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age_grading - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2014-07-11 Fri

#1901. apparent time real time [age_grading][sociolinguistics][language_change][methodology][terminology][diachrony]

#1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) εǡage-grading ȤҲؾγǰѸҲ𤷤Ѳμ¾Ūˤơage-grading βǽϾǰƬˤƤʤФʤʤȤΤϡѻԤߵäƤŪʡʤäñȯΡ˸ѲȤǤȻפǤݤºݤˤ巫֤Ƥ age-grading ˤʤäȤȤ뤫դˡ巫֤ age-grading ȿƤ븽ݤºݤˤϤλͭΰ¤θѲǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ǥϡѻθ츽ݤθѲʤΤ age-grading ʤΤʬˤϡɤФ褤Τ߿ʹθѲѻˡȤơ2λΤƤ롥apparent time real time Ǥ롥Trudgill Ѹ콸ꡤ줾Ѥ褦

apparent-time studies Studies of linguistic change which attempt to investigate language changes as they happen, not in real time (see real-time studies), but by comparing the speech of older speakers with that of younger speakers in a given community, and assuming that differences between them are due to changes currently taking place within the dialect of that community, with older speakers using older forms and younger speakers using newer forms. As pointed out by William Labov, who introduced both the term and the technique, it is important to be able to distinguish in this comparison of age-groups between ongoing language changes and differences that are due to age-grading (Trudgill 9--10)

real-time studies Studies of linguistic change which attempt to investigate language changes as they happen, not in apparent time by comparing the speech of older speakers with that of younger speakers in a given community, but in actual time, by investigating the speech of a particular community and then returning a number of years later to investigate how speech in this community has changed. In secular linguistics, two different techniques have been used in real-time studies. In the first, the same informants are used in the follow-up study as in the first study. In the second, different informants, who were too young to be included in the first study or who were not then born, are investigated in the follow-up study. One of the first linguists to use this technique was Anders Steinsholt, who carried out dialect research in the southern Norwegian community of Hedrum, near Larvik, in the late 1930s, and then returned to carry out similar research in the late 1960s. (Trudgill 109)


apparent-time studies ϡ̻ΰ̤ˤ庹θѤоȤ뤳Ȥǡ߿ʹθѲŪͤߤ褦ȤˡǤ롥ߤȤ1ΤߤΩäĴǤˡȤƴؤǤϤ뤬餫ˤʤä庹̤ƿθѲʤΤ age-grading ʤΤ̤ˡǡ̾ real-time studies ˤäơ˸ˤɬפ롥
real-time studies ϡ̻ʣˤĴɬפꡤʬºݾμ֤Ϥ뤬θѲ age-grading ʬΤɬפʥǡꤹ뤳ȤǤȤ롥
ŪºŪʴϡѲĴݤˤξˡȤ߹碌ΤʲȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ɤΤȤŪĴ³Ĵ̤ǡ١Ѥ߽ŤͤƹԤȤοʤΤƱͳǡŪ˶Ūѥ³ƤȤ⡤˸ؼԤˤȤäƽפʲǤ롥
apparent time real time ˤĤƤϡ#919. Asia ȯ ([2011-11-02-1]) Ǥ⿨줿ΤǡȤ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2014-06-30 Mon

#1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ [age_grading][generative_grammar][language_change][terminology]

ͤθոϡǤѲ롥θոѲиĿͤ⤽˱ѲȤȤϡïŪθƤ̤Ǥ롥ʤɤθäϤ˵ڤФȯˡʸˡѲˤⵤŤʤ˱Ƥ롥ʤɤǤϡĿͤʸˡϰٽꤵ졤ʸˡѲϼλҶˤʬϤ̤ƤΤߵꤦȹͤƤ뤬ºݤθ챿ѤˤƤϡҲǿʹԤƤѲϡΤ˸ĿͤθȿǤƤ롥̻Ū˸ѲʤǤΤǤСƱߥ󥰤̻ŪƤüԤƤθոȿǤȤΤϡԤ
嵭ΰ̣Ȥϰۤʤ̣ǡֺФȤȤ˸ոѤפȤ롥㤨С̻Ū˵äƤѲȤľܤˤϴطˡФȤȤ˻ѸäѲȤȤϡߤʷиĻˤĻͭäشˤϽشħŤոҲͤˤʤмҲͤ餷ɽǯˤʤǯˤդ路Τθ롥ĿͤϡФȤȤˤǯˤդ路ոȤˤĤƤ椯Υѥϡ̻ŪʸѲ˽ΤʤǸոѲƤ椯ΤȰۤʤꡤ̾巫֤ΤǤꡤĹȤȤ˵ѲǤ롥ҲؤǤ age-grading ȸƤǤ롥γǰѸˤĤơ2Ѥ褦

age-gradingA phenomenon in which speakers in a community gradually alter their speech habits as they get older, and where this change is repeated in every generation. It has been shown, for example, that in some speech communities it is normal for speakers to modify their language in the direction of the acrolect as they approach middle-age, and then to revert to less prestigious speech patterns after they reach retirement age. Age-grading is something that has to be checked for in apparent-time studies of linguistic change to ensure that false conclusions are not being drawn from linguistic differences between generations. (Trudgill 6)

. . . it is a well attested fact that particularly young speakers use specific linguistic features as identity markers, but give them up in later life. That is, instead of keeping their way of speaking as they grow older, thereby slowly replacing the variants used by the speakers of the previous generations, they themselves grow out of their earlier way of speaking. (Schendl 75)


Wardhaugh (200-01) ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ륫ʥѸˤ age-grading 󤲤褦ʥ Ontario Toronto ǤϡҶϥե٥åȤκǸʸ򡤥ꥫȯ̤ػΥƥȤαƶ "zee" ȯ뤬ͤã "zed" ؤȥʥ롥ϲˤ錄äƷ֤ƤꡤŵŪ age-grading Ȥ롥
ޤθϡΤѤƤݼŪʷ֤ƤȰ̤˸롥ŤͷѸʤɤϢʤ³ƤΤǤ롥ޤǯˤϼʬȿоڤȤκ̲Ϥꡤ׿Ūʸո߽ФĤλˤ⸫롥ʹˤʤȡŻŪޤ "linguistic market-place" ΰϤΤȤǡ¿쾯ʤɸŪʷ֤Ѥ뷹Ȥ⤤ (Hudson 14--16) Τ褦ˡǯ̤θŪ񤤤ϡ˴ؤ餺η򼨤
(91--92) ꡤ#1529. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ (3) ([2013-07-04-1]) Ǵñ˿줿 age-grading ˤĤưѤ롥

ޤޤʼҲǡǯȸΥХꥨδط椵Ƥ뤬⤷ȯ1ĤϡɤμҲ񳬵Υ롼פˤĤƤ⤤Τ׽մʤ뤤Ϥ⤦㤤ǯμԤϼҲŪ㤯ߤƤХꥨͤˤ˹ǻȤȤȤǤꡤ covert prestige ŪҡˤȸƤФƤ롥ά̤ʸ򤹤Сǯ𤬾夬ˤĤơҲŪ㤤ȹͤƤʸˡѤϾʤʤäƤȤȤˤʤʤ age grading ȤФƤˡ


ǯؤˤϼҲŪˤؤˤդ路ȹͤƤ뿶񤤤Ԥ졤͡ϳͤ˽äƼҲĤǤ롥ο񤤤ΤʤˤϡոޤޤƤꡤ줬 age-grading ζưϤȤʤäƤΤ
Ϣơ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
󡡡ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ

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2013-07-04 Thu

#1529. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ (3) [gender_difference][sociolinguistics][age_grading][covert_prestige][slang][double_negative]

#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])#1364. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ ([2013-01-20-1])#1496. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ (2) ([2013-06-01-1]) ˰³Τۤɸ򹥤෹ (The Sex/Prestige Pattern) 򼨤ˤĤơ
εǸڤΤۤˡRomain (87) ϲˤҶ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Another factor seldom considered is the effect of children, with respect both to employment patterns as well as to language use in families. The Dutch study found that when a couple had children, both parents used more standard language. One of the reasons why women may adopt a more prestigious variety of language is to increase their children's social and educational prospects.


ĤޤꡤοƤϡҶ˵Ūʸո򶵤褦Ȥ뤿ˡɸŪʸˡ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤ롤ȤǤ롥Ƥ˸¤ʤȤ¿μҲŪƤƤΤۤ˴ؤ뵡񤬰Ū¿Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤκơͽˤɸಽָȴϢƤΤǤϤʤȤ
ƤƤδ֤ΰҶؤδԤκˤĤƤϤƤȤơοƤǯءĤޤؤǯؤɸŪʸո򼨤ȤϹѻƤ롥դθ򤹤СԤϼҲŪ㤤Ѽ򹥤ȤȤϡͤɸŪѼ overt prestige ʸŪҡˤǧ뷹ΤФơ׽մ䤽μԤɸŪѼ covert prestige Ūҡˤǧ뷹Ȥư̲Ǥ롥üԸĿͤĹȤߤȡǯ𤬾夬ˤäơɸŪʸոؤȥեȤƤ椯 (age grading) ȤȤ
Ѹ줫ȤƤϡͤˤʤ¯ (slang) λѤ롤¿ (multiple negation) λѤʤɤĴ̤𤵤Ƥ롥㤨СʲϤ褽ƱƤȯμǤǤǤ롥Ȥ¯ŪɽϴޤޤƤ뤬٤κܤ줿졤pp. 94--95ˡ

(1)
An adolescent: Dude, yesterday I went to this store and, man, I couldn't find the shift I wanted anywhere, man, it sucked.
An adult: Yesterday, I went to the store. I couldn't find what I wanted. Gosh! I was frustrated.

(2)
An adolescent: What the fuck is up with you, dumb ass! I told you to take that shift out 3 times. Get your ass out there.
An adult: I told you to take the trash out 3 times now. What the hell are you doing? Get your ass in gear and get out there and empty the dumb thing.


Romaine ˤ Detroit ˤ¿ĴǤϡγ礬12аʲ73%1063%ФơͤǤ61%Ȥ졤p. 92ˡ
̤ͤˤϻҶ˵Ϥ򼨤ɬפȤҲŪʰϤäƤꡤˤɸŪѼλѤ򹵤褦ˤʤȤϡ´ˤäƤꡤϤ롥

Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
󡡡ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-06-30-1]

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