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2024-03-31 Sun

#5452. Ѹ̾ˤˤ by-name family name ΰ㤤 [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][terminology][by-name]

ε#5451. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط (2) ([2024-03-30-1]) ¾εȴ˻ȤäƤѸ̾˾ by-name ȤѸˤĤơҤ٤Ƥ
Ѹ̾ first name, middle name, family name ʤ뤤 last name, surname ʤɤȤˤζ̤Ϥ褯ΤƤ롥ܸüԤˤȤä middle name ̾ˤŪߤfamily name ϡסʾ̾ˡfirst name ϡ̾סʲ̾ˤȤơбʪΤ򤷤䤹
Ѹ̾ˤʸ̮ˤơä˸űѸѸˤ̾ʸ̮ˤƻȤ by-name ϡʸ̤ˤϡֽऺ̾2Ū̾פۤɤΰ̣Ǥꡤfirst name ǤϼϤ夤դä­Ū̾򤵤̣Ǥ by-name ϡ family name б뵡ǽäƤȤϤ롥Ūʴϡby-name family name ϰΤȤ̤Ƥۤ褤
ѸˤĤơClark (567) ˼򷹤褦

Although this generalised by-naming was what underlay the development of family naming, the two types of system must not be confused; for a by-name works differently from a family name. A by-name is literally descriptive (and therefore often translatable) and, in actual usage, applies only to one specific individual (to say which is not in the least, however, to deny the existence of conventional stocks of such descriptive phrases). It is, therefore, unstable and thus interchangeable with other formulations, as context or even whim might dictate, so that one and the same man might be specified in documents either as 'John son of William' or as 'John the tanner', probably according to whether his inheritance or his trade was in question, and might also perhaps have been known among his cronies as 'John with the beard' . . . . Such literal and shifting descriptions were no more than embryonically onomastic; and some of the more elaborate thirteenth-century formulas, such as Robertus filius Simonis ad crucem de Wytherington, were hardly even that. Yet, by showing how identity was being defined, even these artificial formulas contribute to onomastic history; and they may be supposed to have reflected, albeit distantly, everyday naming practices.


ͤ̾ȤǤȶʸɽˤ顤˷Ƥˤ뤳ȤõƤ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-04-18-1]

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2024-03-30 Sat

#5451. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط (2) [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][norman_conquest][prestige][sociolinguistics][by-name]

ɸ˴ؤε#5346. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿طʡ ([2023-12-16-1]) ȽŤʤʬ¿Clark (566--67) ˽Ѹ "by-name" פƳ뤳ȤˤʤäͳĤҤ٤Ƥ

The most salient contrast between the English personal-name patterns of ca 1100 and those of ca 1300 involves the universalisation of by-naming; for, whereas in tenth- and eleventh-century records by-names scarcely appeared except when needed for distinguishing between individuals of like idionym, late-thirteenth-century documentary practices seldom allowed any baptismal name to stand unqualified. As observed, several convergent causes were at work here: need to compensate for over-reliance on just a few of the baptismal names available, and that at a time when communities were expanding; growth of bureaucracy, and a consequent drive towards onomastic precision; and imitation of the new aristocracy's customs. The precise aetiology of the process is probably undiscoverable, in so far as virtually the only twelfth- and thirteenth-century usages accessible are administrative ones, from which the underlying colloquial ones have to be inferred . . . .


󤹤ȼΤ褦ˤʤ

̾褬˸¤Ƥꡤ by-name 䤦ɬפä
ƱΤ礷Ƥʤʤ¿ο̾͡Ƕ̤ɬפޤäˤä
Ū³̾Τ褦ˤʤä
²νоݤȤʤä

Ūʼ˸ŪװӼҲŪװʣŪ˺Ѥơby-name δΩƤäȤȤǤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-20-1] [2024-03-31-1]

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2024-03-29 Fri

#5450. heldio ο͵꡼ --- ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 4 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ [voicy][heldio][ogawashun][masanyan][hajimeteno_koeigo][hel_education][notice][oe_text][helwa]


hajimeteno_koeigo_04_20240326.png



325ʷ13:30ͽ̤ Voicy heldio ˤơ֤֡ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤפϤޤʿΤ᤮ȤӤǤϤޤ饤ǻä夲Ƥꥹʡγ˴դޤϿΤī̾ˤ#1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤȤۿޤɤоݤȤʤäűѸƥȤϡ#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯ󥰥ɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤ53ʬĹۿǤİΤȤʤäƤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤɤ
֥꡼פȽҤ٤ޤ3ۤɤϤƤޤǯ89ˤƤۿǤ

#822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
#829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
#836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ

ޤܥ꡼˽б餷ƤƤ2ͤȡ heldio бˤĤƤϡʲε

#5445. ϽؤȤhelʤޤȤˡ ([2024-03-24-1])
#5446. ޤˤȤhelʤޤȤˡ ([2024-03-25-1])

ۿˤϡޤˤ󤬼Ȥ note ΤʤǸƤ֥ؤ ϤƤθűѸ(#4 )
ʤߤī6 heldio Ǥ#1029. ºե١ --- The Venerable BedeꤷơűѸƥȤεˤΥɽ路󥰥ؼԤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ˤϡץߥۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Τۤ֡ڱѸˤ #111֤ۡϤƤθűѸȿʲեȡ⤪ϤƤޤ
Ǹˡդǥꥹʡ umisio 󤬡ۿΤޤȤΡȤꡤΥڡˤƸƤޤ
ܥ꡼򤵤³Ƥޤ褦󡤱ꤤפޤ

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2024-03-28 Thu

#5449. ؤդ󤹡٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ [hakusuisha][french][loan_word][notice][rensai][furansu_rensai][voicy][heldio][false_friend]


furansu_202404.png

  *

ܤͣΥե󥹸졦եʸפȤʸҤ괩ԤƤؤդ󤹡١ȯԤ줿ؤդ󤹡2024ǯ4ʿǯٳϹˤꡤ12ˤ錄ֱѸˤįե󥹸פȤ꡼ȥ2ڡϢܵϤޤ
Ȥʤ뺣ϡֱѸˤϥե󥹸̣פꤷơΤ褦ʾФǹƤޤ

ʤѸˡ
1066ǯξ׷
ѸäΤʤΥե󥹸ñ
ðʳؤΥե󥹸αƶ

ؤդ󤹡٤λDZѸʻˡˤȤϲȤߤ⤢뤫Ȼפޤ⤽ҤԽԤϢܼɮΤ򤤤ݤλ伫Ȥδ֤ۤʤפǤϡܥ֥Ǥ⤽¾ΤǤѸȥե󥹸̩ܤʴؤˤĤơ˱Ѹˤδ͡ȯƤޤܥ֥ french 򥯥åƤߤȡ¤313εҥåȤޤ줯餤ʩŪطĴƤ櫓Ǥޤե󥹸ʸˤȤ뻨˱Ѹˤ˴ؤʸϤܤȤϻפޤǤä򤤤Ȥˤϡ嵭Τ褦ˤϵ⤷ĤĤ֥󥹡פȶӤĤġǤǤ
ؿΤˤϡ1ǯ֤դ礤Ф¸ޤϤȤ櫓ǽξФ֤ʤѸˡפˤܤ
Ϣܤ򵡤ˡ伫Ȥե󥹸ȥե󥹸ˤäٶʤФȵƤޤե󥹸ˤȤСֻƲΤȤФΥˤ򤭡ե󥹸ʸˡʥե󥹸춵顡ʸˡɡˡǤ46ޤ³ƤĹ꡼ǤˤѸʻˡˤȥե󥹸ʻˡˤδطܤबĤޤ㤨С18֤ʤѸȥե󥹸ϻƤΡϡΡؤդ󤹡٤˷Ǻܤȸ˥󥯥ޤcf. #4175. ֤ʤѸȥե󥹸ϻƤΡפεҲ ([2020-10-01-1]
1ǯ³ϢܡֱѸˤįե󥹸פǤϡѸˤȥե󥹸ϤȤˤ褤ȤȤ⤷³褦ȻפäƤޤֱѸʻˡˤȥե󥹸ϥڥǤȤ館ΤȡסΤȤʤƤޤ
ǯؤλǡǯ٤ե󥹸ؽĩ路褦Ȥ⾯ʤʤȻפޤΤ褦ˤϡ嵭ϢܤΤߤʤ餺 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ʲ3ܤᤷƤޤ礦Ҥ⤪İС

#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե󥹸졪
#329. ե󥹸ؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ

ʰʲ嵭2024/04/02(Tue)
41 heldio #1036. ؤդ󤹡٤DZѸˤϢܤϤƤޤۿޤ



δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡1󡡱Ѹˤϥե󥹸̣סؤդ󤹡2024ǯ4桤ҡ2024ǯ32362--63ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-27 Wed

#5448. إ饸Ρ֥å1900׺ǿ evidence ³ [youtube][yurugengogakuradio][etymology][link]


֤إ饸פ餳hellog~Ѹ˥֥Ǥ줿󡤤Ұʲ򤴻Ȥ

(1) Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ο͵ۿȤƤ#5363. 2023ǯΥꥹʡɼˤ heldio ο䤷ۿ٥10ꡪ
(2) ܥ֥֤إ饸פ˴طεɤ
(3) YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥإХ˿򤪸ƤӤǿ꡼ν#210. ʤإ饸˺о졪̥եˤ⤷Ƥޤ⤴İ
(4) note ֤٥ ֤إ饸סߡְʼδѸظإͥסߡVoicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)סˤϢ󥯤ޤȤޤäƤޤ




줿֤إ饸κǿָ츻⹻Ϥäŵˡäڥå1900 ⑨#318ٸΤ2ͤñθ츻ͥХȡ򷫤깭Ƥޤ
ưƬʤȤ櫓26:25նˤǡˤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˲٤ڤƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
֤إ饸פΡ֥å1900ײ8ΤȤǤޤˤȤˤ⤵ƤޤֱñĢθ츻Τ뤿ˡԤƤӤޤڥå1900 with #247Ǥ碌ƤС



ǯƤ #247 Ǥϡ֥å1900פ1 evidence Τߤܤޤʡ2 -vid- Τߤܤ1ּ񤷤ޤ֤ɤʤޤʤΤפȤȤ¿ޤơ⿴⤿򡹤ȤפǤˤ衤Ͽ8ñ⥫С줿ȤȤǡſαȤޤʤ8ñ subject, article, statement, experiment, figure, evidence, industry, economyˡ
ƱνΰʼȻȤ轵ʿˡˤˤϤƤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥإХǤϡĤ򥲥ȤˤƤ4ˤ錄Ͽ꡼ϤФǤҤ⤪֤ΤȤˤɤ

#210. ʤإ饸˺о졪̥եˤ⤷Ƥޤ
#212. إ饸о2󡦽ǿ͡ɽͤȤƤοˤȤäƤθܡ
#214. إ饸μ˥ȥץåȲ¿ʸϤʤ
#216. إ饸󤬤޹ͤƤ뤳ȡƥΥѤ롩ء̣򰷤Τϥ쥢

ٸ󡤤Ĥ⤢꤬Ȥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-26 Tue

#5447. 2023ǯ٤αѸ˥ƥĴΥ٥10 --- ǯ٤ο֤ [notice][khelf][hel_education][hel_contents_50_2023][ranking][link]

ǯǤǯ٤hel˸ưФȤʤޤǯٽˤϡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤǤϡСѸˤ󶡤Ƥ餤 HP ˸ƤֱѸ˥ƥ50δ»ܤƤޤ4Ϥޤ饦ɤ4ǯ4ܤȤʤޤܥ֥Ǥ⤴⤷ƤȤˤʤȻפޤϤΩޤơٱΤۤɤɤꤤޤ
ơΥߥ󥰤1ǯֱѸ˥ƥ50 (2023)Ǹ줿50ΥƥĤˤĤơǤ褯줿٥10Υ󥭥󥰤äƤߤޤȴ10ܤȤʤޤʤ⤷ǤұѸˤ̥Ϥ򤴴ǽ
ʤ2021ǯ٤2022ǯ٤Υ󥭥󥰤⡤줾#4726. ǯ٤ΥƥĴΥ٥10 ([2022-04-05-1])#5102. 2022ǯ٤αѸ˥ƥĤΥ٥10 --- ǯ٤ο֤ ([2023-04-16-1]) ǤޤȤƤޤΤǡˬƤС

ڡ2023ǯ٤αѸ˥ƥĴΥ٥10

1̡ʱ616ˡ#35. ĴʸαѸˡ"It ARE John and Anne that are married." ϥꡪ
2̡ʱ603ˡ#44. ϥ꡼ݥåȱѸ
3̡ʱ436ˡ#40. play the piano the ˺ʤ!פο
4̡ʱ408ˡ#9. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ
5̡ʱ302ˡ#6. b d ʶ路
6̡ʱ281ˡ#7. consumption p Ϥɤ顩
7̡ʱ276ˡ#1. ʿʪ٤ȱѸˡ
8̡ʱ267ˡ#42. αΰ仺?ñ˻Ĥؤζ?
9̡ʱ250ˡ#4. ֻʬפͤ
10̡ʱ241ˡ#30. That'll be fun. fun ʻ...?

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-22-1] [2024-04-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-25 Mon

#5446. ޤˤȤhelʤޤȤ [voicy][heldio][inohota][youtube][notice][masanyan][khelf][helkatsu]


hajimeteno_koeigo_04_20240326.png



325ʷˤθ130ʬ Voicy heldio ˤ֤֡ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤۿޤפ֤֤ϤƤθűѸץ꡼ǤϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤȤȤ3ͤǤϤޤɤͽθűѸ츶ʸϡε#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯ󥰥ɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1])
˽бͽΤޤˤϡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤθĹʸˤǤƼΥǥˤơֱѸˤδ֤ˡפhelƤǤʲޤˤhel襳ƥĤǥȤ˻ֽˤޤȤޤ

ڡޤˤ󼫿ȤΥǥ

YouTube ͥűѸ10ʬθűѸư褬Ƥޤ
Xʵ TwitterˤΥȤűѸ @mainichikoeigo Ǥ
note ֤ޤˤ˥եꥸűѸΥƥĤƤޤ

ڡYouTube ֤Τۤإͥ

#76. ޤˤо졪εǰǤʤ߲Ǥ
#78. ʤǤʤ߲񣲤Ǥ⤷Ϥޤ󡥡
#84. Υǥ󥹡ǥ˸ؤˤƳ---˸ػ̰߲
#86. ʸ񤯤wѸǽ񤯤ȡQuillBot.comΤ---⤦ͥƥ֥åϤʤ
#88. ֥hellog?Ѹ˥֥ˤ򣱣ǯ礫³δζƮ
#90. Oxford Word of the Year 2022ϤΤȤС߷वμҲŪθ
#92. ꥭʿפϥȡա
#104. ѸμڤƤΤ줬⤷ࡪ--˥롦饰colonial lagˤäƲ
#106. ѸؼԤμ--ǶλαѸϡ--ǤαѸ
#108. ڵΥȡȥθ桦Ѹϲ١θ
#110. űѸѸ¤Ϥऺʤޤˤ---ڵdemonym桦̱̱̾̾ϱ

ڡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȥץߥۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa)

#149. ̡űѸפΤޤˤȡűѸäƤɤʸ졩
#307. khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤرѸ˿ʹ٤ξҲ
#308. khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤֱѸ˥ƥ50פξҲ
#309. khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤűѸϻס
#437. ޤˤȤ̡ᥬեåץȤϲʤΡ
#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦ׵ɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸס
#470. ¤ khelf ʷѸ˥ե˲ĹΤޤˤ󤬡Ƕ khelf ưҲ𤷤ޤ
#534. ޤˤȤ --- αѸ츶θʹơ
#550. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ3ơ
#551. khelf رȸֱѸ˸θס
#557. ޤˤ̡supply A with B with äפޤ --- إ˥¼ŵٿǤӡ
#558. ޤˤ̡ӤȱѸˡ
#600. إ˥¼ŵ٤ --- Ѹȥθˡ
#632. ǯ٤ khelf ʷѸ˥եˤγư with ޤˤڤ
#635. ѸܸζäƲޤ--- ޤˤڤ2ơ
#669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ
#670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ
#699. 428ˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵܥΥå&&ޤˤˡפǤϤޤ
#702. ͡ߥ󥰤Ȥϡ --- ޽¤ƣ蘆󡤤ޤˤȤ̡
#704. ʤܸˤϵ졦ָ줬¿Τ --- Ĥޤˤ󡤸޽ꤵƣȲħв
#706. С츻Хȥ with ޤˤƣ
#713. Ѹ˾γΩ khelf С5ͤǸ
#754. 6ͤǷؤϱѸ춵ΩĤ --- khelf κŵ8ơ
֡ڱѸˤ #21۱ѸظԤ helwa СȤ4Ͱ߲ --- 󤵤˨Ҥ󡤤ޤˤо
#804. 7ǰƬ˱Ѹؼ4̾˿ҤͤƤߤޤ֤ʤˤȤäƱѸȤϲ --- ˨Ҥ󡤶󤵤󡤤ޤˤȤ̡
#805. ֱѸϡǤ ʤˤȤäƱѸȤϤʤǤˡ
#816. ͥåȻθո --- CMC Υˡ
#822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
#829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
#836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
ʰʲ嵭
#1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ
֡ڱѸˤ #121֤ۡϤƤθűѸ5ƤΥեȡ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ
#1057. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (2)
ʸ嵭ޤǡ

äơ hellog Ǥ masanyan ΥΤȤǾϤ夲Ƥޤ
ʾ塤Ĥġޤˤ󥳥ƥĤDZѸˤؤǤС

Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-24-1] [2024-03-29-1]

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2024-03-24 Sun

#5445. ϽؤȤhelʤޤȤ [voicy][heldio][inohota][youtube][notice][ogawashun][khelf][hel_herald][link][helkatsu][wulfstan][oe][old_norse]


hajimeteno_koeigo_04_20240326.png



325ʷˤθ130ʬ Voicy heldio ˤ֤֡ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤۿޤפ֤֤ϤƤθűѸץ꡼ǤϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤȤȤ3ͤǤϤޤɤͽθűѸ츶ʸϡε#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯ󥰥ɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1])
˽бͽξϽؤˤϡδؤäƤƼhelǥǤäˤʤäƤޤʲˡޤǤȤǤhel򡤥ǥȤ˻ֽˤޤȤޤ

ڡkhelfʷѸ˥եˡ

رѸ˿ʹ8ʺǿˤ3ֱ̡Ѹ˥饦󥸡פˤơϤܤαѸ˸ԤȤƼ夲Ƥޤʺ Part 1 ǡ Part 2 ³ޤ

ڡYouTube ֤Τۤإͥ

#144. ꥹ̾˥󥰤­סȡϽؤ
#146. 󥰥ɿⶵWulfstanΥХ󥰤ؤⶵŪ۸ܿ
#148. ŷⶵջʶϻŪ˥󥰤ʤ!?
#150. ܺ긩¼Ѹؼԡphilologistˤǥԥ˥ȾϽؤ裴

ڡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȥץߥۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa)

#747. Υȥ̡ --- khelf κŵ1ơ
֡ڱѸˤ #5۶Υȥ̡ˤ2
#759. Wulfstan ï --- ϽؤȤ̡1ơۡ
#761. Wulfstan 󥰻Υ󥰥 --- ϽؤȤ̡2ơۡ
#763. Wulfstan ⤿餷Ķñ "law" --- ϽؤȤ̡3ơۡ
#765. Wulfstan ΥꥢȥȥåѲ --- ϽؤȤ̡4ơۡ
#767. Wulfstan ȾϤΥꥢ򤴾Ҳ --- ϽؤȤ̡5ơۡ
#770. ؤǤαѸ˹ֵ --- ϽؤȤ̡6ơۡ
#773. ϽؤȤο꡼Ω夲ʤ뤫
#783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦ󡤾ϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳ
#797. ߷ͧ Beowulf ΤȤ򲿤Ǥ䤷Ƥߤޤ with Ǧ and Ͻؤ
#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ󡤸޽¤
#816. ͥåȻθո --- CMC Υˡ
#819. űѸ̾ with Ͻؤ
#822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
#825. ˥å͡ǥ֥쥹 --- khelf С4̾Ȥλ̡
#826. ˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡˡ
#829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
#836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
֡ڱѸˤ #45ۥꥺफå --- ϽؤȤ̡
#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡ
#880. űѸο̾ --- ϽؤȤ̡
#926. ̾դݤϤݥȡ̾ץȴ #2ۡ1211ʷΥˡ
֡ڱѸˤ #90ۤʤθ --- ޽¤󡤶󤵤󡤾ϽؤȤΰ̡߲
#983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with 󤵤ȾϽؤ
#985. ä٤ƿǯ --- 󤵤󡤸޽¤󡤾ϽؤȤηʵΤ褤̲
#987. ܼ䤹ѸΥܥӥ --- 󤵤󡤸޽¤󡤾ϽؤȤ̡
#1010. Ѹ˥ in hel եΥˡ
ʰʲ嵭
#1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ
֡ڱѸˤ #121֤ۡϤƤθűѸ5ƤΥեȡ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ
#1054. ǯٽΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå with Ͻؤ
#1055. ܥΥå with ϽؤפΥեȡ
#1057. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (2)
#1060. 5ͤäʸˡ޽¤߷व˨Ҥ󡤾Ͻؤδ
֡ڱѸˤ #1245ͤäʸ³ԡ޽¤߷व˨Ҥ󡤾Ͻؤδ
#1069. ܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ΦͿι2
#1070. ޿Ҥ̾ؤؤΰյߤ --- ΦͿι3
֡ڱѸˤ #128ۥѥ凉ݽȤʤޤ --- ΦͿι4
#1071. ̾ȱѸˡץݥཪλ --- ΦͿι5
֡ڱѸˤ #130۾ϽؤξؤǤˤĤơ
#1075. ָűѸˤ󥰤̾ --- Ҳ˸Ʊ̾Ȥ --- ϽؤΥȯɽȡ
ʸ嵭ޤǡ

äơ hellog Ǥ ogawashun ΥΤȤǾϤ夲Ƥޤ
ʾ塤ĤġϤ󥳥ƥĤDZѸˤؤǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-23 Sat

#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯ󥰥ɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ [bchel][voicy][heldio][masanyan][ogawashun][oe][oe_text][bede][christianity][anglo-saxon][st_augustine][hajimeteno_koeigo][hel_education][notice][popular_passage][history][literature]

731ǯӡ (뤤ϥ١Bede [673--735]) ˤƥ蘆줿رѹ̱ˡ (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum [= Ecclesiastical History of the English People]) ϡ奤󥰥ɻˤ򵭤ŤʥƥȤǤ롥˥եå粦 (849--99) λؼΤȤǸűѸƤ롥
597ǯޤνƻΤǡ˥󥿥٥νʶȤʤ St. Augustine (?--604) 󥰥ɤ۶ˤäƤ󥰥ɻ˾夭ƽʤǯ˵äˤĤơBede θűѸǤɤǤߤʲѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable (pp. 58--60) ˷ǺܤƤűѸ츶ʸƸ롥

   Ða wæs on þā tīd Æþelbeorht cyning hāten on Centrīce, and mihtig: hē hæfde rīce oð gemǣru Humbre strēames, sē tōscādeþ sūðfolc Angelþēode and norðfolc. Þonne is on ēasteweardre Cent micel ēaland, Tenet, þæt is siex hund hīda micel æfter Angelcynnes eahte. . . . On þyssum ēalande cōm ūp sē Godes þēow Augustinus and his gefēran; wæs hē fēowertiga sum. Nāmon hīe ēac swelce him wealhstodas of Franclande mid, swā him Sanctus Gregorius bebēad. And þā sende to Æþelbeorhte ǣrendwrecan and onbēad þæt hē of Rōme cōme and þæt betste ǣrende lǣdde; and sē þe him hīersum bēon wolde, būton twēon he gehēt ēcne gefēan on heofonum and tōweard rīce būton ende mid þone sōþan God and þone lifigendan. Ðā hē þā sē cyning þās word gehīerde, þa hēt hē hīe bīdan on þæm ēalande þe hīe ūp cōmon; and him þider hiera þearfe forgēaf, oð þæt hē gesāwe hwæt hē him dōn wolde. Swelce ēac ǣr þǣm becōm hlīsa tō him þǣre crīstenan ǣfæstnesse, forþon hē crīsten wīf hæfde, him gegiefen of Francena cyningcynne, Beorhte wæs hāten. Þæt wīf hē onfēng fram hiere ieldrum þǣre ārǣdnesse þæt hēo his lēafnesse hæfde þæt hēo þone þēaw þæs crīstenan gelēafan and hiere ǣfæstnesse ungewemmedne healdan mōste mid þȳ biscope, þone þe hīe hiere tō fultume þæs gelēafan sealdon, þæs nama wæs Lēodheard.
   Ðā wæs æfter manigum dagum þæt sē cyning cōm tō þǣm ēalande, and hēt him ūte setl gewyrcean; and hēt Augustinum mid his gefērum þider tō his sprǣce cuman. Warnode hē him þȳ lǣs hīe on hwelc hūs tō him inēoden; brēac ealdre hēalsunga, gif hīe hwelcne drȳcræft hæfden þæt hīe hine oferswīðan and beswīcan sceolden. . . . Þā hēt sē cyning hīe sittan, and hīe swā dydon; and hīe sōna him līfes word ætgædere mid eallum his gefērum þe þǣr æt wǣron, bodedon and lǣrdon. Þā andswarode sē cyning and þus cwæð: "Fæger word þis sindon and gehāt þe gē brōhton and ūs secgað. Ac forðon hīe nīwe sindon and uncūðe, ne magon wē nū gēn þæt þafian þæt wē forlǣten þā wīsan þe wē langre tīde mid ealle Angelþēode hēoldon. Ac forðon þe gē hider feorran elþēodige cōmon and, þæs þe mē geþūht is and gesewen, þā þing, ðā ðe [gē] sōð and betst gelīefdon, þæt ēac swelce wilnodon ūs þā gemǣnsumian, nellað wē forðon ēow hefige bēon. Ac wē willað ēow ēac fremsumlīce on giestlīðnesse onfōn and ēow andleofne sellan and ēowre þearfe forgiefan. Ne wē ēow beweriað þæt gē ealle, ðā þe gē mægen, þurh ēowre lāre tō ēowres gelēafan ǣfæstnesse geðīeden and gecierren."


ܲBaugh and Cable αѸ˽ A History of the English Language 1᤺ǫɤǤ饤ɽ񥷥꡼ Voicy heldio ŸǤͭۿǤ1ץϻİġˡ˰ѤűѸ츶ʸޤޤƤΤ47ǡ򰷤äֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (47) The Language IllustratedǤǤϾ嵭θűѸ츶ʸϡʤĹ˲⤹Τ䰦Ƥޤ
䤦٤325ʷˤθ130ʬ heldio ˤۿޤϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤȤȤˡ֤ϤƤθűѸץ꡼ΰĤȤƤ̴Ǥ嵭θűѸ츶ʸϡͽѤȤƷǤǤڤߤˡ


hajimeteno_koeigo_04_20240326.png



Bede θűѸθʸȤƤϡۤˤ#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-22 Fri

#5443. blow - blew - blown --- űѸ춯Ѳư7 [oe][verb][conjugation][preterite][morphology][phonetics][paradigm][yod-dropping][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][voicy][heldio]

ε#5442. إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ͽ֤ĤŤȯס ([2024-03-21-1]) ǡֿ᤯פ̣ư blow θѸǤγѤȤȯ˿줿Ȥ櫓 blew ֤ä /bluː/ ȯդ¥ᤰäơ֤ Voicy heldio Ǥ夲ƤΤǡİ褷ƤС

#1023. new ϡ֥˥塼פ̡֥פ --- ѲȸóȻ
#1025. blow - blew ֥֥롼 - blown
#1026. ʤ now know ȯ㤦Ρ

blow ϸűѸˤƤ϶Ѳư7°ưäƱ7°Ӥ٤ưȤ know, grow, throw 󤲤롥ơѸ know - knew - known; grow - grew - grown; throw - threw - thrown Τ褦 blow Ȥ褯Ѥ򼨤4ưˤĤơűѸǤ4׷ޤȤƤ4׷ʤɸűѸ춯Ѳưξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#2217. űѸ춯Ѳư෿ΤޤȤ ([2015-05-23-1]) #42. űѸˤϲθ촴ढä ([2009-06-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

 12ʬ
"blow"blāwanblēowblēowonblāwen
"know"cnā_wancnēowcnēowoncnāwen
"grow"grōwangrēowgrēowongrōwen
"throw"þrāwanþrēowþrēowonþrōwen


1뤤2θ촴첻ܤȡȤȤθűѸǤ /eːɔw/ ۤɤä줬ǯλФơ/eːɔw/ > /eːʊ/ > /eʊ/ > /ˈɪʊ/ > /ɪˈʊ/ > /juː/ > /uː/ Τ褦ѲƤΤǤ롥
ѸǻѤ򤹤뤵¾ưȤơfly - flew - flown; draw - drew - drawn; slay - slew - slain 롥űѸǤ fly 2ࡤdraw slay 6Ǥꡤblow ȤϽ°ۤʤäϤ餯 blow פȤ (analogy) ˤꡤѤΤˤʤäƤΤưϤ줾ȼˤäƤꡤѲεҤǤϹԤʤΤǤ롥

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-21 Thu

#5442. إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ͽ֤ĤŤȯ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap]lexicography][dictionary][lighthouse7][yod-dropping][vowel][diphthong][elt][phonetics]

#5438. μ̥ --- 򽩽ǤΡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤ ([2024-03-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤򽩽Ǥ줿Ϸޱ¼ŵοǤˤĤƺƤӼ夲ޤ
ƱδϿ¤ƤޤϿƥĤΥȥåפΤ֤ĤŤȯ (pp. 1666--77) ǤѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؿΤϡҽɤƤߤȯ¿Ȼפޤ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#1025. blow - blew ֥֥롼 - blownꤷơblew /bluː/ ֻȯδطˤĤƤäޤ֥֥塼פȯdzФƤ⤤뤫⤷ޤ󤬡ϡyod-dropping ƤΤǡ blue Ʊ֥֥롼פȯǤdrew, flew, grew, slew, threw Ʊͤǡ/juː/ ǤϤʤ /uː/ 첻򼨤ޤ



Ǥϡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ρ֤ĤŤȯפꡤblew ȯˤϢ ι (p. 1668) Ƥߤޤ礦

15

ܸΡ֥פ꿰򾮤ݤͤФ褦ˤơ֥פĹȯ롥
§ŪʤĤŤ
(ōō): boot /búːt/ Ĺfood /fúːd/ ʪ
s, ch, j, l, r θ
(ü): super /súːpɚ | -pə/ Ф餷June /ʤúːn/ 6blue /blúː/ Ĥrule /rúːl/ §
ew (=ü): chew /ʧúː/ 褯ࡤJew /ʤúː/ ͡blew /blúː/ blow βcrew /krúː/ Ȱ
դ٤ĤŤ
(ui): suit /súːt/ ʰΡˤҤȤjuice /ʤúːs/ fruit /frúːt/ ʪ
ou (=ōō): group /grúːp/ 졤soup /súːp/


ä <ew> /uː/ δطСƤΤǤ͡


إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ



ֿ ԡˡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-20 Wed

#5441. ؼԤϲ˹׸Ǥ뤫 źˡˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩٤ΤȤ˶ [notice][review]

ε ([2024-03-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 źˤˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩١˼2023ǯΤȤ (221--22) ˡΤ褦ʸϤꡤޤ

ǯǸشϢΰ̽򲿺ǤƤ顤糰ο͡ȸդˤĤä򤹤뵡ޤǴΤϡؤʬˤͤȤǤʤͤδ֤ˤϡդ˸礭ʰ㤤뤳ȤǤ
ؤˤ¿Υ뤬뤿쳵ˤϸޤ󤬡ؼԤϤ褽ʤؤμ˴ŤƸդʬϤƤޤ̣դФֲ١פ⤤ȸäƤ⤷ޤ󡥸ؤˤȤϡʤȤϤǤʤΤǡ줬ΩĤȤռϤޤǤǶˤʤäơäؼԤθ⤦ޤäƤ⤤ΤǤϤʤȻפ褦ˤʤޤ
ܽΥơޤǤָդۣ椵פˤĤƤ⡤ؼԤϤΤȥ졼˥󥰤Ƥޤ⤢ꤹ뤳ȤǤޤ糰͡ˤȤäơۣ椵פϤ̾ΤȤۣϸҤȤƤ褦˻פޤȤ˺ǶǤʸΥߥ˥Ȥǡդˤ뤹㤤ȯƤޤԤ󤬴ԤΤµθꤷΤƱ褦ˡؼԤդǺͤˡ֤Ϥ줳줳ͳǵäƤǤפФΤǤϤʤȻפܽɮޤ


ϱѸˤ˸ؤǤ¿Ȥϰۤʤ򸫤Ƥޤ餯¿θ츦ԡȤ櫓Ūʸؤ칶Ȥۤʤä򸫤Ƥޤ
hellog ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥʤɤΤѸˤ濴ȤȯƤޤ¿˸դΤĶ٤ --- ʬΤˤҲΤˤ⡤¤ˤ˲ˤͿ --- ˵ŤߤȤפ뤫ǤޤϤݥƥ˻ȤʤȤǤСĿͤˤȤäƤ⽸ĤˤȤäƤ⤹Ф餷ȤǤ礦


ź ˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩١˼Ҥޥץޡӡ2023ǯ



ź ˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩١˼Ҥޥץޡӡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-19 Tue

#5440. źˡˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩١˼Ҥޥץޡӡ2023ǯ [review][toc][syntax][semantics][pragmatics][youtube][inohota][notice]


ź ˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩١˼Ҥޥץޡӡ2023ǯ



ǯ12˽Ǥ줿źˤդ򤪤⤷뿷ɽӤܸǡɤǤߤʤܤǤäȾФäƤޤܸ˭٤˵󤲤ʤ顤ȤФۣ˾ƤƤޤɤߤ䤹Ĵʤ⡤¤ϸŪʴؾνƤꡤʪ񤭤ߤƤ˽񤱤ǽ񤱤ʤפδͭܤȤʤäƤޤ
ɤΤ褦ʻ㤬ȤƤΤϥ٥θФǤƤߤޤ礦



1. ֥㡼ظ --- ɽۣ椵
2. OKǤסַ빽Ǥ --- ˺ܤäƤۣ椵
3. ˼夲Ƥ --- ۣ̾椵
4. ֻˤлҤ夬ޤ --- ̾δط
5. ܤν礹 --- ¤Ūۣ椵
6. Ȭθ夬Ƥޤ --- ä
7. 󡻺̤ǤϤޤ󤫡 --- ʸʸۣ椵
8. ּʬϤǤ͡ --- ۣ̾椵
9. ֤ʤϤǤꤤޤ --- ΰ̣
10. ۣ椵Ȥޤդ礦ˡ



ŪʴϡȤ櫓칽¤ؤܤΩäƤޤ³줬ĤʤƤǤϲȲΥפϤɤޤǤƻ줬ˤΤ֤Ρפ¿Ūˤۤ˸Ụ̄Ūۣ夲Ƥޤ
ܸܽɤ߽񤭤ݤդ٤ޤȤ᤿ܤȤƤϡŪܸνäޥ˥奢ȤɤळȤǤȻפޤषŪʴؿܽ˼äƤߤ顤ŪΤ⤷兩ʬäƤȤ褦ɤޤꤵƤΤ⤷ޤۣγƻˤĤƤϡפȡֲסʴˤդƤޤ
ܽΤ⤦1Ĥɤϡ˵󤲤ƤܸλѸˤɤʤ뤫ѸäɤΤ褦ɽʤɤȹͤʤɤ߿ʤ뤳ȤˤäơξθȤƤιԤΰ㤤˵ŤȤ褦ɤǤξ֤ˤʤꤽǤ
ܽˤĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥפˤ#205. źˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩٤ΤҲβǼ夲ƤޤҤ



ۣˤĤƤ hellog #2278. ̣ۣ ([2015-07-23-1])#4913. ξˤ⤤ --- ŪξŪξޤǡ ([2022-10-09-1]) ε⤴ɤ

ź ˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩١˼Ҥޥץޡӡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-03-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-18 Mon

#5439. Ѹ켭񤫤齸᤿ tautology ȿȡȥˤλ [tautology][voicy][heldio][rhetoric][logic][pragmatics][semantics][khelf][aokikun][word_play][periphrasis]



ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פۿ#1022. ȡȥ --- khelf ĹڤθơޡǤˤ tautology Ȥϲ"A is A" Τ褦ʰ츫̵̣ʷʤ¸ߤʤФ̣ͭȤʤΤˤĤƤϡkhelfʷѸ˥ե˲ĹڵȤȤ˺äȸƤƤͽǤϤƬФȤݤǤۿǤҤİС
ȡȥˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥϡ#4851. tautology ([2022-08-08-1]) ȤƤǤƳƤޤϱѸ켭񤫤ѸΥȡȥλ򤤤ĤƤߤޤ

a beginner who has just started
free gift
He lives alone by himself.
hear with one's ears
helpful assistance
necessary essentials
new innovation
real truth
She is dumb and can not speak.
speak all at once together
the modern university of today
The money should be adequate enough.
They spoke in turn, one after the other.
This candidate will win or not win.
very excellent
widow woman

̣ѡʤɤδ͡ʬǤǤΤˤäƤ periphrasis ʱˡˡpleonasm ʾˡˡredundancy ʾĹˡrepetition ʷ֤ˤʤɤȸƤѤۤŬڤʻ⤢ꤽǤޤͷ (word_play) ȤطƤǤ
ˤäƥȡȥμϰۤʤΤ̸ˤȡȥεȯãϡȡȥθŪǽϡ椬Ƥ֡ꤷΤơޤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-17 Sun

#5438. μ̥ --- 򽩽ǤΡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤ [lexicography][dictionary][notice][lighthouse7]


إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ



ǯ˸Ҥإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡǤޤȤΡإ˥¼ŵ٤1972ǯ˾尴ư衤Ⱦʾδ֡ǫ˲ŤͤƤϷޤγؽѱ¼ŵǤ7ǤϻΤǽǤƤޤνդˤϥǤͽǤ
7ǤΡ֤ޤפǤϡԼԤֿܷءˤֻμȤյפ⤷Ƥޤ (1--2) ּ񤬹ѤǤ븽ߡμȤյϲʤΤǤ礦

ϡμΥʥˤϼ¤ˤղòͤȼǤڵ򡤡إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ٤ºݤ˼˼äƤߤƤޤʰ̣ǡָ䤹פΤǤΤ쵤˸ϤȡĤޤפǤޤɤθ줬ɤۤɤξäƤΤ֤Ǥ狼ޤĤƤơɤξܤ٤ˤ狼褦߷פƤޤäˡִܸפǤïǤΤäƤ츫פ졤㤨 and, can, in, make, that ʤɡ¤Ϥʰ̣ˡ뤿ϰ񤷤ΤǤΤᡤܤƤ̤¿ΤǤμϤ쵤ª뤳ȤǤޤʹ֤ܤϤ褯ǤƤơɬפ˱ƥࡦ󡤥ࡦȤƤΤǤơɤߤ䤹׳Ȥäơ狼䤹ƤޤޤڤƻפǤޤñȤƤȡĤפʤ˽в񤦤Ȥꡤǻפȯ򤷤ꤹΤǤμϼǰޤΤǡڡ᤯봶СΤˤ󥯤ΤˤȤäΤȼޤޤͳ˽񤭹ꡤޡꡤĤꤹ뤳ȤǤޤθ޴ʤƤ봶ФϻμʤǤϤΤΤǡΤdzФ뤳ȤˤĤʤޤ줬ΤΤεβ٤ˤʤΤ


嵭ΡֻμȤյפˤϡ⻿ƱޤܸλȤ񤷤ˤĤƤƱդޤ
⡤μǴܸεҤɤ߲򤯽ĤƤߤޤ󤫡

ֿ ԡˡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ١ҡ2023ǯ

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2024-03-16 Sat

#5437. phonotacitcs ֲ [phonotactics][graphotactics][terminology][linguistics][phonology][morphology][linearity]

heldio #1018. sch- áϤѸǤ sch- ֻŪȤʤɤˤʸ (graphotactics) Ǥ롥
ʸظˤΤ (phonotactics) Ǥ롥Ƹˤ벻Ǥ¤ӽܤ벻1ʬ2ĤѸ켭ŵꡤphonotactics ˤĤƴϢ̤ѸȤȤ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤϡCrystal ꡥ

phonotactics (n.)A term used in PHONOLOGY to refer to the sequential ARRANGEMENTS (or tactic behaviour) of phonological UNITS which occur in a language --- what counts as a phonologically well-formed word. In English, for example, CONSONANT sequences such as /fs/ and /spm/ do not occur INITIALLY in a word, and there are many restrictions on the possible consonant+VOWEL combinations which may occur, e.g. /ŋ/ occurs only after some short vowels /ɪ, æ, ʌ, ɒ/. These 'sequential constraints' can be stated in terms of phonotactic rules. Generative phonotactics is the view that no phonological principles can refer to morphological structure; any phonological patterns which are sensitive to morphology (e.g. affixation) are represented only in the morphological component of the grammar, not in the phonology. See also TAXIS.


taxis (n.)A general term used in PHONETICS and LINGUISTICS to refer to the systematic arrangements of UNITS in LINEAR SEQUENCE at any linguistic LEVEL. The commonest terms based on this notion are: phonotactics, dealing with the sequential arrangements of sounds; morphotactics with MORPHEMES; and syntactics with higher grammatical units than the morpheme. Some linguistic theories give this dimension of analysis particular importance (e.g. STRATIFICATIONAL grammar, where several levels of tactic organization are recognized, corresponding to the strata set up by the theory, viz. 'hypophonotactics', 'phonotactics', 'morphotactics', 'lexicotactics', 'semotactics' and 'hypersemotactics'). See also HARMONIC PHONOLOGY.


Bussmann ꡥ

phonotacticsStudy of the sound and phoneme combinations allowed in a given language. Every language has specific phonotactic rules that describe the way in which phonemes can be combined in different positions (initial, medial, and final). For example, in English the stop + fricative cluster /ɡz/ can only occur in medial (exhaust) or final (legs), but not in initial position, and /h/ can only occur before, never after, a vowel. The restrictions are partly language-specific and partly universal.


ϡ (linearity) 椨Ǥ¤ӽ硤Ȥ߹碌Ż뤻ʤǤϡ˸¤餺 -tactics ɬŪ˸Ūʰյΰޤ--tactics ̻ŪѲ뤳Ȥ˸ؤǤϽפǤ롥

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-15 Fri

#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315 [link][etymology][review][voicy][heldio][helwa][lexicography][kdee][hel_herald][notice][khelf][hellog][fujiwarakun][asacul][yurugengogakuradio][notice]


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ



߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯˤο䤷ܳŪ˻Ϥ8ۤɤФޤδ֤͡ΤǤμŵˤƤޤ䤷˲äϤƤƤꡤФ¤Ǥդǿ䤷򿶤֤äƤȻפޤʲKDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) άΤŬѤޤ (cf. kdee)

2023ǯ718֤إ饸ˤƼϿ YouTube ֱñĢθ츻Τ뤿ˡԤƤӤޤڥå1900 with #247ۿ롥49ʬ30դ꤫Ĥˤ KDEE η䤷ȡθο֡KDEE 饤ꤷˤʤȤ֤ȯȤ
2023ǯ727Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ#787. ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤΥ򤴾Ҳ --- սȤ̡ۿˤȤ줿սءȤȤ KDEE μϤ롥ʤߤˡβ2023ǯ heldio ۿΥꥹʡɼ8̤ä
2023ǯ81ָnote֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰ΢áꤹ뵭ʸԽ N. A. 󤬸ҰĹξѰϺ˥󥿥ӥ塼Ƽɮ줿ˡ
2023ǯ82hellog ˤơ#5210. ǶαѸ츻ŵ --- ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˡ ([2023-08-02-1]) 롥
2023ǯ96heldio ˤ#828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1)ۿ졤Ūʥ󥿥ӥ塼꡼3γϤȤʤ롥ʤߤˡβ2023ǯ heldio ۿΥꥹʡɼ5̤ä
2023ǯ912heldio ˤ#834. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (2)ۿ롥
2023ǯ920heldio ˤ#842. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (3)ۿ롥
2023ǯ922hellog ˤơ#5261. ҲļǤ3ˤ錄رѸ츻ŵ٤ᤰ륤󥿥ӥ塼 ([2023-09-22-1]) 롥
2023ǯ1023heldio ˤ#875. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ꡼ (1) --- ƣ foot ۿ졤ƣ蘆ȤβŪʥ꡼볫Ȥʤ롥ʤߤˡβ2023ǯ heldio ۿΥꥹʡɼ2̤ä
2023ǯ1026heldio ˤ#878. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ꡼ (2) --- ƣ foot ۿ롥
2023ǯ118heldio ˤ#891. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ꡼ (3) --- khelf ƣ marble 1ơۿ롥ʤߤˡβ2023ǯ heldio ۿΥꥹʡɼ9̤ä
2023ǯ1111heldio ˤ#894. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ꡼ (4) --- khelf ƣ marble 2ơۿ롥
2023ǯ1114heldio ˤ#897. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ꡼ (5) --- khelf ƣ marble 3ơۿ롥
2023ǯ1215heldio ˤ#928. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ꡼ (6) --- khelf ƣ2Ÿ compute/count ۿ롥
2024ǯ16Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #77umisio ȡرѸ츻ŵ٤ England English ɤۿ롥heidio/helwa ꥹʡ umisio ȤκǤ KDEE ɲ
2024ǯ19umisio ˤ嵭ɲ񤭥Ρ note ˸롥
2024ǯ119heldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco note ˤֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡꤹޥϤ롥̤ʹδ补ޤǤ11ܤεꡤǤ animal ˤޤãƤ롥
2024ǯ125helwa ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #85ۡ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤʰ˲פƤޤȤơKDEE 饤ɽδƤĤˤƤ롥θ塤220˼»ܤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
2024ǯ131heldio ˤ#975. رѸ츻ŵ٤μϿá
2024ǯ22heldio ˤ#977. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ꡼ (7) --- khelf ƣƱ۵ bank ιɤۿ롥
2024ǯ23heldio ˤ#978. رѸ츻ŵ٤θǯ --- khelf ƣɤ⤦ۿ롥ɤȤʴ褬ȡ
2024ǯ220helwa Υ饤󥪥ղˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤̡ɤࡿ״褬Ƽ¸롥
2024ǯ222helwa ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #97ִۡפֶפۿ롥ۿǤϡ嵭饤󥪥ղȤʤä KDEE ΡֶפȤѸ줬줿
2024ǯ34khelf ˤرѸ˿ʹ8ȯԤ졤1̤ˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȤäƤߤ褦פȤƣ蘆ɮˤ롥
2024ǯ35hellog ˤơ#5426. رѸ˿ʹ8椬ȯԤޤ ([2024-03-05-1]) 졤 KDEE ڤ롥
2024ǯ312helwa ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #105۶ѸѸ anigh ľܤδϢϤʤ --- lacolaco ٸرѸ츻ŵ٤εҡۿ롥

ʾ夬8֤ KDEE 䤷ǤμΩäͽ2󤲤Ƥޤ

2024ǯ315ͼhelwa Υ饤󥪥ղˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤̡ɤࡿ״2󤬳ŤͽǤ
ǯ4ī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ֤ͽǤ1Υڡǻ˳ŤޤKDEE ʳαѸ츻ŵ⻲ȤޤᥤϤ KDEEʤ2018ǯˤرѸ츻ŵ٤ܤĤīDZѸ츻ֺ¤򳫤Ȥޤcf. #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1]

⡤ KDEE 䤷ˤä

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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2024-03-14 Thu

#5435. ̾ȱѸ໤3Фδط [syllable][phonology][grammatology][hiragana][japanese][writing][diacritical_mark][phonetics][consonant][fricative][th][mond][helwa]

ܸδˤСʿ̾Ρ֤פФơ֤ס֤פˤơ֤ס֤פФơ֤פΤ褦ˤդ롥˳ˤĤơФ뤿ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ϹԻҲ㳰Ȥơ§Ȥ̵Фͭ뤿εȤ롥ΤλˤϤۤܰӤƤꡤηŪǤ롥
Ѹ໤3 [f]/[v], [s]/[z], [θ]/[ð] ˤĤƤϡˡɤΤ褦ʽʬʤƤˤĤƤϡ1ۤ Mond ˴󤻤줿ܤγФ褦ʼؤβΤʤʬŪ˵

boss äƤʤ s դĤʤΡ8̼˼䤵ޤʤǤǤ


Mond answer 20240217 re boss



[f] [v] ˤĤƤϡ줾 <f> <v> ֤Τ縶§ǤꡤۤܰӤƤ롥of [əv] Τ褦ʸϤ뤬㳰Ū
[s] [z] νʬ˴ؤƤϡ嵭βǤ⡤ʤǤ뤳ȤŦ<s>, <ss>, <se>, <ce>; <z>, <zz>, <ze> ʤɤֻʣ߹äƤΤʤ٤ʬȤ̣Ϥ뤬˰Ȥϸ
[θ] [ð] ˻äƤϡ <th> Ȥ1ֻǽɽ蘆졤ʬѤϤʤŪˤСʬ褦ȤտޤϤⴶʤäȤ餤롥
ʾĤС

̾Ѥʬϡ֥ȥå׹ʡ
[f]/[v] νʬϡֹʡ
[s]/[z] νʬϡ֥ꥮ
[θ]/[ð] νʬϡ

Ȥʤ롥νŤΥ󥹥ԥ졼ͿƤ줿Τ Daniels (64) μ1ʸǤ롤

Phonemic split sometimes brings new letters or spellings (e.g. Middle English <v> alongside <f> when French loans caused voicing to become significant; cf. also <vision> vs <mission>), sometimes not---English used <ð> and <þ> indifferently, even in a single manuscript, for both the voiced and voiceless interdentals, a situation persisting with Modern English <th> due to low functional load. Japanese, on the other hand, uses diacritics on certain kana for the same purpose.


ʤˤĤƤϡԤ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #95boss äƤʤ s 2ĤʤΡ217ۿˤǼ夲Ƥ롥

Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.

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2024-03-13 Wed

#5434. Ѥʥե٥åɽ״ [khelf][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hel_herald][notice][hel_education][link][voicy][heldio][helwa][inohota][orthography]

Ѥʥե٥åɽ



򽩤 khelfʷѸ˥եˤδȤơ̤ˤ⻲äƤĤŸƤѤʥե٥åɽפĤ˴ޤ轵34khelf رѸ˿ʹ8ȯԤޤ4̤ˡѤʥե٥åɽפǺܤƤޤ
ѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ռˤȤäơˤͷǤޤȤǤ饹դե٥åɽ A Z γʸǻϤޤñ줬ǤƤޤñȯȤδطDzѤʡ׸Ƭֻ򼨤ƤޤѸؼԤˤȤäƤϡְϰʡסäơͤΡץե٥åɽȤȤˤʤޤ
򽩤ܴȯ­衤khelf Ǥôɤȿ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǿĽʤȯؤƤޤޤ̤˸ƤӤơʸǻϤޤѤʡñθ򤪴󤻤ޤθ塤khelf ǼޤȤ᤿ˡʸǻϤޤñθΤʤ顤ǤѤʡñƤɼƤӤޤN ñˤĤƤϷɼˤޤǤĤळȤˤʤޤʤǡ⤽ֻΡԡ˵§ȤϲʤΤȤܼŪˤ֤ĤʤɤޤǽŪˤϾ嵭̤Ѥʥե٥åɽפž夬ޤñΥ饹Ȥ khelf ꥸʥǤΤǡҤܤ̸ȰɼȤdzˤϤȤơ˴λݤ𤷡ƴտ夲ޤ
رѸ˿ʹ84̤ˤϡѤʥե٥åɽפΤۤɼ̤ʤɤǺܤƤޤñʤɤ󤲤ƤޤΤǡįʤֻȯЪΥȤ˻פ餻ƤФȻפޤ
ޤǡѤʥե٥åɽ״˴ؤ륳ƥĤheldio, helwa, hellog, YouTube ʤɤ͡˸Ƥޤʲ˰Ƥޤä heldio ǤϡѤʥե٥åɽפθ⡤ɽ˷ǺܤƤñȴϢϤƤޤۿˤ⤴Ԥ

heldio #872. Ѥʥե٥åɽȻפäƤޤ --- khelf
heldio #873. ڥ󥰤ε§ȿ§ --- Ѥʥե٥åɽ״˴󤻤ơ
heldio #887. khelf ߷ȡѤʥե٥åɽ״
heldio #924. ϡѤʥե٥åɽפΤɼ֤Ǥ
heldio #933. Ѥʥե٥åɽפɼϺѤޤޤ --- khelf ߷ɼθƤӤ
heldio #966. Ѥʥե٥åɽפ n- ñΤηɼ --- khelf ߷󤫤θƤӤ
heldio #1011. Ѥʥե٥åɽפδȸ with ߷
heldio #1015. cello --- Ѥʥե٥åɽפ
heldio #1016. schedule ȯϡ֥塼פ֥ǥ塼פ --- Ѥʥե٥åɽפ S ιܤ

helwa ͭۿ ֡ڱѸˤ #42Ѥʥե٥åɽ
helwa ͭۿ ֡ڱѸˤ #43Ѥʥե٥åɽؤȿ

hellog #5303. رѸ˿ʹ7椬ȯԤޤ ([2023-11-03-1])
hellog #5341. ϡѤʥե٥åɽ״ɼ֤Ǥ ([2023-12-11-1])
hellog #5426. رѸ˿ʹ8椬ȯԤޤ ([2024-03-05-1])

YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ #185. eye ϤäȤؤʤĤŤäʸ§߽Фݤ?---ؤʥե٥åɽñ罸

khelf banner


Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-05-03-1]

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2024-03-12 Tue

#5433. ե󥹸 seduyse ƥ seduce [etymological_respelling][french][latin][loan_word][waseieigo][borrowing][analogy]

seduce ͶǤˤθ츻ϥƥư sēdūcere ̤롥Ƭ - "away; without" ۤɤ̣Τ dūcere "to lead" ΰ̣Ǥ롥碌ơֳƳפȤʤꡤְƻƳƳΤͶǤפʤɤθȯã
ѸǤϡ֡ŪˡͶǤפθܤ15˽ƱѸäƤȤˤϡּε̳褦פȤƻŪʸܤäOED ˤȡФ Caxton μʸǤ롥

1477 Zethephius seduysed [French seduisoit] the peple ayenst him by tyrannye al euydente. (W. Caxton, translation of R. Le Fèvre, History of Jason (1913) 104)


νФǤθ seduysed ȤʤäƤꡤΥե󥹸 seduisoit ˰Ĥ줿ֻȤʤäƤ롥
ʲ˵󤲤⤦1ĤκǽʸǤϡƱ Caxton ǤϤ뤬 seduce ȤʤäƤ롥

a1492 He [sc. the deuyll] procureth to a persone that he haue all the eases of his bodye, and may not begyle and seduce [Fr. seduire] hym by delectacyons and worldly pleasaunces. (W. Caxton, translation of Vitas Patrum (1495) ii. f. cclv/1


ʹߤʸǤϤ٤ƸŪ seduce ѤƤ롥ĤޤǽΤߥե󥹸ꡤʸϤ٤ƥƥȤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ѹ˼ѤƤΤѸκ뤤ϽѸؤǤ뤳ȤͤȡñȤƤ seduce ֻϡƥ򻲾Ȥ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 1ȸ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤϥե󥹸ϤƤΤ夫ǥƥ˾괹Ȥ뤤ϡǤ˱Ѹ˼ѤƤ adduce, conduce, deduce, educe, introduce, produce, reduce, subduce ʤɤ -duce 줫ѤƯΤ⤷ʤξˤϡѸǺФ줿1ȤߤʤʤȤʤ
ե󥹸 seduyse ƥ seduce ؤξ괹ϤޤǾѲˤʤѸŪˤϿꤹ٤¦̤¿롥

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-11 Mon

#5432. ʣ -(r)en ϤȤǶǤϤʤä [exaptation][language_change][plural][morphology][derivation][inflection][indo-european][suffix][rhotacism][sound_change][germanic][german][reanalysis]

Ĺ餯̾ʣˤ򸦵椷ƤȤűѸǸԵ§פʣ -ru -n 줾ĸʳǤäȤΤʤäԤ ċildru "children" ʤɤˤߤ뤬ư̾äȤԤ ēagan "eyes" ʤɤˤߤ뤬̲ΰ̣ôä褦
ˤĤơFertig (38) ޥʣܼάˤ򤨤ʤ鶽̣äƤ롥

There are a couple of cases in Germanic where an originally derivational suffix acquired a new inflectional function after regular phonetic attrition at the ends of words resulted in a situation where the suffix only remained in certain forms in the paradigm. The derivational suffix *-es-/-os- was used in proto-Indo-European to form action nouns . . . . In West Germanic languages, this suffix was regularly lost in some forms of the inflectional paradigm, and where it survived it eventually took on the form -er (s > r is a regular conditioned sound change known as rhotacism). The only relic of this suffix in Modern English can be seen in the doubly-marked plural form children. It played a more important role in noun inflection in Old English, as it still does in modern German, where it functions as the plural ending for a fairly large class of nouns, e.g. Kind--Kinder 'child(ren)'; Rind--Rinder 'cattle'; Mann--Männer 'man--men'; Lamm--Lämmer 'labm(s)', etc. The evolution of this morpheme from a derivational suffix to a plural marker involved a complex interaction of sound change, reanalysis (exaptation) and overt analogical changes (partial paradigm leveling and extension to new lexical items). A similar story can be told about the -en suffix, which survives in modern standard English only in oxen and children, but is one of the most important plural endings in modern German and Dutch and also marks a case distinction (nominative vs. non-nominative) in one class of German nouns. It was originally a derivational suffix with an individualizing function . . . .


child(ren), eye(s), ox(en) ˴ؤϡޤǤ͡˼夲ƤʲΥƥ򻲾ȡ

hellog #946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
hellog #146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])
hellog #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])
hellog #218. ʣ ([2009-12-01-1])
hellog #219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
hellog #2284. eye ȯˡ ([2015-07-29-1])

hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ #31. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ

heldio #202. child children 첻Ĺ
heldio #291. ͺ ox ʣ oxen
heldio #396. ʤ I eye ƱȯˤʤΡ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-10 Sun

#5431. ؼ thatthe Ωޤ줿 [exaptation][language_change][article][demonstrative][determiner][oe][pronoun][voicy][heldio][reanalysis]

ѸˤǤϡؼ thatthe ʬΩǤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥űѸ괧ʵŪˤϻؼǤꡤޤ괧ȤƤˡǤ˳ΩƤϤʤäص夳Τ褦˸ƤǤˤ se ʤ˱ƶޤ͡ʷ֤äΤʤñʡгʤη֤ þæt ä줬Ѹλؼ that η־Ǥ롥θűѸλ˴դߤȡthat the 1֤ˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Ǥϡʤθ that the ֥롼פȴФΩؼȤȯãΤűѸ줫Ѹˤơ괧͡ʶ޷֤ the ȤƱ֤ؤȿʿƤäή줬³Сthe 1޷ˤʤ that 䤬ƾä椯̿ǤϤäȤthat ϻؼȤ̤εǽä椯̿æ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ΤˤСȤ the ȤˤؼεǽϤäȤˡλؼεǽ the å褦ˤ that ΩȤȤĤޤꡤؼ that εǽ the ߤƤȤˤʤ롥θ塤¸ΡֶΡפλؼ this ȤʬĴ˿ʤߡthat ϡֱΡפλؼȤƳΩ˻ä
Fertig (37--38) ϡΰϢθѲŬ (exaptation) λȤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

A simple example can be seen in the modern survival of two singular forms from the Old English demonstrative paradigm: the and that. The contrast between these two forms originally reflected a gender distinction; that (OE þæt) was an exclusively neuter form, while the predecessors of the were non-neuter. One would expect one of these forms to have been lost with the collapse of grammatical gender. They survived by being redeployed for the distinction between definite article (the) and demonstrative (that).


ؼ that ȯãȴϢơʲ heldio hellog ΥƥĤ򻲾ȡ

heldio #493. ؼ this, that, these, those θ츻


hellog #154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1])
hellog #156. űѸ se ʻϲ ([2009-09-30-1])

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-09 Sat

#5430. ԰ټ -er ưǤϤʤ̾δΤˤĤ [analogy][reanalysis][agentive_suffix][suffix][morphology][word_formation][dutch][german]

-er ŵŪ԰ټ (agentive_suffix) 1ĤǤ롥̤ưδΤղä뤳Ȥǡб԰ټԤ̾ȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥
ϡ̾δΤˤĤơ~˴ط͡פۤɤ̣԰ټ̾Τä㤨 fisher ʵաˤϡư fish -er ĤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ츻Ūˤ̾ fish -er ĤΤʤΤǤ롥
رѸ츻ŵ٤ -er1 ˤȡȤȤ̾ˤΤղä줿ޤѲưˤĤ褦ˤʤꡤ˶ѲưˤĤ褦ˤʤäȤʤŬϰϤưˤȤäȤСޤ˾˵󤲤 fish Τ褦̾ưͤΤϤȤʤꡤʬ (reanalysis) ¥Τȹͤ롥
Fertig (35) μκʬϤȤơޤ -er 夲Ƥ롥

An even more striking example is the English/German/Dutch agentive suffix -er (< proto-Germanic *-ārjo-z). Originally, this suffix could only be attached to nouns to produce new nouns with the meaning 'person having something to do with X' (where X is the meaning of the base noun). This use can still be seen in Modern English words such as hatter and is highly productive with place names, e.g. English New Yorker; Dutch Amsterdammer; German Pariser, etc. In the older languages, we see this original use clearly in examples such as Gothic bôkareis/Old English bócere 'scribe', derived from the noun corresponding to Modern English book. As this example suggests, the construction was used especially to designate professions and occupations, and there was very often also a related denominal verb. In Gothic, for example, we find the basic noun dôm- 'judgment', the derived verb dômjan 'to judge' and the noun dômareis 'judge (i.e. person who judges)'. Nouns like dômareis were then reanalyzed as being derived from the verbs rather than directly from the basic nouns.


ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ¿夲Ƥʲεʤɤ򻲾ȡ

#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])
#3791. ԰ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5392. Ѹȿ̾ ([2024-01-31-1])

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-08 Fri

#5429. OED ǤߤؤνѸȤƤ mora [syllable][japanese][mora][phonology][prosody][terminology][oed]

#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι׸ ([2021-12-21-1]) ǡܸβñ̤Ȥ (mora) νѸƳ McCawley (1968) ˿줿Daniels, p. 63 򻲾ȡˡ
McCawley ܸβ mora νѸƳǥꥸʥäΤΡmora Ȥǰؤ˻ǽοͤǤϤʤOED mora, NOUN1 ˤȡ 3.b. ѸȤƤ mora ǤꡤФ1933ǯȤ롥ʲˤθιѤ롥

3.b. Linguistics. The smallest or basic unit of duration of a speech sound. 1933-

1933 In dealing with matters of quantity, it is often convenient to set up an arbitrary unit of relative duration, the mora. Thus, if we say that a short vowel lasts one mora, we may describe the long vowels of the same language as lasting, say, one and one-half morae or two morae. (L. Bloomfield, Language vii. 110)
1941 In many cases it will be found that an element smaller than the phonetic syllable functions as the accentual or prosodic unit; this unit may be called, following current practice, the mora... The term mora..is useful in avoiding confusion, even if it should turn out to mean merely phonemic syllable. (G. L. Trager in L. Spier et al., Language Culture & Personality 136)
1964 Each of the segments characterized by one of the successive punctual tones is called a mora. (E. Palmer, translation of A. Martinet, Elements of General Linguistics iii. 80)
1988 The terms 'bimoric' and 'trimoric' relate to the idea that these long vowels consist of two, respectively three, 'moras' or units of length, rather than the single 'mora' of short vowels. (Transactions of Philological Society vol. 86 137)


McCawley ѤƤʤΤǰǤ롥ˤ衤mora Ҥ뼭ǤȤϤ缭ǤϤʤ OED ñǤۤɰפǰǤϤʤΤΤ褦Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ

#4624. ܸΥ⡼鴶С ([2021-12-24-1])
#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1])

Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
McCawley, James D. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-07 Thu

#5428. إ饸ȤΡָإХ2Ƥոޤ [inohota][yurugengogakuradio][notice][youtube]

Ρ#5422. إ饸򥲥ȤˤޤƤΡָإХפƤޤ ([2024-03-01-1]) ˰³̥եΥˤƿȤȤ˸Ͽ֤ΤۤإͥΤ٤2Ƥոޤ#212. إ饸о2󡦽ǿ͡ɽͤȤƤοˤȤäƤθܡꤹ27ʬۤɤưȤʤäƤޤդθ衤Ĥ¿˻İƤꡤäƤƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤɤ



Τ٤⤪褽ŸޤФĤȤСΤ褦ʴǤ

ĤߡĴˡʡظܼ2023ǯˤκƾҲ
ˤطϽҤνǻ̤ˤĤƤλ
ܤνdzˤ뿷ΰ֤Ť
audible ʤɤβǥܤڤƤ
֥饸פȡ֥ƥӷ

Ǹϡڹˤʬ˴ŤޤϢϡܥ֥Ρ#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#2919. ܸƱ ([2017-04-24-1])#3023. ˥ۥ󤫥˥åݥ󤫡 ([2017-08-06-1]) ʤɤǿƤޤ⤴Ȥ
ȤΤ٤ϡ2³ƤͽǤɤθ6򤪳ڤߤˡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-06 Wed

#5427. ֱѸ˥פ heldio Ϥޤ [helquiz][voicy][heldio][helwa][helfest][notice][helquiz]

콤ĥѥˤƱѸ˥եƥХhelե (helfest) 򳫺Ťޤ콤ءˡء (khelf) 濴ȤʣعƱ̥٥ȤǡŹ콤ؤˤϡؤäˤʤޤ٥ȤΥ˥塼ϡؤɽԤˤ´ʸȯɽʸȯɽˤֱ顤Ѹ˥heldio ˤʤɤǤʤߤˡϤ󺩿Ʋ12夬äȤϸޤǤ⤢ޤʤդϡդ Voicy ǤΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #102helե2024ˤƻˤäƤޤˡ
ơ˥塼1ĤǤֱѸ˥ (helquiz) ϡε#5425. θ4ֱѸ˥ --- ˲ΡֱѸ˥פ򡪡[2024-03-04-1] ͽ𤷤Ȥꡤheldio ȤƤϤޤγϻ֤ͽθ4٤ƤޤԤꥹʡˤϤǤ򤪤ޤȤ饤ϿϤǤ褦ǤϿΤ򡤺ī heldio #1010. Ѹ˥ in hel եΥˡȤۿޤԤ42ʬۤɤβǤ֤ΤȤˡäꤪİ



Ԥϡڹʷܳرءˡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˡϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤ3̾ǤMCϡϽؤڵKɥĤ4̾Ǥ
Ǥϡ򥹥꡼˥饤ɤǼʤ6ΥꤷޤϡۿİγΤˡΥƥȤФʲ˼ޤȲϤˤϼޤΤǡۿ󤽤ΤΤİС



Q1. ԥϽؤꡡ4ʬ41ä

ʲǡɡ衼åѸ²°ʤϤɤ줫

(1) 륺Welsh
(2) Υ륦Norwegian
(3) եɸFinnish
(4) ڥSpanish

Q2. ԥޤˤꡡ9ʬ20ä

ư줦󥰤ѤƤťΥɸ줫Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ñ补

(1) use
(2) take
(3) finish
(4) watch

Q3. ԥڹꡡ13ʬ48ä

ñΤѸ줬Ѥ¤١ܤñϤɤ줫OED

(1) beef
(2) camera
(3) piano
(4) take

Q4. ĩס18ʬ58ä

ʲ West Saxon Gospels ΰ do ѤƤ롥ʸ̮츻ʤɤȽǤdo ΰ̣ȶᤤΤϤɤ줫

Þt ge sin eowres fæder bearn þe on heofonum ys. Se þe deð þæt hys sunne up aspringð ofer þa godan & ofer þa yfelan.


(1) glorify
(2) make
(3) offer
(4) perform

Q5. ־ĩס27ʬ55ä

ʲƥ󥰥ɤ˸¸̾Ǥ롥ʲǸťΥɸͳ褹Ǥޤ̾Ϥɤ줫

(1) Nasty (Hertfordshire)
(2) Whitby (North Yorkshire)
(3) Melbourn (Cambridgeshire)
(4) Canterbury (Kent)

Q6. ֤ޤˤ󤫤ĩס32ʬ14ä

ư forbid θˤϲ롩򸫤ȡ㤨 regard ǤСȤȤ [regard A as B] ʤɤΤ褦ˤưθˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤뤫ܤƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥϡֶػߤ򤹤פȤ̣ư forbid ˤĤơ<>〜뤳ȤؤפȤȤȤˡưθˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ƚ񤫤뤤뤫ʤ⤷ʣϡ٤뤳ȡȤΤϡ1993ǯ˽Ǥ줿֥˥¼ŵ()2ǤפȤ롥ʤ˥¼ŵϤθ򷫤֤ߤ6ǤǤƤ롥




ʾ塤Ѹ˥򤪳ڤߤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-11-21-1]

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2024-03-05 Tue

#5426. رѸ˿ʹ8椬ȯԤޤ [hel_herald][notice][khelf][hel_education][link][kdee]

رѸ˿ʹ8



ΡرѸ˿ʹ٥եʡˤγ󡤤Ԥޤ34դǡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ8椬ָȤʤޤPDFDZɤǤޤ
ۤ2ǯ41ϴȯԤư衤3˰٤ΥڡĴ˹ŤͤƤޤ8ǤпǯȯԤȤͽǤ3ˤߤޤ٤줿ɼεޤäƤƤޤΤǡڤɤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
8θӵҲʤɤξϡΩ³ khelf X @khelf_keio 餪ϤƤͽǤΤǡҥեΤۤɤꤤޤɼԤγˤޤƤ⡤ΥݥȤʤɤ̤ơֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαѸ˳ưhelˤˤϤޤȹǤ
ơ khelf ΡرѸ˿ʹɤŪ˼ɮԽǫ˺Ǥޤ8εΥ饤ʥåפ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤ

󥰥åȥ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ȤäƤߤ褦
ϥ꡼ݥåȥαѸ
Ѹ˥饦 by khelf 3󡡾ϽPart 1ˡ
Ѥʥե٥åɽ

ǤϾҲ𤷤ʤ¤Υ饤ʥåפǤɮؤϳ3ǯرβγޤǡǶϤƺޤɤ줬̵ܶʤۤɡ⽼¤ƤȤʤäƤޤ
ǸƤӤѤʥե٥åɽ״ϡhellog ɼԤγˤɼʤɤ˻äƤĤĿƤäʤƤޤΤǡ̤˿ƤȻפޤϤ꤬Ȥޤ
ܹϺ Voicy heldio Ǥ#1008. رѸ˿ʹ8ȤƤ⤷ƤޤΤǡ⤼Ҥİ



رѸ˿ʹ٤ϾҤ̤2022ǯ4ϴȯԤư衤褽31٤ΥڡȯԤ³ƤޤɤΥ١ݤƤΤ⡤¿ˤɤߤƤ뤫餳Ǥɤ꤬ȤޤǿޤرѸ˿ʹ٤Τ٤ƤιϡŪǤѡۤˤĤƼͳˤ갷ޤषѸˤ̥Ϥ򹭤٤ưƤȯԼΤ khelf ȤƤϡŻΡΤ鷺ͤ˹ѡۤƤޤȹǤ
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ǸˡرѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥСʹ泰ޤˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ碌Ƥɤkhelf HP ΥڡˤХåʥСޤˡ

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رѸ˿ʹٹ泰12022ǯ410
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رѸ˿ʹٹ泰22022ǯ718
رѸ˿ʹ32022ǯ103
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[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-04 Mon

#5425. θ4ֱѸ˥ --- ˲ΡֱѸ˥פ [voicy][heldio][notice][masanyan][khelf][helquiz][helfest][hel_herald]

Ѹˤ򹭤Ѹ˳ưhelˤŸƤޤ1ĤηȤơֱѸ˥ (hel_herald) ʤΤޤ̤̾ΥǤ
4 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơֱѸ˥פϤͽǤīդޤǡ콤ĥѥ˲Ѱդhelե (helfest) 򳫺ŤͽǤ1ʡȤơֱѸ˥ץ٥Ȥ4ͽꤷƤꡤǤ˹ֻտؤˤΥХλƤޤ
ԹΤĤϸ4ֱѸ˥饤Ǥİäפ1֤ۤɤϤޤ饤Ǥheldio İγ⤼ҥ饤Dzո䡤ȡͤù֤ؤפꤲǤƤ夬뤫Ȼפޤ


heldio_helquiz_20240304.png



Ѹ˥ϤޤǤˤ˳ŤƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡hellog δϢǤм3Ĥۤɤ󤬤ޤ

#4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ ([2022-07-19-1])
#5059. heldio ΡֱѸ˥ס ([2023-03-04-1])
#5087. ֱѸ˥ with ޤˤ in Voicy heldio ȥδϢ ([2023-04-01-1])

Ѹ˥ϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)δȤƲۿƤаޤޤͼΥ٥ȤΩäơҲƤƤФȻפޤ

#642. heldio ΡֱѸ˥ס2023/03/04ۿ
#669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ2023/03/31ۿ
#670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ2023/04/01ۿ

ҳ饤Ǥä򡪡Թ礬ĤʤΤˡۿ⤹ͽǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-03-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-03 Sun

#5424. 7 HiSoPra* ΤΤ餻 [hisopra][academic_conference][notice][khelf][aokikun]

2ָ31713:30--17:10ˡ饤Zoom ѡˤ˼Ҳء˸θ HiSoPra* (= HIstorical SOciolinguistics and PRAgmatics) 7񤬳Ťޤ
ץϤε뤤 (PDF)
Zoom ˤ륪饤󳫺ŤȤʤޤΤǡäˤϻοߤɬפȤʤޤ314ڡˤޤǤˡ Google եꤪߤ315ʶˤ Zoom Υߡƥ URL Τ餻ޤ
θˤϡܸʬθȯɽ1ѸˡѸʬθȯɽ2濫ޤޤ2Ǥϡ˼Ҳء˸ưʸҲפꤹ뺩̲Υ饦ɥơ֥ͽꤷƤޤ饦ɥơ֥Ǥϡ4ܸ̾졤Ѹ졤ɥĸκǿ HiSoPra ưˤĤƥȡޤåθȾϡüԳȤξͭλ֤ȤʤޤζŤʤ٤ȤʤꤽǤ
ǯ٤ HiSoPra* ˴Ϣ hellog ȤƤϡhisopra 7⡤¿λäԤƤޤ


7 HiSoPra* ץ

2024ǯ317ˡ饤󳫺

13:30

1ȯɽ

13:35--14:10ȯɽ1ʲٹʴء

¿λҡĻرء

֤֡櫓ʤˡʸˡηаޡ

14:15--14:50ȯɽ2ʲ̾ҡˡء

ڡʷر

ֱѸˤˤȡȥ --- δȻѤܤơ

14:55--15:30ȯɽ3ʲ̾ҡˡء

¼ˡΩء

ִּŪʵǽä뵡ǽ --- ɸ well ζŪʬϤ

ٷ

2饦ɥơ֥

15:45--17:10

˼Ҳء˸ưʸҲ

ʲδʷء

󶡼ԡŵҡĻرء

ɸ̻Ūư

󶡼ԡ͵ҡء

ִ˼Ҳء˸

󶡼ԡջҡʵء

Absolute Infinitive ˤĤƤʸξҲ

󶡼ԡԡʳؽء

֥ɥĸˤ˼Ҳء˸ư

17:10IJ



Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-02 Sat

#5423. ʸˤäɽ蘆ŪϤޤޤǤ [writing][linguistics][grammatology][orthography][spelling_reform]

ɽʸϲɽ魯ɽʸϰ̣ɽ魯ɽʸϸɽ魯ΤΤҤ٤ƤǡΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤϤ줾ʸϡǽŪ˸ߤ˾뤳Ȥ¿ޤޤʸŪƤ롥
ؤδʸߤȡʸȯäή졤۲ɽ魯ȤǤ롥Ūˤϡʸϲᡤ⡼顤Ҳ첻ʬ᲻Ķʬ᲻ɽ碌롥Ūˤϡʸϸ졤ޡֲŪñ̤б롥ŪˤϡʸϹǹ¤ù¤롥Ūˤϡʸ϶Ĵݥ饤ȥͥɽ魯Ȥ⤢롥ʸ餤Ūϡۤˤͤ
Daniels (69) ϡָػˤȤƤʸˡפꤹͤηǡʸˤƤϡʸɽ路Ūμܤ뤳ȤɬפǤ⤯

What emerges from this survey is the unsurprising conclusion that aspects of linguistic structure that are most salient to the language user---the most accessible to conscious control: words, syllables, discourse, emphasis---are the most likely to be taken into account in their orthographies. Other features have emerged more or less incidentally over the centuries, and have either been incorporated into common usage or have dropped out of fashion. Needed is investigation of the origin and persistence of all these features in all the world's orthographies (vs the prevailing concentration on the evolution of the shapes of characters and beyond the recent attention to the acquisition of orthographies). It may show that imposition of script reform outside the context of adoption or adaptation of a script to a new language is an otiose and even futile exercise. The twin examples of Sassanian conservatism and Turkish innovation reveal that only in extraordinary circumstances can either of these extremes succeed. In every case, a writing system must be understood through the pens of those who write it.


줫ʸΤ˼ͿƤפƶ

Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-01 Fri

#5422. إ饸򥲥ȤˤޤƤΡָإХפƤޤ [inohota][yurugengogakuradio][notice][youtube]

#5394. 29̥եˤơإ饸򥲥Ȥˤޤơ֤ΤۤͥפθϿ ([2024-02-02-1]) ǰ⤷̤ꡤͽ̤˸ϿޤθԽäư褬֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥס˺ǿˤƸƤޤ#210. ʤإ饸˺о졪̥եˤ⤷ƤޤǤ28ʬ30äۤɤưǤҤ֤ΤȤˤ



ָإХפ1꡼Ȥƿ򥲥Ȥˤޤ櫓ǤϿϤषդ˲桹ƤФ줵줿Τ褦ʶǡޤ̥եΥˤƼϿƤޤ30̾ۤɤİ˲ʤγڤ٤꥿ȤʤޤΥѥޤǻꡤ̣襤ʤμϿǤİγ󡤥եΥåճˤ鿽夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ȤƤϡʸ줫ϤޤꡤȺΤˤˤʸˡؤʸˡʹߤθؤĬή֤إ饸ΥƥĤˤƤ뤫ʤɤӡ츻ΥȥݥˤޤǻޤϿ󥷥꡼1ǡ4ޤ³ͽǤ轵θ6򤪳ڤߤˡ
ָإХפˤƤӤΤ2ܤΤȤǤ1ܤϤޤָإХפȤƾΤϤޤǤˡۿȹ碌꡼4⤴

#120. إ饸ˤۤޤ2023ǯ419



2#122. إ饸о졪裲ơ˻ϤޤäƸ˽2023ǯ426
3#124. إ饸о졪裳ơإ饸Ϥ뤯ʤ2023ǯ53
4#126. إ饸о졪裴ơ󤫤鸫Υͥ롩2023ǯ510

³֤إ饸֤Τۤإͥꤤޤ

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