01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
#1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) εǡage-grading ȤҲؾγǰѸҲ𤷤Ѳμ¾Ūˤơage-grading βǽϾǰƬˤƤʤФʤʤȤΤϡѻԤߵäƤŪʡʤäñȯΡ˸ѲȤǤȻפǤݤºݤˤ巫֤Ƥ age-grading ˤʤäȤȤ뤫դˡ巫֤ age-grading ȿƤ븽ݤºݤˤϤλͭΰ¤θѲǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ǥϡѻθ츽ݤθѲʤΤ age-grading ʤΤʬˤϡɤФ褤Τ߿ʹθѲѻˡȤơ2λΤƤ롥apparent time real time Ǥ롥Trudgill Ѹ콸ꡤ줾Ѥ褦
apparent-time studies Studies of linguistic change which attempt to investigate language changes as they happen, not in real time (see real-time studies), but by comparing the speech of older speakers with that of younger speakers in a given community, and assuming that differences between them are due to changes currently taking place within the dialect of that community, with older speakers using older forms and younger speakers using newer forms. As pointed out by William Labov, who introduced both the term and the technique, it is important to be able to distinguish in this comparison of age-groups between ongoing language changes and differences that are due to age-grading (Trudgill 9--10)
real-time studies Studies of linguistic change which attempt to investigate language changes as they happen, not in apparent time by comparing the speech of older speakers with that of younger speakers in a given community, but in actual time, by investigating the speech of a particular community and then returning a number of years later to investigate how speech in this community has changed. In secular linguistics, two different techniques have been used in real-time studies. In the first, the same informants are used in the follow-up study as in the first study. In the second, different informants, who were too young to be included in the first study or who were not then born, are investigated in the follow-up study. One of the first linguists to use this technique was Anders Steinsholt, who carried out dialect research in the southern Norwegian community of Hedrum, near Larvik, in the late 1930s, and then returned to carry out similar research in the late 1960s. (Trudgill 109)
apparent-time studies ϡ̻ΰ̤ˤ庹θѤоȤ뤳Ȥǡ߿ʹθѲŪͤߤ褦ȤˡǤ롥ߤȤ1ΤߤΩäĴǤˡȤƴؤǤϤ뤬餫ˤʤä庹̤ƿθѲʤΤ age-grading ʤΤ̤ˡǡ̾ real-time studies ˤäơ˸ˤɬפ롥
real-time studies ϡ̻ʣˤĴɬפꡤʬºݾμ֤Ϥ뤬θѲ age-grading ʬΤɬפʥǡꤹ뤳ȤǤȤ롥
ŪºŪʴϡѲĴݤˤξˡȤ߹碌ΤʲȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ɤΤȤŪĴ³Ĵ̤ǡ١Ѥ߽ŤͤƹԤȤοʤΤƱͳǡŪ˶Ūѥ³ƤȤ⡤˸ؼԤˤȤäƽפʲǤ롥
apparent time real time ˤĤƤϡ#919. Asia ȯ ([2011-11-02-1]) Ǥ줿ΤǡȤ
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
ǽ: 2026-06-26 03:46
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow