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2018-01-31 Wed

#3201. ꥫѸΡݼפˤĤ --- Algeo and Pyles θ [ame_bre][ame][colonial_lag][linguistic_ideology]

ɸˤĤơ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])#2926. ꥫȥꥫѸΡݼס ([2017-05-01-1]) Ϥᡤcolonial_lag ame_bre γƵ͡Ƥ伫Ȥν񤤤ޤȤޤäҤȤƤϡܥ֥ʳˡ#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ǤƱˤĤƤ롥
ѸαƺˤĤƤϡѸ˸Ԥˤ͡ʥȤ뤬Ѹˤγθŵ Algeo and Pyles (205) ν긫Ҳ𤷤ƺɾȤơ¤¨ƤꡤŪΤʸȻפ

   On the whole . . . American English is essentially a conservative development of the seventeenth-century English that is also the ancestor of present-day British. Except in vocabulary, there are probably few significant characteristics of New World English that are not traceable to the British Isles. There are also some American English characteristics that were doubtless derived from British regional dialects in the seventeenth century, for there were certainly speakers of such dialects among the earliest settlers, though they would seem to have had little influence.
   The majority of those English men and women to settle permanently in the New World were not illiterate bumpkins but ambitious and industrious members of the upper-lower and lower-middle classes, with a sprinkling of the well-educated---clergymen and lawyers---and even a few younger sons of the aristocracy. It is likely that there was a cultured nucleus in all of the early American communities. Such facts as these explain why American English resembles present standard British English more closely than it resembles any other British type of speech. The differences between the two national varieties are many but not of great importance.


ΰʸǤϡꥹɸ˱ѸȥꥫѸΤ˸Ū˼ҲŪϢ³뤳ȤƤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ꥫѸˤĤơꥹɸ˱Ѹ줫Ϣ³Ĵ뤳Ȥϡݼĥ뤳ȤˤϤʤΥ󥹼Τθ쥤ǥ (linguistic_ideology) ǤǽǧĤġ⤳Ωꤿ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2018-01-30 Tue

#3200. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][history][lmode][chronology][world_englishes][linguistic_imperialism]

Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ꡼ΥȤʤ4ƤϡѸ (201--02) ԤΤ Late Modern English ϡ1800ǯʹߤαѸؤƤ롥λǯɽϡ#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1])#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1])#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

1805A victory over the French at the battle of Trafalgar established British naval supremacy.
1806The British occupied Cape Colony in South Africa, preparing the way for the arrival in 1820 of a large number of British settlers.
1828Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language was published.
1840In New Zealand, by the Treaty of Waitangi, native Maori ceded sovereignty to the British crown.
1857A proposal at the Philological Society of London led to work that resulted in the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (1928), reissued as the Oxford English Dictionary (1933).
1858The Government of India Act transferred power from the East India Company to the crown, thus creating the British Raj in India.
1861--5The American Civil War established the indissolubility of the Union and abolished slavery in America.
1898The four-month Spanish-American War resulted in the United States becoming a world power with overseas possessions and thus a major participant in international politics.
1906The first radio broadcast, leading in 1920 to the first American commercial radio station in Pittsburgh.
1914--8World War I created an alliance between the United States and the United Kingdom.
1922The British Broadcasting Company (after 1927, Corporation) was established and became a major conveyor of information in English around the world.
1927The first motion picture with spoken dialog, The Jazz Singer, was released.
1936The first high-definition television service was established by the BBC, to be followed by cable service in the early 1950s and satellite service in the early 1960s.
1939--45World War II further solidified the British-American link.
1945The charter of the United Nations was produced at San Francisco.
1947British India was divided into India and Pakistan, and both became independent.
1952The Secretariat building of the United Nations was constructed in Manhattan.
1961The Merriam Webster's Third New International Dictionary was published.
1983The Internet was created.
1991The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was dissolved, leaving the United States as the world's only superpower.
1992The first Web browser for the World Wide Web was released.


ǯɽ򤶤äįǤ⡤λ˱Ѹ줬س礷ƤͻҤ狼롥ȤäƤŪ¦̤˸¤ʤüԿ͸Ȥ¦̤ˤƤ礷Ѥ̤ϰϡʤǽŪˤ礷Algeo and Pyles (201) εҤŪͤƤ롥

The history of English since 1800 has been a story of expansion---in geography, in speakers, and in the purposes for which English is used. Geographically, English has been spread around the world, first by British colonization and empire-building, and more recently by the prominence of America in world affairs. The number of its speakers has undergone a population explosion, not alone of native speakers but also of nonnative speakers of English as an additional language. And the uses to which English is put have ramified with the growth of science, technology, and commerce.


פˡѸϡ͸ǽȤ3̤ˤƱŪλǤ롥ˤСؤƻҤäƤȤ⤤롥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-04-1]

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2018-01-29 Mon

#3199. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ2ֱѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ󥰡 [slide][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][oe_text][standardisation][runic][alphabet][grapheme][grammatology][punctuation][hel_education][link][asacul]

#3139. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפΤΤ餻 ([2017-11-30-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡī㡼󥿡ɶǡ5ˤ錄ֺ֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡϤޤäƤޤ127ڡˤ˳줿2ֱѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ󥰡פѤ饤ɻ˾夲Ƥޤ
ϡե٥åȤηǧĤġűѸ줬ɤΤ褦ɽ֤줤Ҳ𤹤ƤǤݥȤϰʲ3Ǥ

Ѹν񵭤ϥե٥åȤĹˤ1ήȤƤ
ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽ񤫤Ƥ
ȯȥڥ󥰤δ֤ˤ餫ЪΥĤĤ⡤űѸˤϴˤɸಽã줿

ʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ¿Υڡˡܥ֥ؤΤʤ󥯤ŽƤޤΤǡ󥯽ȤƻȤȻפޤ

1. ֺ¡إڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ2󡡱ѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) ե٥åȤεȯã (#423)
4. ե٥åȤη (#1849)
5. ե٥åȤҲʸȤƻϤޤäȤ;
6. (2) űѸΥ롼ʸ
7. ʬ񤭤Ω
8. (3) űѸΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȻѤħ
9. Cædmon's Hymn ɤ (#2898)
10. 餫¸ߤȯȥڥ󥰤ЪΥ
11. űѸΡɸಽ
12. űѸ쥹ڥ󥰤θؤαƶ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-25-1]

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2018-01-28 Sun

#3198. 2ĬήȤƤ Anglo-American European Continental [pragmatics][methodology][philology][historical_pragmatics][history_of_linguistics]]

#378. ϸδܹ礫ݤ ([2010-05-10-1]) #2000. ˸ʬȲ ([2014-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡĬήˤϡ"the (Anglo-American) component view" "the (European Continental) perspective view" 2बȤ롥˸ФξԤ֤ȡԤŪʿ̤Ѳ뤿θȤ֤ŤǻǤ롥ԤϡΤߤʤ餺Ҳʸޤ᤿ʸ̮ (context) Ż뤷ƻäɤ߲򤤤ƤȤ򼨤ԤŪʸؤȤ⤤
ϥɥ֥åΤϤǡJucker ˸Ҳ𤷤ʤ顤2ĬήΩ򼡤Τ褦˴ʷɽƤ롥

Researchers investigating pragmatic explanations of language change in general usually adopt the narrow understanding of Anglo-American or theoretical pragmatics, while those studying the diachronic development of pragmatic entities adopt the broader Continental European or social approach to pragmatics.


ԤΥ󥹤 Continental European Ǥ롥˥塼ä괬˸ŪʵθˡƱϤκǸ (566) ǡContinental European θμι򥢥ԡ뤷Ƥ롥

In a wider Continental European understanding of pragmatics, the pragmaticist focuses not only on the communicative contexts for language change but also on the larger contexts of change in communicative practices, including not only text structures and the ensemble of genres in a particular field of discourse but also larger communicative patterns such as the gathering, transmission, and dissemination of news content.


ǽΰѤѤƤ "narrow" "broad" Ȥƻ⡤ҴŪʰ̣ˤϰϤιΤȤǤꡤɾŪʰ̣礤ϹƤʤȤϤξԤΥ󥹤Ϥ˰ۤʤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥줾Ĭήɽ븦Ԥδ֤ˤϡ͡ʰ㤤롥Ƥμΰ㤤ȵҤΥХ󥹤ʬκش꤫˴꤫ʤȤȤ館뤫ŪȤȤ館뤫
2ĬήΩĴȤϡξԤɤΤ褦˽в뤫ԤäƤߤΤ褤ȻפäƤ롥ϤǹήõȤ櫓ǤϤʤ2Ĥή򤽤ΤޤήƤΤʤΤǤϤʤ#2883. HiSoPra* ˻ä (1) ([2017-03-19-1])#2884. HiSoPra* ˻ä (2) ([2017-03-20-1]) ǤҤ٤褦ˡ˸Τ褦ʿʬϡּ㤵פ椨Ǻߤ뤬γؽŪ仺į˾ǤΩˤʤɡȯȤƤΥɥХơ⤿äƤ롥2ĬήιįƤΤⰭʤ

Jucker, Andreas H. "Pragmatics and Language Change: Historical Pragmatics." Chapter 29 of The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics. Ed. Yan Huang. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 550--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-03-1] [2018-02-02-1]

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2018-01-27 Sat

#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][history][emode][chronology][monarch][caxton][reformation][book_of_common_prayer][bible][renaissance][shakespeare][johnson]

Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ꡼3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

1476William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen.
1485Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England.
1497John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas.
1534The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England.
1549The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style.
1558At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce.
1577--80Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas.
1590--1611William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest.
1600The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India.
1604Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall.
1607Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America.
1611The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style.
1619The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia.
1642--48The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
1660The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research.
1670The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.
ca. 1680The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government.
1688The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy.
1702The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion.
1719Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title.
1755Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English
1775--83The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there.
1788The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney.


Ѹϡ̻ŪˤϱѸŸμ郎줿ǤꡤҲŪˤϼεǽŪɸಽʤäȤޤȤ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2018-01-26 Fri

#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][me][history][chronology][norman_conquest][reestablishment_of_english][monarch][hundred_years_war][black_death][wycliffe][chaucer][caxton]

#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ˰³ѸμפʽǯɽAlgeo and Pyles (123--24) ˵äƼ

1066The Normans conquered England, replacing the native English nobility with Anglo-Normans and introducing Norman French as the language of government in England.
1204King John lost Normandy to the French, beginning the loosening of ties between England and the Continent.
1258King Henry III was forced by his barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which established a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government, beginning the growth of the English constitution and parliament.
1337The Hundred Years' War with France began and lasted until 1453, promoting English nationalism
1348--50The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of England's population, and continued to plague the country for much of the rest of the century
1362The Statute of Pleadings was enacted, requiring all court proceedings to be conducted in English.
1381The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler was the first rebellion of working-class people against their exploitation; although it failed in most of its immediate aims, it marks the beginning of popular protest.
1384John Wycliffe died, having promoted the first complete translation of scripture into the English language (the Wycliffite Bible).
1400Geoffrey Chaucer died, having produced a highly influential body of English poetry.
1476William Caxton, the first English printer, established his press at Westminster, thus beginning the widespread dissemination of English literature and the stabilization of the written standard.
1485Henry Tudor became king of England, ending thirty years of civil strife and initiating the Tudor dynasty.


Ѹγ̻ˤϡޤ˱ѸμҲŪϰ̤ȤθħŤƤ뤳Ȥ褯狼롥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2018-01-25 Thu

#3195. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ1ֱѸΥڥ󥰤Ե§ [slide][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hel_education][alphabet][grapheme][grammatology][link][asacul]

#3139. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפΤΤ餻 ([2017-11-30-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡī㡼󥿡ɶǡ5ˤ錄ֺ֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡϤޤäƤޤ113ڡˤ1ֱѸΥڥ󥰤Ե§פ򽪤ޤκݤ˻Ѥ饤ɻ˸Ƥޤ礿뻲ʸȤơSimon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ʤӻإڥ󥰤αѸˡˤ󤲤Ƥޤʡ#3079. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
餿ֺܹ¤Τͤ餤ȥ˥塼Ƥޤ



¿γؽԤˤȤäơѸΥڥ󥰤ϡԵ§㳰Фΰŵ򶯤¸ߤȱǤޤʤ knight doubt Ȥڥ󥰤ˤϡȯʤ <k>, <gh>, <b> Τ褦ʸΤǤ礦ʤ color colourcenter centre Τ褦ʡפȤפإڥ󥰤ΤǤ礦Թ˻פ뤳Υڥ󥰤γơˤ⡤ʤΤ褦ʥڥ󥰤ˤʤäƤ뤫ȤŪͳָĥǤϤʤ100%¸ߤΤǤֺܹ¤ǤϡѸΤɤäƤ1500ǯʾˤ򻲾Ȥʤ顤ġñΥڥ󥰤Ρ֤ʤפǼΤ椯ܤޤֺ¤̤ơȤ櫓3ܤƤޤ

1. ѸΥڥ󥰤Ե§ͳ
2. ڥ󥰤ΡפȤϲ
3. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ϱѸʸˤη뾽Ǥ

5ˤ錄ֺܹ¤Υ˥塼ϰʲ̤Ǥ

1󡧱ѸΥڥ󥰤Ե§
2󡧱ѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ
3515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ
4doubt <b> --- ѸΥڥ
5color colour --- ꥫΥڥ




1ܼۤϼ̤Ǥ⤫ hellog ؤΥ󥯤ĥ餻ƤޤΤǡ󥯽ȤƤȤޤ

1. ֺ¡إڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ1󡡱ѸΥڥ󥰤Ե§
2. ֺܹ¤Τͤ餤
3. 1󡡡ֱѸΥڥ󥰤Ե§פ
4. (1) ѸΥڥ󥰤ϤɤΤ餤ԡ˵§Ū
5. ȯȥڥ󥰤Ρ¿¿
6. (2) ʸ෿ (#422)
7. ʸˤ (#41)
8. ʸη (#2398)
9. (3) ʸȥڥ󥰤δŪ
10. ڥ󥰤Ȥϡ
11. ޤȤ
12. ʸ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

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2018-01-24 Wed

#3194. Υޥ塤Ѹ줬ѤʤʤäȤؤò [norman_conquest][me_text][scribe][manuscript][alliteration][laeme][bible]

Worcester Cathedral, Dean and Chapter Library F 174 Ȥܤ Fol. 63r, lines 14--28 ˡˤƬ򼨤ûƥȤƤ롥ꥸʥϸűѸǽ񤫤Ƥ褦ΥƥȤθϤǤ˽ѸŪħ򼨤Ƥ롥ܤϤ餯132Ⱦ (C13a2) ΩΥƥȤľˤ Ælfic Grammar Glossary ľˤ "Body and Soul" ˴ؤƬƤ롥Τ "Worcester tremulous hand" ȤΤ̻ˤäƽ񤫤Ƥ롥
ƥȤƤϡɸ˼褦ˡΥޥ˶ʤɤθŪʾ̤DZѸ줬ѤʤʤäƤޤäȤؤòǤ롥θűѸˤϱѸǶ餬Ԥʤ졤󥰥ɤʸŪȿǤƤΤˡѸäʤΥޥͤդȤʤäƤޤäƤ롤˸ơò路Ȥ衤Ȥݤ
ݥȤϡl. 15 l. 18 Ǥ롥űѸˤϥ󥰥ͤζդѸǿ͡򶵰餷Ƥ (l. 15)ΥޥκǤϡ¾ο͡סʤΦϤäƤΥޥͤ¾θǡ˿͡򶵰餷Ƥȡ񤭼òƤ롥Ѹ줬Ūϰ̤鿶Ȥ졤䤫󤶤줿ͻҤ狼롥Dickins and Wilson (2) ΥƥȤ򼨤

[S]anctus Beda was iboren her on Breotene mid us, 
And he wisliche [bec] awende 
Þet þeo Englise leoden þurh weren ilerde. 
And he þeo c[not]ten unwreih, þe questiuns hoteþ, 
Þa derne diȝelnesse þe de[or]wurþe is.5
Ælfric abbod, þe we Alquin hoteþ, 
He was bocare, and þe [fif] bec wende, 
Genesis, Exodus, Vtronomius, Numerus, Leuiticus, 
Þu[rh] þeos weren ilærde ure leoden on Englisc. 
Þet weren þeos biscop[es þe] bodeden Cristendom,10
Wilfrid of Ripum, Iohan of Beoferlai, Cuþb[ert] of Dunholme, 
Oswald of Wireceastre, Egwin of Heoueshame, Æld[elm] of 
Malmesburi, Swiþþun, Æþelwold, Aidan, Biern of Wincæstre, 
[Pau]lin of Rofecæstre, S. Dunston, and S. Ælfeih of Cantoreburi. 
Þeos læ[rden] ure leodan on Englisc,15
Næs deorc heore liht, ac hit fæire glod. 
[Nu is] þeo leore forleten, and þet folc is forloren. 
Nu beoþ oþre leoden þeo læ[reþ] ure folc, 
And feole of þen lorþeines losiæþ and þet folc forþ mid. 
Nu sæiþ [ure] Drihten þus, Sicut aquila prouocat pullos suos ad volandum, et super eo[s uolitat.]20
This beoþ Godes word to worlde asende, 
Þet we sceolen fæier feþ [festen to Him.] 


l. 20 ΥƥϡDeuteronomy 32:11 ꡥThe King James Version бսѤ "As an eagle stirs up her nest, flutters over her young, spreads abroad her wings, takes them, bears them on her wings: / So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him." (ll. 11--12) Ȥ롥褽褿ֿפ¤ޤȤä
μܤˤĤƤϡLAEME ξ⻲ȡ

Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.

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2018-01-23 Tue

#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ [timeline][oe][christianity][synod_of_whitby][history][chronology][monarch]

Algeo and Pyles (86--87) ꡤűѸμפʽǯɽ򼨤

449Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians began to occupy Great Britain, thus changing its major population to English speakers and separating the early English language from its Continental relatives.
597Saint Augustine of Canterbury arrived in England to begin the conversion of the English by baptizing King Ethelbert of Kent, thus introducing the influence of the Latin language.
664The Synod of Whitby aligned the English with Roman rather than Celtic Christianity, thus linking English culture with mainstream Europe.
730The Venerable Bede produced his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, recording the early history of the English people
787The Scandinavian invasion began with raids along the Northeast seacoast.
865The Scandinavians occupied northeastern Britain and began a campaign to conquer all of England.
871Alfred became king of Wessex and reigned until his death in 899, rallying the English against the Scandinavians, retaking the city of London, establishing the Danelaw, and securing the position of king of all England for himself and his successors.
991Olaf Tryggvason invaded England, and the English were defeated at the Battle of Maldon.
1000The manuscript of the Old English epic Beowulf was written about this time.
1016Canute became king of England, establishing a Danish dynasty in Britain.
1042The Danish dynasty ended with the death of King Hardicanute, and Edward the Confessor became king of England.
1066Edward the Confessor died and was succeeded by Harold, last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, who died at the Battle of Hastings fighting against the invading army of William, duke of Normandy, who was crowned king of England on December 25.


ǯȽ˲äơñʲ⤬źƤΤ褤⡤Ūյ˴ؤŪΤʥȤ롥㤨С449ǯνϡФХ֥ƥˤѸγϤȤħŪʰ̣礤äƾҲ𤵤뤬ǤϱѸ줬¾Υޥ줫֤ʬäȤˤȤäƤ롥ˤϡҲʸءŪȤϸŪ¦̤ˤ궯ؿ Algeo and Pyles αѸ˵ҤˤƤ褦˻פ롥
664ǯΥۥåȥӡĤŪյˤܤΩ597ǯ˥󥰥ɿͤꥹȶϼƤȤ뤫⤷ʤΥ󥰥ɤǤϡޤΥꥹȶȤȤ˥ɤäȲꥹȶ礹ǽäβĤˤꥤ󥰥ɤˤƥޤΥꥹȶͥȤʤäȤǡΥ󥰥ɻˤѸˤ⡤ƥϤȤΦŪʤΤ礭ƶƤȤˤʤäǤʤΦŪǤȤܿݤ³θˤͤȡβĤŪյΤΤ롥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2018-01-22 Mon

#3192. ̡쥲ޥ췲δ֤ˤߤ벻֡μפʺ [germanic][comparative_linguistics][verners_law][inflection][article][rhotacism][i-mutation][oe][gothic][old_norse]

ޥĸ줬3̡Υ롼פʬƤݤˡ줾ȼθѲ̤ȤơƱδ֤ˡбط뤳ȤˤʤäAlgeo and Pyles (82--83) ˤäơפѲбط6󤲤褦

(1) ޥĸǤϤĤ̾μñ *-az ǽäƤ (ex. *wulfaz ϵ) θޥ췲Ǥϼ (Old English wulf)̥ޥ췲Ǥ -r Ȥʤ (Old Icelandic ulfr)쥲ޥ췲Ǥ -s Ȥʤä (Gothic wolfs)
(2) ޥĸǤư23ñ줾̤Ƥ쥲ޥ췲Ǥ϶̤³OE Ǥ bindest (you bind), bindeþ (he/she/it binds) ȤʤꡤGo Ǥ bindis, bindiþ Τɤḁ̈ޥ췲Ǥ2ñ -r 3ñݤ߹ߡȤ bindr Ȥʤä
(3) ̥ޥ췲Ǥ괧줬̾˸³褦ˤʤä (ex. ulfrinn (the wolf)) 쥲ޥǤϤΤ褦Ѳϵʤä
(4) Verner's Law νϤȤƤ *z ϡ̥ޥ췲Ǥ r Ȥʤä (= rhotacism) 쥲ޥ췲Ǥ s ȤʤäȤơOE ēare (ear), OIc eyra, Go auso
(5) ̥ޥ췲Ǥ i-mutation ơ㤨 OE mann (man) ФƤʣ menn (men) ȤʤäGo Ǥñ mannan Фʣ mannans Ȥʤ첻ѲȿǤƤʤ
(6) ޥ췲Ǥ Verner's Law νϤȤƤ *ð d Ȥʤä̡쥲ޥ췲Ǥ໤ˤȤɤޤäȤơOE fæder (father) ФơOIc faðir, Go faðar ʤֻ fadarˡ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-16-1]

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2018-01-21 Sun

#3191. period, semicolon, colon θ̤ΰ㤤 [punctuation]

Crystal (220--21) ɸ3ĤζλȤʬ򼨤Τ̯󤲤Ƥ롥ʲ3Ĥΰ㤤狼

(a) I looked around the room. Mike was winking. Jane was smiling.
(b) I looked around the room. Mike was winking; Jane was smiling.
(c) I looked around the room. Mike was winking: Jane was smiling.


(a) ǤϡMike Υ󥯤 Jane Υ˥åδ֤̤ʴطѶŪˤǧʤ2Ĥ̡νѵƤ롤ȤޤǤ롥
(b) ǤϡMike Υ󥯤 Jane Υ˥å꤬1ĤΥȤƱޤǼޤäƤ롥ߥˤꡤ2Ĥν餫δطäƱ˵äƤ뤳Ȥްդ롥
(c) ǤϡMike Υ󥯤 Jane Υ˥åδ֤̩ܤʴط뤳Ȥްդ롥ƱޤǼޤäƤΤߤʤ餺餯ϰ̴ط롥ĤޤꡤMike 󥯤顤Jane ФΤ

줾ľ˿ʸ̮䤦ȡްդ狼䤹ʤ롥

(a) I looked around the room. Mike was winking. Jane was smiling. Graham was grinning widely. Everyone could see what had happened ...
(b) I looked around the room. Mike was winking; Jane was smiling. Graham, their next-door neighbour, was ignoring them, as he always did at parties. ...
(c) I looked around the room. Mike was winking: Jane was smiling. It was great to see that my plan to bring them together had worked.


̯ʥ˥奢󥹤κˡ̤ץν񤭼ϤΤ褦ʺѤ롥ɤˤդƤ٤֥ݥȡסʢʸ̤ˤǤ롥

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2018-01-20 Sat

#3190. ѲζɬƱ̿ [language_change][causation][teleology][spaghetti_junction][invisible_hand][drift]

#2867. Ѳζɬ ([2017-03-03-1]) 嵴¤Ρض٤ɤǡƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɬ餫Ω복ǰǤ롥䤿ϤȤˡֶɬפɬŪפʤɤΥˤ롥ʤΤ褦̷⤷ɽǽʤΤ
嵴 (74) ˤСŪɬŪŪϷӤĤ䤹ŪŪŪɬϷӤĤ䤹Ĥޤְۼפ䤹Ȥ

褽ѤϤŰ줷ˤƤϰŪɬΤߤǧʤäưŪ¸ߤ;ϤϤʤŪŪɬꤷη̤ȤơŪŪǧ롥ʳŪѤϤηɽƤ롥ȿơŪѤŰŪʷäˤϡŪŪɬˤäƤΤ߰ڤ褦Ȥ롥äŪŪ¸ߤʤˡŪɬη̤ȤơŪ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ķؤΰջ֤ˤäƤ٤Ƥ硤Ụ̄ؤ¸ߤǧΤϤδط˴𤤤Ƥ롥ΰ̣ˤơŪɬŪŪȷ礷䤹ŪŪɬϰŪȷ礷䤹ֶɬפȤ褦ʵŪθϤβǽ˴ŤΤǤ롥


Ĥޤꡤ븽ݤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢פȤ1Ĥβϡ줬ŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶ǤȤȤΰۼβϡŪ (teleology) ǤϤʤ (mechanism) ΩβǤ롥äơŪ򤹤СѲޤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢׸ݤʤΤǤ롥
ΰۼȴϢơ嵴 (244) ̤βսǡֶȱ̿פˤĤͤƤʰʲ˵ϲ֤ˡ

ФŪðۤ̿Фðۤη뤳Ȥ롥ʹ֤μ¸ˤȤäƳ˿ŪͳỤ̄ͭĤȤϱ̿ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ʊ̿ȤƤζϡɬȤΰۼˤäơɬԡפι¤򼨤ĶŪϤäƸȤƿʹ֤¸פΤǤ롥


ιͤˤС̿ȤϡͤˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פġŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶Ǥ븽ݤǤʿСͤˤȤäƤƽפʷ̤⤿餵줿硤ŪŪ˶ǤäȤƤ⡤ŪŪɬǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館Ƥޤꡤ̿ȸƤӤȤȤ
ѲˤơȤ˱̿ɽ뤳Ȥ⤢ drift ήˤˤĤơδͤƤߤȤ⤷²ǤϿǯδ֡ޤοȤ drift ³ƤȤ뤬ζưϤθǤ뤫ˤĤƤΤʽФƤʤäơ򤢤α̿ǤȤȤ館Ԥ롥Τ褦Ԥϡdrift ²ˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פĤΤȿƤꡤ椨ŪŪɬθݤǤ뤫Τ褦˴ơ̿ȸƤǤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤdrift Ȥݤ¿ʲͤ򤪤Ƥ뤫餳ҤäȤȶνˤʤΤ򡤱̿ȤĤ̾ǡðۤäƸƤӤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ѳζɬ̿ˤĤƤϡinvisible_hand spaghetti_junction ιͤ⻲Ȥ줿

嵴 ¤ض١ȽŹ2012ǯ

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2018-01-19 Fri

#3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) [anthropology][biology][meme][teleology]

ε ([2018-01-18-1]) ˰³ɡ󥹤ΥߡˤĤơεǸߡªƳդ٤ϡŪ (teleology) ϰڴޤޤƤʤȤɡ󥹤ŪȷӤĤΤϡŪʰҡ (selfish genes) ȤɤФаƤǤ롥Ʊ˱Ѥˤ⡤ˤϵĤƤʤФʤʤɡ󥹤ⲿ٤ȤʤǰƤ뤬ߡ˴ؤս꤫Ѥ褦 (303--04)

ߡȰҤäĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦ܽΤ̤ƻϡҤ򡤰ռŪָŪ¸ߤȹͤƤϤʤʤȶĴƤҤϡŪʼΤϤ餭ˤäơŪäƹư¸ߤǤ뤫Τ褦˻ΩƤƤ롥ǡȤФȤΩ줫ϡŪռˤɽҤƤϤƤޤäۤȤ櫓äȤСְҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬΥԡο䤽ϤƤפɽ硤ºݤΰ̣ϡ֤줬ˤƤθ̤ܤˤ뤳ȤǤҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬοŪä뤳ȤΤǤ褦ʵư򼨤ҤפȤȤʤΤʤ¸ΤŪָŪˤϤ餯ǽưŪ¸ߤȤưҤͤ뤳ȤäΤȤޤäƱͤˡߡ˴ؤƤƱ褦˹ͤʤΤǤϤޤξ⡤ɽŪ˲ᤵƤϺ롥ŪδǰϤˤƤñʤȤˤʤΤҤξˤȤɤʤͭѤäϤǤ˸ȤǤ롥ϡ줬ñʤȤǤ뤳ȤʬΤǡҤФơŪʡפȤֻǦʡפȤƻ򤵤ѤۤɤǤ롥ξȤޤäƱǡŪʥߡǦʥߡʪ뤳ȤǤ


ɡ󥹤ϺǸμˡYes Ƥ롥ߡϰռ踫ǽϤ⤿ʤʣҤǤꡤޤŪŪ¸ߤǤ롥äơߡȤƤθꤹʤСޤŪŪ˿񤦤ȿ¬롥
Ѳˤ teleology ˤĤƤϡ#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])#1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1])#2525. ָѲ롤ס ([2016-03-26-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2837. ˤȸˤŪ ([2017-02-01-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ󡦱 ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-22-1] [2018-02-16-1]

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2018-01-18 Thu

#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) [anthropology][biology][meme][teleology]

ʪѤ˳̿򵯤㡼ɡɡ󥹤ΡŪʰҡ (1976ǯˤϡʪˤ (gene) бΤʹ֤ʸˤ¸ߤȤơʸʳؤˤ⶯ʥѥȤͿƤʸκǤΤǤ뤫顤ɡ󥹤ϸѤˤƶڤܤƤ롥ºݡɡ󥹤ˤϸˤĤƿƤս꤬ (291--92)

ʹ֤ᤰðϡʸפȤĤΤȤФˤۤǤ롥󡤻ϡΤȤФ¯Ūʰ̣ǤϤʤʳؼԤѤ뤵ΰ̣ǻѤƤΤŪˤݼŪǤʤ顤οʲǡʸŪãϰŪãƤ롥ե꡼硼ϡϢʤ³ۤɤαѹͤΩȤơѹͤȷӤĤäƤ롥ΩȤʤäƤ뤽줾ο͡ϡȶο͡Ȥ顤©ҤƤä򤹤Τ褦˸ߤäǤϤ硼ȸѹͤȤδ֤Dzä򤹤ΤԲǽˤʤϡŪʼʤˤäơֿʲפ褦˻פ졤⡤®٤ϡŪʲʤ®ΤǤ롥


ɡ󥹤ϡȤ뤳Τ褦ʸˤŪʼʣҤߡ (meme) ̾դɡ󥹤ꡤ̾դ˴ؤפʲսѤ褦 (10)

ιͤȤǤϡμʣҤǶޤˤо줷ƤΤǤ롥䤿ϤȸɡĤ碌ƤΤϤޤ̤ȯãʾ֤ˤꡤȤƤθϥפԴѤɺäƤ롥ǤˤϤʤ®٤ǿʲŪѲãƤꡤҤȤŻμʣҤϤϤ뤫٤ƤǤ뤢ꤵޤǤ롥
оΥפϡʹ֤ʸȤפǤ롥оμʣҤˤ̾ɬפʸãñ̡뤤ñ̤Ȥǰ̾Ǥ롥륮ꥷθ캬Ȥ <mimeme> ȤȤˤʤ뤬ΤۤΤ <ʰҡ> ȤȤФȯλƤññǡΥꥷθ캬 <ߡ (meme)> Ƚ̤ƤޤȤˤ롥ͧͤθŵؼԽˤϸ洲Ƥ𤦼⤷֤᤬ȤСߡȤñ < (memory)>뤤Ϥե󥹸 <même> Ȥñ˳ݤ뤳ȤǤȤȤʤñϡ֥꡼פƱƧޤȯƤ


ʤ¾ʸݤ˰ҤƱŪˡʤŪŪˡ˼ʣƿʲΤȤ櫓ơҤʪҵ餷Ƥ褦ˡȤߡüԤǤʹ֤ߡൡ餷ƤȤȤˤʤȡϳΤ˿˾夫ʤƤߡȤäƤ褵

ɡ󥹡㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ󡦱 ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ

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2018-01-17 Wed

#3187. 1񎼷anuary?ڨ? [calendar][etymology][mythology][latin]

̾꡼Ȥơ1 = January = ӷ˴ؤ򡥱Ѹ January ϡޤμ Jānus ʥ̥ˤͳ褹롥̥ˤ2Ĥδ餬ꡤ1Ĥ1ĤϸƤ֤ǤйԤǯǯξ˸̤֤äȤˤʤ롥Janus Τ janua ˤͳ褷ֿͤɽ魯Ѹ janitor ϢǤ롥ϵŪˤϰ캬 *ei- ʹԤˤγ *ya- ̤롥Jānus Diānus žΤȤ⤵졤ξˤ Diāna Ȥط
ƥ Jānuārius (mensis) űѸꡤJanuarius ȤѤ줿㤬뤬̾űѸˤ se æfterra ġēola (the later Yule) ȸƤФ줿12ɽ路 se ǣrra ġeōla (the earlier Yule) Ȥӡˡۤ wulfmōnaþ (wolf-month) ȤΤ줿϶ʢϵͤ򽱤Ȥ⤢ʷäȤͳ褹ȹͤ롥ƥñѸ1300ǯ˥󥰥ե jenvier ͳ Jenever ʤɤηDzƳ줿14˸θؤȺƷ줿ʺƷθŤȤƺʤĤäƤˡ
ܸDZɽ魯ӷפϡ͡褷ƤʤĤޤ뤳ȤȤ⡤μ¤˿ּ·פžȤ⤵롥
̾꡼Ȥơ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1])#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1])#3000. 7Julyʸ ([2017-07-14-1])#3046. 8Augustշ ([2017-08-29-1])#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1])#3103. 10October̵ ([2017-10-25-1])#3167. 11November ([2017-12-28-1])#3168. 12December ([2017-12-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-28-1]

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2018-01-16 Tue

#3186. 1/f 餮äƤ¢ [1/f][dynamic_equilibrium][chaos_theory][complex_system]

ǯ顤ѲؤŬѲǽơ#3171. 1/f 餮 ([2018-01-01-1]) ưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) μդˤĤɽ񤷤Ƥ뤬פݤ̤Ȥǵ¢˹Ԥ夤 (181--82) ŦƤ褦ˡظؽ٤οǷʼˡλפ˼Τ褦ˤ롥

ʼˡƻˤơλ䤦ϡοؤʤ졥ˤ⡤ʼˡλˤ⡤⤫Ϥ餺ơ򹭤ľˤơĤҤĤѤ餺⤿ޤΤ̤䤦ˡޤˤơŤˤ뤬ơ¶뤮ΤĤʤ⡤뤮ޤ̤䤦ˡǽǽ̣٤Ťʤ⿴Ťʤ餺ȤϤ䤭⿴ϾϤ䤫餺ˤĤ줺ϿˤĤ줺ѿơȤˤѿ򤻤Τ̻ʤơ򾯤⤢ޤ餻ؤοϤϤȤ⡤οĤ褯ͤ˸櫓줶䤦ˤơȤʤΤϿ礭ʤĤ餺ꡤȤʤΤϿˤҤǽơȤ⾮Ȥ⡤ľˤơȤΤҤ򤻤䤦˿Ļ顥ˤ餺ơҤҷä֤٤顥ҷä⿴ҤȤߤ專顥ҷäȤŷ來ޤءʪ򤷤ꡤŤηǽ¶ƻ〱錄ꡤ֤οͤˤޤ줶䤦ˤƸ塤ʼˡҷäȤʤ뿴顥ʼˡҷäˤơȤ來ջͭ顥ξϤʤȤ⡤ʼˡƻ򤭤Ϥᡤʤǽǽ̣٤ʵ¢p. 92


ʤۤɡ濴֤Ĥɤ뤬ƤȤˤäơͽ¬ǽξ׵ѤбǤ褦ƤȤ櫓¢ 1/f ưŪʿդαƤȤˤʤ
줫֤ΥƤޤä餮ưŪʿդΥݥȤΤˤʤäƤ԰Ǥ뤫餳ꡤ٤ΤʤưŪ֡ΥϸˤƤΩˤ˰㤤ʤ

ؤ餮ȯۡ1/f 餮ˤޤ١Ƕ1994ǯ
¢ˡ ͺˡظؽ١̼ҡ1986ǯ

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2018-01-15 Mon

#3185. ưŪʿդȸ츦 [dynamic_equilibrium][diachrony][causation][language_change][history_of_linguistics][methodology]

#3176. ȤưŪʿˤ륷ƥफ (1) ([2018-01-06-1])#3177. ȤưŪʿˤ륷ƥफ (2) ([2018-01-07-1]) εǡưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ιͤȤƥ˱ѤǤ뤫ȤˤĤ
ʡοǤϡưŪʿդʪʳؤα㤬¿Ƥ㤨СưŪʿȿפưŪʿշݽפʤɡˡưŪʿշݽפꤹ륨åˤơʡ (170--71) ϰȤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥Ѳΰ̴ط (causation) ǼŪǤ롥

ΤǤϡߤϢؤ٤Ƥ¿δطǷҤꤢäƤ롥Ĥޤˤ⡤Τˤ衤ʬϤʤʬȸƤӡʬȤڤФΤʤΤҤϡߤ¾Χ뤤䤷Ƥ롥ΤȤˤϡִ֤ªƤߤȡȼ꤬褦˸롥ʬ򤭡νִ֤򸫤ȡȷ̤ϵžƤ롥뤤ϡޤ̤ʿդưƤ롥Ĥޤꡤˤϡΰ̣ǰ̴طȸƤ֤٤Τޤ¸ߤʤʬʤȤˤϤ狼ʤʬƤ狼ʤΤǤ롥䤿ϳΤ˺ѥࡦեȤɬפʤΤμ꤬ϤɤˤΤ


ʡưŪʿˤƤϡ̿ɮƬȤưŪʿդˤ륷ƥˤȤäơ֤ܼŪʥѥ᡼Ǥ롥֤ΤʤDzƯ³Ƥ뤫餳ǽݤäƤȤͤäơǤϥѥȤץŻ뤵뤳Ȥˤʤ롥֤ǤϤʤư֤֡ǤϤʤ̻֤νŻȤ
塼θؤˤƤ⡤ѥ֤֡餫ˤ뤳Ȥ饨ͥ륮䤵Ƥǡץư̻֤֡θϤʤˤƤȤäƤ褤ԤԤȤˤȤäƤϡؤˤѥࡦեȤɬפΤ褦˻פ롥ȤϤʬʤȤˤϤ狼ʤʬƤ狼ʤפȤȤΰ̣Ǥ롥ѥࡦեȤȤäƤǤ롥

ʡ 졡ưŪʿ3󥹤Ͻ줿ˤΤ߹ߤΩġ١ڳڼҡ2017ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-14 Sun

#3184. ɤη [family_tree][indo-european_sub-family][indo-european][iranian][sogdian]

εǥɤ°#3183. ɸ ([2018-01-13-1]) ˤĤƾҲ𤷤θɤˤĤƤϡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ǰäޤ򼨤ƤʤäΤǡAmerican Heritage Dictionary ΢ɽˤ²ηޤ˽äơ˼Ƥʡ#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) Ǥ⥤ɤμޤ򼨤طɽ魯Ȥϡ̤ζʬɽ魯Τä

Family Tree of the Iranian Languages

²ʬϹͤˤä͡ˤ뤿ᡤ̤ΥǤϾ嵭Ȱۤʤ礬롥Ethnologue λʬˤС Iranian ˤ86θ줬ǧ졤Τ褦3ʬǤϤʤEastern Western 2ʬˡΤäƤ롥
ˤ踽ߤǤ⥤󤫤ˤ¸ߴ򼨤ƤɤǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-13 Sat

#3183. ɸ [sogdian][iranian][writing][map][direction_of_writing][aramaic]

21äƤ顤ȤƤ̱²ɿͤθ椬䤫ˤʤäƤƤ롥1999ǯ˻ǿζȯꡤ輼ȯ줿ɤɲˡѻ˲Ȥ͸ųؼԤؿ򼨤ΤäǤ롥ɿͤäƤɸSogdian; θ̾αѸǤνФ1909ǯˤ䡤ɽ줿ʸˤĤƤ⡤ĸ椬ʤǤƤ餷
ɸϸߤǤϻȤʤäƤ뤬Ūˤϵ300ǯ鵪900ǯˤΥǥ (Sogdiana) ǹԤʤƤȤ롥Ūʥǥʤϥ볤ؤ2ϡ (Amu Dar'ya) ȥ (Syr Darya) ˶ޤ줿ϰؤ͸ϥޥ륫ɤǤ롥ߤΡ٥ȥդ롥

Map of Sogdiana

ɸ췲°췲°Ū˶ʥڥ륷ȤϸŪ˳֤꤬롥ɤˤĤƤϡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ε#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) μޤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ɸϥǥʤˤͥʸǤϤäɿͤȤʤʤäΤɸȤ٤ΤΩʤäɸϥ顼ಽȤȤ˼졤ޥ륫ɤǤ10ޤǤ˥ڥ륷˼ä줿
ɸθ¸ʸȤơ20ν˥ɥĤΥȥեõˤȯ줿ʸ񤬤롥ʸʤɤС313ǯ˽񤫤줿ָʡפ¸ǸŤʸȤƤǯ˸Ť2ΤΤȤʸߤĤä
ɸ줬ɽƤ륽ʸϡʸηƱ22ʸʤäƤνˤĤơ#2449. (2) ([2016-01-10-1]) Ǥϱ񤭤θȤƿ줿ºݤˤϻˤäѲ褦2θŤʸǤϼºݤ˱񤭤äȹͤƤ뤬6ʹߤʸǤϺĽ񤭤̤ȤʤäƤ롥
ʸ˴ؤƶ̣Τϡñ򥢥̤֤äơ򥽥ɸǡַɡפ㤬äȤ꤬ʡפźƤΤ⤢롥Τ褦˷ɤä20ۤɤȸꤵƤ
եϤξή䥰Υַëǥ䥰Υָ (Yagnobi) Ȥ줬ߤǤ12ͤۤɤüԤˤԤʤƤ뤬θŪʥɸȶǤ롥ɸϰζ̸Ūϰ̤ˤä1ĤȤƥ䥰Υָ褬äȤطǤ롥
ɤϡܤȤδϢǤұʪȤΤֿղפδּ̤ӡפʸκפĤƤ롥äΤǤϡָաפ̾ΤĤΡʸտ͡ɱʣտˤήԤƤΡָաפȤϡϥڥ륷ʿ͡ˤؤΤ򤵤ƤǯθˤȤۤܥɡʿ͡ˤؤƤȹͤƤ褤Ȥ륯ɤư̮ΤɿǸפ˽ƤΤΥɿͤäΤǤ롥
ʾ塤ȤƵĤ򻲾ȤƼɮ

˭֥ɿͤθסإɿͤѤȸ ˭ԡˡˡŹ2011ǯ80--118ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-14-1]

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2018-01-12 Fri

#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ [ame_bre][spelling][archer][corpus][mode][webster]

ճȴñˤǤĴȤơɸҲ𤷤Ƹ쥳ѥ#1802. ARCHER 3.2 ([2014-04-03-1]) Ѥơֻαƺ̻ŪĴڤ˹Ԥ롥ȤơǤΤƤ <colour> <color> αƺĴ٤Ƥߤ褦
ARCHER Untagged ˥ "colour*" "color*" 졤줾η̤Ф#1808. ARCHER ̤λߥʬġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) ([2014-04-09-1]) ˤơưŪ4Ĥοɽ롥οɽˤꡤξֻαƺˤĤơ1600--1999ǯ8ʬ̤ˡ12Υ̤Ӥ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥ʬȥϰʲ̤ꡥ

P1 = 1600--49, P2 = 1650--99, P3 = 1700--49, P4 = 1750--99, P5 = 1800--49, P6 = 1850--99, P7 = 1900--49, P8 = 1950--99
a = advertising, d = drama, f = fiction, h = sermons, j = journals, l = legal, m = medicine, n = news, p = early prose, s = science, x = letters, y = diaries

ǤϡޤꥹѸ줫ߤƤοɽŪʥꥹ <colour> οͤ򼨤ŵŪ˥ꥫڥ󥰤Ȥ <color> οͤǤ롥Ԥ΢ڤ餺ꥹѸǤϻˤ餺ۤ <colour> ݤȤäƤ褤

<colour> in BrE in ARCHER
<color> in BrE in ARCHER

˥ꥫѸη̤ѸˤδԤ΢ڤʤP41750--99ǯˤޤǤѤ <colour> ֻŪP5 ʹߤष <color> ӤƤP5 ȤСNoah Webster An American Dictionary of the English Language Ǥ1828ǯޤȾλʬǤꡤƹ񼰥ڥ󥰤θǯλ֤򤫤Ĥ夷Ƥͤ褯ɽ路Ƥ롥

<colour> in AmE in ARCHER
<color> in AmE in ARCHER

ߤĶ Google Books Ngram Viewer ˴ñ˥Ǥ뤿ᡤARCHER ⤵˴ؤƱ褦ĴԤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ARCHER Ǥϥ󥳡󥹡饤Ф뤿ʸȤ̣뤳ȤǤ뤷ҥåȷȤǤޤʤۤɤޤȤΤ⡤ͤ褦ˤäƤȤ롥פϻȤARCHER Ѥ¾ĴȤơ#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1])#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1])#1752. interpretor interpreter (2) ([2014-02-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-12-1] [2020-09-17-1]

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2018-01-11 Thu

#3181. Spelling/Pronunciation Search [spelling][pronunciation][orthography][web_service][cgi][dictionary][spelling_pronunciation_gap][silent_letter]

#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ǡThe Carnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ˴ŤꥫѸȯġΥǡ١ (3MB+) μΤϡ110935ФֻȯȤ߹碌Ǥ롥ΥġϡCarnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ȯɽɽǻꤷơޤñֻ֤ΤäֻȯΤ줾ɽǾꤷˤޥåñ֤ȤͤΥġäƤߤ
ɽ Perl ѤΤΤǡʸʸ̤Ϻǽ餫̵뤹͡ȯɽϡܵ˷ǤƤɤ餫θˤСֻ뤤ȯˤʤ롥

Spelling in Regex:
Pronunciation in Regex:
 


׼ǡֻȯδطˤĤƤĴ٤ͷǤ롥㤨СSpelling "l" ꤷPronunciation "^[^l]+$" ꤹȡʸκݤˤϤ줾ϳơˡֻˤ <l> Τˡȯˤ /l/ ʤ򽦤Ф롥¾λҲʤɤˤѤƤСۻ (silent_letter) ޤñ򽸤ޤSpelling "gh$" Pronunciation "f$" ꤹȡ <gh> /f/ ȯñꥹȤ롤
ʲCarnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ȯɽ򼨤Ǵ֤ȾѥڡǶڤƤꡤ첻ɽ³ 0 (no stress), 1 (primary stress), 2 (secondary stress) Ǽ롥㤨Сinternational ȯɽϡ"IH2 N T ER0 N AE1 SH AH0 N AH0 L" Ȥʤ롥

PhonemeExampleTranslation
AAoddAA D
AEatAE T
AHhutHH AH T
AOoughtAO T
AWcowK AW
AYhideHH AY D
BbeB IY
CHcheeseCH IY Z
DdeeD IY
DHtheeDH IY
EHEdEH D
ERhurtHH ER T
EYateEY T
FfeeF IY
GgreenG R IY N
HHheHH IY
IHitIH T
IYeatIY T
JHgeeJH IY
KkeyK IY
LleeL IY
MmeM IY
NkneeN IY
NGpingP IY NG
OWoatOW T
OYtoyT OY
PpeeP IY
RreadR IY D
SseaS IY
SHsheSH IY
TteaT IY
THthetaTH EY T AH
UHhoodHH UH D
UWtwoT UW
VveeV IY
WweW IY
YyieldY IY L D
ZzeeZ IY
ZHseizureS IY ZH ER

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2018-01-10 Wed

#3180. ˹ٸ̤Ƥե󥹡ƥѸ [french][latin][loan_word][borrowing][frequency][statistics][lexicology][hc][bnc]

ѸˤǤϡѸ줫Ѹˤơե󥹸ȥƥ줫̤θüѤʤ줿Τ߾ѤΤˤĤƤϡ餯ѻ饹Ȥƻ֤ȤȤ˻٤ƤΤ롥ȤΤϡѤ줿餫٤Ѥ줿ȤϹͤˤ˱ѸƱﲽƤȤȤ館Τ
β¾ڤΤˤĤˡꤽDurkin ĴԤʤäƤ롥Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸΤ줾ˤƥѥ˴ŤǹٸꥹȤꡤΤʤ˥ե󥹡ƥѸ줬ɤΤ餤γǴޤޤƤ뤫Ĵ١γ̻ŪܤӤȤˡŤΥѥǤֻѰۤȤ꤬ؤ뤿ᡤ̩Ĵ褦ȤñˤϤʤDurkin ϤȤꤢˡȤơѸȽѸˤĤƤ Helsinki Corpus 1150--1500ǯ1500--1710ǯΥѤơѸˤĤƤ BNC Ѥưֻ١Ĵ줾٥󥭥󥰤ˤ900--1000̤ۤɤޤǤñֻ˥ꥹȤꡤΤʤǥե󥹡ƥѸ줬ϤФ
̤ϡѸ쥻Ǥ7%ۤɤäΤѸ쥻Ǥ19%ޤǾ徺˸Ѹ쥻Ǥ38%ޤǤ˻äƤ롥ƤĴǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤ե󥹡ƥѸǸѤƤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡˤΤʤǽ٤夲Ƥ̤ȤơߤŪʤ򼨤Ȥ褯狼ä
ˤ⤷ȤˡѸΥ1500--1710ǯˤ˴ؤͤˤĤơٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤե󥹡ƥѸΤ٤Ƥ1500ǯ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤ⤽2/3ۤɤϳμ¤˥ե󥹼ѸǤȤ¤ǧ (Durkin 338--39)
ޤѸȽѸιٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤե󥹡ƥѸ¿ѸιٸꥹȤˤƸƤ¤ˤ⿨ƤŤ2ˤϸ뤬ϳƤ췲įȡʤȤѲ򴶤Ƥ롥㤨Сhonour, justice, manner, noble, parliament, pray, prince, realm, religion, supper, treason, usury, virtue Ǥ (Durkin 340)
ˤäƺѸꥹȤ䥭ɤۤʤ뤳ȤȤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥѤ͡ʻӤƤߤȤ⤷㤨СѸ쥳ѥ˴ŤɡꥹȤˤĤơ#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) 򻲾ȡޤ٤ˤˤĤƤϡ#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2020-08-25-1]

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2018-01-09 Tue

#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ [neo-latin][latin][greek][word_formation][lexicology][loan_word][compounding][derivation][lmode][scientific_english][scientific_name][neologism][waseieigo][terminology][register]

ŵŪʣ (neoclassical compounds) Ȥϡaerobiosis, biomorphism, cryogen, nematocide, ophthalmopathy, plasmocyte, proctoscope, rheophyte, technocracy Τ褦ʸʤФвʳѸˤؤDurkin (346--37) ˤСतθä᤯1600ǯ夫ǧ졤㤨 polycracy (1581), pantometer (1597), multinomial (1608) ߤ롥ȯŪ̻褦ˤʤäΤϡʳؤ®ȯŸѸȤ櫓19ˤʤäƤΤȤǤʡ#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ŵŪʣˤĤƶĴƤ٤ϡ줬ѸǤϤʤޤDZѸʤϤȤ衼åѤνˤˤƷ줿ǤȤΤ˥ƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵǥȤƤϤ뤬褷ƤѤ줿櫓ǤϤʤΰ̣Ǥϱñݤκۤ򤷤ƤʤñǤϤʤѸפӤ뤳ȤǤ롥ŵŪʣϱѸǤ뤫顤ĤޤֱפȤäƤ褤ѸȤΤäϡԤȤƹŪDzʳŪʸ̮Ѥ뤬ԤϤǤϤʤȤ¤ˤ롥ʤξԤΤˤϻѰˤиߤ롥Durkin ϡŵŪʣˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . these formations typically belong to the international language of science and move freely, often with little or no morphological adaptation, between English, French, German, and other languages of scientific discourse. They are often treated in very different ways in different traditions of lexicography and lexicology; however, those terms that are coined in modern vernacular languages are certainly not loanwords from Latin or Greek, even though they may be formed from elements that originated in such loanwords. (347)


. . . Latin words and word elements have become ubiquitous in modern technical discourse, but frequently in new compound or derivative formations or with new meanings that have seldom if ever been employed in contextual use in actual Latin sentences. (349)


¤ؤơֿŵŪʣפȸƤֱ֤פȸƤ֤ϡǤϤʤѸξˤϡֱѸŪʣפȸƤФʤΤϤʤΰ㤤ϲ˵Τ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-08 Mon

#3178. ȳ̿ԻѼ [lmode][industrial_revolution][history][sociolinguistics][dialect][dialectology][variety][koine][dialect_levelling][bre]

18--19 Industrial Revolution ʻȳ̿ˤϡѹҲι¤礭ѤμҲŪʵϡüŪˤ (traditional dialects) ԻѼ (urban varieties) ؤΰܹԤȤäƤ褤̡͢ʤȯãˤꡤ͡ιưͼҲŪͥåȥѤꤷϰˤŪʿʹִطλޤꡤοʿ (dialect_levelling) ȶ̸첽 (koinéization) ʹԤǡϤ˸줿巿ԻԤϰҲεῴϤȤʤꡤʤԻѼ郎ޤƤԻѼϰ°Ҳ񳬵궯ȿǤ뷹ǡȤϰۤʤ¸ߤǤ롥
Gramley (181) դλʲΤ褦Ƥ롥

[The Industrial Revolution and the transportation revolution] were among the most significant social changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Partly as a prerequisite for and partly as an effect of industrialization there were fundamental changes in transportation. First, in the period after 1750 there was the establishment of turnpikes, then canals, and finally railroads. Among their consequences was the development of regional and supra-regional markets and, concomitant with this, greater labor force mobility in a money rather than barter economy with the potential for consumption. It hardly seems necessary to point out that this led to a weakening of the rural traditional dialects and an upsurge of new urban varieties in the process of dialect leveling or koinéization.
   As industrialization continued, new centers in the Northeast (mining) and in the Western Midlands (textiles in Manchester and Birmingham and commerce in Liverpool) began to emerge. Immigration of labor from "abroad" also ensured further language and dialect contact as Irish workers found jobs in the major projects of canal building in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and then in the building of the railways. Enclaves of Irish came into being, especially in Liverpool. Despite linguistic leveling the general distinctions were retained between the North (now divided more clearly than ever between the English North and Scotland), the East Midlands and the now industrializing West Midlands, and the South. The emergence of a new, mostly working-class, urban population in the North in the nineteenth century was accompanied by a literature of its own. Pamphlets, broadsides, and almanacs showed local consciousness and pride in vernacular culture and language. As the novels of Elizabeth Gaskel demonstrate, language --- be it traditional dialect or working-class koiné --- was a marker of class solidarity.


Τ褦ˡѹζḽŪʼҲŪѼΤϡȤƻȳ̿λʪȤäƤ褤
ϢȤơ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])#2028. ܤȥ󥰥ɤˤξ ([2014-11-15-1])#2023. England θѸʬ (3) --- Modern Dialects ([2014-11-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-12-1]

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2018-01-07 Sun

#3177. ȤưŪʿˤ륷ƥफ (2) [dynamic_equilibrium][linguistics][entropy][language_change]

ε ([2018-01-06-1]) ˰³ưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ˤĤơ
εǡʡ (276) ꡤ̿ϡ֥ȥԡˡ§ꤷơƺƹۤȤžŪʤפΤäƤȤŪʸҲ𤷤ǻפФΤϡ2016ǯ˥Ρ٥ؾޤޤŵˤ륪ȥե (autophagy) Ǥ롥ȥեȤϡ̿ưŸ뤿ѶŪʼ˲԰٤ΤȤǤ롥̿ϡ츫ԲIJʤȤˡ뤳Ȥʬ򤹤뤳ȤˤؤϤ䤷Ƥ餷ۤ˿ϤƤΤˤĤơʡ (297) ϳοŪǤ롥

̿ˤȤäƽפʤΤϡ뤳Ȥ⡤ȤǤ롥˦ϤɤʴĶǤ⡤ʤǤ⡤Ȥʤषʤǡͥ륮ȤäơѶŪˡꤷơ˦ι¤ʪɤɤƤ롥ʤ̿ưŪʿդݻ뤿Ǥ롥
Τɬư縶§ȥԡˡ§Ǥ롥ˤơǤΤ̿Τ̿Τˤ⥨ȥԡˡ§ƼϤʤꡤˡϷʪȯ롥䤨֤ʤӽʤСФȤǤʤΤ䤨ʬ򤷤ĤġƱ˺ƹۤȤХ󥹤ή줬ɬפʤΤ줬Ƥ뤳ȡĤޤưŪʿդǤ


Ȥä٤ˤϡϤƸˤ̤Τ
ʡ̤βսǤҤ٤Ƥ (290--91)

ΤȤ̿Ȥ䤨ưŪǤꡤĶ˸äƳƤΤǤ롥γ̤ơʪͥ륮󤬽ꤷƤꡤνꤳ̿ήʤΤǤ롥ʤưŪʿդȤϡʿդȤϸʤ顤ɤŪãʿդǤϤʤ¤ʿդǤꡤ̿ȤϳϤʤΤǤ롥


ΰѤˤƤ⡤̿פָפ֤ȡ٤ƶ롥Ⳬϡ뤤ϡ#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1]) ʤΤǤϤʤ

ʡ 졡ؿǡưŪʿա̿Ϥʤ˽ɤΤ١شۡҾشۿӡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-06 Sat

#3176. ȤưŪʿˤ륷ƥफ (1) [dynamic_equilibrium][linguistics][entropy][language_change][chaos_theory][complex_system][1/f]

ʡΤưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ϡ̿ݤ븶ȤƲŪʤΤǤˤȤɤޤ餺⤷ȸ츽ݤˤѤǤΤ⤷ʤưŪʿդˤĤƤϡ#3171. 1/f 餮 ([2018-01-01-1]) εǴñ˿줿ϤιͤäƤߤ褦ʡ (261--63) ΤʸϤΤǤŬڤ

ΤƤʬҤϡ٤ƹ®ʬ򤵤졤ʪȤݼ褷ʬҤ֤Ƥ롥ΤΤȿ˦ȤϤƾ˺Ѥ졤³ƤΤǤ롥
顤䤿οΤʬŪʼΤȤƤϡμʬȤϤޤäʪˤʤäƤ롥ʬҤϴĶäƤơäȤߤȤƻ䤿Фνִ֤ˤϤޤĶؤȲƤ
ĤޤꡤĶϾ˻䤿οΤ̤ȴƤ롥̤ȴפȤɽΤǤϤʤʤʤ顤ˤʬҤ̤᤮פ٤Ƥʪä櫓ǤϤʤƤʪȸƤǤ䤿ομΤ̤᤮ĤĤʬҤ켡Ū˷äƤˤʤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤˤΤϡή줽ΤΤǤʤήǡ䤿οΤѤĤġưξ֤ݤäƤ롥ή켫ΤƤפȤȤʤΤǤ롥ϥޡϡ̿ðŪʤ褦ʥߥåƥȡưŪʾ֡ˤȸƤϤγǰ򤵤˳ĥ̿ζѹդν궯Ĵ뤿ưŪʿաפѸǼ dynamic equilibrium equi= librium=ŷˤȤʤ롥
ǻ䤿ϲơ̿ȤϲפȤ䤤뤳ȤǤ롥̿ȤưŪʿդˤ륷ƥǤפȤǤ롥
ơˤϤ⤦Ĥνפʷ롥ϲŪǥƥʥ֥ħȤ̿ȤƥϡʪŪ¤סĤޤ깽ʬҤΤΤ˰¸ƤΤǤϤʤή줬⤿餹ָ̡פǤȤȤ̿ݤȤϹ¤ǤϤʤָ̡פʤΤǤ롥
ƥʥ֥Ǥ뤳ȤͤȤ¿ΤȤ򼨺Ƥ롥ƥʥ֥ʤΤϾưƤ롥ưϡήס⤷ϴĶȤ۴Ĥؤˤ롥ƥʥ֥ήʤ⡤ĶȤΤ˰ʿվ֤ݤäƤ롥
ؼ֤˾äƥХ󥹤ݤĤȤΤ褦ˡषߤưƤ뤫餳ʿդݻǤΤƥʥ֥ϡưʤʬȺ򷫤֤ʬؤƤ롥椨˴ĶѲŬѤǤޤʬν䤹ȤǤ롥
Τ褦˹ͤȡƥʥ֥Ǥ뤳ȤȤϡʪŪŪ¸ꡤ餷ꤹ뤳ȤǤϤʤΤΤΤ롥
ƥʥ֥ʤΤϡ츫ѤΤ褦˸ơ¤ϾưʤʿդݤĤ鷺ʤѲ³Ƥ롥εפȱưΤ򡤤äȸˤʤäơֿʲפȸƤ٤뤳Ȥˡ䤿ϵŤΤ


ʸϤΡ̿פΡפָפ֤¾ѸŬڤ˸ŪɤؤƤ⡤Ǥ褦˻פ롥Ѳ³ʤʿվ֤ݤäƤ륵ƥʥ֥ʥƥǤꡤŪʹ¤ȤưŪʡָ̡פȤƤߤΤǤϤʤȡ
ѲƤ뤳Ȥष˹׸Ȥ츫ȤŪ˻פ븫ϡưŪʿդȤѸФȤ⡤ǯǤʣ (complex_system) (chaos_theory)1/f 餮 (1/f) ȤδϢǻŦƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1])#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1])#3143. ۥᥪ (2) ([2017-12-04-1])#3171. 1/f 餮 ([2018-01-01-1]) ʤɤǿƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
⤦1ġưŪʿդȥȥԡ (entropy) δطˤĤơʡ (276--77) ѤƤ

ΤϤ٤𻨤礹ԲŪ˿ʤߡϤ䤬Ƽ줤ǻ䤬פϡפ뤤ϡ֥ƥפȸƤ褤٤ƤϡפߥѤ䤬ƾ㳲롥ĤޤꥨȥԡϾ礹ΤǤ롥
̿ϤΤȤ򤢤餫ῥߡĤν򤷤ȥԡˡ§ꤷơƺƹۤȤžŪʤĤޤꤽ줬ưŪʿաפǤ롥
Ĺ֥֡ȥԡˡ§פɤäƤ뤦˾ʬҥ٥»Ѥ䤬ƥȥԡɤȴƤޤĤޤݤƤʤɬ롥줬ΤλǤ롥
λˤϤǤ˼žȤϼ˥Хȥ󥿥å졤ΤȤƤ̿ư³̿Ϥϵ˻Ȭǯˤ錄äϢʤȰݻ³ƤΤĤɬ̤ȤΤܼŪˤ¾ŪʤʤΤǤ롥
̿ϼʬθΤ¸뤳Ȥ˴ؤƤϥƥå˸뤱ɡ٤Ƥʪɬ̡ˤä̿Ūˡ̤θΤ˰ܹԤꥻåȤ롥¤¾ŪʥƥʤΤǤ롥
äơƤפȤϡưŪʿաפˤäơ֥ȥԡˡ§פޤ礤ĤƤȤȤǤ롥С֤ήˤ˹ΤǤϤʤʤ顤¸ˡѤƤ롥


⡤륷ƥȤ¸³뤿ˡּƺƹۤȤžŪʤפѤƤȹͤ

ʡ 졡ؿǡưŪʿա̿Ϥʤ˽ɤΤ١شۡҾشۿӡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-15-1] [2018-01-07-1]

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2018-01-05 Fri

#3175. group thinking tree thinking [history_of_linguistics][family_tree][methodology][metaphor][metonymy][diachrony][causation][language_change][comparative_linguistics][linguistic_area][contact][borrowing][variation][terminology][how_and_why][abduction]

#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) #3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥ󤫤ǤϤʤʸؤ ([2018-01-02-1]) ǻȤƤˤСʹ֤ιԤʤʪʬˡϡʬ׹͡ (group thinking) ȡַ׹͡ (tree thinking) ̤ȤȤʬहȽļηطȤʬहΤ (107) Ϥ줾˴ŤʳؤʬʳءפȡָŰʳءפȸƤӡξԤ򼡤Τ褦оȤƤ롥

ʬʳʬ׹᥿եǧΥƥ꡼
Űʳ׹ȥ˥ߡΡʬˡʥ֥


ɽκǸ˿Ƥ륢֥ˤĤƤϡ#784. ˸ؤ abductive discipline ([2011-06-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʪʬؤȤʬǤϡȤǥ벽줿Ʊ褦ʥĥ꡼äȤƤ⡤ǰŪ˲ᤵ줿ȷŪ˲ᤵ줿ȤǤϥåۤʤꤦȤԤʬ׹ͤˡԤ׹ͤбȻפ뤬ˤĤƤ嵭Ȼ褦оɽִǰŪηϳؤȤηŪбطפ p. 172 ˵󤲤ƤΤǼʤɽΤȤˤʤäƤΤ̤θԤΤΡˡ

ǰŪ Ū
ηϳ (Systematik) (Phylogenetik)
(Formverwandtschaft)ط (Blutsverwandtschaft)
(Metamorphose)ȯ (Stammesentwicklung)
ηϳŪʳ (systematischen Stufenreihen) (Ahnenreihen)
(Typus) (Stammform)
(typischen Zuständen)Ū (ursprüngliche Zuständen)
Ū (atypischen Zuständen)Ū (abgeänderte Zuständen)


Τ褦 group thinking tree thinking оȴطؤˤƤϤƤߤС¿ΩѸ줬¤֤ȤˤʤפĤ¤꼫ͳ˵󤲤Ƥߤ

ʬʳŰʳ
¤ (structural linguistics)Ӹ (comparative linguistics)
෿ (typology)˸ (historical linguistics)
(linguistic area)² (language family)
ܿ (contact, borrowing) (inheritance)
(space) (time)
(synchrony)̻ (diachrony)
ط (paradigm) Ϣط (syntagm)
ѥ (pattern)ץ (process)
???? (variation)???? (change)
(type)ȡ (token)
᥿ե (metaphor)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)
HowWhy


Ǹ˵󤲤 How Why ΩˤĤƤϡ (238) ʪؤ¨ưʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤȤΥ󥹥ԥ졼Ǥ롥

ʲ׹ͤ򤢤ƴĤȤƹ⤯Ǥ뤿ˤϡ䤿ʬ׹ͤйϤĤ⤦Ĥλ׹ȤȤƥԡ뤹ɬפ롥ȤСܤˤΤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡƤΤʻװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϼºݤ̿ץʬʪؤؤȤߤʤ롥ФơΤ֤ʤפΤ褦򤹤ˤäΤʵװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϿʲʪؤȤ٤


ѲΡ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפȡ֤ʤפ (how_and_why) ˤĤƤϡ#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν̡ ([2016-07-21-1])#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" ([2017-11-24-1]) ǰäƤʪؤθˤ꿷ȯۤ줿롥

ؿʲ׹ͤҥȤϿݤɤηϲ뤫١NHKǡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-05-1] [2018-06-09-1]

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2018-01-04 Thu

#3174. ٸϥڥ󥰤û (2) [frequency][spelling][orthography][zipfs_law][statistics][lexicology][corpus]

ε ([2018-01-03-1]) Ʊ٤ȥڥ󥰤Ĺ˴ؤǡ򡤤⤦ʬϤƤߤʲϡ٥󥭥󥰤Υȥå100졤200졤500졤1000졤2000졤5000졤10000졤20000졤50000ˤĤơ줾͡1ʬ̿͡ʿ͡3ʬ̿ͤ򼨤ɽǤ롥ѸˡǤδåǡȤƤɤ

 Min.1st Qu.MedianMean3rd Qu.Max.
Top_1001.02.03.03.14.05.0
Top_2001.003.004.003.774.0010.00
Top_5001.0004.0004.0004.4985.00010.000
Top_1K 1.0004.0005.0004.9686.00015.000
Top_2K 1.0004.0005.0005.4067.00015.000
Top_5K 1.0005.0006.0006.0147.00016.000
Top_10K1.0005.0006.0006.4888.00016.000
Top_20K1.0005.0007.0006.9548.00017.000
Top_50K1.0006.0007.0007.6229.00020.000


Ȥ˻вΤʲȢҤޡ

Boxplot for Length of Spelling of High-Frequency Words by SUBTLEXus


ͽۤ줿Ȥˤäƥڥ󥰤ʿѤĹϽ礭ʤäƤХĥ⹭äƤȥå׿ǤߤƤʿѤ7ʸ٤ȤʤäƤꡤۤĹʤΤʤȤݤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-03 Wed

#3173. ٸϥڥ󥰤û (1) [frequency][spelling][orthography][zipfs_law][statistics][lexicology][corpus][three-letter_rule]

ɸäܿŦǤϤʤѸɤ߽񤭤ԤˤľƤ뤳ȤȻפ롥#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1]) #1102. Zipf's law ȸοա ([2012-05-03-1]) ǤŦ褦ˡ褯ɤ߽񤭤ñΥڥ󥰤ûۤΨ褤ȹͤ뤫դˡ¿ɤ߽񤭤ʤñǤоĹƤǤ롥ñΥڥ󥰤˸¤餺ñβˤĤƤƱͤθѤƤȻפ롥
ޤѸˡˤƸ3ʸʾ֤ʤФʤʤȤ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) 롥ϵǽȤ٤Τƹ⤤ˤĤƤŬѤʤäơε§Ͼ嵭θΨȤؤŪ¦̤ĤȤ롥
ٸǤФۤɡΥڥ󥰤ʿŪûȤ򼨤ˡ1Ĥˡ٥󥭥󥰤Υȥå100졤1000졤10000ʤɤΥꥹȤ˴Ťʸ̤ñ夲Ȥ롥#2096. SUBTLEX-US Word Frequency List ([2015-01-22-1]) Ф٥󥭥󥰤Ѥơȥå100졤200졤500졤1000졤2000졤5000졤10000졤20000졤50000ˤĤĴȥå100ΥꥹȤˤĤƤεǥꥹȤǺܤƤ̤Ǥꡤʤˤ s, ll ʤɥѥλͤͳ褹Ȥܤָפ⤢뤬̤ˤϱƶڤܤʤ
ʲ˥դ̤ꡤ̤ǤʿͥǡϥHTML򻲾ȡˡȥå100Ķٸ췲Ǥ62.00%ޤǤ3ʸʲΥڥ󥰤Ǥ롥3ʸʲγʲ3ʬΥ󥸤ӤޤǡˤȤȤ٤Ƥȡȥå200줫50000Ĵ̤ޤǡ41.50%, 24.60%, 17.00%, 12.65%, 8.06%, 6.01%, 4.55%, 3.20%ܸꤷƤ

Length of Spelling of High-Frequency Words by SUBTLEXus

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-04-1]

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2018-01-02 Tue

#3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥ󤫤ǤϤʤʸؤ [history_of_linguistics][family_tree][comparative_linguistics][reconstruction][manuscript][textual_transmission]

ؤˤˡ (the comparative method) εϥɥĿ Friedrich Schlegel (1772--1828) ̤뤬˽פʹ׸ʤΤϥɥĿ August Schleicher (1821--68) Ǥ롥饤ҥ㡼ϥ˷ݤơ1860ǯȾˡ#1118. Schleicher η ([2012-05-19-1]) Ǽ褦ʸޤ󼨤ηŪȯۤθϤ餯ǤϤʤäष饤ҥ㡼Ĺ餯°Ƥʸؤʤܷ (stemma, stemmatology) ιͤ˵Τäǽ⤤
(99-100) ϡۡ˥ɤ򻲾Ȥʤ饷饤ҥ㡼γŪطʤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ϥؤƱνǤꡤοʲؤɥĤڤθϫԤǤإåƳơȬϻǯ˥˴Ť˸ؤ˷ݤ롥饤ҥ㡼ؤƳΤϥإåǤϤʤषʸؤζĹƤȤ˸νǧܸǤȥۡ˥ɤϻŦƤ
ʸؤǤϡ¸ʣθżܡʰܡ˴֤Ӥ̤Ƥʤ줿ܤιܻۤؤκݡܤΤŪߥʻηʣ뤤ΰưʤɡˤζ꤬ͭˤơܷϿ (manuscript stemma) ۤ롥饤ҥ㡼ϡˡˤŬѤ֤ǤŪħʤȤ櫓ܤơˤζͭ˴ŤȬ޻ǯˡʤΡؼε٤νǡʰȬ޶ǯˤ⤫ʤˡ᤯ɽƤ롥äơ饤ҥ㡼ˡϡإåǤϤʤΰȬʸؤˤƤǤ˳ΩƤܷϿޤιˡγŬѤȤߤʤ٤Ǥ


饤ҥ㡼οʲ˷ݤƤȤ¤顤ƤäޤΥǥʪʲο⤫ΤȻפǤǤϤʤ褦षؤ¦ʪؤؤȥǥήȤǽ餢롥ơ饤ҥ㡼ηŪʥǥθܤ transmission ˴ؤ븦ˤäȤȤ⤿䤹ΤǤcf. #730. ʸ textual transmission ([2011-04-27-1])ˡĤޤꡤ֤طȰ̴طϡ餯ּܷޢޢʪޡפäȤˤʤ롥
ؤˤƤϡ¤ѤICʬϤʸˡĥ꡼ʤɤޤʤȤ뤬⥷饤ҥ㡼˴ŤΤ⤷ʤ뤤ϡʤȤ⥷饤ҥ㡼ƶʪؤ2ŪʱƶˤΤȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤϢơ#2471. ʤޤϵڷʤΤ ([2016-02-01-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ŪȯۤˡۤʤΰǤƽʬѤΤǤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) ε⻲ȡ

ؿʲ׹ͤҥȤϿݤɤηϲ뤫١NHKǡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-05-1] [2018-01-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-01 Mon

#3171. 1/f ? [language_change][variation][chaos_theory][invisible_hand][complex_system][lexical_diffusion][speed_of_change][1/f][dynamic_equilibrium]

2018ǯȤʤޤǯ hellog ³Ƥޤꤤפޤ
ǯǽϡ֤餮פˤĤơ¸ߤ餮ˤϵ§ŪȤΤ⤢СޤäͽԲǽʤΤ⤢뤬¿θݤˤƤϡȤϤȤ⤢ͽ¬Ǥ餮ǧ롥ʤǤ1/f 餮פȤΤƤΤϡȤβˤ¿ǧ졤Ȥ櫓ʹ֤򴶤ΤΤʤˤФдޤޤƤȸ롥Τ餮ϳܤǯءαλݤߡż֤ɤ졤ŤĮ¤ߡࡤܡҡݤΥꥺࡤȸȤХåϤ⡼ĥȤγڶʤʤɤˤߤۤ١˦¤ˤǧȤ1/f 餮פȤƾΤϡоݤΤ餮μȿ (frequency) ʬʬϤʬζŪäƥղȡľ뤳Ȥˤ롥1/f2 1/f-1 Ǥʤ 1/f ǤȤɤʹ֤ˤȤäƤβΥݥȤ餷ԡpp. 24--39ˡ
1/f 餮ʹ֤̩ܤʤȤ¿ȤΤϡηϡˤˤߤǽ뤳Ȥ򼨺롥ǸˤȤäƤ餮Ȥϲˤʤ롥Ū variation ꤹ뤳ȤǤѲ (language_change) (frequency) ® (speed_of_language_change) ʤɤˤ⸫뤫⤷ʤ㤨С1/f 餮óȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȴؤäƤ餪⤷
1/f 餮ϡʣ (complex_system) 䥫 (chaos_theory) Ȥ⿼ط롥ηϤʣϤǤꡤѲŬѤоݤȤʤꤦ뤳Ȥϡ#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1])#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1])#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1])#3143. ۥᥪ (2) ([2017-12-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤȤС1/f 餮ޤ˴ͿƤǽ⤤ιͤˤⶦ̤ƤΤϡưƤ԰ʥƥळϤͽǤʤưŬ䤹Ȥ԰꤫꤬٤ޤ褦ʥƥǤ롥ŪʸˤϡưŪʰ괶פȤäƤ褤뤤ϺǶβʳؤΥɤǤСưŪʿա (dynamic_equilibrium) Ǥ롥ͷӡפˤ̤Τ롥
ȴϢơ (127--28) 1/f 餮򼨤ܤξˤĤƤζ̣Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

ܤʪΤθ¦˾碌ƤޤƾϡԥäȰΤȤ˻ߤޤäƤΤǤϤʤĤˤդդưƤΤǤ
ư1/f 餮˶ᤤΤǤ
ˤäˤäꡤ礳礳䤨ưƤΤϡưƤۤΤΰ֤ѤäȤˤ碌ľ䤹Ǥƥ˥꤬֤Ȥˡ­򾯤ƾΤ򺸱ɤäƤޤϻߤޤäƤȡܡ뤬ǤȤΤưʤǤ礦ܤξƱȤǤ
ޤϡ褦ȤΤ˹碌ƤΤ̤Τ褦ǤƤΤưȡƲܤ䤱ޤ⤷ʪΤ˹äƤȡΤƤ˹ԤäƤ⡤ܤ䤱ȤǤƱȤˤʤޤǤϾ碌ľΤˡɤ˾ưФ褤ΤȤäȽǤǤޤ󡥸ƤΤ⡤˾ޤäƤСΤ饺ƱưȤΤϤäꤷƤޤεդ˼ưСܤ䤱㤷ʤޤƱˡϾ󤯤˹碌ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ˤ餤ǤۤΤȤѲб䤹ȤȤǤ礦


ηϤˤ餤Ǥ뤫餳ʹ֤Υߥ˥ߵ䤨Ѳ¨ǤʥƥȤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤ1/f 餮θؤαѤ̤οؿ󤻤Ƥ

ؤ餮ȯۡ1/f 餮ˤޤ١Ƕ1994ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-16-1] [2018-01-06-1]

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