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2012-01-31 Tue

#1009. 롼ʸʸȴطο츻 [runic][etymology][metanalysis]

[2010-06-24-1]ε#423. ե٥åȤˡ׵ڤ[2012-01-28-1]ε#1006. 롼ʸѼפǡ롼ʸε˿줿ˤĤƤ¿Ѹ˻ĤäƤ뤤Ĥθθ츻顤롼ʸʸΤʤˤˤĤΤ뤳ȤǤ롥
롼ʸν뤤ϹˤĤƼͿϡwrite Ǥ롥θϰĸ̤ŤˤäƤ뤬ڤޤϼ˽ĤơʸʤɤĦפȤäƤϡɥĸ reißen ʰˤ˻Ĥ롥ܸǤֽ񤯡פϡߤפ̤롥
롼ʸŪᤤʸߤΤäȤСɤ߲򤯺Ȥ read äˤʤűѸ rǣdan ˤϡ̴֡ʤΡ˰̣ɤ߼롤᤹פθǧ졤ñˡɤפȤָƤפδްդ̾Ĥϡread one's mind, read the future, read a riddle ʤɤɽ˻Ĥ롥Ǹɽˤ riddle ΤϢűѸ rǣdels ˤͳ褷Ʊ²ŪιʸȤ롥14˸ -s ʣȤʬ (metanalysis) 졤ߤη֤θ줿[2010-04-06-1]ε#344. cherry ΰʬϡפ򻲾ȡˡ
롼ʸߤʽ񤤤ǺȤСbeech ʥ֥ʤڡˤä⤷ʤ첻ؤ̤ book ˤ̤ǽ뤳Ȥϡ[2011-01-19-1]ε#632. book beechפǿ줿
Ǹˡrune Τθ츻ŪˤϡűѸ rūn ʤ䤭롤ѡˤͳ褹ȲᤵƤѡפ connotation ϡťΥɸбˤϤäȤƤ⡤űѸˤϤξڵ򤬤ʤűѸǤϤषꥹȶˤǤƱȤơμζͭפۤɤΰ̣Ѥ줿Ȥ⤬ (Crystal 9) űѸ rūn ϸѸǤ */raʊn/ ȤʤϤϻĤäƤʤ¤ΤȤ֥롼ʸפȤƤ rune νФ17ΤȤǡ̲ؼԤˤƥͳƤκƳǤ롥ḽǤϡrune ˭ǿŪ connotation ơʤ͡Ϥ򤫤ΩƤƤ롥

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-07-05-1]

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2012-01-30 Mon

#1008. ???????????????? ABC [hiragana][alphabet][etymology]

[2012-01-27-1]ε#1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿פǡܸ첻νȤƤΡ֤ϡפˤĤƴñ˿줿
ʿ󤬡ֿջྶ2ܤǴϸ򤤤ϽΤȤơҽ10ܤȤ줿ְϤȻྶפޤᡤˡϤѤ褦ˤʤäĮΩϽι켭ѽפϡμ椨˹ͻˤϹѤ졤̾Ȥʤäʹߤϡʿ»Ω޽ޡʸ¸ǸŤοޤ11¢ֹвסˤˤȤŤ֤׽礬δܤȤʤäƤ뤬ϤŪ̾ˤ벾̾λȤʬκȤ졤夫ʤŤˤŪ˱ƶͿƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ȤƤΤϤϡ֥ԥΤΤϡס֤ϤΡؤ٤λΤʤפʤɤδɽˤƤʪνפۤɤΰ̣ǻĤäƤ롥
ʪνפȤȤǤСѸˤ ABC Ȥɽ롥the ABC of gardening, (as) easy as ABC, I don't know even the ABC of business ʤɡ֤ϡפȤ褯ȤȤƤ ABC ϡѸǤ14Ⱦˡɤ߽񤭡פ֥ե٥åȡפθǽФ롥ֽפθǤϡGower Ф
Ϣ from A to Z ʽᤫ齪ޤǡäˤ⡤ե٥åȤˤȤŤɽνФ1819ǯ
ꥷ쥢ե٥ȤϡRev. 1:8 I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending ѸäƤꡤTyndale (1526) νФǤ롥
󥹥åȸˤϡܸءְߡʤˡפäƤƤ롥ְפϸ򳫤ǻνᡤߡפϸĤ벻ǻνꡥʪνȽ򼨤Ǥϡ嵭̤롥ߤϡ©νפȤ̣ȯŸ˰ĤΤȤ򤹤Ȥߤ̯ĴҤ䵤ɽ魯ΤˡְߤθƵۡפȤѶ礬ޤ줿
ϲΤˤ襢ե٥åȤˤ衤ɽ魯Ȥ礭äȤ狼롥ϲʳؤλǡǽɽ魯ΤήˤʤäƤƤȤϤ֤פ ABC ޤޤߤǤ롥ʸ˾ȯȤäƤ褤ʤߤˡϲΤκǸˡֵʤˡפä줿Τϳһ夫ͳϤ褯狼äƤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-01-30-1] [2014-05-04-1]

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2012-01-29 Sun

#1007. Veldt jynx grimps waqf zho buck. [word_play][japanese][alphabet]

[2012-01-27-1]ε#1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿פǡϲΤΤܸ첻˾ΰյ˿줿ŸȾꡤ48Ρ֤Ĥλפä47ΡٿβΡפ֤ϲΡפƤȤ¤ϡκޤǤ [e] [je] βΩäƤȤ򶯤롥Τ褦ΤϡĤ̵˼Ƥ뤫ˤʤСοΩʤ
ȤϡϲΤܸμפʲб벾̾Τ٤Ƥ٤ѤựΤʸϤȤΩƤʤФʤʤȤ롼˴ŤȤͷӤǤȤޤDzΤȤͷӤΥ롼Ϥä˰㤤ʤȤΤȤˤϲΤ᤹ȡβϤäΤǤϤʤȿƤˤʤȤͷӤ롼뤬ʤǤФۤɡۤƴ줿ʤϹ⤯λϤǤꡤΤϲΤڤϡΤΥ롼¸ߤٻƤȹͤ롥
ȤǡʸΤ٤ƤǤѤʸϤȤȤͷӤϡѸǤΤƤ롥pangram ȸƤФ뤳ȤͷӤǡ"A sentence or series of words that contains all the letters of the alphabet. The ideal pangram contains each letter only once, but it is difficult to compose a meaningful sentence of this kind." (McArthur 744) 롥ͭ̾ȤƤϡԥȤʸΤ뤿ǤäȤ The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ȤŪ pangram 뤬ʸνʣ롥ۤ26ʸäϺȤƤ Quiz my black Whigs---export fund. Blowzy night-frumps vex'd Jack Q. ȤΤ⤢롥ˡʤǤϤۤȤɰ̣μʤ1984ǯϫȤơɸ Veldt jynx grimps waqf zho buck. 𸶥ꥹĻˤʥඵΡ˴դͺʥ䥯ȥλˤ夲ˤ (Crystal, English 118)
ʤե󥹸Ǥκû pangram ȤơWhisky vert: jugez cinq fox d'aplomb. ФΥ衤Ĵ5ɤΥեåƥꥢۤˤȤʤ (Crystal, Encyclopedia 65)
ϲΤϡ޺ѷ载ʤΡ̵ֽˡᡤǰٳڡפΰȤ졤ƤǤɤʤȤ롥ȤͷӤǤʤ顤Χߤˤ⤹졤ʤʸνɽ魯ŪͤƤȤäơʸ˾ΰȯäȤ狼롥

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-29-1] [2012-02-07-1]

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2012-01-28 Sat

#1006. 롼ʸѼ [runic][writing][spelling_pronunciation_gap][graphemics][oe][old_norse][hiragana][etruscan]

ε#1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿 ([2012-01-27-1]) κǸǿ줿̤ꡤϥ롼ʸ (the runic alphabet) ѼˤĤơ
奲ޥ̱²ˤäƻȤ줿롼ʸ (the runic alphabet) εˤĤƤ⤬ʤ[2010-06-24-1]ε#423. ե٥åȤˡפǿ줿̤ꡤȥꥢʸȤ⤬롥ǡꥷʸ (the Greek alphabet) ޻ (the Roman alphabet) Ȥ⤢롥Τˤ狼äƤ뤳ȤϡޥüԤǯȾˡθŬǥ롼ʸηϤȯŸƤȤ
롼ʸϡ800ǯޤǤ̲Ѥ줿ޥ󡦥롼 (the Early Germanic runic script) 5--12˥֥ƥѤ줿󥰥󡦥롼 (the Anglo-Saxon runic script) 8--13˥󥸥ʥӥȥɤѤ줿Υǥå롼 (the Nordic runic script) ̤롥ޥ󡦥롼24ʤꡤǽ6 <f>, <u>, <þ>, <a>, <r>, <k> Ȥä "fuþark" ȾΤ롥ʰʲ롼ʸοޤϡؿѸؼŵ٤ꡥ

The Early Germanic Runic Script (24 letters)

֥ƥƳƲɤ줿󥰥󡦥롼ϡűѸβηϤȿǤʸɲäSalzburg Codex 140 ˵ϿƤ褦28ηϤءƸűѸˤϤ˳礷33ʤηϤؤƤƤäޤǤ4 <a> <o> ء6 <k> <c> ֤Ƥꡤ󥰥ǥ롼ʸ "fuþorc" ȤƤФ롥

The Anglo-Saxon Runic Script (33 letters)

Τ褦ˡɸʸǤ¤ꡤѲѰۤȿǤơ¿ʤȤѲȤΤϼΤȤΤ褦˻פ롥롼ʸˤ24 fuþark 33 fuþorc ϡεǼ夲褦ˡ̾ˤ48֤Ĥλפ47֤ϲΡפȤ롥
ɸʸˤäƤ顤ʸδطɬ⸷̩ǤϤʤȡѲʸηϤɤĤƹԤʤȤޤˤƿ¤Ǥ롥롼ʸξǤСΥǥå롼ɽ路Ƥ̲ϡűѸˤޤ˭٤ʲäƤषʸȤƤϸäƤꡤǽŪˤ16ˤޤǽ̾ͳϺäǤʸδطŪʤΤǤϤʤޤǴˤΤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤̾Ρ֤פȡ֤ס֤ϡפȡ֤ס֤פȡ֤ءפδطѸ spelling_pronunciation_gap ̵⡤ξԤδطδˤƤ롥Ϣơ[2009-06-28-2]ε#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τפ [2011-02-20-1]ε#664. littera, figura, potestasפε򻲾ȡ

ʸ嵭2013/03/18(Mon)ʲϡǥޡΩѴǹϤꥹ󤷤24ʸ롼
futhark

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.
⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

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2012-01-27 Fri

#1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿 [japanese][hiragana][runic][writing][methodology][inscription][buddhism]

118οʹΤäΤŸĮˤصפ顤ʿ̾ǡ֤ϲΡפϽ񤵤줿ڻմ郎ڤ1112ȾΤΤȤ졤ϲΤʿ̾񤭤줿ΤȤƤϺǸŤǤ롥ʿ»夫ϡղ̾Ҳ̾ǵ줿ΤϽڤƤʿ̾ΤΤϤޤȯƤʤäޤǤʿ̾ϤκǸŤϡ긩ʿĮλ廳פڤ12Ⱦڴʤ˵줿Τä
ɮפ٤ǡʿޤڴξ̤˽񤫤ƤꡤܤȤڤȤ顤زŷĤ˰ܤ˻ŤĽˤν񤷤Τȹͤ롥ϲΤԤصܤؤ᤯졤Ūʬ㤤ϸпȤνޤǤϲΤؤǤȤСΤϲΤڤ٤䤷̤뤳ȤˤʤꡤŤʻȤʤ롥ʤ12ȾФˤԤλҶ϶ܤΰȤƤϲΤǼ꽬򤷤ƤȤƤ롥
ڴνڤˤĤơܤϡصʪˤ뵭ֺصפܺǸŤΡ֤ϲΡʿ̾Ͻڴ郎ڤޤ!Google News ˤ뵭ꥹ򻲾ȡ
֤ϤˤۤؤȤ̤狼褿줽ĤͤʤदΤޤդƤߤҤ⤻פ47ʸʤ뤤ϲΤϡ꽬ΤΤۤʤɤǽɽ魯ΤˤĹѤʿΡֿջྶפϤϽԤޤ줿ǽμˡ¤νޤǽμܤȤ⤵ƤʸνФϡ1079ǯʩŵֶǾвפδƬʬǡղ̾Ҳ̾ǽ񤫤Ƥ롥Ωǯϡڴ1᤯1011溢ȹͤƤ롥
ϲΤΤܸ˾ΰյ礭ϲΤΩǯܸˤǤפȤʤäƤ뤬ܸʸ˾ǤФ꤫ŤƤѲ礤ˤäƤ뤫ϲΤϡΰۤʤ벻ʤ̤ʤˤ벾̾򤹤٤Ѥ̣ΤʸϤäΤǡΤȤͷӤ꽬ΤȤƤϡϤ47β̾ˤʤٿβΡסʤ˲ΡˤʤΤäٷ970ǯǡԤʿ½48ʤ֤ĤλפٿβΡפΤۤƤȸڤƤ롥θڤϡ2ĤΤȤ򼨺롥1ĤϡʳǤϤϲΤϤޤʤä餷ȡ⤦1Ĥϡ꽬ΤȤƤϡ48Ǥ47Ǥդ路ȴ褦ˤʤäƤȡǤ롥Ԥϡľ˹ͤС̾οǤʤ̾ɽ蘆Ƥο1ĸäƤȤ򼨤βξüϡ950ǯ [e] [je] ζ̤줿Ȥб顤ϲΤΩ᤯Ƥ⤳ǯʹߤǤ뤳Ȥμ»뤵롥äơʿ鹭ʹ줿ˡաʶ(774--835) κȤϡߤǤ¯ȤऱƤ롥ϲΤθ48äȤ⤢롥
嵭Τ褦ˡɸʸȤȤѤȤȤϡηϤѲ򼨺롥Ѹˤ뤤ϥޥˤǤб1Ĥˡ롼󡦥ե٥å (the runic alphabet) ʸѲѰۤ롥ˤĤƤϡεǡ
ŲοˤĤƤϡ[2010-07-08-1], [2011-05-25-1]ε򻲾ȡޤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸפˤĤƤ[2010-11-20-1]򻲾ȡ

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2012-01-26 Thu

#1004. this Sunday ٤ [demonstrative][deixis][determiner][japanese]

[2012-01-24-1]ε#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡפǼ夲 this ˡ˴ؤȤ̤ˡthis ˤĤơ⤦İ㤦䤬󤻤Ƥthis ظȤǤ褤ȤǤ롥
this 濴ŪʸȤơܤˤפǤȳΤ˻Ūˤϸߤ̤ؼȹͤΤthat time Ф this time ʤɡthat this ɽˤäƤ⡤that סthis פȤ꤬ưפˤʤäƤ롥
this ؼ뤳Ȥϳ̵ǤϤʤɸ this Sunday ϡñȤǤϡ褿פ̤ؤΤȲ᤹ľννäƤȤʸ̮Ǥϡ̤Ѥ롥this weekend, this summer ʤɤƱͤǤ롥פˡüԤᤤȴƤü this ΤǤꡤθ¤Ǥ this ؼ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ʊ̤ΰؤǤ⡤this Sunday Τۤ next Sunday ܴȤ뤫顤this ϻּθˤޤơŪʵΥζᤵƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥嵭ǤϡܸΡ֤ס֤νס֤βơפޤäƱȤǤ롥
ơѤ λؼ֤̾Ρפ this ϡθ deixis ηϤˤƤ⡤ŪŪˡꤷƤ롥 this б that ϡ[2009-09-30-1]ε#156. űѸ se ʻϲפǿ줿褦ˡűѸ se ʬǤꡤ֤ȵǽˤϤʣƱͤˡܸǤ⡤ΥФΥΥʤ뤤ϥˤΰ֤ŤϰꤷƤʤɻˤϥ󤬤ۤȤڤʤȤ顤ȥ2äȤ⤢뤷˸ؼʻؤˡȯãΤšܳŪˤäȤ顤˥ꤷʤ⤢ʹ⻳ڡpp. 151--52ˡդäСե󥹸λؼ̾ deixis η (Ƕ̤Τʤ ce Τߡˤ⡤ƥǤŪȯŸƤΤǤ롥Ƹ deixis ŪȯŸоŪ˸椹Τ⤪⤷

⻳ ԡ ԡإɥ֥åܸʸˡˡ١ҤĤ˼2010ǯ

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2012-01-25 Wed

#1003. Chaucer ü this ˡ2 [demonstrative][pragmatics][chaucer][deixis]

ε#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡ ([2012-01-24-1]) ˴Ϣơthis ɤߤҤȤĤȤäƤȤ´ܸΡ֤ɡפ⤽deixis δͿθϼ¤ʣ
ؼƻȤƤ this ˤϡѸǤ͡ˡ롥ѸȤʤСŪʴްդϡޤޤľŪˤϤȤ館ˤʤ뤷⤽ްդ뤳Ȥ˵դȤ񤷤ϡHorobin (94--96) ꡤChaucer ˸Ū˶̣ this ˡ2ΤƤߤ
ܤϡʪ̾̾Ԥ this ѤǡΡΡפۤɤΰդɽ路ǽȤƤ괧˶ᤤMustanoja (174) ˤС괧˶ᤤ this ˡϸűѸ줫鸫Τǡ"mainly a feature of vivid, colloquial, and often chatty style" Ȥ Chaucer Gower Ǥ褯ȤƤʸŪǤȤ this üˡ٤ˡΤˡ쿧ζ The Miller's Tale ǡ"This Absolon", "This parissh clerk, this amorous Absolon", "this joly lovere Absolon" ʤɡоʪ̾źƻȤ㤬ΩġۤˤϡThe Knight's Tale ǡ2ͤε Palamon Arcite ̤ᤴȤ˸ߤ˷֤ʬǤϡƬ "This Palamon", "This Arcite" ʤɤ this ź뤳Ȥǡ᤬ɤεΤˤĤƤ̤ʤΤþ䤬ǧ롥ξˤ⡤this ñ (definiteness) ɽ魯εǽˤȤɤޤ餺ɲŪþôäƤ롥
ܤȤơüԤ "a contemptuous or patronizing attitude" (Horobin 96) ްդȤ this ˡ롥ʲϡǤ Franklin ͸ Dorigen פαòᤷ㤷ɾơֽȤΤϡפȡθ򤸤˽Ҥ٤ƤսǤ롥

For his absence wepeth she and siketh,
As doon this noble wyves whan hem liketh. (F817--18)


ȤơƱ The Franklin's Tale ꡥ

'Go we thanne soupe,' quod he, 'as for the beste.
Thise amorous folk somtyme moote han hir reste.' (F1217--18)


⡤äоݤȤοŪΥ̤ᡤȶ˰ĤƤƤ顤ͤʷΤˤȤξǡthis ̤Ū˻ȤƤΤˤʤȤ
Chaucer ξ嵭2ˡȡ夲Ѹ this ˡȤδϢüԤοŪʰĤȤǤȤĤʤꤽ̣ǡthis deictic ƯϡѸϢʤȼѤƤȤ

Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2012-01-24 Tue

#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡ [demonstrative][pragmatics][deixis]

this ˡˤĤƤμ䤬󤻤줿NHK饸ֺ¤ǡTetsu Joyce μβä줿ȤֻϰѼԡˡ

T: You're grinning from ear to ear, Joyce.
J: Tetsu, things are looking up!
T: Really? What's going on?
J: Remember that guy I was telling you about?
T: The new guy who works in your office?
J: Yes! He asked me out to dinner!
T: Excellent! Where's he taking you?
J: We're going to this unique hamburger joint.
T: But aren't you a pescetarian?
J: Not anymore!


8ܤ Joyce ȯäˤ this ǤǤ롥Ǥʸ̮ͤƤ⡤ϥСŹ϶դˤʤ褦ޤĤƤ2ͤԤäȤŹǤȤͻҤǤʤޤΥåȤ1ɤڤǡβȤδϢʤ
餤С this ϡJoyce ǰƬˤΡ֤ϥСפ̲ŪΥᤤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤿ȯ줿 this ʹ Tetsu ˤȤäƤϡŪˤɤŹؤƤΤϤ狼ʤϤǤ롥괧 a 䡤äȤ a certain ˶ᤤˡüԤ̲λ¤ĴƤǡ롥ʤμݤɤߤǴְ㤤ʤȤϡѸüԤƱν˳ǧä
ˡϡ̾ˤ⵭ܤƤꡤϤʤܸüԤˤϴФĤߤˤƳؽԱѱѼεܤȤȤ٤Ƥߤ褦

OALD8:
6 (informal) used when you are telling a story or telling sb about sth
There was this strange man sitting next to me on the plane.
I've been getting these pains in my chest.

LDOCE5:
(SPOKEN PHRASES)
6. used in stories, jokes etc when you mention a person or thing for the first time:
I met this really weird guy last night.
Suddenly, there was this tremendous bang.

LAAD2:
4. spoken used in conversation to mean a particular person or thing, especially when you do not know their name:
Then this girl came up and kissed him on the lips.
When am I going to meet this boyfriend of yours?

Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd ed.:
9 used for referring to a particular person or thing SPOKEN used in a story or a joke when you mention a person or thing without giving a name
There was this big guy standing in the doorway.

MWALED:
5 --- used to introduce someone or something that has not been mentioned yet
<We both had this sudden urge to go shopping.>
?This sense of this is often used to produce excitement when telling a story.
<I was walking down the street when this dog starts chasing me. [=when a dog started chasing me]>
<Then these two guys come/came in and start asking her questions.>


Ǹ MWALED εҤۤǫŪ˸뤳ȤϡΤʸ̮ǡɽ߽Фˡ this ȤƤ褦ʪ̡סֶŪ̾ϵ󤲤ˡסֶʳơפȤǤФȤǤ뤬ϡäΤ褯ΤäƤ̲ƤˤȤʹˤȾᤤޤޤ󼨤Ȥ̤߽ФƤ롥ʾꡤ̡ˡäΰŪ̲ˡȸƤǤ̤αѱѼεҤ⻲ͤޤǤ˵󤲤Ƥ

Web3:
1. f : being one not previously mentioned <I was waiting for the bus and this old man came along and asked me for a dime> <gave me a light from this big lighter off the table---J. D. Salinger>

American Heritage, 4th ed.
4. Informal Used as an emphatic substitute for the indefinite article: looking for this book of recipes.

SOED:
B. 1. d (In narrative) designating a person or thing not previously mentioned or implied, a certain. colloq. E20.


Ǹ SOED εҤˤȡ20θˡȤȤˤʤꡤʤ꿷⤦ˤĴ٤褦ȡOED ƤߤȡII. Demonstrative Adjective. 1. d. θ SOED ΤΤ˶᤽̩бƤ櫓ǤϤʤäơŪʾܺ٤ΤޤޤѸޤ̤ꤦ뤫ɤȻפMED "this" (adj.) 򻲾ȤбϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-01-26-1] [2012-01-25-1]

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2012-01-23 Mon

#1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) [writing][medium][japanese][internet][netspeak]

[2011-05-15-1], [2011-08-24-1]˰³ɸꡥξΤκۤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-13-1]ε#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪפǵŪȤƤϡξԤ֤ȤƤϤʤѸΩ⡤äդȽ񤭸աʸ졤ƬȽ񵭸졤Ƭʸϸ졤äʸϤʤɹǧ졤䤿ΰռΤʤǤĤΤΤ˶̤Ƥ롥
[2011-08-24-1]εξΤħΰ㤤ܤŪħλŦФäƤ餤Τǡϸħ˾Ƥơۤ餫ˤ󻲹ͤˤΤϡܸ쳵(204--06) ǡܸ줫󤲤뤬¿ιܤϱѸˤ⤽¾θˤбΤǧ

Speech and Writing

Ʊ (p. 206) ǤΤޤȤϡäȤФߥ˥ΥԡɤȼڤͥҲǤʤС񤭤ȤФϹ٤ʻۤ俼ʸŪ̯̣Ĥ˽ǤɽȤơ׺ʹ֤٤Ƥ롤ȸǤ
᡼롤ĥååȤʤɤοΥߥ˥ˤϡäȤФȽ񤭤ȤФξħߤƤȤ뤬嵭ħ٤Ƥ椯ȡΤˤΤȤäȤФԶɽˤϵ򸯤¦̤⤢뤷ȤäƸߤƱˤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡ񤭤ȤФΤ褦ˡؼλѤϹ뤳Ȥ¿ʸŪɽɬȤ鷺Ȥ⡤Ʊ۵ƱѤ뤳ȤϤ֤ǤϤʤ

ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-01-22 Sun

#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ [wave_theory][geography][map]

ε#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 the wave theory ϡޤʸݤγȻλȤȤϽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿̣򤽤롥
ȾȿϢŤƤ⤤ˡָŸն˻Ĥ (archaism in marginal areas) ȤΤ롥㳰⾯ʤʤ׿ϱˤкѡʸ濴Ϥˤ롥濴Ϥ׿Ⱦ˳ȻƤ椯ΤȤʤ顤ΥΥۤɡնǤФۤɡ׿ȤϵڤӤˤ̤Ȥơնˤϳ׿αƶϤŤ֤ʤˡʤ꤬Ĥ䤹
Ǥ⤷ΤϡƱ߾˹äƤ椯ᡤնΰ A ̤ΰ B ȤϡƱնˤäȤƤ⡤˵Υγִطüʾˤϱߤ濴򶴤ȿ¦ɤΰִطȤʤ뤳Ȥ뤳ȤդˤСΤ褦˸ߤ˳䤷ABˤơϤȤϰۤʤܤ̤Ƴǧ줿硤ն˻ĤäŸפȤ줦ȤȤǤ롥
ե󥯸줫衼åѤعä׿Ȥơ򤤡פɽ魯ƻ blank Ť˼ե󥯸 blank ϡޤե󥹸ؼѤ졤θ塤ƥꥢ䥹ڥˤޤȵڤݥȥǥ˥硤롼ޥ˥ˤϵڤФǤϤŤΥƥ albus 򤤡ˤͳ褹줬ޤѤƤʰʲˡ (122) ˷ǺܤƤ König (48) ϿޤƷǡˡ

Geographical Diffusion of Frankish

Υ줿ϰ alvo, arbu, alb ǧ뤳ȤϡȤ albus 衼åѤ˹ʬۤƤ̤ blank ȾŤȤڤФʤäնǸŸ줬¸ȹͤʤСޤǤʤŸϡжפ˻Ĥ롤Ȥ⤤뤫⤷ʤ

ͺӸ١ҡ1999ǯ
König, Werner. DTV-Atlas zur deutschen Sprache. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1978.

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2012-01-21 Sat

#999. ѲȾ [wave_theory][indo-european][family_tree][geography][lexical_diffusion][contact][history_of_linguistics][isogloss]

[2010-02-03-1]ε#282. Sir William JonesαԤŦפǽҤ٤褦ˡSir William Jones (1746--1794) βŪƶˤꡤ18ν꤫ӸؤϤޤäθ塤ӸؤδפϡAugust Schleicher (1821--68) ˤꡤ19ȾФˤϳΩƤȤäƤ褤Schleicher ȤСƷ˥ƥꥹĤ뽬Ϥ᤿ؼԤǤ⤢롥Ӹؤβڡ̤ϡΰη ([2009-06-17-1], [2010-07-26-1]) ˶Ž̤Ƥ롥
ǡƱӸؤȤѲѡ the family tree model ФưлϤƤޤϻּ˱äϤƤ뤬¤ˤϡϸߤܿ򤷤ʤȯŸƤ롥ɤδطͤˤϡּǼĤμǤʤ֤Ǥܿɽ魯μ碌ǰƬˤɬפΤǤϤʤǡSchleicher θѼԤΰ Johannes Schmidt (1843--1901) ϡthe family tree model ؤΥơȤ the wave theory (Wellentheorie) 󼨤ܤŪȵڤƤ椯Ȥ֤μ˾ƤѲѤǤ롥Campbell and Mixco (221) Ѥ褦

According to the wave model, linguistic changes spread outward concentrically as waves on a pond do when a stone is thrown into it, becoming progressively weaker with the distance from their central point. Since later changes may not cover the same area there may be no sharp boundaries between neighboring dialects or languages; rather, the greater the distance between them, the fewer linguistic traits dialects or languages may share.


׿ŪʸܤϡӤꤲޤ줿ФΤ褦ˡ濴ȤƱ߾˶٤عäƤ椯ͤƤߤСΤ褦˻פ롥ιꡤήԤšȯڴʬ۳硤Ȥʸݤ the wave theory ξˡǹäƤ椯褦˸뤫ӸؤϻּˤȤ줹Ƥꡤʤʤּȯۤˤɤ夫ʤäơѲ϶֤μȤ̿᤭ޤ졤 (linguistic geography) ȯŸؤȤĤʤäƤä
Ǥϡthe family tree model ˴Ť²ηޤϡthe wave theory ǤϤɤΤ褦ʿޤȤΤʲβѤޤߤʤ Schmidt ˴ŤδطޤǤʾϲp. 43 οޤ򻲹ͤ˺ˡ

Schmidt's Wave Theory

Ƹʤ־ΰˤϽŤʤ꤬ꡤ餬 Italic Ȥ餬 Germanic ȤΤȤǤʤȤȤ褯Ƥ롥ΰѤ2ʸǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡۤʤǻϤޤä2Ĥθ׿㤨п A B ϡȤƱȯȤƤƤ⡤ƱȾ¤ȤϤʤȾ¤κˤꡤABξ줿A줿ʤäʤɤΰ㤤롥ºݤˤϡ̤Τ褦ˤ줤˱ߤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡƸ׿εڤΰθ³ɽ魯 (isogloss) ʣȤΤȤʤ롥ABΤߤʤ餺¿θ׿Τ褦ˤƹäƤ椯ˡŪΥΥۤɡۤʤä줬ޤ줶򤨤ʤΤ Schmidt ϹͤޤƱ⤫顤ؤκ±äȤ⤤ "Every word has its own history." Ȥ⤤ޤ줿

Schleicher, August. Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1861--62.
Schmidt, Johannes. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1872.
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of utah P, 2007.
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧ ԡ罤۱Ѹؼŵ١罤ۡ1983ǯ

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2012-01-20 Fri

#998. Ѹ flat adverb -ly adverb [chaucer][flat_adverb][adverb][adjective][suffix][-ly]

Ƕ񤤤Ƥ flat_adverb εǤϡȤƸѸñ -ly ˾ƤƤѸǤξ Chaucer Ƥߤ
ѸǤϡΤ -ly ƤƤϤΤΡñѸ⤺äƤ[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤פƬdz⤷褦ˡñϷƻθ촴 -e դȤˤäƷƤѸǤϤδο -e Фоüˤ餵줿ˡƻȷŪʶ̤ĤˤʤäƤȤäƤ -ly ˼ä줿櫓ǤϤʤloude, cleere, faste, faire, smal ʤ¿θ줬ޤ̳Ƥ㤨С couplet κǸ smal Ϸƻ "small" ǤϤʤ "finely" ۤɤ̣Ǥʰʲ Chaucer ΰѤϡ٤ Horobin, pp. 121--23 ǵ󤲤ƤƸΡˡ

Of orpyment, brent bones, iren squames,
That into poudre grounden been ful smal; (G 759--60)


ۤˤ츫ȷƻɤ߰㤨Ƥޤλ󤲤褦

That al his love is clene fro me ago (F 626)
The fires breene upon the auter cleere (A 2331)
Thanne shaltow hange hem in the roof ful hye (A 3565)


Χˤ¿äΤ褦ñϷߤäλ塤-ly ƤȤҤ̤ǡξʻѤ줿⾯ʤʤ-ly ȤǤ -lich(e) ȤŷݤäƤ㤹鸫졤1ĤηƻФƺ3¸Ȥˤʤ롥"newly" ʲ򻲾ȡ

This carpenter hadde wedded newe a wyf (A 3221)
This knyght was comen all newely (RR 1205)
that oother of hem is newliche chaunged into a wolf (Boece IV, met. 3)


ѸǤϡñ new ϡnew-laid eggs, new-mown hay ʤɤʣ˸ФǤ롥wedded newe collocation ˤĤƤϡѸ newly-weds ʿˤ򻲾ȡϢ#528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1]) ɤ

Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1] [2012-07-14-1]

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2012-01-19 Thu

#997. real bad ȡ֤Ф [semantic_change][bleaching][japanese][adverb][flat_adverb][intensifier]

flat_adverb ˴ϢơȤѤ real bad mighty hungry pretty cold ʤɤɽˤĤĴ٤ʤ顤äȹͤƤȤ real ܸΡ֤פζŪˡȤ褯Ƥ롥󤹤ȡʲ̤ꡥ

(1) ٤ΤϤʤϤȤ򼨤դȤѤ
(2) ƻ줬촴Τޤޤη֡ʽߡϢηˤϢѽˤȤѤ
(3) 졤¯ȤƹԤʤƤꡤϤΩ줫ɸȤ

ܸθˤơ֤ڤפǤ˻̱Ƥ뤳ȤϲƻŦޤǤʤ񤭸դˤϻȤʤȤϰռϤΤΡäդǤλѤˤĤƶ񤹤٤ϲ᤮Ƥ褦˻פ
3ϡǯΡ֤פΤߤƤϤޤħǤϤʤ (78) Ѥ褦

Τ褦ˡ֤פϡֵ§ȿƿȤϤ᤿ɽȹͤ櫓Ǥ뤬֤פˡ֤פѤΤϺǶǤϤäƤ⡤ˤ褯϶ˤ⸫ΤǤä
Ρַƻ콪ϢηŪˡפϡ٤ΤϤʤϤפɽ魯ƻ˸ˡǤ롥
ˤơ٤ΤϤʤϤפɽ路ϢѷηǷƻ졦ưʤɤ򽤾ƻȤơ֤餤ס֤ס֤ס֤ޤס֤Ф餷ס֤Ҥɤס֤ΤפȤä줬󤲤롥Τ̵ۤǷƤưʤɤ򽤾ǽʤΤȤʤȡ֤餤ס֤ס֤ס֤Τפ˸¤롥


ϡˤǤΡ֤餤פȡ֤פϢѽˡ¾ŪĴˤ (82) ˡ֤餦פäѸ򽤾֤餤פ졤ԤˤԤȸ¤٤ۤɤĹäˡ֤餤ʤޡˤפΤ褦ˡƻ콪Ϣη򽤾ˤϸĴԹǤ֤餤פΤߤѤ줿¤νẢˤϡ֤פϤϴ˸ष֤פˤĤƤϡˡ֤פѤ줿㤬ߤ뤬ˤϤĤʤ餺˽ä֤פοˤĤƤϡηƻˤΡֶפȤĤäƤˡ٤ΤϤʤϤɽ魯ˡŪˤȤɤޤ餶ʤäΤǤϤʤȡƤ롥
֤餤פȡ֤פȯãκϡ[2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספǼ夲̣ɺ (bleaching) ȴϢƤ褦ˤߤ롥֤餤פǤϰ̣ɺ򤷤ƽʶոȤʤä֤פǤϸǻĤäƤꡤոؤɺ򤷤ʤäȤȤǤϤʤ̣Τۤˤϡɺ򲽤֤餤פϡ֤פ5٤3ûȤͿƤ뤫⤷ʤ֤פ3Ǥ롥ϤΤ褵餷ȤȤǤСûۤĴҤФ
֤餤ס֤פȯãˤĤƤηȤơ (84--85) ϤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Ѳϡ°פñ˿ʤȤ뤬θѲΰĤȤƷƻ̵Ѳߤ졤ήDZΤ褦ˡФƤȤͤ⤢νϢηŪˡϷƻ̤ˤߤΤǤϤʤ٤ΤϤʤϤפĴˤΤ߸뤳Ȥͤȡñˡְ°פñή̵ѲΡפȤȤդŤˤϤ餤롥षĴ̤뤿˰տŪ˽ϢηѤΤȹ֤ͤ餦ס֤פȳѲꡤǤ֤餤ס֤פηݤͿȤռƯ̤ǤϤʤȻϹͤ롥


ϢѷˤФƷƻʽߡϢηˤΤ϶ˤĤƤϡε#996. flat adverb ΤӤӤʡ ([2012-01-18-1]) Ϥ ##983,993,995 ǵѤߤǤ롥Ǥߤ (1), (2), (3) ħʤ̣֤ñ㤵餷ϡ֤ӤӤʡפȤƤޤȤ롥real bad ȡ֤Фפˤ flat adverb ϡˤ
Ǹˡ֤פθˡФ롤Ҥβ򻲾Ȥ褦 (238) ԤոȻפ

ʤ֤ڤפȤήԤƤΤͤƤߤȡޤ٤¡ǤʤפΤɽ魯ƻǤ뤳Ȥ礭¡ǤʤȤĴ褦ȤơĤФ˳ʤɽȤäƤޤäȹͤޤޤ錄ϡĤ⿷Ƥޤ顤ιߤˤäƤΤ⤷ޤ󡥤ơʤˤ⡤錄ϡפ̣ʤΤäƤޤϡ̣ʤؤΡäȤʤΤ⤷ʤ


ŵסַƻ콪ϢηŪˡ ---֤餤ס֤פ濴 ---סعظ27桡ءֹظ״Բ1987ǯ77--86ǡ
ҤذҤ̡ܸ١Ĭҡ2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1] [2012-08-28-1]

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2012-01-18 Wed

#996. flat adverb ΤӤӤ [adverb][flat_adverb]

ǶδؿȤʤäƤ flat_adverb ˤĤơդä
ñ-ly ٤ơŪüŪ϶ͭ뤳ȤϺε[2012-01-17-1]Ǥ⿨줿̤Ǥ롥ƻƱǤ뤳Ȥͳ褹롤ӤӤɽϤŪ˥ǤꡤŪˤ -ly ʤʬ1ᾯʤӤӤƤ롥̿ʸ䴶òʸʤɼʤɤǤά䤹Ķäûʸǹޤ졤Ǥ⤭ӤӤʤ餫Ǥ롥
flat adverb Τ褦ˤӤӤƤ뤳Ȥϡ̣ˤȿǤƤ롥ǰ̣ȤΤϡͿݤ϶ȤʸŪŪʸ̤ΤȤǤϤʤ줽ΤΤΰ̣Ǥ롥¼ (34) ϡflat adverb -ly ȰۤʤꡤŪŪʰ̣߽ФʤȤƤ롥
Ƕ̣ΤϡBolinger θ˸ڤʤ顤¼ (33) ΰ֤ˤ̣εФƤ뤳Ȥʲ4ĤʸǤϡslowly ֤֤˱ơŪٹ礤ۤʤȤa ǤŪǡd ʸ̤Ρ֤äפɽ魯Ȥ

a. Slowly he backed away.
b. He slowly backed away.
c. He backed slowly away.
d. He backed away slowly.


Ǥñ slow ֤ΤǤСǧΤ d бʸ He backed away slow. ΤߤǤ롥ñ slow ̣ŪˤⱤΧŪˤ̵ɸΰ֤ǤʸˤʤȤȡŪʰ̣ʤȤȤطŤȤС֡졤Χ̣Τ٤Ƥ̤ flat adverb ΤӤӤʤǧ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ε flat adverb ̤ƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ slow quick ʤɤư򽤾ˡ flat adverb ˸ħؤˤȤɤޤäƤ롥٤ΤϤʤϤɽ魯ոȤƤ real, awful ʤɤϡ⤽̣Ȳʤ뤤ɺ򲽡ˤˤäƤΤǤꡤεˤƤϤޤʤΤȤƤӤӤȤʤflat adverb ¯ǹޤͳʤΤ

¼ ʹ塡ñ loud, quick, slow ˤĤơסػرѸʸظ22桤1978ǯ25--38ǡ

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2012-01-17 Tue

#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. [adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][syntax]

[2012-01-03-1]ε#981. ȷƻζפǡThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸɤ᤹뤫bright Ȥߤ뤫ƻȤߤ뤫ˤĤƿ줿̤γ٤ߤȡThe sun shines bright. The sun shines brightly. ϡξǤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤ뤫ȤˤĤʤ롥εǤϡɽȤʬϤˤʤޤʤƨǤä (80ˤˤСºݡϸ̩ͤʤȹͤ븦Ԥ⾯ʤʤ褦Ǥ롥
ȤϤʸˡȤˤƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ (80) ϡ빽ʸ¿ȤŦƤ롥

(1) He died happy / happily.
(2) He arrived safe / safely.
(3) He sat silent / silently.
(4) The wind blew cold / coldly.
(5) He stood silent / silently.
(6) He slept very sound / soundly.
(7) The rose smells sweet / sweetly.


(7) ˼ȡʸˡǤñʡƻ sweet ѤΤȤ졤ư smells Դư줢뤤 linking verb Ȳᤵ롥ХŤȤɤߤˤʤ롥-ly ʡ sweetly ѤʤǤϤʤξˤ smells ϴưȲᤵ롥ơξˤϥХŤȤɤߤˤʤȸ롥ºݾξԤκ̯Ǥꡤsweetly Ѥˤ⡤ɤΤȤХŤȤɤߤȤʤΤ̤üԤδФǤ롥ɽФỤ̄˲ʺۤǧ뤳Ȥ񤷤Ȥ٤
Ụ̄ȤƤ纹ʤɤǤ褤դΤȻפ뤬Ụ̄ˤϰ㤤Τǡ⤦ܤɬפ롥ñѤ뤫 -ly Ѥ뤫ϡ֤̯ʺ߽ФñȼˤĤƽҤȤ-ly ưλشؿȤϤ󤢤ͯФʸṲ̄ΰ㤤ȤϤʤΤ
̤˷ƻ϶ŪüŪ϶ɽϤϤŪŪǤȤ롥ƻϡ֤ס֤ӤӡפƤ롥 (81) ϼʸǡϢ³ƻ줬 -ly ä顤̤϶ʤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Sometimes there was a lull, and flake after flake descended out of the black night air, silent, circuitous, interminable. (R. L. Stevenson, A Lodging for the Night Ƭ


ǡ-ly Ѥ뤳ȤϴʸˡˤʤäƤꡤʸỤ̄»ʤȤʤޤ̣襤Ͼä롥
Ѥ뤫ƻѤ뤫ΰ㤤ϡʸˡѸǤС1ʸ2ʸκб롥Ĥޤꡤ-ly ñϡưȤư줬ȤʸϢ뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥ҤΤ褦ˡκȤϡʸΤ佤ȤƤȤ館ۤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
ŪȤư;ϤĤƤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ǹ˿ƤäƸˤ flat adverb ƤƤȤ¤ϡ[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbװ衤flat_adverb ΤĤεǼ夲Ƥ褦ϸ촶äΤˤäƤʸؤؤǽƤȤȤ򼨺롥 (79) Curme Τͤ linking verb äΰӤ򤿤ɤȤĤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤפɾƤȤꡤưΤȤʸ̻ŪѲȤѸ˾ˤĤʤȥԥåʤΤ⤷ʤ

סɽ夫 Predicate Adjective Adverbסزˡʸؽѵס8桤1957ǯ78--82ǡ

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2012-01-16 Mon

#994. syntagmatic relation paradigmatic relation [linguistics][saussure][terminology]

ؤˤŪΩǰ1Ĥˡsyntagmatic relation paradigmatic relation 롥
ɽˤ A--B--C ¤ǤߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطˤ뤫򵭽ҤȤŪط (syntagmatic relation) Ȥäơsyntax ȸƤФȤϡ¤ӽθΤȤǤ롥A--B--C ¤Ǥǡ㤨 A A' A'' A''' 뤳ȤǽäB B' B'' B''' 뤳ȤǽäǤ A B 줾򤵤줿ȹͤ롥ΤȤA, A', A'', A''', etc. B, B', B'', B''', etc. γǴ֤Ūط (paradigmatic relation) ˤȤ롥̾ưθѲɽʤɤ paradigm ȸƤФ뤬ϡɽȤƤܤΤ줫ɽ˼¸뤫Ǥ롥
Martinet (49--50) ĤǼ

. . . on a, d'une part, les rapports dans l'énoncé qui sont dits syntagmatiques et sont directement observables : ce sont, par exemple, les rapports de /bòn/ avec ses voisins /ün/ et /bier/ et ceux de /n/ avec le /ò/ qui le précède dans /bòn/ et le /ü/ qu'il suit dans /ün/. On a intérêt à réserver, pour désigner ces rapports, le terme de contrastes. On a, d'autre part, les rapports que l'on conçoit entre des unités qui peuvent figurer dans un même contexte et qui, au moins dans ce contexte, s'excluent mutuellement ; ces rapports sont dits paradigmatiques et on les désigne comme des oppositions : bonne, excellente, mauvaise, qui peuvent figurer dans les mêmes contextes, sont en rapport d'opposition : il en va de même des adjectifs désignant des couleurs qui peuvent tous figurer entre le livre... et... a disparu. Il y a opposition entre /n/, /t/, /s/, /l/ qui peuvent figurer à la finale après /bò-/.

ǤϡȯäˤϡŪפȸƤФطľܤ˴ѻǽʴط롥ϡ㤨С/bòn/ ٤礦 /ün/ /bier/ ФƤĴطǤꡤ/bòn/ /ün/ Τʤ /n/ Ԥ /ò/ /ü/ ФƤĴطǤ롥δط򼨤ΤˡפȤѸäƤΤ褤¾ǤϡƱʸ̮˸줦뤬ʤȤ⤽ʸ̮Ǥϸߤ¾ŪǤǴ֤ˤߤط롥δطϡַŪפȸƤФ졤ΩפȤƼ롥bonne, excellente, mauvaise Ʊʸ̮˸줦ΤǡΩδطˤȤ롥le livre... ... a disparu δ֤˸줦뿧ηƻˤĤƤƱ/bò-/ θ˺ǽȤƸ줦 /n/, /t/, /s/, /l/ δ֤ˤΩߤ롥


syntagmatic relation paradigmatic relation ϸˤƶˤƴŪκǤꡤȯۤθήϡ塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ط (rapport syntagmatique) Ϣط (rapport associatif) ˤ롥θ塤ۤʤɤۤʤѸäƤΤǡterminology ˤդפ롥
syntagmatic relation ˤĤƤϡŪطΤۤϢŪطϢŪطϢط (chain relation)ξΩδط (both-and)ܹδط (conjunction)Ϣ (relation)¤ (structure) ȤѸ줬paradigmatic relation ˤĤƤϷŪطΤۤŪطŪطط (choice relation)ʬΩδط (either-or)Υܤδط (disjunction) (correlation)η (system) ȤѸ줬ǧ롥

Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.

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2012-01-15 Sun

#993. flat adverb ˤĤƤ줳 [flat_adverb][adverb][adjective][swearword][intensifier][metanalysis][hendiadys][cleft_sentence]

ǯư衤flat_adverb ˤĤƤĤ񤤤ƤĴ٤Ƥ뤦˽꤬ޤäƤΤǡȤƽ񤭻ĤƤ

(1) ּˤѤ졤üŪ϶ɽסʾp. 507ˡñ줬褯ѤΤϡʸŪûʬṲ̄ǡΤǤϤ϶ɽȤƹޤ뷹: It hurts bad. / Take it easy. / Go slow.סʹ, p. 522
(2) Ƥθ졦¯¿Ѥ뤳ȤϴҤ󤲤ʹڡpp. 86, 91ˡex. act brave, dance graceful, land safe, work regular, sit tight, mighty dangerous, reasonable busy, moderate good luck, everlasting cold, get ugly drunk, hustlingest busy; I see things different than I used to.; You are plain lucky.
(3) ζʤ̾ʤɤ׻ŪѤ롥ex. "Love Me Tender", "Treat me nice".
(4) ȤƤ very εȤ ([2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]) ̾򽤾ηƻϢ³ˤơηƻ줬ηƻ򽤾ȤưʬϤ㤬ߤ (ex. an icy cold drink, a blazing hot fire) ˡ̾줬ʤȤΩ burning hot, soaking wet, dazzling white ʤɤ⸫͡p. 589ˡ
(5) ƻ줬ƱΥڥˤ5ढꡤʲ iii, iv դ꤬ŵŪ flat adverb ȸƤФΤ (Huddleston and Pullum 568)

idaily, hourly, weekly, deadly, kindly, likely
iidownright, freelance, full-time, non-stop, off-hand, outright, overall, part-time, three-fold, wholesale, worldwide
iiibleeding, bloody, damn(ed), fucking
ivclean, clear, dear, deep, direct, fine, first, flat, free, full, high, last, light, loud, low, mighty, plain, right, scarce, sharp, slow, sure, tight, wrong
valike, alone, early, extra, fast, hard, how(ever), late, long, next, okay, solo

(6) flat adverb -ly adverb Ǥϡʬʸ (cleft sentence) Ǿ줿ǧǽۤʤ롥flat adverb ϡưʬǤ뤳Ȥˤ֤ǤȤ狼ˤʤ뤿ˡǧ٤㤯ʤΤǤϤʤʹڡp. 522ˡ

*It was slow that he drove the car into the garage. vs It was slowly that he drove the car into the garage.
*It was loud that they argued. vs It was loudly that they argued.

flat adverb ³줿̤θǽȡǤ뤳ȤΤˤʤꡤǧ䤹ex. It was loud and clear that he spoke.; It was extremely loud that they argued.
(7) A and B ȷƻ³ȡA-ly B ۤɤΰդȤʤ (hendiadys) ⡤ƻ첽ȤݤΰȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ͡pp. 531, 589ˡex. nice and cool (= "nicely cool"), good and tired (="well tired"), rare and hungry (="quite hungry").

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1]

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2012-01-14 Sat

#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ [intensifier][adverb][semantic_change][bleaching][euphemism][flat_adverb][thesaurus][synonym][swearword]

[2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]εǡȤƤ very εȯãˤĤƸƤդˤϡvery ξƱͤˡϼ¼ŪʸäƤ줬˼졤ñ٤η㤷򼨤ȤʤäΤʤʤawfully, hugely, terribly ʤɤǤ롥̣ѲΰǤϡ̣ɺ (bleaching) äƤȸ롥
⤷ΤϡΤ褦ʶդ줬ä󶯰դΰ̣ȡ٤ϻȤ³뤦ˡ̣μ岽򤭤Ȥ¿ȤǤ롥礦ɽŪʴѶ礬ȤŤˤʤȡνṲ̄ޤΤƱ褦ˡո⤢ޤˤѤζդθ̤ܸꤷƤޤΤǤ롥
̤ܸȤȤˤʤСкѸǤָ³ˡ§ (the law of diminishing marginal utility) ͿƤ³ˡ§Ȥϡ֤ξ̤äˤĤơκñɲä뤳ȤˤƸĿͤ˾­ʸ³ѡˤ٤Ͻ˸פȤˡ§Ǥ롥ܶǸСӡ1ܤϤ2ܰʹߤϤȤΤȸƱǤʤĿͤȤƤ2ܤ3ܤӡϻݤȻפˡոϡ̣ˤ³ˡ§θΤȤ
ơո줫鶯դȡտޤ붯դμ¤褦ˡʶո줬ɬפȤʤ롥ơ줿ŤɽϻȤʤäꡤˤäƤϻϰϤꤷơäߡѤ߽ŤͤƤ椯ǡդΤθ礬鼡ؤȿޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΰ̣ѲαʱΥϡնɽ (euphemism) ˤƤƱͤ˸ΤǤ롥
ǤϡոϤɤͯƤΤնɽξˤϡ[2010-08-09-1]ε#469. euphemism κפǸ褦ˡΥ͡ոΥȤƤä˸졦¯ˤ flat adverb (##982,983,984) swearword Ωġոˤϸĥȴ׵ᤵ뤿ᡤӤӤ flat adverb 䥷å󥰤 swearword Ф䤹ΤԤǤ awful, dead, exceeding, jolly, mighty, real, terrible, uncommonԤǤ damn(ed), darn(ed), devilish, fucking, goddam, hellish ʤɤ롥
HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary) ǶĴ٤Ƥߤȡθ췲ΰܤѤη㤷褯狼롥"the external world > relative properties > quantity or amount > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [adverb]" Ȥɤȡ536줬ϿƤȤΤβ̶ʬǡvery synonym ȤʬवƤΤ˸¤äƤʲ47줬롥Դѡ

full (c888), too (c888), well (c888), swith (971), right (?c1200), much (c1225), wella (c1275), wol(e (a1325), gainly (a1375), endly (c1410), very (1448), jolly (1549), veryvery (1649), good (a1655), strange (1667), bloody (1676), ever so (1690-2), real (1771), precious (1775), quarely (1805), trés (1819), freely (1820), powerful (a1822), heap (1832), almighty (1834), all-fired (1837), gradely (1850), hard (1850), heavens (1858), veddy (1859), some (1867), spanking (1886), socking (1896), hefty (1898), velly (1898), dirty (1920), oh-so (1922), snorting (1924), hellishing (1931), thumpingly (1948), mega (1968), mondo (1968), mucho (1978), seriously (1981), well (1986), way (1987), stonking (1990)

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2012-01-13 Fri

#991. ȤƤ very εȯã (2) [etymology][semantic_change][conversion][adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][intensifier][metanalysis]

ε[2012-01-12-1]˰³դ very ˤˤĤոϡvery Ū˷ƻȤȤȤĶˡˤĤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Mustanoja Ҳ𤷤MED Ʊͤ˹ͤƤ褦ǡ"verrei (adj.)" θ츻ˤơ񤷤뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ롥

When verrei adj. precedes another modifier, it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish (a) the situation in which both function as adjectives modifying the noun, from (b) that in which the modifier nearest the noun forms a syntactic compound with it (which compound is modified by verrei) and from (c) that in which verrei functions as an adverb modifying the adjective immediately following; some exx. of (a) and (b) now in this word may = (c) and belong to verrei adv.


㤨Сa verrai gentil man ȤǹͤС(a) ɤߤǤ "a true gentle man"(b) Ǥ "a true gentleman"(c) Ǥ "a truly gentle man" ȤѸɽ˼칽¤βȤʤ롥μζܤΤޤʹ¤顤ʬ (metanalysis) η̡ȤƤ very ȯãȹͤ롥
ǵäΤϷƻ줫ؤʻž (conversion) ˤֿ¡פȤϤޤݻƤȤϤֿ¤ˡˡפθ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפζդθؤƻΤϡƶᤤ֤κζϾǤ뤳ȤϡMED "verrei (adv.)" 2 (a) (d) ͿƤΥǡ󤫤⤦Τ롥Ƹɽ魯ʸ̮٤Ƥ⡤ߤ˰̣ɤۤʤΤˤ狼ˤȽǤǤʤ
ֿ¤ˡפ֤ȤƤפζϺ´ˤϡǤѤ "sign-off" ʸ㤬Ŭvery ȤƤˡȯãȤơPaston Letters ʸ Vere hartely your, Molyns 롥Ǥ hartely "sincerely, affectionately" ۤɤΰդǡvere ϡֿ¤ˡפθȡñ˶դ򼨤֤ȤƤפθȤ¸ƤȲᤷ (Room 278)
ʾΤ褦ˡvery ϡե󥹸ƻμѢƻֿ¤Ρעֿ¤ˡע֤ȤƤפءˡȸȯŸƤߡȯŸκǽʳȤ⤤٤⤦1ĤѲʹǤ롥϶ոν̿Ȥ⤤̣ѲʤΤοζդƤƤȤΤǤ롥ʲϡåץ꡼ mere ιǿƤ륳ȡ

very ˡˤϤۤȤϤΤʤդˤʤäƤޤäI'm very glad to meet you. ʤ񤤤ǤƤȤƤ⤦줷ˤϡI'm glad to meet you. ʤ񤤤ǤƤ줷ˤ⡤Фդ˷礱ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥


very ΰ̣ѲˤϡΰΥɥޤޤƤ롥䡤ȤˤϻʤȤäƤ⡤very ϡˤΤ顥

硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-01-15-1] [2012-01-14-1]

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2012-01-12 Thu

#990. ȤƤ very εȯã (1) [etymology][semantic_change][conversion][adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][intensifier][metanalysis]

[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbפǡ衤ƻǤ good real ȤƸȤѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ƻ줫ʻž (conversion) Ǥͭ̾ȤƤϡո very 󤲤ʤ櫓ˤʤ
very ϡѸǺѤζոȤäƤ褤Frequency Sorter ˤСBNC ˤ very ٤86̤Ǥ롥θ줬դȤܳŪѤФΤ15ʹߤǤꡤѸ̤м礿ˡϡֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻä⤽ΤϤǡθϸťե󥹸Ʊηƻ ve(r)rai ѤΤǤʸե󥹸Ǥ vraiˡѸǤνϡc1275θϡin very truth, Very God of very God ʤɤδѶ˻ĤäƤ롥14ˤϡ괧ͭ̾ȼäơ֤ޤˤΡΡפ̣붯ոȤƤѤϤᡤˡϸѸ the very hat she wanted to get, at the very bottom of the lake, do one's very best ʤɤˤߤ롥
᤯14Ⱦˤϡ嵭ηƻбȤơֿˡˡפθ very λѤǧƤ롥ʤƻ줫ؤžȤ򤯸ϡthat is a verrai gentil man (Gower CA iv 2275), he was a verray parfit gentil knyght (Ch. CT A Prol. 72), this benigne verray feithful mayde (Ch. CT E Cl. 343) ʤɤ˸ȤǤ롥Ǥ very ˡϡ³ƻƱʤηƻǤ롥̣ŪˤŪˤ⡤2ηƻĴȲǤʤȤʤĤޤꡤʬ (metanalysis) ȵ롥Τ褦ʶ礬Ū˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤȡ٤̾줬ʤĶǤ very ƻԤȤƵǽ˻äΤǤϤʤޤverray penitent verray repentaunt ʤɤΤ褦ˡvery ̾Ū˵ǽƤȤᤷƻ򽤾褦⡤ʻžή岡ȹͤ롥ơ15ˤ϶դȤ̤ˤʤꡤ16ȾޤǤˤϤޤŵŪʶդǤä full, right, much ɤȤΤ褦٤ޤä
ʾ塤Mustanoja, pp. 326--27 򻲹ͤ˵Ҥ1ĤϤΤȤѸѤ줿¾¿ζ⡤ΥڡǺ٤ҤƤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
ͤƤߤС[2012-01-04-1]ǤߤƸŪ real ⤫ĤƤ ve(r)rai Ʊ͡ե󥹼ѸǤꡤġֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻǤ롥a real good soundtrack ʤɤɽߤȤҤ Mustanoja very ˴ؤΤޤƤϤޤ褦ˤפ롥ˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2012-01-11 Wed

#989. 2011ǯαѸήԸ [lexicology][ads][woy]

ǯ⤳λäƤAmerican Dialect Society ˤ The Word of the Year θɽλ2011ǯޤ occupy ä¸θǤϤ뤬"verb, noun, and combining form referring to the Occupy protest movement" Ȥˡˤ꿷̿᤭ޤ줿
2011ǯ917New York Zuccotti Park "Occupy Wall Street" αưϤޤäʹߡ Occupy movement ¿ȯ̱"We are the 99%" ȤǤơкѤҲʿƤ˾ФǤ롥
occupy ϡΥߥ͡Ȥ줿ΤʤǤϡ2011ǯΤʤȾνϤäۤɾ׷⤬ä褦ǡɼ˼ the 99%, 99 percenters 纹ˤäԤ "those held to be at a financial or political disadvantage to the top moneymakers, the one-percenters" ̣äƤߤ occupy ϢѸ顤Ҳ񸽾ݤαƶ礭Τ롥
ADS θɽˤĤơܤ17դADS ˤȯɽץ쥹꡼ (PDF)򻲾Ȥ줿Wordorigins.org αļԤˤ롤η̤ˤĤƤΥӥ塼Υڡɤ롥
2011ǯήԸˤĤƤϡThe Daily Telegraph 2011ǯ1110εǤ⡤occupy 1ǯ֤ǥ󥿡ͥåȵڤӻ̤ǺǤ¿Ȥ줿ñäȤ븦Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

The most commonly used English word on the internet and in print in the past year was "occupy", a study has found. Repeated references to the Occupy Movement, which inspired protests outside St Paul's Cathedral in London and in other major world cities, helped push the word into first place, researchers said.


ήԸθɽȤƤϡۤ Global Language Monitor ˤΤ롥εˤȡ2011ǯ Top Word ϤϤ occupyTop Phrase Arab Spring ǡTop Name Steve Jobs ȤΤȡ
ADS ˤήԸ޴ϢεˤĤƤϡ##623,262,263,245 ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

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2012-01-10 Tue

#988. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (2) [negative][comparison][idiom][syntax][prescriptive_grammar][double_negative]

ε ([2012-01-09-1]) Ǽ夲ʸˤĤơ³
ŪˤϸäƤƱʸѸǵƤƤطʤȤơϡỤ̄Ūװ󤲤ιʸ⤦1ĤνפװȤơϾװΤǤϤʤȤٹ (148--49) εҲ𤷤ϡ¿ (multiple negation; [2010-10-28-1]) 򰭤Ȥ뵬ʸˡѤǤ롥
18˲ϤǤߤˤޤǶƶϤڤܤ³Ƥ뵬ϱʸˡνܤΤʤǤ⡤¿ζػߤȤܤϡȤ褯ΤƤ롥ŵŪˤ2꤬褯Ȥʤꡤ1٤­Ȥ2Ĥ꼭ޤƤޤȤʸǤ (ex. I didn't say nothing.) ¿ػߤ뵬ʸˡϤä̡ѸǤ꼭1ĤǽʬȤֿġפ줿2Ĥ꼭ۤʤ˸ʤɡߤ˰̣ŪϢƤʤˤϡǤä礦Ȥʤ줾줬Ωΰ̣˹׸ƤϤʤΤΤ褦ʾǤֿġפ꼭1Ĥθ§פ롥ˡ*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. 򤵤줿ΤǤϤʤٹ (148) ϡ֤Ǥä٤ѤʤȤΤȤޤ˲٤Ϥä̡ˤäƤϤҤʤƤϤʤʤǤäʤʤäơԹʸ˻äפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ŪˤߤСcannot help doing Υǥ϶äƤΤΤǡOED "help", v. 11. b. ˤСư̾򽾤1711ǯǽΤΤǤ롥̣Ȥˡ11. c. ǤϡιʸΤ褦˼夲Ƥ롥

c. Idiomatically with negative omitted (can for cannot), after a negative expressed or implied.

1862 WHATELY in Gd. Words Aug. 496 In colloquial language it is common to hear persons say, 'I won't do so-and-so more than I can help', meaning, more than I can not help. 1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apol. 25 Your name shall occur again as little as I can help, in the course of these pages. 1879 SPURGEON Serm. XXV. 250, I did not trouble myself more than I could help. 1885 EDNA LYALL In Golden Days III. xv. 316, I do not believe we shall be at the court more than can be helped.


OED ϡƱʸŪ񤢤Ȥʤ⡤19ȾаʹߡѤȤʤäƤȤ򼨺Ƥ롥ʸˡڤΥߥ󥰤ȤδϢạ̇̄Ĺ
嵬ϱʸˡϤФйɸ֤ʤ⡤Τ褦Թʲ򤿤ޤˤΤΤ⤷̣ŪŪʴΤ⤪⤷ϤŪŪʴΤۤˡ϶̣򤽤롥
ʸˡˤ¿ΰˤĤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1]ε#124. Ѹʸˡεפ[2010-02-22-1]ε#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10פ򻲾ȡ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2012-01-09 Mon

#987. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (1) [negative][comparison][idiom][syntax][corpus][bnc]

cannot help doing ϡ?뤳Ȥ򤱤ʤפ򸶵Ȥ?ˤϤʤ?Τϻʤפ̣봷ɽǤ롥cannot but do ȤƤƱܿͤˤŪȤ䤹ɽɸΤ褦Ӥʸˤ than ΤʤǸƱʸˤդɬפǤ롥
󤲤ƤBNCWeb ˤ "(more (_AJ0 | _AV0)? | _AJC) * than * (can|could) (_XX0)? help" ǸȡϢ㤬8ҥåȤۤƱɽϺơ6򼨤

. . . the Commander struck out for the shore in a strong breaststroke that did not disturb the phosphorescence more than he could help . . . .
I'm not putting money in the pocket of the bloody Hamiltons more than I can help.
"Don't be more stupid than you can help, Greg!"
Resolutely, and determined to think no more than she could help about it . . . .
And I won't spend more than I can help.
"We'll do our best; we won't get in your way more than we can help."


ơιʸϡտޤƤ̣äƤˤ롥㤨СɤƤӡ3դϰޤˤʤͤФƤ̿ʸȯȡ3դޤǤϵ4դϰʡפȤݤȤʤʤǤä狼䤹뤿տϼȤˡʤȤ⡤줬ȯüԤΰտޤǤȹͤ롥Ū˹ͤȡyou can help ȹǤ뤫顤̤ϡȤޤˤ館뤮꤮̡4դؤϤ¿ϰʤȤȤ顤4դޤǤϵ5դϰʡפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤȯüԤΰտޤΰ̣ȤäƤޤޤŪˤΤǤС*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. ȤʤϤμιʸ BNCWeb Ǥʸڤʤ
Ǹо嵭Τ褦ˤʤ뤬Ԥΰտޤʸȯ뵡ϤۤȤɤʤ졤Ū˺뤳ȤϤʤޤ[2011-12-03-1]ε#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3)פǸ褦ˡǤǤ̣ѤʤȤˤ狼ˤϿʤ褦칽¤Τ¸ߤ롥Ȥȡɸ칽¤ƤỤ̄Ū;ϤϤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤˡɸʸϺǯλɸ1ĤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡġĤǤᤷƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-02-23-1] [2012-01-10-1]

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2012-01-08 Sun

#986. COCA "WORD AND PHRASE . INFO" [coca][corpus][dictionary][synonym][collocation][semantic_prosody][intensifier][web_service]

COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 򱿱Ĥ Mark Davies ᤬ǯˡCOCA١Ǹ˴ؤǤ륵ӥ WORD AND PHRASE . INFO lemma ٤Ǿ60,000˸¤ˤϤȡ뤴Ȥ٤䤽Υ󥳡󥹡饤ϤȤꡤWordNet ˴Ť췲ޤǤ̾˸롥ۤȤɤιܤåǽǡʤ뵡ǽؤȥǤ롥󥿡եľŪǻȤ䤹
츦 collocation ˤΩĻͤˤʤäΤǤϤʤ㤨Сsemantic_prosody 򰷤ä[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼פǡո utterly, absolutely, perfectly, totally, completely, entirely, thoroughly ˤĤƤθҲ𤷤WORD AND PHRASE . INFO utterly ϤС췲ɥ˰롥ȤϡƸ򥯥åƤ椯ǡ٤ collocation ξܺ٤롥Τ褦ĤΤ˸̤ȯ

utterly by WORD AND PHRASE . INFO

Referrer (Inside): [2012-03-03-1]

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2012-01-07 Sat

#985. Ѹθäεȳ [lexicology][loan_word][statistics][me][sggk]

[2011-08-20-1]εǡ#845. Ѹθäεȳפ礷ѸθäϤɤäΤˤĤƤ͡ʸ椬뤬פǤϡűѸͳθä60--70%ʩͳθä22--30%ťΥɸͳθä8--10%ʳ1%̤ȤͤФƤ (Duggan 238)
ȤNorman Hinton 1980ǯȾȯɽƤѸä絬ϤĴˤСפȤ˰ۤʤͤƤ롥Hinton ʸ̤ʤΤǡʲ Hinton 𤽤ΤΤǤϤʤDuggan (238--39) ǸڤƤ뤽γפ˴ŤΤͤޤǤ󤹤롥
MED ˼ФθФȤθ츻˴ŤƸʬष̡Germanic 35.06%, Romance 64.54%, Other 0.35% ȤͤϤФ줿פ٤ Germanic Romance οͤžƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤפˡˤäơۤɤޤǤ˷̤Τȶʤ롥פ⡤äդƲᤷʤФʤʤȤǧĤġ³褦

Etymological Makeup of Middle English Vocabulary

Hinton ϡChaucer Cotton Nero A.x θˤĤƤʬԤʤäƤꡤѸλˤäʿŪӤ뤳ȤˤäơƸΡǯ¬פߤƤ롥Chaucer θ Germanic 38.5%, Romance 61.2%, Other 0.09% ȤΨǤꡤ1460ǯʿŪΨȤޤCotton Nero A.x ˤĤƤ Germanic 58.7, Romance 41%, Other 0.15% ȤΨǡ1390ǯʿŪΨؤȤϤͤǤꡤǯؤ櫓ǤϤʤषChaucer Cotton Nero A.x 70ǯȤŪʺ줾θäλȤʬκƤ餯ʸŪʺбƤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽ⤷

Duggan, H. N. "Meter, Stanza, Vocabulary, Dialect". Chapter 8 of A Companion to the Gawain-Poet. Ed. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson. Cambridge: Brewer, 1997. 221--42.
Hinton, Norman "The Language of the Gawain-Poems." Arthurian Interpretations 2 (1987): 83--94.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-10-28-1] [2012-06-30-1]

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2012-01-06 Fri

#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤 [adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][latin][loan_word][suffix][-ly]

flat adverb εˤĤƤϡ[2009-06-07-1]ε#40. -ly פ[2012-01-03-1]ε#981. ȷƻζפǴñ˿ƤűѸǤϡƻδΤ˸ -e ղäȤƵǽ -e Τüˤ餵ƷŪ̵˵ˡƻƱ줬ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä줬flat adverb ηŪʵǤ롥ѸʹߡŪȤƤ -ly ޤäƤflat adverb 褷Ѥ뤳Ȥʤߤˤޤ¸³Ƥ롥
ʾ夬 flat adverb γάŪˤ˶̣꤬롥flat adverb ϸߤǤϤƤ졦졦¯ζȼΤ褦 register ħ˾夤ˤƤΤflat adverb ȯãˤܤĴ٤вǤ꤫⤷ʤ
ȴϢ뤫⤷ʤٹ (127--28) ϡ-e ξüˤꡤȷƻ줬ƱȤʤäȤ˸ڤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

դθǡƻȤ־̤򼺤ä塤άͳϤääơƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤ򳫤ΤȤϼ¤ˤǤ롥
Thou didst it excellent.---Shakespeare.
Grow not instant cold.---ibid.
Ǥ¯ǤϤ㤬¿ȤС
She talks awful.---Mark Twain.
You must ha' been an uncommon nice boy.---Dickens.
The mountains proved exceeding high.---H. R. Haggard.
ФǤʤäѤʸäƤΤ⾯ʤϤʤȤС
Quick as thought I switched on the light.--Kaye-Smith.
And doubtless there was more in him than met the eye, as is the way with great men.---Chesterton.


ѤΡ֥ƥηƻ줬ѤȤʤ򳫤פȤϡŪʰ⤤뤤Ū¤ɽΤäˤβսǻʸͿƤ櫓ǤϤʤ꤫ǤϤʤˤʤڤǤ롥ɵ椷Ƥߤ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2012-01-05 Thu

#983. flat adverb μ [adverb][adjective][loan_word][flat_adverb][binomial]

2ε (##981,982) flat adverb ˸ڤƤflat adverb Ȱ˸äƤ͡ʼब롥󤲤ΤʤǤ⡤He ran good real bad news ȤǤȤƤˡۤʤ롥ϡؿѸؼŵ٤˽äơȤ -ly adverb Ӥʤ顤flat adverb μʬषƤߤ褦

(1) flat adverb -ly adverb ξѤˡ̣㤨Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿dear vs dearly, fast vs fastly, free vs freely, hard vs hardly, late vs lately, near vs nearly, pretty vs prettily ʤɤ㤬롥
(2) 졦졦¯Ȥơä˥ꥫѸǹޤ롥ΤȤҤޤä϶Ϳ뤳Ȥ¿

Alice's elbow was pressed hard against it.
But she did not venture to say it out loud.
Then they both bowed low.
I lighted the torch high.
Sure you won't change your mind and come and look for lions in Rhodesia?
I shall doubtless see you tomorrow.

(3) ˶ĴȤ¾θ򽤾롥mighty cold, burning hot, real good ([2012-01-04-1]), terrible strong, dead tired.
(4) Ӥɽľ (simile) ˤƤϡflat adverb ǧ٤⤯ʤ롥

Come as quick as you can.
I can't stay longer.
He stared at me now as expressionless as a stone.
Silver leant back against the wall as calm as though he had been in church.
Helpless as a sheep, I moved along under his expert direction.

(5) binomial Ȥơ줬Ϣ³硥speak loud and clear, lose fair and square, be brought up short and sharp, etc. (Quirk et al. 406)
(6) ˤơOne road leads to the river, As it goes singing slow. (Masefield)
(7) flat adverb -ly adverb ȰۤʤꡤưΡʤ뤤Ū줬ФΡ˸֤˸¤롥He drove slow.; We got the house cheap.
(8) be, appear, look, sound, feel, taste, smell, turn, run, grow, prove, remain ʤɤ1ʸ2ʸư˸³ˤϡflat adverb -ly adverb ˤäʸʬ롥The train appeared slow/slowly.; The boys looked eager/eagerly.

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1] [2012-07-14-1]

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2012-01-04 Wed

#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverb [adverb][adjective][register][corpus][ame_bre][americanisation][colloquialisation][grammar][flat_adverb]

ε#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) κǸ˿줿ñ (flat adverb) 夲롥б -ly ¸Ƥ硤flat adverb ϰ̤άŪ뤤ϸŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ롥Ūʴϡ-ly ȼɸǤꡤflat adverb оݤȤΤǻѤ򹵤٤Ȥ뤬LGSWE (Section 7.12.2) ˤСʲΤ褦ϲåѥǤ̤˸Ȥ

The big one went so slow. (CONV)
Well it was hot but it didn't come out quick. (CONV)
They want to make sure it runs smooth first. (CONV)


ä good real ȤѤˡϡAmE θǹʹ롥LGSWE (Section 7.12.2.1) εҤˤСgood well ΰ̣ѤϡAmE βäǰŪˤ褯졤ǽ񤭸դ BrE ǤϵǤ롥really ѤȤƤ real ˤĤƤϡAmE βäǤ really Ⱦʬۤɤ٤ǻѤƤȤ顤٤ѥ٤ǤС BrE βäˤ really ٤ɤŨȤʤBrE Ǥ real Τˡϳ̵ǤϤʤǤ롥ξԤ LGSWE 餤Ĥ󤲤褦

It just worked out good, didn't it? (AmE CONV)
Bruce Jackson, In Excess' trainer said, "He ran good, but he runs good all the time. It was easy." (AmE NEWS)
It would have been real [bad] news. (AmE CONV)
I have a really [good] video with a real [good] soundtrack. (AmE CONV)


Τ褦ˡgood ưȹ¤ʤƽˡreal ϷƻĴˡ̤Ǥ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡѸˤ flat adverb ϥꥫѸθѤ뷹Ȥѥ餫ȤʤäƤ뤬ηȴϢ[2011-01-12-1]ε#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פǿ줿ꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ȸ첽 (colloquialisation) Ĭή۵ˤʤ塤goodreal ˸¤餺ѸΤȤ flat adverb λѤ礷Ƥ椯ȤǽȤȤ碌ơ[2010-03-05-1]ε#312. ʸˡαƺפ (5) ⻲Ȥ줿

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2012-01-03 Tue

#981. ȷƻζ [adverb][adjective][indo-european][inflection][flat_adverb]

ȷƻεǽŪʶ̤ϤФۣǤꡤϷ־ʬˤĤʤäƤ롥㤨СThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸˤơbright ư shine 򽤾ȼ뤳ȤǤСȤƵǽƻȼ뤳ȤǤ롥 bright brightly ȤƤƱǤ뤳ȤͤСȤƤβ᤬ŬäƤ褦˻פ롥ޤŪˤߤС bright -e ΤĤ beorhte Τ褦ʸǤꡤ -e Ѳη̼줿˷ƻƱˤʤäƤޤäΤ졤ϤȤƤβʬŪ -e ȴϢơ[2009-06-07-1]ε -ly פ򻲾ȡˡ
shine [glow, burn] bright ϴŪɽǤꡤɬΤʬϤˤʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡƬ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ衤ȷƻϵǽŪˤŪˤƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τ顤̤뤳ȼΤ˰̣Τɤ路⤢Ϥ
¡¿Ǥϡƻ줬ʤФȤ뤳ȤǡˤΤޤŪǽ̤ȤϤ褯ΤƤʺٹp. 127ˡ嵭θűѸ -e Ϳʸˤˤ첽ϤȤơƥ nimium felix "exceedingly happy"ե󥹸 une fille nouveau-née "a new-born girl"ꥢ Egli lo guardò fisso "He looked at him fixedly" horasho gavareet "to speak well" ʤɡ¿ʾ夫顤ȷƻεǽŪӷŪʺϤʤϤϾǤ뤳Ȥ狼
ѸǤϡäѸʹߡޤŪ˿हˤĤơ-e ʤɤζ޸ˤȷƻηŪʶ̤ϼ줿ơˡ-ly ʤɤŪƬƤѸǤФȤ "go slow" ˸褦ʡ-ly ǤϤʤñ (flat adverb) ˡ⡤嵭Τ褦෿Ū̻Ūʸ̮Τʤɬפ롥

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2012-01-02 Mon

#980. ethical dative [dative][pragmatics]

ŪͿʤˡ1Ĥˡethical dative ȸƤФԻ׵Ĥˡ롥ֿŪͿʡפ뤳Ȥ¿褦ٹ (125) ϡִͿʡפƤꡤԤΤۤѸȤƤäȤ狼䤹 "for me" ۤɤΰ̣ź dative of interest ͿʡˤȯŸΤפﳲȤްդϤʤäƤꡤФǤФʤɸѸǤϤܻۤѤäȤäƤ褤ˡ夫򸫤Ƥߤ褦

He would sweep me these rascals. बͤɤɤʧäƤ
I say, knock me at the gate. (Shakespeare)ʤ򤿤
As I was smoking a musty room, comes me the prince and Claudio, hand in hand . . . (Shakespeare) ʻ䤬͡ӽ򤤤֤ƤޤɤǤ礦ͤȥǥȤ˼äƤǤˤʤޤ


Ǥ me ׼ԤǤȤĥषüԤ۾ʴФƤ뤳ȤżƤ롥ʹդϲ̤Ƥ褦顤ethical dative ʸˡŪǽȤϽṲ̄ΤѤƤȤäƺ٤ʤ3Ϻٹ (126) ˤΤò佪֤͡פˤäб̤Ф褦忴Ƥꡤethical dative Υ᥿ʵǽȤνṲܸ̄촶ФȤäƤ롥
Ѹ줫ˤĤƤϡMustanoja (99--100) 󤲤Ƥ롥

Another shade in the use of dative of interest is seen in what is customarily called the ethical dative. This occurs only in the first and second persons: --- ilc prince me take his wond (Gen. & Ex. 3821); --- so wiste I me non other red (Gower CA i 108); --- þay fel on hym alle and woried me þis wyly wyth a wroth noyse (Gaw. & GK 1905).


νˤƱͿʤˡ롥ٹ (126) žܤ褦

ꥷ: Greek letters (= What am I to learn for thee?); ƥ: Quid mihi Celsus agit? (= How is Celsus me getting on?); ڥ: Me han muerto à mi hijo (= They have killed me my son); ե󥹸: Que me faîtes-vous là? (= What are you going [sic] me there?); ɥĸ: Sieh mir nicht so finster aus (= Don't look me so sullen).


ɤ ethical dative ϸ˹븽ݤΤ褦ǤꡤŪΩ줫ͻäȤ⤷ŤѸǤѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦ѸˤƤܴۤ˼ƤäطʤⵤˤʤȤǤ롥

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-08-1] [2015-05-12-1]

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2012-01-01 Sun

#979. Ѹֻ <e> [spelling][graphemics][alphabet][ame_bre][orthography][final_e]

ޤƤǤȤޤ2012ǯʿ23ǯäǯǤǯ hellog ꤤޤ
ǯν󵭻ϡֻ <e> ˤĤơ<e> ȤƤ褯ΤƤΤϡ"magic <e>" ȸƤФΤǤ롥name bite ʤɤθ e ϡ켫ȤȯʤΤΡԤ첻Ĺ첻뤤2첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥ʤΤ褦 magic <e> εǽΤɤΤ褦ʲ <e> εǽΤˤĤƤϤ夲 <e> ΤäƤ͡ˤĤƹͤƤߤCrystal (259) (112) 礷10ܤդäվ񤭤򵭤

(1) ΤȤû첻 /ɛ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /iː/ ɽ魯ȤŪɽǽäƤ (ex. set, me)
(2) ѸΥե٥åȤξEnglish, certain, ballet, serious ʤɤˤƤϡ<e> (1) Ȥ̤첻ɽ路Ƥ롥
(3) ¾첻Ȥ߹蘆äơ͡첻ɽ魯 (ex. great, wear, ear; meet, beer; rein, believe; leopard, people; Europe; bureau)
(4) 嵭 magic <e> Ԥ첻פϡľܤԤ (ex. die, doe) ҲƤ (ex. take, mete, side, rose, cube) 롥
(5) <e> ̵ͭˤäԤҲβꤵ (ex. bathe vs bath, breathe vs breath, teethe vs teeth [2011-03-30-1], [2009-05-15-1]; singe vs sing; vice vs Vic)
(6) ä˶Ūʵǽ򼨤ñˤĤƤȯ򼨺Ȥ礬 (ex. give, have, love, some)
(7) ä˱ơѼ֤Ρֻζ (ex. judg(e)ment, ag(e)ing [2009-12-27-1], ax(e)) 䡤ȯζ (ex. clerk with AmE /ɛr/ or BrE /ɑː/ [2009-10-30-1]) ɽ魯
(8) ޸ǤʤȤ򼨤 (ex. lapse vs laps, please vs pleas)
(9) Ʊְ۵ (homograph) 򤱤 (ex. singeing vs singing, dyeing vs dying)
(10) ¿θ̤ (ex. borne vs born [2011-12-19-1]; blonde vs blond [2010-09-13-1])

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ174ǡ

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