ε#5670. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ ([2024-10-24-1]) ǡ (negation) Ǹ˽ФޤˤȤϲϤ礭Ǥؤůؤ뤳ȤǤޤǤϸؤδ˹ʤޤ
ؤѸ켭ŵ뤳ȤϤޤ礦ޤ Crystal (323--24) Ѥޤ
negation (n.) A process or construction in GRAMMATICAL and SEMANTIC analysis which typically expresses the contradiction of some or all of a sentence's meaning. In English grammar, it is expressed by the presence of the negative particle (neg, NEG) not or n't (the CONTRACTED negative); in LEXIS, there are several possible means, e.g. PREFIXES such as un-, non-, or words such as deny. Some LANGUAGES use more than one PARTICLE in a single CLAUSE to express negation (as in French ne . . . pas). The use of more than one negative form in the same clause (as in double negatives) is a characteristic of some English DIALECTS, e.g. I'm not unhappy (which is a STYLISTICALLY MARKED mode of assertion) and I've not done nothing (which is not acceptable in STANDARD English). . . .
A topic of particular interest has been the range of sentence STRUCTURE affected by the position of a negative particle, e.g. I think John isn't coming v. I don't think John is coming: such variations in the SCOPE of negation affect the logical structure as well as the semantic analysis of the sentence. The opposite 'pole' to negative is POSITIVE (or AFFIRMATIVE), and the system of contrasts made by a language in this area is often referred to as POLARITY. Negative polarity items are those words or phrases which can appear only in a negative environment in a sentence, e.g. any in I haven't got any books. (cf. *I've got any books).
Bussmann (323) ѤޤؤˤФƸؤΤ褦˲⤷Ƥޤ
In contrast with logical negation, natural language negation functions not only as sentence negation, but also primarily as clausal or constituent negation: she did not pay (= negation of predication), No one paid anything (= negation of the subject NP), he paid nothing (= negation of the object NP). Here the scope (= semantic coverage) of negation is frequently polysemic or dependent on the placement of negation, on the sentence stress . . . as well as on the linguistic and/or extralinguistic context. Natural language negation may be realized in various ways: (a) lexically with adverbs and adverbial expressions (not, never, by no means), indefinite pronouns (nobody, nothing, none), coordinating conjunctions (neither . . . nor), sentence equivalents (no), or prepositions (without, besides); (b) morphologically with prefixes (in + exact, un + interested) or suffix (help + less); (c) intonationally with contrastive accent (in Jacob is not flying to New York tomorrow the negation can refer to Jacob, flying, New York, or tomorrow depending which elements are stressed); (d) idiomatically by expressions like For all I care, . . . . Formally, three types of negation are differentiated: (a) internal (= strong) negation, the basic type of natural language negation (e.g. The King of France is not bald); (b) external (= weak) negation, which corresponds to logical negation (e.g. It's not the case/it's not true that p); (c) contrastive (= local) negation, which can also be considered a pragmatic variant of strong negation to the degree that stress and the corresponding modifying clause are relevant to the scope of the negation (e.g. The King of France is not bald, but rather wears glasses. The linguistic description of negation has proven to be a difficult problem in all grammatical models owing to the complex interrelationship of syntactic, prosodic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects.
2Ĥβ˴Ťơؤˤ˴ؤվȼΤ褦ˤʤǤ礦
1. μϰ
ʸ (sentence negation)
(clausal negation)
(constituent negation)
2. μ¸ͼ
Ū (lexically): 졤̾졤³졤ֻʤ
Ū (morphologically): Ƭ
Ū (intonationally): оȥ
Ū (idiomatically): ɽ
3. ηŪʬ
Ūʶ (internal/strong negation)
Ūʼ夤 (external/weak negation)
оŪʶɽŪ (contrastive/local negation)
4. κѰ (scope)
꼭ΰ֤ˤƶ
ʸˤƶ
ŪŪʸ̮ˤƶ
5. 2 (double negative)
ɸѸǤλ
ʸŪͭɸʹɽȤƤλ
6. (polarity)
(positive/affirmative) vs. (negative)
7. ˴ؤŪΧỤ̄ŪŪ¦̤ʣߴط
8. Ūΰ㤤
ΰϡʣ¿ƤޤƤꡤȴʤʤǤ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
衤2 (double_negative) ޤ¿ϡ18εϼλ stigma դ졤ζϤʱƶޤ³ƤȸƤǯθοŸˤꡤºݤˤϤäᤤʳɸŪˤʤäƤꡤ18εʸˡϤǤ˹ԤϤäƤ촷ˤդͿˤʤȲᤵ褦ˤʤäƤˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) ǿ줿
¿깽ʸ̣ȤˤʤΤˤʤΤۣȤʤΤǤСߥ˥پ褿ºݤäˤƤʸ̮䱤Χν⤢ꡤۤɸ櫓Ǥʤʤ٤ۣ椵ӽäξפǡġֽաפä顤ɤŵˡΧʸǤ롥Rissanen (125) Ѥ롥
In the development of negative expressions legal texts may have offered an early model that resulted in the avoidance of multiple or universal negation in Late Middle and Early Modern English.
In Late Middle English, multiple negation was still accepted and universal negation was only gradually becoming obsolete, possibly with the loss of ne. In the fifteenth century, the not . . . no construction . . . was still the rule . . . , but in the Helsinki Corpus samples of legal texts this combination does not occur even once, while the combination not . . . any . . . , can be found no less than eight times. In other contexts . . . multiple negation occurs even in the statutes, but the user of any is more common than in the other genres.
. . . .
The same trend can be seen in sixteenth-century texts: the not . . . no type is avoided in the statutes while it is still an accepted minority variant in other text types. This is not surprising, since the tendency towards disambiguation and clarity of expression probably resulted in the avoidance of double negation in legal texts well before the normative grammarians started arguing about two negatives making one affirmative.
ۣ椵ӽ٤ˡΧʸˤƿ侩줿ˡ˰̤Υ쥸ˤĥȤŸϡʬˤꤽǤ롥⤷ָդˡפȤ٤ĬήѸʹߤθոħŤƤΤȤСҲͿƶϻפΤۤ礭ȤȤˤʤꤽ
Rissanen Ʊʸ#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. ([2012-10-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
Rissanen, Matti. "Standardisation and the Language of Early Statutes." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 117--30.
2 (double_negative) ˤĤƤϡߤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥνȤʤäֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤǤ⾯˼夲
ŪˤСI don't have any money. 뤤 I have no money. ΰ̣ǡI don't have no money. ȸäƤϤʤȤ§ͳϡƱ꼭2ġʰʾˤˤ⤫餺Τΰ̣ȤƤ1ȤΤŪ̷⤷Ƥ뤫ȤȤˤʤ롥
ܥ֥ double_negative ˴ؤ뵭ˤƤ⡤ޤƱ˻䤬 Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸äְʼ YouTube ϡäǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡ2ŪˤϢʤ³Ƥ칽¤Ǥ롥
ѸǤ⡤ɸѸ⳰˽ФС2¿ϤǤ㤬äƤ롥㤨 Siemund (619) ѤƤ2Ĥۤɵ褦
Yes, and no people didn't trouble about gas stoves then. (Southeast of England)
We didn't have no use for it noways. (Appalachian English)
ޤŪˤѸѸǤϤ̤츽ݤäѸ줫ȤơSiemund (620) Ƥ1ĵ롥
I thinke ye weare never yet in no grownd of mine, and I never say no man naye.
θϤƤ⡤2Ϥʤ̤ΤȤΤ褦Siemund (620) 206θĴԸȤΤ170θǤλ㤬ǧ줿Ȥ𤷤Ƥ롥ɸѸΤ褦2꤬Τϡ鷺11ΤߤäȤŪˤϡɸѸ쥿פʤΤ
ǤϡʤɸѸϤۤɤޤǤ˴ʤ2ΤºݡϽפʱѸ˾Ǥꡤ͡˵Ƥаޤ롥2꤬褦ˤʤäŪطʤȤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#4275. 2ŪǺᤷǽεʸˡ Greenwood ([2021-01-09-1]) Ȥ줿
Siemund, Peter. "Regional Varieties of English: Non-Standard Grammatical Features." Chapter 28 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 604--29.
2 (double_negative) 뤤ϤŪ¿ (multiple negative) ϡʸˡˤǺᤵƤǤܤǤcf. #301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1])ˡŪˤСȤƤϸűѸ줫ΤƤꡤ̣ǽȤƤ꼭ĤĤ̾Ρʤ뤤϶Ĵ줿ˡפä꼭ĤˡǤääơֹפȤŪȯۤʤɡȤȤʤäΤǤ롥λפǤ18˥֡Ȥʤäϼ (prescriptivism) Ȥθʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤꡤ2ǡȤƱѸΥˤΤ夬äȤ롥
κǽλųݤͤϡAn Essay Towards a Practical English Grammar (1711) 路 James Greenwood Ǥ롥 Benjamin Franklin ȽȤʸˡʸˡǤ (cf. #2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin ([2017-04-09-1])ˡ1753ǯ ǤȤ p. 182 ˤ "Two Negatives, or two Adverbs of Denying, do in English affirm." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
θ塤 Greenwood Ρפ¾εʸˡȤˤ⥳ԡ졤γعʸˡˤޤǾäפĤȤˤʤäƶĴƤGreenwood λϤλˤƤ⡤2Ͻ̣Τ˾ѤƤɽǤ롥ɽǤʤСդ˿侩ɽǤʤ˥塼ȥ롤˼夲뤳Ȥʤۤɤʿޤɽˤʤä줬Greenwood ʤȤɿԡˤˤʰǡͥƥʲͤդ줿ȤΤ⡤λνȤϤԻĤǤ롥Horobin (64) ƱݤǡʤƤ롥
As is usual in such works, no support for the claim is offered; it is certainly not based on practice, since double negatives had been common since Old English. A famous instance appears in Geoffrey Chaucer's description of the knight in the Canterbury Tales, who 'nevere yet no vileynye [evi] ne sayde . . . unto no maner wight [person].' Since there are four negatives here (nevere, no, ne, no) a prescriptivist might be inclined to claim that Chaucer is signalling the knight's rudeness, but this is self-evidently not the implication; the incremental build-up of negatives is intended to underline the knight's purity of speech and good manners.
This is not just a quirk of the English language; multiple negation as a form of reinforcement is found in other languages, like French, where 'je ne veux rien' uses both the negative ne and rien 'nothing'---'I don't want nothing'.
ǡGreenwood ʤȤɿԡˤˤʰǡǺᤵ줿ȽҤ٤ΤΡȤϰۤʤ븫 --- ޤǤ2λѤϲФˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ --- ФƤ뤳ȤոƤˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) ȡ
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ɸϡ#1245. ʣŪβȤƤνȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1])#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ǤƤǤ롥Ѹξ˴ؤǯͤɤǤȡεϲȤΤϡɸಽٿʤǤʤ¤ϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȤ¿ʤäƤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤϼθ̤ϴ¸ɸಽη˰첡äۤɤΤΤǤꡤɾƤϤʤȤǶɤ Percy (449) ƱݤεŸƤ롥
With increasing precision, scholars have independently established that mid-eighteenth-century prescription more often "reinforced" than "triggered" the stigmatization of specific grammatical variants. Studies of spelling have revealed similar trends. In general, such popular lexicographers as Samuel Johnson . . . and Noah Webster followed rather than established norms: in Anson's words, though "usage and authority work mutually ... no authority---even Webster---can hope to change a firmly entrenched spelling habit" (1990: 48)
In the case of double negation, it seems clear that "natural" standardization preceded explicit prescription. Sociohistorical corpus studies of late medieval English documented that double negation receded from educated usage long before eighteenth-century grammarians condemned it. Key contexts seem to be writing generally and professional language specifically . . . .
ʤƶϤΤĿͤ佸ĤǤ⡤λѼԤΤǤҲ߽ФήܼŪѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϾʤȤƶˤϡƱդ롥
ΰѤǿƤ롤"double negation" ¤ϵϼषƤȤŪʻŦˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) ȡ
Percy, Carol. "Attitudes, Prescriptivism, and Standardization." Chapter 34 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Oxford: OUP, 2012. 446--56.
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
ɸѸεʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) Ǥϡ (double negative) 롥#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ΥˤǤܤǤꡤѤΰ̤Τ褦ˤߤʤƤ롥ŤѸǤФ꤫¿꤬̤ѤƤ¤ꡤϤθˡ˸ŪʸѤΤˤ뤳ȤʪäƤ褦˻פ뤬ϼΩ줫ϥΰĥǤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) ȡˡ
ɸѸˤϡΤ褦18εʸˡζϤʱƶǴ˻ꡤߤޤŨ뤵ƤȤΤ̾θθɬΤǤϤʤ褦ԸȤĤ Tieken-Boon van Ostade (81) Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥
Many scholars believe that the disappearance of double negation from standard English was due to the influence of the normative grammarians, but Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg . . . have shown that double negation was already on the way out during the EModE period. The same is true for another 'double' construction, the use of double comparatives and superlatives, no longer in general use either when first condemned by the grammarians (González-Díaz 2008)
ڤƤԸäƳΤƤʤ⤷θΤʤΤȤС˼θѤˤʤӵ顦ǾˤѤФλ¤18ʸˡȤǤäι¤ܤФȤäȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡdouble negative γޤӵˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) hellog ȡ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])#1364. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ ([2013-01-20-1])#1496. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ (2) ([2013-06-01-1]) ˰³Τۤɸ (The Sex/Prestige Pattern) ˤĤơ
εǸڤΤۤˡRomain (87) ϲˤҶ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Another factor seldom considered is the effect of children, with respect both to employment patterns as well as to language use in families. The Dutch study found that when a couple had children, both parents used more standard language. One of the reasons why women may adopt a more prestigious variety of language is to increase their children's social and educational prospects.
ĤޤꡤοƤϡҶ˵Ūʸո褦Ȥ뤿ˡɸŪʸˡ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤ롤ȤǤ롥Ƥ˸¤ʤȤ¿μҲŪƤƤΤۤ˴ؤ뵡Ū¿Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤκơͽˤɸಽָȴϢƤΤǤϤʤȤ
ƤƤδ֤ΰҶؤδԤκˤĤƤϤƤȤơοƤǯءĤޤؤǯؤɸŪʸոȤϹѻƤ롥դθСԤϼҲŪ㤤ѼȤȤϡͤɸŪѼ overt prestige ʸŪҡˤǧ뷹ΤФơմ䤽μԤɸŪѼ covert prestige Ūҡˤǧ뷹Ȥư̲Ǥ롥üԸĿͤĹȤߤȡǯ𤬾夬ˤäơɸŪʸոؤȥեȤƤ椯 (age grading) ȤȤ
Ѹ줫ȤƤϡͤˤʤ¯ (slang) λѤ롤¿ (multiple negation) λѤʤɤĴ̤𤵤Ƥ롥㤨СʲϤ褽ƱƤȯμǤǤǤ롥Ȥ¯ŪɽϴޤޤƤ뤬٤κܤ줿졤pp. 94--95ˡ
(1)
An adolescent: Dude, yesterday I went to this store and, man, I couldn't find the shift I wanted anywhere, man, it sucked.
An adult: Yesterday, I went to the store. I couldn't find what I wanted. Gosh! I was frustrated.
(2)
An adolescent: What the fuck is up with you, dumb ass! I told you to take that shift out 3 times. Get your ass out there.
An adult: I told you to take the trash out 3 times now. What the hell are you doing? Get your ass in gear and get out there and empty the dumb thing.
Romaine ˤ Detroit ˤ¿ĴǤϡγ礬12аʲ73%1063%ФơͤǤ61%Ȥ졤p. 92ˡ
̤ͤˤϻҶ˵ϤɬפȤҲŪʰϤäƤꡤˤɸŪѼλѤ褦ˤʤȤϡ´ˤäƤꡤϤ롥
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1]) ڤӡ#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1]) ˰³Trudgill κǤͭ˾Ȥߤ벾Ҳ𤹤롥ѸǹԤʤ줿¿μҲĴˤС٤ƤɸŪѼȤߤ롥
1ȤơDetroit ǹԤʤ줿¿ (multiple negation) Ĵ롥̤ˡѸˤ I don't wanna none Τ褦¿ɸŪʸˡȤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) #988. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (2) ([2012-01-10-1]) ȡˡ̤ǤϡήۤɸŪʸˡ뤿¿꤬ͽۤ졤ºݤˤ̤ʤΤƱ쳬٤ȡΤۤ¿꤬뷹餫˸줿Trudgill (70) ꡤ¿λΨƸ褦
| Upper Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 6.3 | 32.4 | 40.0 | 90.1 |
| Female | 0.0 | 1.4 | 35.6 | 58.9 |
| Upper Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 66.7 | 52.5 | 20.0 | 25.0 |
| Female | 90.0 | 70.0 | 44.2 | 31.7 |
| Middle Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Middle Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 4 | 27 | 81 | 91 | 100 |
| Female | 0 | 3 | 68 | 81 | 97 |
ε ([2012-01-09-1]) Ǽ夲ʸˤĤơ³
ŪˤϸäƤƱʸѸǵƤƤطʤȤơϡỤ̄Ūװιʸ⤦1ĤνפװȤơϾװΤǤϤʤȤٹ (148--49) εҲ𤷤ϡ¿ (multiple negation; [2010-10-28-1]) Ȥ뵬ʸˡѤǤ롥
18˲ϤǤߤˤޤǶƶϤڤܤ³Ƥ뵬ϱʸˡνܤΤʤǤ⡤¿ζػߤȤܤϡȤ褯ΤƤ롥ŵŪˤ2꤬褯Ȥʤꡤ1٤Ȥ2Ĥ꼭ޤƤޤȤʸǤ (ex. I didn't say nothing.) ¿ػߤ뵬ʸˡϤä̡ѸǤ꼭1ĤǽʬȤֿġפ줿2Ĥ꼭ۤʤ˸ʤɡߤ˰̣ŪϢƤʤˤϡǤä礦Ȥʤ줾줬Ωΰ̣˹ƤϤʤΤΤ褦ʾǤֿġפ꼭1Ĥθ§פ롥ˡ*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. 줿ΤǤϤʤٹ (148) ϡ֤Ǥä٤ѤʤȤΤȤޤ˲٤Ϥä̡ˤäƤϤҤʤƤϤʤʤǤäʤʤäơԹʸ˻äפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ŪˤߤСcannot help doing Υǥ϶äƤΤΤǡOED "help", v. 11. b. ˤСư̾1711ǯǽΤΤǤ롥̣Ȥˡ11. c. ǤϡιʸΤ褦˼夲Ƥ롥
c. Idiomatically with negative omitted (can for cannot), after a negative expressed or implied.
1862 WHATELY in Gd. Words Aug. 496 In colloquial language it is common to hear persons say, 'I won't do so-and-so more than I can help', meaning, more than I can not help. 1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apol. 25 Your name shall occur again as little as I can help, in the course of these pages. 1879 SPURGEON Serm. XXV. 250, I did not trouble myself more than I could help. 1885 EDNA LYALL In Golden Days III. xv. 316, I do not believe we shall be at the court more than can be helped.
OED ϡƱʸŪȤʤ⡤19ȾаʹߡѤȤʤäƤȤƤ롥ʸˡڤΥߥȤδϢạ̇̄Ĺ
嵬ϱʸˡϤФйɸ֤ʤ⡤Τ褦ԹʲޤˤΤΤ⤷̣ŪŪʴΤ⤪⤷ϤŪŪʴΤۤˡ϶̣롥
ʸˡˤ¿ΰˤĤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1]ε#124. Ѹʸˡεפ[2010-02-22-1]ε#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10פȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
1986ǯBBC Radio 4 English Now ǻİԥȤԤ줿äȤʸˡְ㤤ƤȤΤפη̡ʲΥȥå10줿 ( Crystal 194 )
(1) between you and I : ֻθʤΤ I Ǥʤ me Ȥ٤
(2) split infinitives : ʬΥסto suddenly go ʤɡto ưδ֤ߤ٤餺
(3) placement of only : I saw only Jane ΰ̣ I only saw Jane Ȥ٤餺
(4) none + plural verb : None of the books are Ǥʤ is Ǽ٤
(5) different to : different from Ȥ٤
(6) preposition stranding : ֻ֡סThat was the clerk I gave the money to Τ褦ֻǸ˻Ĥ٤餺
(7) first person shall / will : ̤ɽˤϡI shall, you will, he will Τ褦˿;ΤˤäƽưȤʬ٤
(8) hopefully : ʸȤƤˡ˾餯ϡפ٤
(9) who / whom : ŪʤѤThat is the man whom you saw Ȥ٤
(10) double negation : They haven't done nothing Τ褦꼭Ѥ٤餺
20ǯʾΥȤߤǤۤܤΤޤƤϤޤȹͤƤ褤ʤʤС嵭ιܤ¿19ˤäƤ18Ϣʤ³Ƥ롤©Ĺ stigmatisation Ǥ롥(8) ʤɤŪ褦¾ݤĹ餯ʸˡǡָפȤΥåƥŽƤΤФǤ롥Ȥ̤ؤʤɤϤäȤƤ⡤20ǯ䤽ǡ10ܤȥåץ饹ä뤳ȤϤʤʸˡɸѸθˡ礭ʱƶͿƤȤϻ¤Ǥ鶺褦ȤƤˤ錄äƱ꤬˸³Ƥ¤ߤȡεϤȤΤϤʤʤޤʤΤʤȲƹͤ롥
Though the grammarians indisputably had an effect on the language, their influence has been overrated, since many complaints today about incorrect usage refer to the same features as those that were criticised in eighteenth-century grammars. This evident lack of effect is only now beginning to draw the attention of scholars. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 6)
ϢȤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1], [2009-09-15-1]⻲ȡ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
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