤˶äȤ
ܸˤ봶òλѤˤĤơض桤Ѽŵ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤޤޤ⤷ܤϡؼŵ٤ (pp. 32--35) ߤΤμŵ餷ΤäƤޤäòʥޡݥȡӤäޡ졤ˤλˡΥݥȤʬȴФưʲ˰Ѥ롥
[1] ʸζ1ġʸդơ䴶ιޤɽ
(A) θդȯ줿Ȥɽ
(B) òʸդ롥
(C) ̿ʸޤػߡٹʤɤɽʸդơ̿ᡦػߡٹɽ
(D) ʿʸʤɤդơưòʳäܤʤɡʪδ𡦻פɽ
(E) ʤɤդơưĴ롥"Bang!" ʤɡ
(F) ʸʹθФʤɤǡλĴ롥
[2] ʸǡ[1] ƱͤѤ롥20(1887)ǯȤ
(A) θդȯ줿Ȥɽ
(B) ưòʳäܤꡦ硦ʤɡʪδ𡦻פĴ롥
(C) ®ưưɤʤɤɽ졦ָդơưĴ롥
(D) ʸɸ졤ʹθФʤɤǡλĴ롥εԡ褤贰סֹס֡ߡˡȿСפʤɡ
[3] ʸθΤȤơäʤɤεʬɽʡˤ뤬ʡˤʤǤΤޤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
[4] ⡦̡ʤɤǡäΥäФ˴òơäʤɤεɽȤ롥
[5] ¿ѷΤʤˡ֡פơդƤӤޡȤ롥ƻϩɸɸˤǤϡ֤¾δפɽٲɸ
[6] ɸ̾ʤɤǤȤʸդƻȤ롥"YAHOO!®" ʤɡ
[7] ؤǡn!פɸƳɽ1 n ޤǤϢ³뼫٤Ƴݤ碌롥5! (=54321) ʤɡ
[8] δǡɽ
1 ĴȤơ!!סŴòˡ!!!סʻŴòˤȤ롥
2 ܤò碌ơפȤ⤤
ֳŷפȡض桤Ѽŵ٤̤ơθͳδòˤĤƳؤ֤Ȥ¿äòȴϢơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1]) #3891. Ѹ͡ʶɵλ١ ([2019-12-22-1]) ⻲ȡ
شۼŵԽԡˡض桤Ѽŵ١شۡ2007ǯ
ؤβջĤζȤʤ롤Ѹ˸Υϥɥ֥åʸؤȱѸ˸ҤǤޤȯϿǯ1դˤʤޤAmazon ǤϤǤͽǽȤʤäƤޤA5ǡ264ڡǹ3,960ߡˡ

ܽϡҤǿѸءإ22ͽˤ21ȤƤΰ֤Ťǡ켫ΤѲȯŸ³륨ƥʬǤֱѸˡפȡֱѸʸءפβ40ǯۤɤθư֤Ĥġ̤ؤοƤȤݤȤʤäƤޤʤܽαʸȥ Current Trends in English Philology and Historical Linguistics Ǥ
ܽǼ夲ƤϡѸ˸ĬήŸ˾ȥǡֻǤѸʬǸơޤõΥեȤѤǤۤɤкαѸʬDzȤܤƤΤδФȻפޤܤˤܽơۤϰʲ̤Ǥ
ʸŻҲʤ20νװʹߤϡѸ˸ˤƤ⥳ѥƼǡ١ɸŪѤ褦ˤʤꡤѸʸŪŸ뤲Ѹ˸ȸѸ츦椬ήƱѸؤʬ֤ϢȤʤΤ⡤λħǤ롥ܽϤĬήѲªʤ顤ֻ濴˺ǿαѸ˸Ҳ𤹤ȤȤˡͭѤŻŪˤĤƤ롥
ΩƤϰʲ̤ǤϤȤ˼ɮԤʬƤޤߤ˸ƤƤäƤޤ
1ϡѸ˸Ĭήʼɮԡ
2ϡѸ˸λȥǡġ
3ϡֻġ
4ϡġ
5ϡʲ
6ϡѸ˸ˤ뺣Ÿ˾ˤơʲ
־ǤǤܽξҲƤޤΤǡĥäƤޤ
桦ȴϢƥڡ
֥ȥФʸΥե - CastlecliffeפΥ֥
ܽˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ʤɤΤǾȯƤͽǤĹȤ³ܤˤʤФȻפäƤޤɤꤤޤ
ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ
ҤꡤѸ˸νǥȤʤʸ9椬ǤޤVariational Studies on Pronominal Forms in the History of English ǤѸˤˤ̾ơޤˡ8̾Ԥˤ7ܤʸƤޤܤޤ꤬Ȥޤ

Ԥϻ䤬Ĥ⤪äˤʤäƤФʤΤǡǤⶽʳƤޤʸʤΤǤơޤѸˤˤʼ˿;Ρ̾ (pronoun, personal_pronoun) ǤȤǤɤ߱ޤѸ˸Ǥϡ̾͡ʳ٤뤳ȤΤǤ¿ǤʸǤϸѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ̾ν꤬夲ƤꡤѸˤˤ̾츦¿̥Ϥ˲ƵŤޤϤƬ (1) ˼Τ褦ˤޤ
The English pronoun is a complex category in terms of form and function, and its history provides numerous opportunities for the exploration of processes involved in linguistic evolution. This booklet has been compiled as part of this exploration, focusing on English pronouns in their historical context.
ʸΥ饤ʥåפϼ̤Ǥ
Introduction
Yoko Iyeiri, Jeremy Smith, Hiroshi Yadomi & David Selfe
Syntactic Function and Pronominal Form in Late Middle English
Jeremy J. Smith
From Tho to Those in Fifteenth-Century English
Yoko Iyeiri
Wh to-infinitive Constructions in Early Modern English Drama with Special Reference to Shakespeare
Shota Kikuchi
Strategies of Power and Distance in the Trial Record of King Charles I: Combinations of Personal Pronouns and Modality in Speech Acts
Michi Shiina & Minako Nakayasu
Macro- and Micro-Pragmatic Approaches to Thou and You in John Donne's Sermons
Hiroshi Yadomi
Thou and Ye in Nineteenth-Century American Novels
Masami Nakayama
The Use of THOU in George Bernard Shaw's Plays
Ayumi Nonomiya
Ⱦ3ܤϡѸ˾̾ thou/you ζ̤äƤޤܥ֥ǤϢ cat:t/v_distinction γƵǼ夲ƤޤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
Iyeiri, Yoko, Hiroshi Yadomi, David Selfe, and Jeremy Smith, eds. Variational Studies on Pronominal Forms in the History of English. Studies in the History of the English Language 9. Tokyo: Kaitakusha, 2022.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ϥ1ǯȾۤɤˤʤޤ¿ΥꥹʡγİƤƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ƤλäȻפޤVoicy ΥѡʥƥΡ֤Τסʱ̲֤ܺˤϢꡤheldio ΥƥĤ YouTube Ʋİäĩ路ƤȤäǤޤ¿ͤʷϤ뤳ȤǡVoicy ¸ߤ깭ΤäƤ餤ȤȤǤۥͥ heldio ϶顦ؽѷϤȤȤ⤢ꡤޤ̵ư貽ꤷ䤹ȤȤʤΤǤ礦Ĥ YouTube ˺ܤƤȤȤˤʤޤʻ伫ȤϲƯƤʤΤǤˡ
ޤŪʷϵǤϤޤǤˤĤ YouTube ˵äƤޤ伫ȤǧǤϰǤΤΤ餻Ǥʲ˥ĥäƤޤ Voicy ǤİΥꥹʡγˤȤäƤϡưǴѤİˤȤäƤä˿ȤϤʤΤǤΤ祤ȤղòͤϤ뤫⤷ޤ
- ڥ饸ƦμۤʤαñŷΤʤΤbased on heldio #299. ̾θ츻
- ڿ饸ۤʤDZѸȥեäƻƤΡbased on heldio #368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ
- ڥ饸Ʀμ۱ѸưΤ̩based on heldio #380. ʤѸưθθǽʤΡ
- ڱѸ컨ؤʹήѸθ츻Ф饸ʥɥ饤֡åư/̲bgmbased on heldio #396. ʤ I eye ƱȯˤʤΡ)
- ڤϤʤ鿼饸ֻۡγθǤκ̡based on heldio #406. QQQϾQγθκ̡
- ڱѸ컨ؤʹήѸθ츻Ф饸ʥɥ饤֡åư/̲bgmbased on heldio #413. ܤɽ魯ñθ츻]
Ʋդ줿ƥڥ饸Ʀμۡڿ饸ۡڱѸ컨ؤʹήۡڤϤʤ鿼饸ۤȤΤ⤤Ǥ͡ˤɤΤ褦İƤƤΤ̣šǤ³ꤤޤ
̾ (noun) ̾ (pronoun) 2ĤΰۤʤʻȤߤʤ٤뤤ϸԤԤΰȤȤ館٤ʻʬϤʤʤ̩ˤϤʤΤǤꡤˤäƤϤפȤˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤĤȤϡץȥ (prototype) ȤƥեªƤΤ褤Ȥ¿ʤäƤΤ⤷ʤǽŪˤϥĤʤȵȻפΤʹ֤Ǥꡤäʥơޤ
Aarts ξرĤεޤȤƤΤǰѤ롥
Ρ̾̾ϰۤʤ륫ƥȤߤʤ٤Ǥ (Aarts, p. 25)
Pronouns show nominative and accusative case distinctions (she/her, we/us, etc.); common nouns do not.
Pronouns show person and gender distinctions; common nouns do not.
Pronouns do not have regular inflectional plurals in Standard English.
Pronouns are more constrained than common nouns in taking dependents.
Noun phrases with common or proper nouns as head can have independent reference, i.e. they can uniquely pick out an individual or entity in the discourse context, whereas the reference of pronouns must be established contextually.
Ρ̾̾ƱΥƥȤߤʤ٤Ǥ (Aarts, p. 26)
Although common nouns indeed do not have nominative and accusative case inflections they do have genitive inflections, as in the doctor's garden, the mayor's expenses, etc., so having case inflections is not a property that is exclusive to pronouns.
Indisputably, only pronouns show person and arguably also gender distinctions, but this is not a sufficient reason to assign them to a different word class. After all, among the verbs in English we distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs, but we would not want to establish two distinct word classes of 'transitive verbs' and 'intransitive verbs'. Instead, it would make more sense to have two subcategories of one and the same word class. If we follow this reasoning we would say that pronouns form a subcategory of nouns that show person and gender distinctions.
It's not entirely true that pronouns do not have regular inflectional plurals in Standard English, because the pronoun one can be pluralized, as in Which ones did you buy? Another consideration here is that there are regional varieties of English that pluralize pronouns (for example, Tyneside English has youse as the plural of you, which is used to address more than one person . . . . And we also have I vs. we, mine vs. ours, etc.
Pronouns do seem to be more constrained in taking dependents. We cannot say e.g. *The she left early or *Crazy they/them jumped off the wall. However, dependents are not excluded altogether. We can say, for example, I'm not the me that I used to be. or Stupid me; I forgot to take a coat. As for PP dependents: some pronouns can be followed by prepositional phrases in the same way as nouns can. Compare: The shop on the corner and one of the students.
Although it's true that noun phrases headed by common or proper nouns can have independent reference, while pronouns cannot, this is a semantic difference between nouns and pronouns, not a grammatical one.
ƤФ塤ơϰۤʤ륫ƥɡ뤤Ʊ쥫ƥɤΤǤ礦
Aarts, Bas. "Syntactic Argumentation." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 21--39.
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1]) ήʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤƱѸ˾Τ⤷¤1ĵ
ʬΥѤῼʹ֤ infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤǻؤ뤳Ȥε ([2022-12-11-1]) dzǧOED 1927ǯˤθƾΤνФϿƤ롥infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤƸꤺä5̤äˡѸ˾ο "infinitive-splitter" ¸ߤ륺οؼ Reginald Pecock (1395?--1460) Ǥ롥
ʬΥλ14ʤ뤤13ˤ긫ФȤ뤬ˤˤ Pecock ۤɤζڶ infinitive-splitter ϤʤΩ Chaucer ϤۤȤɻȤʤäLayamon Wyclif Ϥ⤦¿ȤäΤѤ櫓ǤϤʤ Shakespeare Kyd ԻѤä18ˤƤ褦䤯٤ޤäƤȤήѸѸˤƤλˡPecock infinitive-splitter ȤƻȵƤΤʤबʬΥ¿ѤΤʬʤVisser (II, § 977; p. 1036) ⡤Τ褦˸ǤäƤ롥
Quite apart, however, stands Reginald Pecock, who in his Reule (c 1443), Donet (c 1445), Repressor (c. 1449), Folewer (c 1454) and Book of Faith (c 1456) not only makes such an overwhelmingly frequent use of it that he surpasses in this respect all other authors writing after him, but also outdoes them in the boldness of his 'splitting'. For apart from such patterns as 'to ech dai make him ready', 'for to in some tyme, take', 'for to the better serve thee', which are extremely common in his prose, he repeatedly inserts between to and the infinitive adverbial adjuncts and even adverbial clauses of extraordinary length, e.g. Donet 31, 17, 'What is it for to lyue þankingly to god ...? Sone, it is forto at sum whiles, whanne oþire profitabler seruycis of god schulen not þerbi be lettid, and whanne a man in his semyng haþ nede to quyke him silf in þe seid lovis to god and to him silf and nameliche to moral desires (whiche y clepe here 'loves' or 'willingnis') vpon goodis to come and to be had, seie and be aknowe to god ... þat he haþ receyued benefte or benefetis of god.') . . .
It is not ascertainable what it was that brought Pecock, to this consistent deliberate and profuse use of the split infinitive, which in his predecessors and contemporaries only occurred occasionally, and more or less haphazardly. Neither can the fact be accounted for that he had no followers in this respect, although his works were widely read and studied.
˵ƤʸǤϡޡ forto ư츶 seie and be δ֤ˤʤ57줬ޤƤ롥Pecock ˻˾Ƕ infinitive-splitter ȤξιͿ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
δñѸ in English٤1椬ȯ䤵ޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ22Ȥơ֤ʤ衼åѤοͤϱѸ줬ʤΡפƤޤ

Ѥʵϡ绨Ĥǥʥ䤤˶⤷ޤ衼åѿͤߤʱѸ줬ʤ櫓ǤϤޤ䥢եꥫޤγϤ˱Ѹ줬ʿͤϤޤΤȤϾΤξǡεʤ٤¿ϤȤפ顤ƤΤ褦ɽǤǤ
˱ѸؽᤤʳǤҤȤΤäƤ餤פʤȤޤϡѸȥ衼åѤμȤδطǤؤʤɤ˿ʳؤƱѸʳθؤ֤ȤˤʤäȤ뤤ȳؤ¾ĩǤߤ褦ȻפΩäȤ⤷衼åѤνǰƬˤƤΤǤСұѸ졤ɥĸ졤졤ե졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤߴطˤĤƸءŪʴƤƤؽǡȤƤμǤ
ضǤŪդäƤޤΤʤˤϡѸˤμȤʤɤDZѸȥ衼åѤνȤδطΤȡ2ȤơǤϤʤե졿ɥĸƤФ褫äʤɤȸˤޤ⤦1ǯ2ǯ֤δطΤäƤ颤ǤΤˡȸƤ褦ʤΤǤ
γϡѸʳθؤֲǽΤǤСѸ¾θȤδطˤĤΤäƤۤǤŪ˳ؽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ǤǽŪˤɤθ֤ˤ衤¿ξäƤ˱ۤȤϤޤ
Ѹ衼åѤμϡ⥤ɥ衼åѸ²ȸƤФ²ΰǤޤˤи줬ߤ˻ƤΤǤѸӤƤɤǤɤΤ餤ƤΤ뤤ϻƤʤΤϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤޤ
ɥĸȥϡѸȤȤ˥ɥ衼åѸ²ΤʤǤ⥲ޥɤȤȶ°ƤꡤʸˡȯˤƸߤ˻ƤȤޤºݤ˥ɥĸ䥪˿ƤߤȡѸƱȶ°ƤˤϡۤɻƤʤȤݤ뤫⤷ޤƤ뤱ɤƤʤƤʤɤƤ롤Ȥä̯ʵΥǤ
ե졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤϡĹ餯衼åѤζ̸äƥȤȤ˥ɥ衼åѸ²ΤʤǤ⥤åɤȤȶ°ƤޤѸȤ礭ۤʤȶʤΤǤѸˤ̤ƥեƥ줫¿ñڤƤаޤ뤿ᡤä˴ؤƤϼ¤϶̤ƤΤ¿ΤǤäơθؤǤߤȡɽŪˤϱѸȤ褯ƤȤݤޤ
Ѹϡޥɤ˥롼ĤĤɤ⥤åɤαƶ礭ʤȯŸƤʤΤǤñ㲽ƤСѸϥ衼åѤΤĤθ碌褦ʺȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦Ѹμ˳ؤָݤˤϡҤΤȤͤˤƤߤƤ
ȴϢ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȤƤ#486. Ѹ¾μפʥ衼åѸȤδطʩȸǤҤİ
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1]) ³ʬΥ (split_infinitive) 夲ƤδϢ Jespersen ɳƤơto ư츶δ֤ not never ä륿פʬΥλ㤬ŪˤäȤΤäʸˡǤ not to do θ礬§ȤƤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥Jespersen Ѥ롥
§20.48. Not and never are often placed before to: Wilde P 38 one of the things I shall have to teach myself is not to be ashamed of it (but to not be would have been clearer) | she wished never to see him again (here never belongs to the inf., but in she never wished . . . it would belong to wished; the sentences are parallel to wished not to . . . : did not wish to . . .) | Maugham MS 140 I trained myself never to show it | Hardy L 77 they thought it best to accept, so as not to needlessly provoke him (note the place of the second adverb) | Macaulay H 1.84 he bound himself never again to raise money without the consent of the Houses | Bromfield ModHero 154 long since she had come never to speak of her at all.
But the opposite word-order is also found: Lewis MS 140 having the sense to not go out | id B 137 I might uv expected you to not stand by me | Browning l.521 And make him swear to never kiss the girls (rhythm!).
ʬΥФ櫓Ϥ⤷ȡ˸¤餺ưʶ˽θޤǹϤƤߤȡäȤ⤷ʤΤǤϤʤˤС꼭֤ȤѸ˾礭ˤ⡤ɬŪ˴ؤäƤ˰㤤ʤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
ɸϡܥ֥Ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥǰäΤǡǹƤޤ83֥СȡɥRobert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤ǤϤޤǤǰ֤⤷夲ȻפޤѸ˾ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ԻԤǤ Robert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) ˺ޤʤȤ褤ΤǤ
ABCñ줬¤٤뼭ΤκǽΥڡäǤaberration θ abbreuiat ³ˤ4첼˺Ƥ aberration Ȥ֥ե٥åȽפΥ뤵ϥڡįƤǾФäƤޤޤ͡Cawdrey ϡʸǼΰսǡñ1ʸܤ2ʸܤ3ʸܤABCˤʤäƤΤդޤ礦Ⱥǫ˲⤷Ƥˡߤޤ٤ Cawdrey Υ뤵ޤ͡
hellog heldio δϢ˥ĥäƤޤΤǡѹͥμԻ Cawdrey ȤμդˤĤƤäȳؤǤߤޤ
[ hellog ]
#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])
#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])
#586. ɽˤޤʡֻɤ ([2010-12-04-1])
#726. ǤȤ뤫⤷ʤŪ Cawdrey μ ([2011-04-23-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? ([2021-02-27-1])
#4325. ǽαѱѼؤȤĤʤ Coote ΰյ ([2021-02-28-1])
#4326. ǽαѱѼΥ饤 Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar ([2021-03-01-1])
#4327. ѼѱѼؤή ([2021-03-02-1])
#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ١ ([2017-05-05-1])
#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) ([2018-07-14-1])
[ heldio ]
#337. Ѹ˾ǽαѱѼ Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall (1604)
ε#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤơJespersen Τ褦ƳͿƤ롥 "split" ǤϤʤȡ20Ⱦ Jespersen λˤäƤʬΥؤϴ¤ƤƤ뤳ȡ14ߤ뤬äΤ19ȾФǤ뤳ȤʤɤƤ롥
§20.41. The term 'split infinitive' is generally accepted for the insertion of some word or words between to and an infinitive---which thus is not really 'split', but only separated from the particle that usually comes immediately before it.
While the phenomenon was formerly blamed by grammarians ("barbarous practice" Skeat in Ch MP 355) and rigorously persecuted in schools, it is now looked upon with more lenient eyes ("We will split infinitives sooner than be ambiguous or artificial" Fowler MEU 560), and even regarded as an improvement (Curme). It is as old as the 14th c. and is found sporadically in many writers of repute, especially after the middle of the 19th c.; examples abound in modern novels and in serious writings, not perhaps so often in newspapers, as journalists are warned against it by their editors in chief and are often under the influence of what they have learned as 'correct' at school. Curme is right in saying that it has never been characteristic of popular speech.
ʬΥˤ to ư츶δ֤˳äǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ʶˤѸ줫νˤĤƤϡưŪȤʤ̾ʶˤ֤to + Ū + ưפȤʤΤäȤդ Jespersen ꤤĤߤƤߤ褦θ϶ḽǤϤˤߤʤ
§20.44. In ME we sometimes find an object between to and the infinitive: Ch MP 6.128 Wel lever is me lyken yow and deye Than for to any thing or thinke or seye That mighten yow offende in any tyme | Nut-Brown Maid in Specimens III. x. 180 Moche more ought they to god obey, and serue but hym alone.
This seems never to be found in ModE, but we sometimes find an apposition to the subject inserted: Aumonier Q 194 Then they seemed to all stop suddenly.
ʬΥȤäƤ⡤ѸŪˤߤȽ꤬äƤ⤷
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Ǥڤ褦ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ϵʸˡΤʤǤ١ʰ̾ˤι⤤ˡǤ롥ϡto boldly go Τ褦ˡto to ưθȤδ֤ʤ¾Ǥǡ줬ʬΥפƤޤˡΤȤ"cleft infinitive" Ȥ̾⤢롥
Ūˤϡ#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1]) Ǥߤ褦Ѹ㤬ߤ졤̾ʸϵҤˤäƻѤƤаޤ뤬εʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤѤȤ졤ߤ˻ޤԤȤưƤ롥OED ˤȡʬΥλѤˤ infinitive-splitting Ȥ̾դƤꡤκͤ infinitive-splitter ȤƸؤؤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤʾСˡ
infinitive-splitting n.
1926 H. W. Fowler Dict. Mod. Eng. Usage 447/1 They were obsessed by fear of infinitive-splitting.
infinitive-splitter n.
1927 Glasgow Herald 1 Nov. 8/7 A competition..to discover the most distinguished infinitive-splitters.
ʤʸˡȤФΤȤȡƥʸˡȤΤƥǤ϶ޤˤ īre (to go) Τ褦1ɽ蘆롥äơѸΤ褦 to ưθ2줫ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡʬΥ褦ʤΤ褦ˤ⤽ʬΥʤƥʸˡϤȤơʬΥƤϤʤʤȤ§ѸȤۤʤƤϤ褦ȤƤΤ顤ȤƤäˤʤʤ˻ޤǥƥʸˡΰҿäˡʸˡϤ鼫Ω뤳ȤʤʤǤˤΤǤ롥ơ;Ȥϸˤ³Ƥ롥
ǤϡʬΥѤȤ뵬ϼŪʰϤϤɤɤޤäƤƤ롥äβս뤳ȤʸդΤˤΤͭפʾˤϡʤƤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥2--3ΤʬΥդƤ (stigma) ĤȤƤΤ䤿ܤˤƤΤǤ롥ޤ˱Ѹˤΰ롥
ʬΥˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes split infinitive ɤߤΤ⤬Τǡ⻲ȡ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơޤˤ̤#557. ޤˤ̡supply A with B with äפޤ --- إ˥¼ŵٿǤӡꤷơsupply provide ʤɤư줬 give Ʊ褦 SVOOʤ2Ū칽ʸư (ditransitive_verb) ˤʤĤĤȤѲˤĤơοǤӤʤ鴿̤
ȴϢơѸ2Ūư졤Ӽ줽ǼʤưֻѤɬפΤưʤɡˤƤߤŪʰ뤳Ȥܻؤ櫓ǤϤʤHuddleston and Pullum (309) ʬȻѤˤʤ
ޤʸ2Ĥι give פưʸȤ5ʬह롥
| Oi + Od | Od + NON-CORE COMP | |
| i a. I gave her the key. | b. I gave the key to her. | [Oi or to] |
| ii a. *I explained her the problem. | b. I explained the problem to her. | [to only] |
| iii a. I bought her a hat. | b. I bought a hat for her. | [Oi or for] |
| iv a. *I borrowed her the money. | b. I borrowed the money for her. | [for only] |
| v a. I spared her the trouble. | b. *I spared the trouble to/for her. | [Oi only] |
pay, provide, serve, tell; bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, promise, read, send, show, teach, throw; do, find, make, order, reserve, save, spare; ask, envy, excuse, forgive; allow, charge, fine, refuse, wish
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1]) ǡѸ濴Ȥ splendid Ʊ줬¿߽Ф줿夲
ΤʤǤȤ櫓û̿˽ä3Ĥι splendidious, splendidous, splendious ˤĤơEEBO corpus Ǹ٤ǧƤߤͤޤǤˡߤäȤ̤ splendid ٤碌ơȾȤ˿ͤޤȤƤߤ
| word | current by OED | C16b | C17a | C17b | total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| splendidious | ?a1475 (?a1425)--1653 | 2 | 14 | 1 | 17 |
| splendidous | 1607--1640 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| splendious | 1609--1654 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| splendid | 1624-- | 15 | 116 | 2534 | 2665 |
1609: Ilands besides of much hostillitie, which are as sun-shine, sometimes splendious, anon disposed to altering frailtie
1656: imagin madam, what a delicious life i lead, in so noble company, so splendious entertainment, and so magnificent equipage
splendious ʤɤϡ¾夽ξ¨ʤ˥եñ餷¤줵줿ȤΤƤ (nonce word) ȤäƤ褯#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) Dz⤷λ褯ɽ魯ǤϤʤֵפϤηƻºݤˤϤꤽ¸ߤä
goblin mode: a type of behaviour which is unapologetically self-indulgent, lazy, slovenly, or greedy, typically in a way that rejects social norms or expectations.
ǯ Oxford Word of the Year ˵Τ goblin mode ʤʣ̾ˤäThe Guardian ®ϰɼդƤä褦ǡ34ͤĶѸüԤɼ礭ͤƤΰäȤΤȡʼ Metaverse, #IStandWithˡ
2022ǯĹʲҤˤ뵬Ͻ̤Ƥ͡SNSʤɤۤμʬλѤåפΤ˰ष餷ʤμʬ餱Ф졤Ƥˤϥ饤ƤȤƤ뤫⤷ʤ"goblin mode" äʿ͡λѤ͵夬Ȥϡ
θ2009ǯ˥ĥå˽ФƤǯ2˰쵤˥ХɤȤʤäOxford University Press ϡθήԤطʤˤĤƼΤ褦˥ȤƤ궽̣ǤȤ櫓
Seemingly, it captured the prevailing mood of individuals who rejected the idea of returning to 'normal life', or rebelled against the increasingly unattainable aesthetic standards and unsustainable lifestyles exhibited on social media.
goblin Ͽʹ֤ˤƯͤΤȤǤ롥ήԸϡ־ʪǤ뼫ѡפ goblin ˽Ť碌ȤǤ褤˥֥ˤʤäƤޤ櫓ǤϤʤ֥Υ⡼ɤ˰ŪäƤȤޤߤꡤ˾ʤʤ
goblin Τθ츻ˤϽ⤢褦OED θ츻ɤǤߤ褦
Apparently < Old French gobelin (late 12th cent. in an isolated attestation; subsequently in Middle French (a1506 as gobellin); French gobelin), apparently ultimately < ancient Greek ʏ¦˦Ϗ rogue, knave, ʏ¦˦Ϧ (plural) mischievous sprites invoked by rogues, probably via an unattested post-classical Latin form; the suffix is probably either Old French -in or its etymon classical Latin -nus -INE suffix1. Compare later (apparently < Greek) post-classical Latin cobalus, covalus, kind of demon (16th cent.).
Compare (apparently < French) post-classical Latin gobelinus (first half of the 12th cent. in a British source).
餯ŪˤϥꥷΡ֤Ĥפ̣̤ꡤʥƥФơ˥ե줫ѸäƤΤȤѸǤνФ1350ǯ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡȤȤˤ⤷⤬ͿƤ롥
1100ǯեĮ Evreux ˽פȤϡƥ gobelnus ̾դ줿 (O)F gobelin ˤ¤Ȥͤ롥ۤˡ̾ Gobel (cobalt Ʊˤ˻ؾ -et ΤĤΤȤ䡤MHG kobolt (G Kobold) 'kobold' OF ̤ƼѤ줿Ȥʤɤ롥
ޤΥ֥⸽οʹֳǥХɤˤʤȤϻפäƤʤäʤ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
#2233. ŪʶϤȤƤ I not say. ([2015-06-08-1]) ǰټ夲Ѹ˾Ωʤθ˴ؤ˺Ƥܤ
űѸ줫Ѹˤơ꼭Ȥ ne ѤˤϡS + ne + Vפθ礬§Ūä꼭Ȥ not Ѥ褦ˤʤȡS + V + notפθ礬§ȤʤꡤS + not + Vפˤޤʹ¤Ȥʤä"Jespersen's cycle" ȾΤ깽¤̻ŪѲΤʤǤS + not + VפϤޤ֤ŤƤ餺褯ƤŪʰˤȤɤޤ롥
Visser (III, §1440) ϡType 'He not spoke (those words)' ι¤ˤĤƤ⤦ǫ˥ȤƤꡤʸ50ʾ彸Ƥ롥ȤѤ褦
Before 1500 this type is only sporadically met with, but after 1500 its currency increases and it becomes pretty common in Shakespeare's time. After c1700 a decline sets in and in Present-day English, where the type 'he did not command' is the rule, the idiom is chiefly restricted to poetry. . . . According to Smith (Mod. Språ 27, 1933) it is still used in Modern literary English in order to contrast a verb with a preceding one, e.g. 'The wise mother suggests the duty, not commands it'. The frequency of the use of this type in the 16th and 17th centuries seems to have escaped the attention of grammarians. Thus 1951 Söderlind (p. 218) calls a quotation from Dryden's prose containing this construction "a unique instance of not preceding the finite verb", and 1953 (Ellegård (p. 198) states: "not hardly ever occurred before the finite verb." Poutsma's earliest example (1928 I, i p. 102) is a quotation from Shakespeare. The following statement is interesting, ignoring as it does the occurrence of the idiom between "O.E." (=?perhaps: Middle English) and modern poetry: 1876 Ernest Adams, The Elements of the English Language p. 217: "Frequently in O.E. and, rarely, in modern poetry, do and the infinitive are not employed in negative propositions: I not repent my courtesies---Ford; I not dislike the course.---Ibid.; I swear it would not ruffle me so much As you that not obey me---Tennyson."
ΥȤθ1400ǯ20˻ޤǤʸ¿Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓Ѹܤ EEBO ʤɤε祳ѥĴСʤʸΤǤϤʤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿȤʤ81Ƥoften t ȯͤ÷ʤoften ꤷ often t ˤĤƹͻƤޤ
ȯ䤵줿إ˥¼ŵ6ˡ䤬ɮƤֱѸQ&AפȤबߤƤꡤ often ˤĤƤΥޤޤƤΤǡ YouTube ǤϤꤷ褦ȻפΩäǤcf. #4892. ͽΡإ˥¼ŵ6ǤοߥֱѸQ&AפξҲ ([2022-09-18-1])ˡYouTube μϿͤ˥塼뤷ϪܤβȤȤ⤢ޤơҤİƤФȡ
ǯ often /t/ spelling_pronunciation θ˽äƶȯƤƤȤäǤˤĤƤ hellog Ǥľܡܤ¿夲ƤޤʲȤ
#4146. ʤ often ϡ֥եȥפȯ뤳ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-09-02-1])
#379. often spelling pronunciation ([2010-05-11-1])
#211. spelling pronunciation ([2009-11-24-1])
#2121. Ѹˤˤ /t/ æ ([2015-02-16-1])
#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1])
#381. oft often ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2010-05-13-1])
#3662. "Recency Illusion" "Frequency Illusion" ([2019-05-07-1])
ͤޤǤ American Heritage Dictionary 5th ed. ˤ often Usage Note ѤƤޤŪʷаޤƤޤ
Usage Note: The pronunciation of often with a (t) is a classic example of what is known as a spelling pronunciation. During the 1500s and 1600s, English experienced a widespread loss of certain consonant sounds within consonant clusters, as the (d) in handsome and handkerchief, the (p) in consumption and raspberry, and the (t) in chestnut and often. In this way the consonant clusters were simplified and made easier to articulate. But with the rise of public education and literacy in the 1800s, people became more aware of spelling, and sounds that had become silent were sometimes restored. This is the case with the (t) in often, which is acceptably pronounced with or without the (t). In similar words, such as soften and listen, the t has generally remained silent.
ߤǤ¿αѸüԤ often ˤĤ /t/ ζʤŪȯȶŪȯξäƤ褦ǡä˸Ԥܤ (stigma) դƤ櫓ǤʤǤԤǰҿ (prestige) ΤȯȤռϤޤ¿ĤäƤ뤫⤷ޤŪȯ̱ˤϡ¿֤ΤǤ
Ǥ⤷Τϡ16--17ˤϤष /t/ ʤȯŪäȤǤơDobson (§405) θˤСºݤ˰ҿ㤫ä餷ΤǤ
§405. Loss of [t] after [f] is common only in often, where assimilation to the following [n̩] assists the loss, but occurs in other cases (see Wyld, p. 302, on Toft's and Shaftesbury). In often [t] is kept by Hart, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Hodges, and the shorthand-writer Hopkins (as often in PresE; Wyld, loc. cit., is surely wide of the mark in calling this 'a new-fangled innovation'), but shown as lost by the 'phonetically spelt' lists of Coles and his successors (Strong, Young, and Brown); despite its use by Queen Elizabeth, the pronunciation without [t] seems to have been avoided in careful speech in the seventeenth century, for record in these 'phonetically spelt' lists and nowhere else generally indicates a vulgarism.
ʤ18εȯηǤȤ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ˤС/t/ ʤȯΤߤǺܤƤޤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ӡ#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1]) splendid ȤߤƤ֤θˤĤƤϸߤ˽ŤʤȤ¿Τ⤽ɤΤ褦ʸΤߺǤ̤ηƻǤ splendid ܤƸγȤǧƤ
ȯ䤵줿Фإ˥¼ŵ6ˤȡΤ褦3ĤθͿƤ롥
(1) ԤšФ餷ʬΤʤ (excellent, great) || a splendid idea Ф餷ͤ / a splendid achievement Ωɤʶ / We had a splendid time at the beach. ӡǤФ餷ᤴ
(2) ݤͿ (magnificent); ڤ || a splendid view į / a splendid jewel ڤС
(3) ԤšաδŪˡϤФ餷绿
splendid ϡε ([2022-12-04-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡ츻ȤƤϥƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹롥ηƻ splendidus 17˱Ѹ첽֤Ǽޤ줿ȤȤǤ롥ϡ뤤ƤפۤɤѸǤνиϤषŪʸֹڤʡʡפǤ롥ǤϡξˤʤäƤǧ롥ˡФơְʡסͭ̾ʡס֤줿ˤ褤פθ⼡ȸƤ롥19ȾγǤ in splendid isolation ָɤΩפɽ蘆Ƥ褦Ūʸˡ⡤17˳ǧ롥Τ褦ʸ̻ŪȯŸȶŪȤϡե (metaphor)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)ɲ (amelioration) (pejoration) ʤɤδǤͤޤǤ OED θʬƤ
1.[ | ѥڡ ]
a. Marked by much grandeur or display; sumptuous, grand, gorgeous.
b. Of persons: Maintaining, or living in, great style or grandeur.
2.
a. Resplendent, brilliant, extremely bright, in respect of light or colour. rare.
b. Magnificent in material respects; made or adorned in a grand or sumptuous manner.
c. Having or embodying some element of material grandeur or beauty.
d. In specific names of birds or insects.
3.
a. Imposing or impressive by greatness, grandeur, or some similar excellence.
b. Dignified, haughty, lordly.
4. Of persons: Illustrious, distinguished.
5. Excellent; very good or fine.
6. Used, by way of contrast, to qualify nouns having an opposite or different connotation. splendid isolation: used with reference to the political and commercial uniqueness or isolation of Great Britain; . . . .
Ǥˡ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) Ǽ夲ǤҤͤäƤߤޤsplendid ʹڤʡʡΩɤʡ굱ˤȤƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹ƻǤѸ˾塤Ʊ줬߽ФƤޤεǿʤäΤޤ OED Ĵ٤ñȡѸ13줢ޤ
resplendant, resplendent, resplending, splendacious, splendant, splendent, splendescent, splendid, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious, splendorous
OED ˵ܤΤǯʤѸξϺǽǯˤ˴ŤƸΰ饤˥ץåȤƤߤΤʲοޤǤȤ櫓16--17˿о줬椷Ƥޤ

ۤ1796ǯ˽Ф resplendidly Ȥ1859ǯ˽Ф many-splendoured Ȥƻʤɡ碌ƹͤ⤢ޤˤѸˤΤʤѡʤ뤤¤ˤˤ϶äޤ͡
첻 <u> ֻû첻 /ʊ/ ȯбΤϰ츫ľѸǤû첻˴ؤ¤ <u> /ʌ/ бΤ̤ۤǤ (ex. but, hundred, much, run, sung)
ǤϡɤǤ <u> /ʊ/ ˤϤɤΤ褦ñ줬ΤǤɸ˵ΤޤơĶȤƤߤ褦ñˤäƤ /ʊ/ ʳ첻ȯ⤢ˡCarney (145--46) Ȥ롥
/ʃ/ ֡push, bush, cushion, bushel, ambush, cushy
/tʃ/ ֡butcher
/s/ ֡pussy, brusque
/z/ ֡hussar
/f/ ֡buffet
/l/ ֡full (and suffix -ful), pull, bull, bullet, bulletin, bully, pulley, pullet, bullion
Ķ̤ˤơ¾ put, cuckoo, pudding ʤɤ롥ޤŤ뤤ϳθͭ̾Ǥ Beowulf, Ethelwulf; Bruckner, Budda, Gluck, Grundig, Innsbruck, Irkutsk, Kuwait, Krupp, Lund, Mogul, Muslim, Mustapha, Uppsala ʤɤǤ /ʊ/ ʤ뤤ϼˡ
ʤߤ˺ˤʤäƤû첻 /ʊ/ ϸɸѸˤƺǤ٤㤤ǤǤ뤳ȤդäƤsee #1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1])ˡû첻˴ؤȤơε⻲ȡ
#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])
#3822. رѸ춵٤Ϣ8֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤס ([2019-10-14-1])
#4048. much, shut, such, trust 첻Ѹء ([2020-05-27-1])
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
1 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơkhelfʷѸ˥ե˼ŤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ3ơϤޤ饤ǤİäꡤǼꤲǤꥹʡγ꤬Ȥޤ
īϿޤ60ʬԤ³10ʬο֤ȡޤĹǤΤǡäꤪ֤Ȥˤɤ
ܥΥåڹʷܳرءˡ콤ءˡδʷءˤ3̾פߤޤ3̾¿ͤȤʤꡤ˲ȿޤ졤Τۤɤ褤ĥ⤢ꡤƤ¦ٶˤʤޤǸΤۤˤϡZoom ۤǤϤޤΥȤƹƤˤ⻲äƤ餤ή뤳ȤǤޤޤ2ˤޤơʲΤޤˤˤ祤äƤޤ·Ǥʲˡԡ2ץˤʬäƤޤ
(1) 03:36 --- good ӵ顦Ǿ餬 gooder, goodest ǤϤʤ better, best ʤΤϤʤǤ
(2) 07:00 --- ʤư must ˤϲʤΤǤ
(3) 10:50 --- I Ф°ʡгʤ my, me ˤʤΤбƤʤ褦˻פޤ佼ˡǤ礦
(4) 12:20 --- ʤѸܸʤΤǤ
(5) 17:09 --- ʤѸǤ brother sister Τ褦ǯ塤ǯ뤷ʤΤǤ礦
(6) 22:02 --- ܸǤ֤ꤤޤפȤޤäƱ̣αñ졤ѸɽϤʤΤǤ
(7) 23:50 --- ʤ one Ȥ֤ǡ֥פɤΤǤ
(8) 27:52 --- once, twice ʤΤ three times, four times ȤʤΤϤʤǤ
(9) 32:07 --- γڤΥȥλʤɤ she don't ʤɤФƤΤǤʸˡޤ굤ˤʤͥƥʤɤϵˤʤʤΤǤ礦
(10) 36:57 --- ѸˤϵʸˤĤư do ޤʸˡˤĤƶƤ
(11) 42:25 --- Ѹϸ礬ʤƤΤˡ֤Τ褦ɽǽʤΤϤʤǤ
(12) 45:08 --- Ѹ¿θ줫äѤƤޤѤβ̤ͥϤɤΤ褦ʴǷޤޤ
(13) 51:18 --- ѸüԤѸؤֺݤˡֶϫʸˡʬϲȻפޤ
(14) 56:14 --- ˡ if I were if I was λȤʬϤΤǤ
Τ褦͡Ѥʵ䤬ӽФޤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ᤰܤޤޤˤĤƤϡ㤨аʲε heldio Ȥ
#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])
#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])
#4094. ʤ go β went ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-12-1])
#4403. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ3֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡס ([2021-05-17-1])
#4774. go/went ϼҲŪȥޥǤ ([2022-05-23-1])
#1585. ĺŪʶƱΤθʣ ([2013-08-29-1])
#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])
#4479. Ե§ưβľܵ¸Ƥ ([2021-08-01-1])
#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])
#2090. 佼ˡ餱ο;̾ηϡ ([2015-01-16-1])
#67. ˤ佼ˡ ([2009-07-04-1])
#3859. ʤˤԵ§ʸݤΤǤ ([2019-11-20-1])
#765. 佼ˡϸͤμŪŪñŪʴǰɽ ([2011-06-01-1])
#1580. 佼ˡθ³Ȳǽ ([2013-08-24-1])
heldio #9. first -st ϺǾä
heldio #10. third three + th ѷʤΤǽ൬§Ū
heldio #11. ʤ second 2ܤΡפϼѸ졪
heldio #364. YouTube ǤΡgo/went 礤פؤȿޤơ
heldio #483. beư (1)
ޤYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ25ֿ⡪ go β went ͳ褯İƤޤΤǡ
Ǹڹʷܳرءˤȵ콤ءˡƻʲΤޤˤʷرˤαĤ륦֥ؤΥʲĥäƤޤұѸˤγؤӤΤˬ䤷ƤߤƤ
ڹΥۡڡѸ˴ϢΥ֥ YouTube ֵư褬Ƥޤ
Υۡڡ: Ѹ˴ϢμȻֽƤޤ
ޤˤˤ YouTube ֤ͥޤˤͥڱѸˡۡ: űѸפָ츻dzؤֱñפΥʤɱѸˤѸؽ˴ؤư褬ܤǤ
ѸûˤĻפȡˤƿ줬Ƴ줿ƤȤ礭ĬήĤळȤǤ롥ƳˡȤơ绨Ĥ (1) (borrowing) (2) (word_formation) 2ͤ褦Ѥ¾ˤñڤ뤳ȤǤ롥ϴ¸ǡʤ줬츻ŪˤǤѸǤˤȤˤ (derivation)ʣ (compounding)ʻž (conversion)û (shortening) ʤɤβФƿñФȤǤ롥
űѸ˸ˤ뿷Ƴ硥ƥťΥɸ줫μѤ¿ä
Ѹեƥ줫οƳ硥³
Ѹƥ䥮ꥷ줫οƳ硥ޤǤ˱ѸƱƤ¸ǤѤ⾯ʤʤ
ѸѸ硥ν줫μѤϷ³Ƥ롥
ˤäƼѤȸΥȤѲƤ̣绨ĤˤСűѸϸнšѸϼнšѸʹߤξԤΥХٲƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥줾λطʤˤͥʤɼҲʸŪʽΤбƤ롥
嵭Ϥޤ绨ĤĬήǤ롥ѤȸΥȤѲäѤСѸˤ̤ƾξˡѤƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤϤޤɸѸθûˤˤߤĬήǤ뤳Ȥˤդפ롥¾αѸѼθûˤͤʤС㤨ХɱѸʤɤ ESL (= English as a Second Language) ǰƬ֤ʤС塦ǤϸϤν줫θäΥץåȤϵʤ˭٤㤷ܿλʪȤ⤤Ѹ١Υԥ䥯쥪ǤϤɤդ˸ܿξʤĶǰޤƤѸѼθûˤˤⶽ̣ͯ
Ѹûˤ˴ؤ hellog Ǥ¿夲ƤˤפƤΤΤΤߤʲ˼
#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ ([2011-09-17-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
#1956. Hughes αѸάǯɽ ([2014-09-04-1])
#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1])
#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1])
#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
#4716. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פΥȡֱѸäˡפޤ --- ˤ˥λ ([2022-03-26-1])
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