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ɸˤĤơ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])#2926. ꥫȥꥫѸΡݼס ([2017-05-01-1]) Ϥᡤcolonial_lag ame_bre γƵ͡Ƥ伫ȤνޤȤޤäҤȤƤϡܥ֥ʳˡ#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ǤƱˤĤƤ롥
ѸαƺˤĤƤϡѸ˸Ԥˤ͡ʥȤ뤬Ѹˤγθŵ Algeo and Pyles (205) ν긫Ҳ𤷤ƺɾȤơ¤¨ƤꡤŪΤʸȻפ
On the whole . . . American English is essentially a conservative development of the seventeenth-century English that is also the ancestor of present-day British. Except in vocabulary, there are probably few significant characteristics of New World English that are not traceable to the British Isles. There are also some American English characteristics that were doubtless derived from British regional dialects in the seventeenth century, for there were certainly speakers of such dialects among the earliest settlers, though they would seem to have had little influence.
The majority of those English men and women to settle permanently in the New World were not illiterate bumpkins but ambitious and industrious members of the upper-lower and lower-middle classes, with a sprinkling of the well-educated---clergymen and lawyers---and even a few younger sons of the aristocracy. It is likely that there was a cultured nucleus in all of the early American communities. Such facts as these explain why American English resembles present standard British English more closely than it resembles any other British type of speech. The differences between the two national varieties are many but not of great importance.
ΰʸǤϡꥹɸ˱ѸȥꥫѸΤ˸Ū˼ҲŪϢ³뤳ȤƤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ꥫѸˤĤơꥹɸ˱Ѹ줫Ϣ³Ĵ뤳Ȥϡݼĥ뤳ȤˤϤʤΥΤθ쥤ǥ (linguistic_ideology) ǤǽǧĤġ⤳Ωꤿ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽΥȤʤ4ƤϡѸ (201--02) ԤΤ Late Modern English ϡ1800ǯʹߤαѸؤƤ롥λǯɽϡ#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1])#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1])#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-27-1]) ȡ
| 1805 | A victory over the French at the battle of Trafalgar established British naval supremacy. |
| 1806 | The British occupied Cape Colony in South Africa, preparing the way for the arrival in 1820 of a large number of British settlers. |
| 1828 | Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language was published. |
| 1840 | In New Zealand, by the Treaty of Waitangi, native Maori ceded sovereignty to the British crown. |
| 1857 | A proposal at the Philological Society of London led to work that resulted in the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (1928), reissued as the Oxford English Dictionary (1933). |
| 1858 | The Government of India Act transferred power from the East India Company to the crown, thus creating the British Raj in India. |
| 1861--5 | The American Civil War established the indissolubility of the Union and abolished slavery in America. |
| 1898 | The four-month Spanish-American War resulted in the United States becoming a world power with overseas possessions and thus a major participant in international politics. |
| 1906 | The first radio broadcast, leading in 1920 to the first American commercial radio station in Pittsburgh. |
| 1914--8 | World War I created an alliance between the United States and the United Kingdom. |
| 1922 | The British Broadcasting Company (after 1927, Corporation) was established and became a major conveyor of information in English around the world. |
| 1927 | The first motion picture with spoken dialog, The Jazz Singer, was released. |
| 1936 | The first high-definition television service was established by the BBC, to be followed by cable service in the early 1950s and satellite service in the early 1960s. |
| 1939--45 | World War II further solidified the British-American link. |
| 1945 | The charter of the United Nations was produced at San Francisco. |
| 1947 | British India was divided into India and Pakistan, and both became independent. |
| 1952 | The Secretariat building of the United Nations was constructed in Manhattan. |
| 1961 | The Merriam Webster's Third New International Dictionary was published. |
| 1983 | The Internet was created. |
| 1991 | The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was dissolved, leaving the United States as the world's only superpower. |
| 1992 | The first Web browser for the World Wide Web was released. |
The history of English since 1800 has been a story of expansion---in geography, in speakers, and in the purposes for which English is used. Geographically, English has been spread around the world, first by British colonization and empire-building, and more recently by the prominence of America in world affairs. The number of its speakers has undergone a population explosion, not alone of native speakers but also of nonnative speakers of English as an additional language. And the uses to which English is put have ramified with the growth of science, technology, and commerce.
פˡѸϡǽȤ3̤ˤƱŪλǤ롥ˤСؤƻҤäƤȤ⤤롥
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
#3139. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפΤΤ餻 ([2017-11-30-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡī㡼ɶǡ5ˤ錄ֺ֥ڥǤɤѸˡϤޤäƤޤ127ڡˤ˳줿2ֱѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥפѤ饤ɻ˾夲Ƥޤ
ϡե٥åȤηǧĤġűѸ줬ɤΤ褦ɽ֤줤Ҳ𤹤ƤǤݥȤϰʲ3Ǥ
Ѹνϥե٥åȤĹˤ1ήȤƤ
ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽƤ
ȯȥڥδ֤ˤ餫ЪΥĤĤ⡤űѸˤϴˤɸಽã줿
ʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥ĥäƤޤ¿Υڡˡܥ֥ؤΤʤŽƤޤΤǡȤƻȤȻפޤ
1. ֺ¡إڥǤɤѸˡ2ѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) ե٥åȤεȯã (#423)
4. ե٥åȤη (#1849)
5. ե٥åȤҲʸȤƻϤޤäȤ;
6. (2) űѸΥ롼ʸ
7. ʬΩ
8. (3) űѸΥޥե٥åȻѤħ
9. Cædmon's Hymn ɤ (#2898)
10. 餫¸ߤȯȥڥЪΥ
11. űѸΡɸಽ
12. űѸ쥹ڥθؤαƶ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
#378. ϸδܹ礫ݤ ([2010-05-10-1]) #2000. ˸ʬȲ ([2014-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡĬήˤϡ"the (Anglo-American) component view" "the (European Continental) perspective view" 2बȤ롥˸ФξԤ֤ȡԤŪʿ̤Ѳ뤿θȤ֤ŤǻǤ롥ԤϡΤߤʤ餺Ҳʸޤʸ̮ (context) Ż뤷ƻäɤ߲ƤȤԤŪʸؤȤ⤤
ϥɥ֥åΤϤǡJucker ˸Ҳ𤷤ʤ顤2ĬήΩΤ褦˴ʷɽƤ롥
Researchers investigating pragmatic explanations of language change in general usually adopt the narrow understanding of Anglo-American or theoretical pragmatics, while those studying the diachronic development of pragmatic entities adopt the broader Continental European or social approach to pragmatics.
ԤΥ Continental European Ǥ롥˥塼ä괬˸ŪʵθˡƱϤκǸ (566) ǡContinental European θμιԡ뤷Ƥ롥
In a wider Continental European understanding of pragmatics, the pragmaticist focuses not only on the communicative contexts for language change but also on the larger contexts of change in communicative practices, including not only text structures and the ensemble of genres in a particular field of discourse but also larger communicative patterns such as the gathering, transmission, and dissemination of news content.
ǽΰѤѤƤ "narrow" "broad" Ȥƻ⡤ҴŪʰ̣ˤϰϤιΤȤǤꡤɾŪʰ̣礤ϹƤʤȤϤξԤΥϤ˰ۤʤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥줾Ĭήɽ븦Ԥδ֤ˤϡ͡ʰ㤤롥Ƥμΰ㤤ȵҤΥХʬκش꤫˴꤫ʤȤȤ館뤫ŪȤȤ館뤫
2ĬήΩĴȤϡξԤɤΤ褦˽в뤫ԤäƤߤΤ褤ȻפäƤ롥ϤǹήõȤ櫓ǤϤʤ2ĤήΤޤήƤΤʤΤǤϤʤ#2883. HiSoPra* ˻ä (1) ([2017-03-19-1])#2884. HiSoPra* ˻ä (2) ([2017-03-20-1]) ǤҤ٤褦ˡ˸Τ褦ʿʬϡּ㤵פ椨Ǻߤ뤬γؽŪ仺į˾ǤΩˤʤɡȯȤƤΥɥХơ⤿äƤ롥2ĬήιįƤΤⰭʤ
Jucker, Andreas H. "Pragmatics and Language Change: Historical Pragmatics." Chapter 29 of The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics. Ed. Yan Huang. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 550--66.
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1476 | William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England. |
| 1497 | John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas. |
| 1534 | The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England. |
| 1549 | The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style. |
| 1558 | At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce. |
| 1577--80 | Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas. |
| 1590--1611 | William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest. |
| 1600 | The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America. |
| 1611 | The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style. |
| 1619 | The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia. |
| 1642--48 | The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. |
| 1660 | The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada. |
| ca. 1680 | The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government. |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy. |
| 1702 | The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion. |
| 1719 | Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title. |
| 1755 | Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English |
| 1775--83 | The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there. |
| 1788 | The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney. |
#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ˰³ѸμפʽǯɽAlgeo and Pyles (123--24) ˵äƼ
| 1066 | The Normans conquered England, replacing the native English nobility with Anglo-Normans and introducing Norman French as the language of government in England. |
| 1204 | King John lost Normandy to the French, beginning the loosening of ties between England and the Continent. |
| 1258 | King Henry III was forced by his barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which established a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government, beginning the growth of the English constitution and parliament. |
| 1337 | The Hundred Years' War with France began and lasted until 1453, promoting English nationalism |
| 1348--50 | The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of England's population, and continued to plague the country for much of the rest of the century |
| 1362 | The Statute of Pleadings was enacted, requiring all court proceedings to be conducted in English. |
| 1381 | The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler was the first rebellion of working-class people against their exploitation; although it failed in most of its immediate aims, it marks the beginning of popular protest. |
| 1384 | John Wycliffe died, having promoted the first complete translation of scripture into the English language (the Wycliffite Bible). |
| 1400 | Geoffrey Chaucer died, having produced a highly influential body of English poetry. |
| 1476 | William Caxton, the first English printer, established his press at Westminster, thus beginning the widespread dissemination of English literature and the stabilization of the written standard. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor became king of England, ending thirty years of civil strife and initiating the Tudor dynasty. |
#3139. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפΤΤ餻 ([2017-11-30-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡī㡼ɶǡ5ˤ錄ֺ֥ڥǤɤѸˡϤޤäƤޤ113ڡˤ1ֱѸΥڥԵ§פޤκݤ˻Ѥ饤ɻ˸Ƥޤ礿뻲ʸȤơSimon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ʤӻإڥαѸˡˤƤޤʡ#3079. إڥαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
餿ֺܹ¤Τͤ餤ȥ˥塼Ƥޤ
¿γؽԤˤȤäơѸΥڥϡԵ§㳰Фΰŵ¸ߤȱǤޤʤ knight doubt Ȥڥˤϡȯʤ <k>, <gh>, <b> Τ褦ʸΤǤ礦ʤ color colourcenter centre Τ褦ʡפȤפإڥΤǤ礦Թ˻פ뤳Υڥγơˤ⡤ʤΤ褦ʥڥˤʤäƤ뤫ȤŪͳָĥǤϤʤ100%¸ߤΤǤֺܹ¤ǤϡѸΤɤäƤ1500ǯʾˤȤʤ顤ġñΥڥΡ֤ʤפǼΤ椯ܤޤֺ¤̤ơȤ櫓3ܤƤޤ
1. ѸΥڥԵ§ͳ
2. ڥΡפȤϲ
3. ֱѸΥڥϱѸʸˤη뾽Ǥ
5ˤ錄ֺܹ¤Υ˥塼ϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ѸΥڥԵ§
2ѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ
3515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ
4doubt <b> --- ѸΥڥ
5color colour --- ꥫΥڥ
1ܼۤϼ̤Ǥ⤫ hellog ؤΥĥ餻ƤޤΤǡȤƤȤޤ
1. ֺ¡إڥǤɤѸˡ1ѸΥڥԵ§
2. ֺܹ¤Τͤ餤
3. 1ֱѸΥڥԵ§פ
4. (1) ѸΥڥϤɤΤ餤ԡ˵§Ū
5. ȯȥڥΡ¿¿
6. (2) ʸ (#422)
7. ʸˤ (#41)
8. ʸη (#2398)
9. (3) ʸȥڥδŪ
10. ڥȤϡ
11. ޤȤ
12. ʸ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
Worcester Cathedral, Dean and Chapter Library F 174 Ȥܤ Fol. 63r, lines 14--28 ˡˤƬûƥȤƤ롥ꥸʥϸűѸǽƤ褦ΥƥȤθϤǤ˽ѸŪħƤ롥ܤϤ餯132Ⱦ (C13a2) ΩΥƥȤľˤ Ælfic Grammar Glossary ľˤ "Body and Soul" ˴ؤƬƤ롥Τ "Worcester tremulous hand" ȤΤ̻ˤäƽƤ롥
ƥȤƤϡɸ˼褦ˡΥޥ˶ʤɤθŪʾ̤DZѸ줬ѤʤʤäƤޤäȤؤòǤ롥θűѸˤϱѸǶ餬Ԥʤ졤ɤʸŪȿǤƤΤˡѸäʤΥޥͤդȤʤäƤޤäƤ롤˸ơò路Ȥ衤Ȥݤ
ݥȤϡl. 15 l. 18 Ǥ롥űѸˤϥͤζդѸǿ͡餷Ƥ (l. 15)ΥޥκǤϡ¾ο͡סʤΦϤäƤΥޥͤ¾θǡ˿͡餷ƤȡòƤ롥Ѹ줬Ūϰ̤鿶Ȥ졤䤫줿ͻҤ狼롥Dickins and Wilson (2) ΥƥȤ
[S]anctus Beda was iboren her on Breotene mid us, And he wisliche [bec] awende Þet þeo Englise leoden þurh weren ilerde. And he þeo c[not]ten unwreih, þe questiuns hoteþ, Þa derne diȝelnesse þe de[or]wurþe is. 5 Ælfric abbod, þe we Alquin hoteþ, He was bocare, and þe [fif] bec wende, Genesis, Exodus, Vtronomius, Numerus, Leuiticus, Þu[rh] þeos weren ilærde ure leoden on Englisc. Þet weren þeos biscop[es þe] bodeden Cristendom, 10 Wilfrid of Ripum, Iohan of Beoferlai, Cuþb[ert] of Dunholme, Oswald of Wireceastre, Egwin of Heoueshame, Æld[elm] of Malmesburi, Swiþþun, Æþelwold, Aidan, Biern of Wincæstre, [Pau]lin of Rofecæstre, S. Dunston, and S. Ælfeih of Cantoreburi. Þeos læ[rden] ure leodan on Englisc, 15 Næs deorc heore liht, ac hit fæire glod. [Nu is] þeo leore forleten, and þet folc is forloren. Nu beoþ oþre leoden þeo læ[reþ] ure folc, And feole of þen lorþeines losiæþ and þet folc forþ mid. Nu sæiþ [ure] Drihten þus, Sicut aquila prouocat pullos suos ad volandum, et super eo[s uolitat.] 20 This beoþ Godes word to worlde asende, Þet we sceolen fæier feþ [festen to Him.]
l. 20 ΥƥϡDeuteronomy 32:11 ꡥThe King James Version бսѤ "As an eagle stirs up her nest, flutters over her young, spreads abroad her wings, takes them, bears them on her wings: / So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him." (ll. 11--12) Ȥ롥褽褿ֿפ¤ޤȤä
μܤˤĤƤϡLAEME ξ⻲ȡ
Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.
Algeo and Pyles (86--87) ꡤűѸμפʽǯɽ
| 449 | Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians began to occupy Great Britain, thus changing its major population to English speakers and separating the early English language from its Continental relatives. |
| 597 | Saint Augustine of Canterbury arrived in England to begin the conversion of the English by baptizing King Ethelbert of Kent, thus introducing the influence of the Latin language. |
| 664 | The Synod of Whitby aligned the English with Roman rather than Celtic Christianity, thus linking English culture with mainstream Europe. |
| 730 | The Venerable Bede produced his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, recording the early history of the English people |
| 787 | The Scandinavian invasion began with raids along the Northeast seacoast. |
| 865 | The Scandinavians occupied northeastern Britain and began a campaign to conquer all of England. |
| 871 | Alfred became king of Wessex and reigned until his death in 899, rallying the English against the Scandinavians, retaking the city of London, establishing the Danelaw, and securing the position of king of all England for himself and his successors. |
| 991 | Olaf Tryggvason invaded England, and the English were defeated at the Battle of Maldon. |
| 1000 | The manuscript of the Old English epic Beowulf was written about this time. |
| 1016 | Canute became king of England, establishing a Danish dynasty in Britain. |
| 1042 | The Danish dynasty ended with the death of King Hardicanute, and Edward the Confessor became king of England. |
| 1066 | Edward the Confessor died and was succeeded by Harold, last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, who died at the Battle of Hastings fighting against the invading army of William, duke of Normandy, who was crowned king of England on December 25. |
ޥĸ줬3̡Υ롼פʬƤݤˡ줾ȼθѲ̤ȤơƱδ֤ˡбط뤳ȤˤʤäAlgeo and Pyles (82--83) ˤäơפѲбط6褦
(1) ޥĸǤϤĤ̾μñ *-az ǽäƤ (ex. *wulfaz ϵ) θޥ췲Ǥϼ (Old English wulf)̥ޥ췲Ǥ -r Ȥʤ (Old Icelandic ulfr)쥲ޥ췲Ǥ -s Ȥʤä (Gothic wolfs)
(2) ޥĸǤư23ñ줾̤Ƥ쥲ޥ췲Ǥ϶̤³OE Ǥ bindest (you bind), bindeþ (he/she/it binds) ȤʤꡤGo Ǥ bindis, bindiþ Τɤḁ̈ޥ췲Ǥ2ñ -r 3ñݤ߹ߡȤ bindr Ȥʤä
(3) ̥ޥ췲Ǥ괧줬̾˸³褦ˤʤä (ex. ulfrinn (the wolf)) 쥲ޥǤϤΤ褦Ѳϵʤä
(4) Verner's Law νϤȤƤ *z ϡ̥ޥ췲Ǥ r Ȥʤä (= rhotacism) 쥲ޥ췲Ǥ s ȤʤäȤơOE ēare (ear), OIc eyra, Go auso
(5) ̥ޥ췲Ǥ i-mutation ơ㤨 OE mann (man) ФƤʣ menn (men) ȤʤäGo Ǥñ mannan Фʣ mannans Ȥʤ첻ѲȿǤƤʤ
(6) ޥ췲Ǥ Verner's Law νϤȤƤ *ð d Ȥʤä̡쥲ޥ췲ǤˤȤɤޤäȤơOE fæder (father) ФơOIc faðir, Go faðar ʤֻ fadarˡ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Crystal (220--21) ɸ3ĤζλȤʬΤ̯Ƥ롥ʲ3Ĥΰ㤤狼
(a) I looked around the room. Mike was winking. Jane was smiling.
(b) I looked around the room. Mike was winking; Jane was smiling.
(c) I looked around the room. Mike was winking: Jane was smiling.
(a) ǤϡMike Υ Jane Υ˥åδ֤̤ʴطѶŪˤǧʤ2Ĥ̡νѵƤ롤ȤޤǤ롥
(b) ǤϡMike Υ Jane Υ˥å꤬1ĤΥȤƱޤǼޤäƤ롥ߥˤꡤ2Ĥν餫δطäƱ˵äƤ뤳Ȥްդ롥
(c) ǤϡMike Υ Jane Υ˥åδ֤̩ܤʴط뤳Ȥްդ롥ƱޤǼޤäƤΤߤʤ餺餯ϰ̴ط롥ĤޤꡤMike 顤Jane ФΤ
줾ľ˿ʸ̮䤦ȡްդ狼䤹ʤ롥
(a) I looked around the room. Mike was winking. Jane was smiling. Graham was grinning widely. Everyone could see what had happened ...
(b) I looked around the room. Mike was winking; Jane was smiling. Graham, their next-door neighbour, was ignoring them, as he always did at parties. ...
(c) I looked around the room. Mike was winking: Jane was smiling. It was great to see that my plan to bring them together had worked.
̯ʥ˥奢κˡ̤ץνϤΤ褦ʺѤ롥ɤˤդƤ٤֥ݥȡסʢʸ̤ˤǤ롥
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
#2867. Ѳζɬ ([2017-03-03-1]) 嵴¤Ρض٤ɤǡƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɬ餫Ω복ǰǤ롥䤿ϤȤˡֶɬפɬŪפʤɤΥˤ롥ʤΤ褦̷⤷ɽǽʤΤ
嵴 (74) ˤСŪɬŪŪϷӤĤ䤹ŪŪŪɬϷӤĤ䤹Ĥޤְۼפ䤹Ȥ
褽ѤϤŰ줷ˤƤϰŪɬΤߤǧʤäưŪ¸ߤ;ϤϤʤŪŪɬꤷη̤ȤơŪŪǧ롥ʳŪѤϤηɽƤ롥ȿơŪѤŰŪʷäˤϡŪŪɬˤäƤΤ߰ڤ褦Ȥ롥äŪŪ¸ߤʤˡŪɬη̤ȤơŪ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ķؤΰջ֤ˤäƤ٤Ƥ硤Ụ̄ؤ¸ߤǧΤϤδط˴𤤤Ƥ롥ΰ̣ˤơŪɬŪŪȷ礷䤹ŪŪɬϰŪȷ礷䤹ֶɬפȤ褦ʵŪθϤβǽ˴ŤΤǤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ븽ݤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢פȤ1Ĥβϡ줬ŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶ǤȤȤΰۼβϡŪ (teleology) ǤϤʤ (mechanism) ΩβǤ롥äơŪСѲޤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢ݤʤΤǤ롥
ΰۼȴϢơ嵴 (244) ̤βսǡֶȱ̿פˤĤͤƤʰʲ˵ϲ֤ˡ
ФŪðۤ̿Фðۤη뤳Ȥ롥ʹ֤μ¸ˤȤäƳ˿ŪͳỤ̄ͭĤȤϱ̿ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ʊ̿ȤƤζϡɬȤΰۼˤäơɬԡפι¤ĶŪϤäƸȤƿʹ֤¸פΤǤ롥
ιͤˤС̿ȤϡͤˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פġŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶Ǥ븽ݤǤʿСͤˤȤäƤƽפʷ̤⤿餵줿硤ŪŪ˶ǤäȤƤ⡤ŪŪɬǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館Ƥޤꡤ̿ȸƤӤȤȤ
ѲˤơȤ˱̿ɽ뤳Ȥ⤢ drift ήˤˤĤơδͤƤߤȤ⤷²ǤϿǯδ֡ޤοȤ drift ³ƤȤ뤬ζưϤθǤ뤫ˤĤƤΤʽФƤʤäơα̿ǤȤȤ館Ԥ롥Τ褦Ԥϡdrift ²ˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פĤΤȿƤꡤ椨ŪŪɬθݤǤ뤫Τ褦˴ơ̿ȸƤǤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤdrift Ȥݤ¿ʲͤƤ뤫餳ҤäȤȶνˤʤΤ̿ȤĤ̾ǡðۤäƸƤӤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ѳζɬ̿ˤĤƤϡinvisible_hand spaghetti_junction ιͤ⻲Ȥ줿
嵴 ¤ض١ȽŹ2012ǯ
ε ([2018-01-18-1]) ˰³ɡΥߡˤĤơεǸߡªƳդ٤ϡŪ (teleology) ϰڴޤޤƤʤȤɡŪȷӤĤΤϡŪʰҡ (selfish genes) ȤɤФаƤǤ롥Ʊ˱Ѥˤ⡤ˤϵĤƤʤФʤʤɡⲿ٤ȤʤǰƤ뤬ߡ˴ؤս꤫Ѥ褦 (303--04)
ߡȰҤäĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦ܽΤ̤ƻϡҤռŪָŪ¸ߤȹͤƤϤʤʤȶĴƤҤϡŪʼΤϤ餭ˤäơŪäƹư¸ߤǤ뤫Τ褦˻ΩƤƤ롥ǡȤФȤΩ줫ϡŪռˤɽҤƤϤƤޤäۤȤ櫓äȤСְҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬΥԡο䤽ϤƤפɽ硤ºݤΰ̣ϡ֤줬ˤƤθ̤ܤˤ뤳ȤǤҤϡΰҥסˤ뼫ʬοŪä뤳ȤΤǤ褦ʵưҤפȤȤʤΤʤ¸ΤŪָŪˤϤ餯ǽưŪ¸ߤȤưҤͤ뤳ȤäΤȤޤäƱͤˡߡ˴ؤƤƱ褦˹ͤʤΤǤϤޤξ⡤ɽŪ˲ᤵƤϺ롥ŪδǰϤˤƤñʤȤˤʤΤҤξˤȤɤʤͭѤäϤǤ˸ȤǤ롥ϡ줬ñʤȤǤ뤳ȤʬΤǡҤФơŪʡפȤֻǦʡפȤƻѤۤɤǤ롥ξȤޤäƱǡŪʥߡǦʥߡʪ뤳ȤǤ
ɡϺǸμˡYes Ƥ롥ߡϰռ踫ǽϤ⤿ʤʣҤǤꡤޤŪŪ¸ߤǤ롥äơߡȤƤθꤹʤСޤŪŪ˿ȿ¬롥
Ѳˤ teleology ˤĤƤϡ#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])#1382. ָѲϤѲǤס ([2013-02-07-1])#2525. ָѲ롤ס ([2016-03-26-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2837. ˤȸˤŪ ([2017-02-01-1]) ʤɤȡ
ɡ㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ
ʪѤ˳̿㡼ɡɡΡŪʰҡ (1976ǯˤϡʪˤ (gene) бΤʹ֤ʸˤ¸ߤȤơʸʳؤˤʥѥȤͿƤʸκǤΤǤ뤫顤ɡϸѤˤƶڤܤƤ롥ºݡɡˤϸˤĤƿƤս꤬ (291--92)
ʹ֤ᤰðϡʸפȤĤΤȤФˤۤǤ롥ϡΤȤФ¯Ūʰ̣ǤϤʤʳؼԤѤ뤵ΰ̣ǻѤƤΤŪˤݼŪǤʤ顤οʲǡʸŪãϰŪãƤ롥ե硼ϡϢʤ³ۤɤαѹͤΩȤơѹͤȷӤĤäƤ롥ΩȤʤäƤ뤽줾ο͡ϡȶο͡Ȥ顤©ҤƤäΤ褦˸ߤäǤϤ硼ȸѹͤȤδ֤DzäΤԲǽˤʤϡŪʼʤˤäơֿʲפ褦˻פ졤⡤®٤ϡŪʲʤ®ΤǤ롥
ɡϡȤ뤳Τ褦ʸˤŪʼʣҤߡ (meme) ̾դɡꡤ̾դ˴ؤפʲսѤ褦 (10)
ιͤȤǤϡμʣҤǶޤˤо줷ƤΤǤ롥䤿ϤȸɡĤ碌ƤΤϤޤ̤ȯãʾ֤ˤꡤȤƤθϥפԴѤɺäƤ롥ǤˤϤʤ®٤ǿʲŪѲãƤꡤҤȤŻμʣҤϤϤ뤫٤ƤǤ뤢ꤵޤǤ롥
оΥפϡʹ֤ʸȤפǤ롥оμʣҤˤ̾ɬפʸãñ̡뤤ñ̤Ȥǰ̾Ǥ롥륮ꥷθ캬Ȥ <mimeme> ȤȤˤʤ뤬ΤۤΤ <ʰҡ> ȤȤФȯλƤññǡΥꥷθ캬 <ߡ (meme)> Ƚ̤ƤޤȤˤ롥ͧͤθŵؼԽˤϸ洲Ƥ𤦼⤷֤ȤСߡȤñ < (memory)>뤤Ϥե <même> Ȥñ˳ݤ뤳ȤǤȤȤʤñϡ֥פƱƧޤȯƤ
ʤ¾ʸݤ˰ҤƱŪˡʤŪŪˡ˼ʣƿʲΤȤ櫓ơҤʪҵ餷Ƥ褦ˡȤߡüԤǤʹ֤ߡൡ餷ƤȤȤˤʤȡϳΤ˿˾夫ʤƤߡȤäƤ褵
ɡ㡼ɡˡ δ ͳ ҡ ͺˡŪʰҡ俷ǡԢŹ2006ǯ
̾Ȥơ1 = January = ӷ˴ؤѸ January ϡޤμ Jānus ʥ̥ˤͳ褹롥̥ˤ2Ĥδ餬ꡤ1Ĥ1ĤϸƤ֤ǤйԤǯǯξ˸̤֤äȤˤʤ롥Janus Τ janua ˤͳ褷ֿͤɽ魯Ѹ janitor ϢǤ롥ϵŪˤϰ캬 *ei- ʹԤˤγ *ya- ̤롥Jānus Diānus žΤȤ⤵졤ξˤ Diāna Ȥط
ƥ Jānuārius (mensis) űѸꡤJanuarius ȤѤ줿㤬뤬̾űѸˤ se æfterra ġēola (the later Yule) ȸƤФ줿12ɽ路 se ǣrra ġeōla (the earlier Yule) Ȥӡˡۤ wulfmōnaþ (wolf-month) ȤΤ줿϶ʢϵͤȤ⤢ʷäȤͳ褹ȹͤ롥ƥñѸ1300ǯ˥ե jenvier ͳ Jenever ʤɤηDzƳ줿14˸θؤȺƷ줿ʺƷθŤȤƺʤĤäƤˡ
ܸDZɽ魯ӷפϡ͡褷ƤʤĤޤ뤳ȤȤ⡤μ¤˿ּ·פžȤ⤵롥
̾Ȥơ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1])#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1])#3000. 7Julyʸ ([2017-07-14-1])#3046. 8Augustշ ([2017-08-29-1])#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1])#3103. 10October̵ ([2017-10-25-1])#3167. 11November ([2017-12-28-1])#3168. 12December ([2017-12-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
ǯ顤ѲؤŬѲǽơ#3171. 1/f 餮 ([2018-01-01-1]) ưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) μդˤĤɽƤ뤬פݤ̤Ȥǵ¢˹Ԥ夤 (181--82) ŦƤ褦ˡظؽ٤οǷʼˡλפ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
ʼˡƻˤơλ䤦ϡοؤʤ졥ˤ⡤ʼˡλˤ⡤⤫Ϥ餺ơľˤơĤҤĤѤ餺⤿ޤΤ̤䤦ˡޤˤơŤˤ뤬ơ¶뤮ΤĤʤ⡤뤮ޤ̤䤦ˡǽǽ̣٤Ťʤ⿴Ťʤ餺ȤϤ䤭⿴ϾϤ䤫餺ˤĤ줺ϿˤĤ줺ѿơȤˤѿΤ̻ʤơ⤢ޤ餻ؤοϤϤȤ⡤οĤ褯ͤ˸櫓줶䤦ˤơȤʤΤϿ礭ʤĤ餺ꡤȤʤΤϿˤҤǽơȤ⾮Ȥ⡤ľˤơȤΤҤ䤦˿Ļ顥ˤ餺ơҤҷä֤٤顥ҷä⿴ҤȤߤ專顥ҷäȤŷ來ޤءʪꡤŤηǽ¶ƻ〱錄ꡤ֤οͤˤޤ줶䤦ˤƸ塤ʼˡҷäȤʤ뿴顥ʼˡҷäˤơȤ來ջͭ顥ξϤʤȤ⡤ʼˡƻϤᡤʤǽǽ̣٤ʵ¢p. 92
ʤۤɡ濴֤Ĥɤ뤬ƤȤˤäơͽ¬ǽξѤбǤ褦ƤȤ櫓¢ 1/f ưŪʿդαƤȤˤʤ
줫֤ΥƤޤä餮ưŪʿդΥݥȤΤˤʤäƤǤ뤫餳ꡤ٤ΤʤưŪ֡ΥϸˤƤΩˤ˰㤤ʤ
ؤ餮ȯۡ1/f 餮ˤޤ١Ƕ1994ǯ
¢ˡ ͺˡظؽ١̼ҡ1986ǯ
#3176. ȤưŪʿˤ륷ƥफ (1) ([2018-01-06-1])#3177. ȤưŪʿˤ륷ƥफ (2) ([2018-01-07-1]) εǡưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ιͤȤƥ˱ѤǤ뤫ȤˤĤ
ʡοǤϡưŪʿդʪʳؤα㤬¿Ƥ㤨СưŪʿȿפưŪʿշݽפʤɡˡưŪʿշݽפꤹ륨åˤơʡ (170--71) ϰȤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥Ѳΰ̴ط (causation) ǼŪǤ롥
ΤǤϡߤϢؤ٤Ƥ¿δطǷҤꤢäƤ롥Ĥޤˤ⡤Τˤ衤ʬϤʤʬȸƤӡʬȤڤФΤʤΤҤϡߤ¾Χ뤤䤷Ƥ롥ΤȤˤϡִ֤ªƤߤȡȼ꤬褦˸롥ʬνִ֤ȡȷ̤ϵžƤ롥뤤ϡޤ̤ʿդưƤ롥Ĥޤꡤˤϡΰ̣ǰ̴طȸƤ֤٤Τޤ¸ߤʤʬʤȤˤϤ狼ʤʬƤ狼ʤΤǤ롥䤿ϳΤ˺ѥࡦեȤɬפʤΤμ꤬ϤɤˤΤ
ʡưŪʿˤƤϡ̿ɮƬȤưŪʿդˤ륷ƥˤȤäơ֤ܼŪʥѥǤ롥֤ΤʤDzƯ³Ƥ뤫餳ǽݤäƤȤͤäơǤϥѥȤץŻ뤵뤳Ȥˤʤ롥֤ǤϤʤư֤֡ǤϤʤ̻֤νŻȤ
塼θؤˤƤ⡤ѥ֤֡餫ˤ뤳Ȥ饨ͥ륮䤵Ƥǡץư̻֤֡θϤʤˤƤȤäƤ褤ԤԤȤˤȤäƤϡؤˤѥࡦեȤɬפΤ褦˻פ롥ȤϤʬʤȤˤϤ狼ʤʬƤ狼ʤפȤȤΰ̣Ǥ롥ѥࡦեȤȤäƤǤ롥
ʡ 졡ưŪʿ3Ͻ줿ˤΤ߹ߤΩġ١ڳڼҡ2017ǯ
εǥɤ°#3183. ɸ ([2018-01-13-1]) ˤĤƾҲ𤷤θɤˤĤƤϡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ǰäޤƤʤäΤǡAmerican Heritage Dictionary ɽˤ²ηޤ˽äơ˼Ƥʡ#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) Ǥ⥤ɤμޤطɽ魯Ȥϡ̤ζʬɽ魯Τä

²ʬϹͤˤä͡ˤ뤿ᡤ̤ΥǤϾ嵭Ȱۤʤ礬롥Ethnologue λʬˤС Iranian ˤ86θ줬ǧ졤Τ褦3ʬǤϤʤEastern Western 2ʬˡΤäƤ롥
ˤ踽ߤǤ⥤ˤ¸ߴƤɤǤ롥
21äƤ顤ȤƤ̱²ɿͤθ椬䤫ˤʤäƤƤ롥1999ǯ˻ǿζȯꡤ輼ȯ줿ɤɲˡѻ˲ȤųؼԤؿΤäǤ롥ɿͤäƤɸSogdian; θ̾αѸǤνФ1909ǯˤ䡤ɽ줿ʸˤĤƤ⡤ĸ椬ʤǤƤ餷
ɸϸߤǤϻȤʤäƤ뤬Ūˤϵ300ǯ鵪900ǯˤΥǥ (Sogdiana) ǹԤʤƤȤ롥Ūʥǥʤϥ볤ؤ2ϡ (Amu Dar'ya) ȥ (Syr Darya) ˶ޤ줿ϰؤϥޥ륫ɤǤ롥ߤΡ٥ȥդ롥

ɸ췲°췲°Ū˶ʥڥ륷ȤϸŪ˳֤꤬롥ɤˤĤƤϡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ε#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) μޤȤ줿
ɸϥǥʤˤͥʸǤϤäɿͤȤʤʤäΤɸȤ٤ΤΩʤäɸϥ顼ಽȤȤ˼졤ޥ륫ɤǤ10ޤǤ˥ڥ륷˼ä줿
ɸθ¸ʸȤơ20ν˥ɥĤΥȥեõˤȯ줿ʸ롥ʸʤɤС313ǯ˽줿ָʡפ¸ǸŤʸȤƤǯ˸Ť2ΤΤȤʸߤĤä
ɸ줬ɽƤ륽ʸϡʸηƱ22ʸʤäƤνˤĤơ#2449. (2) ([2016-01-10-1]) ǤϱθȤƿ줿ºݤˤϻˤäѲ褦2θŤʸǤϼºݤ˱äȹͤƤ뤬6ʹߤʸǤϺĽ̤ȤʤäƤ롥
ʸ˴ؤƶ̣Τϡñ̤֤äơɸǡַɡפ㤬äȤ꤬ʡפźƤΤ⤢롥Τ褦˷ɤä20ۤɤȸꤵƤ
եϤξή䥰Υַëǥ䥰Υָ (Yagnobi) Ȥ줬ߤǤ12ͤۤɤüԤˤԤʤƤ뤬θŪʥɸȶǤ롥ɸϰζ̸Ūϰ̤ˤä1ĤȤƥ䥰Υָ褬äȤطǤ롥
ɤϡܤȤδϢǤұʪȤΤֿղפδּ̤ӡפʸκפĤƤ롥äΤǤϡָաפ̾ΤĤΡʸտ͡ɱʣտˤήԤƤΡָաפȤϡϥڥ륷ʿ͡ˤؤΤƤǯθˤȤۤܥɡʿ͡ˤؤƤȹͤƤ褤Ȥ륯ɤư̮ΤɿǸפ˽ƤΤΥɿͤäΤǤ롥
ʾ塤ȤƵĤȤƼɮ
˭֥ɿͤθסإɿͤѤȸ ˭ԡˡˡŹ2011ǯ80--118ǡ
ճȴñˤǤĴȤơɸҲ𤷤Ƹ쥳ѥ#1802. ARCHER 3.2 ([2014-04-03-1]) Ѥơֻαƺ̻ŪĴڤ˹Ԥ롥ȤơǤΤƤ <colour> <color> αƺĴ٤Ƥߤ褦
ARCHER Untagged ˥ "colour*" "color*" 졤줾η̤Ф#1808. ARCHER ̤λߥʬġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) ([2014-04-09-1]) ˤơưŪ4Ĥοɽ롥οɽˤꡤξֻαƺˤĤơ1600--1999ǯ8ʬ̤ˡ12Υ̤Ӥ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥ʬȥϰʲ̤ꡥ
P1 = 1600--49, P2 = 1650--99, P3 = 1700--49, P4 = 1750--99, P5 = 1800--49, P6 = 1850--99, P7 = 1900--49, P8 = 1950--99
a = advertising, d = drama, f = fiction, h = sermons, j = journals, l = legal, m = medicine, n = news, p = early prose, s = science, x = letters, y = diaries
ǤϡޤꥹѸ줫ߤƤοɽŪʥꥹ <colour> οͤŵŪ˥ꥫڥȤ <color> οͤǤ롥Ԥڤ餺ꥹѸǤϻˤ餺ۤ <colour> ݤȤäƤ褤


˥ꥫѸη̤ѸˤδԤڤʤP41750--99ǯˤޤǤѤ <colour> ֻŪP5 ʹߤष <color> ӤƤP5 ȤСNoah Webster An American Dictionary of the English Language Ǥ1828ǯޤȾλʬǤꡤƹڥθǯλ֤Ĥ夷Ƥͤ褯ɽ路Ƥ롥


ߤĶ Google Books Ngram Viewer ˴ñ˥Ǥ뤿ᡤARCHER ⤵˴ؤƱ褦ĴԤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ARCHER Ǥϥ饤Ф뤿ʸȤ̣뤳ȤǤ뤷ҥåȷȤǤޤʤۤɤޤȤΤ⡤ͤ褦ˤäƤȤ롥פϻȤARCHER Ѥ¾ĴȤơ#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1])#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1])#1752. interpretor interpreter (2) ([2014-02-12-1]) ⻲ȡ
#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ǡThe Carnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ˴ŤꥫѸȯġΥǡ١ (3MB+) μΤϡ110935ФֻȯȤ߹碌Ǥ롥ΥġϡCarnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ȯɽɽǻꤷơޤñֻ֤ΤäֻȯΤ줾ɽǾꤷˤޥåñ֤ȤͤΥġäƤߤ
ɽ Perl ѤΤΤǡʸʸ̤Ϻǽ餫̵뤹͡ȯɽϡܵ˷ǤƤɤ餫θˤСֻ뤤ȯˤʤ롥
ѸˤǤϡѸ줫Ѹˤơեȥƥ줫̤θüѤʤ줿Τ߾ѤΤˤĤƤϡ餯ѻ饹Ȥƻ֤ȤȤ˻٤ƤΤ롥ȤΤϡѤ줿餫٤Ѥ줿ȤϹͤˤ˱ѸƱﲽƤȤȤ館Τ
β¾ڤΤˤĤˡꤽDurkin ĴԤʤäƤ롥Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸΤ줾ˤƥѥ˴ŤǹٸꥹȤꡤΤʤ˥եƥѸ줬ɤΤ餤γǴޤޤƤ뤫Ĵ١γ̻ŪܤӤȤˡŤΥѥǤֻѰۤȤ꤬ؤ뤿ᡤ̩Ĵ褦ȤñˤϤʤDurkin ϤȤꤢˡȤơѸȽѸˤĤƤ Helsinki Corpus 1150--1500ǯ1500--1710ǯΥѤơѸˤĤƤ BNC Ѥưֻ١Ĵ줾٥ˤ900--1000̤ۤɤޤǤñֻ˥ꥹȤꡤΤʤǥեƥѸ줬ϤФ
̤ϡѸ쥻Ǥ7%ۤɤäΤѸ쥻Ǥ19%ޤǾ徺˸Ѹ쥻Ǥ38%ޤǤ˻äƤ롥ƤĴǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤եƥѸǸѤƤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡˤΤʤǽ٤夲Ƥ̤ȤơߤŪʤȤ褯狼ä
ˤ⤷ȤˡѸΥ1500--1710ǯˤ˴ؤͤˤĤơٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤեƥѸΤ٤Ƥ1500ǯ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤ⤽2/3ۤɤϳμ¤˥եѸǤȤ¤ǧ (Durkin 338--39)
ޤѸȽѸιٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤեƥѸ¿ѸιٸꥹȤˤƸƤ¤ˤƤŤ2ˤϸ뤬ϳƤ췲įȡʤȤѲƤ롥㤨Сhonour, justice, manner, noble, parliament, pray, prince, realm, religion, supper, treason, usury, virtue Ǥ (Durkin 340)
ˤäƺѸꥹȤ䥭ɤۤʤ뤳ȤȤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥѤ͡ʻӤƤߤȤ⤷㤨СѸ쥳ѥ˴ŤɡꥹȤˤĤơ#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) ȡޤ٤ˤˤĤƤϡ#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ŵŪʣ (neoclassical compounds) Ȥϡaerobiosis, biomorphism, cryogen, nematocide, ophthalmopathy, plasmocyte, proctoscope, rheophyte, technocracy Τ褦ʸʤФвʳѸˤؤDurkin (346--37) ˤСतθä1600ǯ夫ǧ졤㤨 polycracy (1581), pantometer (1597), multinomial (1608) ߤ롥ȯŪ̻褦ˤʤäΤϡʳؤ®ȯŸѸȤ櫓19ˤʤäƤΤȤǤʡ#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])#3013. 19줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1]) ȡˡ
ŵŪʣˤĤƶĴƤ٤ϡ줬ѸǤϤʤޤDZѸʤϤȤ衼åѤνˤˤƷ줿ǤȤΤ˥ƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵǥȤƤϤ뤬褷ƤѤ줿櫓ǤϤʤΰ̣ǤϱñݤκۤƤʤñǤϤʤѸפӤ뤳ȤǤ롥ŵŪʣϱѸǤ뤫顤ĤޤֱפȤäƤ褤ѸȤΤäϡԤȤƹŪDzʳŪʸ̮Ѥ뤬ԤϤǤϤʤȤ¤ˤ롥ʤξԤΤˤϻѰˤиߤ롥Durkin ϡŵŪʣˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . these formations typically belong to the international language of science and move freely, often with little or no morphological adaptation, between English, French, German, and other languages of scientific discourse. They are often treated in very different ways in different traditions of lexicography and lexicology; however, those terms that are coined in modern vernacular languages are certainly not loanwords from Latin or Greek, even though they may be formed from elements that originated in such loanwords. (347)
. . . Latin words and word elements have become ubiquitous in modern technical discourse, but frequently in new compound or derivative formations or with new meanings that have seldom if ever been employed in contextual use in actual Latin sentences. (349)
¤ؤơֿŵŪʣפȸƤֱ֤פȸƤ֤ϡǤϤʤѸξˤϡֱѸŪʣפȸƤФʤΤϤʤΰ㤤ϲ˵Τ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
18--19 Industrial Revolution ʻȳ̿ˤϡѹҲι¤礭ѤμҲŪʵϡüŪˤ (traditional dialects) ԻѼ (urban varieties) ؤΰܹԤȤäƤ褤̡͢ʤȯãˤꡤ͡ιưͼҲŪͥåȥѤꤷϰˤŪʿʹִطλޤꡤοʿ (dialect_levelling) ȶ̸첽 (koinéization) ʹԤǡϤ˸줿巿ԻԤϰҲεῴϤȤʤꡤʤԻѼ郎ޤƤԻѼϰ°Ҳ궯ȿǤ뷹ǡȤϰۤʤ¸ߤǤ롥
Gramley (181) դλʲΤ褦Ƥ롥
[The Industrial Revolution and the transportation revolution] were among the most significant social changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Partly as a prerequisite for and partly as an effect of industrialization there were fundamental changes in transportation. First, in the period after 1750 there was the establishment of turnpikes, then canals, and finally railroads. Among their consequences was the development of regional and supra-regional markets and, concomitant with this, greater labor force mobility in a money rather than barter economy with the potential for consumption. It hardly seems necessary to point out that this led to a weakening of the rural traditional dialects and an upsurge of new urban varieties in the process of dialect leveling or koinéization.
As industrialization continued, new centers in the Northeast (mining) and in the Western Midlands (textiles in Manchester and Birmingham and commerce in Liverpool) began to emerge. Immigration of labor from "abroad" also ensured further language and dialect contact as Irish workers found jobs in the major projects of canal building in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and then in the building of the railways. Enclaves of Irish came into being, especially in Liverpool. Despite linguistic leveling the general distinctions were retained between the North (now divided more clearly than ever between the English North and Scotland), the East Midlands and the now industrializing West Midlands, and the South. The emergence of a new, mostly working-class, urban population in the North in the nineteenth century was accompanied by a literature of its own. Pamphlets, broadsides, and almanacs showed local consciousness and pride in vernacular culture and language. As the novels of Elizabeth Gaskel demonstrate, language --- be it traditional dialect or working-class koiné --- was a marker of class solidarity.
Τ褦ˡѹζḽŪʼҲŪѼΤϡȤƻȳ̿λʪȤäƤ褤
ϢȤơ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])#2028. ܤȥɤˤξ ([2014-11-15-1])#2023. England θѸʬ (3) --- Modern Dialects ([2014-11-10-1]) ⻲ȡ
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ε ([2018-01-06-1]) ˰³ưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ˤĤơ
εǡʡ (276) ꡤ̿ϡ֥ȥԡˡ§ꤷơƺƹۤȤžŪʤפΤäƤȤŪʸҲ𤷤ǻפФΤϡ2016ǯ˥Ρ٥ؾޤޤŵˤ륪ȥե (autophagy) Ǥ롥ȥեȤϡ̿ưŸ뤿ѶŪʼ˲٤ΤȤǤ롥̿ϡ츫ԲIJʤȤˡ뤳Ȥʬ뤳ȤˤؤϤ䤷Ƥ餷ۤ˿ϤƤΤˤĤơʡ (297) ϳοŪǤ롥
̿ˤȤäƽפʤΤϡ뤳Ȥ⡤ȤǤ롥˦ϤɤʴĶǤ⡤ʤǤ⡤Ȥʤषʤǡͥ륮ȤäơѶŪˡꤷơ˦ι¤ʪɤɤƤ롥ʤ̿ưŪʿդݻ뤿Ǥ롥
Τɬư縶§ȥԡˡ§Ǥ롥ˤơǤΤ̿Τ̿Τˤ⥨ȥԡˡ§ƼϤʤꡤˡϷʪȯ롥䤨֤ʤӽʤСФȤǤʤΤ䤨ʬĤġƱ˺ƹۤȤХή줬ɬפʤΤ줬Ƥ뤳ȡĤޤưŪʿդǤ
Ȥä٤ˤϡϤƸˤ̤Τ
ʡ̤βսǤҤ٤Ƥ (290--91)
ΤȤ̿Ȥ䤨ưŪǤꡤĶ˸äƳƤΤǤ롥γ̤ơʪͥ륮ꤷƤꡤνꤳ̿ήʤΤǤ롥ʤưŪʿդȤϡʿդȤϸʤ顤ɤŪãʿդǤϤʤ¤ʿդǤꡤ̿ȤϳϤʤΤǤ롥
ΰѤˤƤ⡤̿פָפ֤ȡ٤ƶ롥Ⳬϡ뤤ϡ#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1]) ʤΤǤϤʤ
ʡ 졡ؿǡưŪʿա̿Ϥʤ˽ɤΤ١شۡҾشۿӡ2016ǯ
ʡΤưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) ϡ̿ݤ븶ȤƲŪʤΤǤˤȤɤޤ餺⤷ȸ츽ݤˤѤǤΤ⤷ʤưŪʿդˤĤƤϡ#3171. 1/f 餮 ([2018-01-01-1]) εǴñ˿줿ϤιͤäƤߤ褦ʡ (261--63) ΤʸϤΤǤŬڤ
ΤƤʬҤϡ٤ƹ®ʬ졤ʪȤݼ褷ʬҤ֤Ƥ롥ΤΤȿ˦ȤϤƾ˺Ѥ졤³ƤΤǤ롥
顤䤿οΤʬŪʼΤȤƤϡμʬȤϤޤäʪˤʤäƤ롥ʬҤϴĶäƤơäȤߤȤƻ䤿Фνִ֤ˤϤޤĶؤȲƤ
ĤޤꡤĶϾ˻䤿οΤ̤ȴƤ롥̤ȴפȤɽΤǤϤʤʤʤ顤ˤʬҤ̤פ٤Ƥʪä櫓ǤϤʤƤʪȸƤǤ䤿ομΤ̤ĤĤʬҤ켡Ū˷äƤˤʤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤˤΤϡή줽ΤΤǤʤήǡ䤿οΤѤĤġưξ֤ݤäƤ롥ή켫ΤƤפȤȤʤΤǤ롥ϥޡϡ̿ðŪʤ褦ʥߥåƥȡưŪʾ֡ˤȸƤϤγǰ˳ĥ̿ζѹդν궯Ĵ뤿ưŪʿաפѸǼ dynamic equilibrium equi= librium=ŷˤȤʤ롥
ǻ䤿ϲơ̿ȤϲפȤ䤤뤳ȤǤ롥̿ȤưŪʿդˤ륷ƥǤפȤǤ롥
ơˤϤ⤦Ĥνפʷ롥ϲŪǥƥʥ֥ħȤ̿ȤƥϡʪŪ¤סĤޤ깽ʬҤΤΤ˰¸ƤΤǤϤʤή줬⤿餹ָ̡פǤȤȤ̿ݤȤϹ¤ǤϤʤָ̡פʤΤǤ롥
ƥʥ֥Ǥ뤳ȤͤȤ¿ΤȤƤ롥ƥʥ֥ʤΤϾưƤ롥ưϡήס⤷ϴĶȤ۴Ĥؤˤ롥ƥʥ֥ήʤ⡤ĶȤΤ˰ʿվ֤ݤäƤ롥
ؼ֤˾äƥХݤĤȤΤ褦ˡषߤưƤ뤫餳ʿդݻǤΤƥʥ֥ϡưʤʬȺ֤ʬؤƤ롥椨˴ĶѲŬѤǤޤʬν䤹ȤǤ롥
Τ褦˹ͤȡƥʥ֥Ǥ뤳ȤȤϡʪŪŪ¸ꡤ餷ꤹ뤳ȤǤϤʤΤΤΤ롥
ƥʥ֥ʤΤϡ츫ѤΤ褦˸ơ¤ϾưʤʿդݤĤ鷺ʤѲ³Ƥ롥εפȱưΤäȸˤʤäơֿʲפȸƤ٤뤳Ȥˡ䤿ϵŤΤ
ʸϤΡ̿פΡפָפ֤¾ѸŬڤ˸ŪɤؤƤ⡤Ǥ褦˻פ롥Ѳ³ʤʿվ֤ݤäƤ륵ƥʥ֥ʥƥǤꡤŪʹ¤ȤưŪʡָ̡פȤƤߤΤǤϤʤȡ
ѲƤ뤳Ȥष˹Ȥ츫ȤŪ˻פ븫ϡưŪʿդȤѸФȤ⡤ǯǤʣ (complex_system) (chaos_theory)1/f 餮 (1/f) ȤδϢǻŦƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1])#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1])#3143. ۥᥪ (2) ([2017-12-04-1])#3171. 1/f 餮 ([2018-01-01-1]) ʤɤǿƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
⤦1ġưŪʿդȥȥԡ (entropy) δطˤĤơʡ (276--77) ѤƤ
ΤϤ٤礹ԲŪ˿ʤߡϤ䤬Ƽ줤ǻ䤬פϡפ뤤ϡ֥ƥפȸƤ褤٤ƤϡפߥѤ䤬ƾ㳲롥ĤޤꥨȥԡϾ礹ΤǤ롥
̿ϤΤȤ餫ῥߡĤνȥԡˡ§ꤷơƺƹۤȤžŪʤĤޤꤽ줬ưŪʿաפǤ롥
Ĺ֥֡ȥԡˡ§פɤäƤ뤦˾ʬҥ٥»Ѥ䤬ƥȥԡɤȴƤޤĤޤݤƤʤɬ롥줬ΤλǤ롥
λˤϤǤ˼žȤϼ˥Хȥå졤ΤȤƤ̿ư³̿Ϥϵ˻Ȭǯˤ錄äϢʤȰݻ³ƤΤĤɬ̤ȤΤܼŪˤ¾ŪʤʤΤǤ롥
̿ϼʬθΤ¸뤳Ȥ˴ؤƤϥƥå˸뤱ɡ٤Ƥʪɬ̡ˤä̿Ūˡ̤θΤ˰ܹԤꥻåȤ롥¤¾ŪʥƥʤΤǤ롥
äơƤפȤϡưŪʿաפˤäơ֥ȥԡˡ§פޤ礤ĤƤȤȤǤ롥С֤ήˤ˹ΤǤϤʤʤ顤¸ˡѤƤ롥
⡤륷ƥȤ¸³뤿ˡּƺƹۤȤžŪʤפѤƤȹͤ
ʡ 졡ؿǡưŪʿա̿Ϥʤ˽ɤΤ١شۡҾشۿӡ2016ǯ
#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) #3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥǤϤʤʸؤ ([2018-01-02-1]) ǻȤƤˤСʹ֤ιԤʤʪʬˡϡʬ͡ (group thinking) ȡַ͡ (tree thinking) ̤ȤȤʬहȽļηطȤʬहΤ (107) Ϥ줾˴ŤʳؤʬʳءפȡָŰʳءפȸƤӡξԤΤ褦оȤƤ롥
| ʬʳ | ʬ | ե | 硿 | ǧΥƥ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Űʳ | | ȥ˥ߡ | Ρʬ | ˡʥ֥ |
| ǰŪ | Ū | |
|---|---|---|
| ηϳ (Systematik) | (Phylogenetik) | |
| (Formverwandtschaft) | ط (Blutsverwandtschaft) | |
| (Metamorphose) | ȯ (Stammesentwicklung) | |
| ηϳŪʳ (systematischen Stufenreihen) | (Ahnenreihen) | |
| (Typus) | (Stammform) | |
| (typischen Zuständen) | Ū (ursprüngliche Zuständen) | |
| Ū (atypischen Zuständen) | Ū (abgeänderte Zuständen) |
| ʬʳ | Űʳ |
|---|---|
| ¤ (structural linguistics) | Ӹ (comparative linguistics) |
| (typology) | ˸ (historical linguistics) |
| (linguistic area) | ² (language family) |
| ܿ (contact, borrowing) | (inheritance) |
| (space) | (time) |
| (synchrony) | ̻ (diachrony) |
| ط (paradigm) | Ϣط (syntagm) |
| ѥ (pattern) | ץ (process) |
| ???? (variation) | ???? (change) |
| (type) | ȡ (token) |
| ե (metaphor) | ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) |
| How | Why |
ʲͤƴĤȤƹ⤯Ǥ뤿ˤϡ䤿ʬͤйϤĤ⤦ĤλȤȤƥԡ뤹ɬפ롥ȤСܤˤΤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡƤΤʻװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϼºݤ̿ץʬʪؤؤȤߤʤ롥ФơΤ֤ʤפΤ褦ˤäΤʵװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϿʲʪؤȤ٤
ѲΡ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפȡ֤ʤפ (how_and_why) ˤĤƤϡ#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν̡ ([2016-07-21-1])#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" ([2017-11-24-1]) ǰäƤʪؤθˤ꿷ȯۤ줿롥
ؿʲͤҥȤϿݤɤηϲ뤫١NHKǡ2010ǯ
ε ([2018-01-03-1]) Ʊ٤ȥڥĹ˴ؤǡ⤦ʬϤƤߤʲϡ٥Υȥå100졤200졤500졤1000졤2000졤5000졤10000졤20000졤50000ˤĤơ줾͡1ʬ̿͡ʿ͡3ʬ̿ͤɽǤ롥ѸˡǤδåǡȤƤɤ
| Min. | 1st Qu. | Median | Mean | 3rd Qu. | Max. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top_100 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 5.0 |
| Top_200 | 1.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 3.77 | 4.00 | 10.00 |
| Top_500 | 1.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.498 | 5.000 | 10.000 |
| Top_1K | 1.000 | 4.000 | 5.000 | 4.968 | 6.000 | 15.000 |
| Top_2K | 1.000 | 4.000 | 5.000 | 5.406 | 7.000 | 15.000 |
| Top_5K | 1.000 | 5.000 | 6.000 | 6.014 | 7.000 | 16.000 |
| Top_10K | 1.000 | 5.000 | 6.000 | 6.488 | 8.000 | 16.000 |
| Top_20K | 1.000 | 5.000 | 7.000 | 6.954 | 8.000 | 17.000 |
| Top_50K | 1.000 | 6.000 | 7.000 | 7.622 | 9.000 | 20.000 |

ɸäܿŦǤϤʤѸɤ߽ԤˤľƤ뤳ȤȻפ롥#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1]) #1102. Zipf's law ȸοա ([2012-05-03-1]) ǤŦ褦ˡ褯ɤ߽ñΥڥûۤΨ褤ȹͤ뤫դˡ¿ɤ߽ʤñǤоĹƤǤ롥ñΥڥ˸¤餺ñβˤĤƤƱͤθѤƤȻפ롥
ޤѸˡˤƸ3ʸʾ֤ʤФʤʤȤ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) 롥ϵǽȤ٤Τƹ⤤ˤĤƤŬѤʤäơε§Ͼ嵭θΨȤؤŪ¦̤ĤȤ롥
ٸǤФۤɡΥڥʿŪûȤˡ1Ĥˡ٥Υȥå100졤1000졤10000ʤɤΥꥹȤ˴Ťʸ̤ñ夲Ȥ롥#2096. SUBTLEX-US Word Frequency List ([2015-01-22-1]) Ф٥Ѥơȥå100졤200졤500졤1000졤2000졤5000졤10000졤20000졤50000ˤĤĴȥå100ΥꥹȤˤĤƤεǥꥹȤǺܤƤ̤Ǥꡤʤˤ s, ll ʤɥѥλͤͳ褹Ȥܤָפ⤢뤬̤ˤϱƶڤܤʤ
ʲ˥դ̤ꡤ̤ǤʿͥǡϥHTMLȡˡȥå100Ķٸ췲Ǥ62.00%ޤǤ3ʸʲΥڥǤ롥3ʸʲγʲ3ʬΥӤޤǡˤȤȤ٤Ƥȡȥå200줫50000Ĵ̤ޤǡ41.50%, 24.60%, 17.00%, 12.65%, 8.06%, 6.01%, 4.55%, 3.20%ܸꤷƤ

ؤˤˡ (the comparative method) εϥɥĿ Friedrich Schlegel (1772--1828) ̤뤬˽פʹʤΤϥɥĿ August Schleicher (1821--68) Ǥ롥饤ҥ㡼ϥ˷ݤơ1860ǯȾˡ#1118. Schleicher η ([2012-05-19-1]) Ǽ褦ʸޤηŪȯۤθϤ餯ǤϤʤäष饤ҥ㡼Ĺ餯°Ƥʸؤʤܷ (stemma, stemmatology) ιͤ˵Τäǽ⤤
(99-100) ϡۡ˥ɤȤʤ饷饤ҥ㡼γŪطʤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ϥؤƱνǤꡤοʲؤɥĤڤθϫԤǤإåƳơȬϻǯ˥˴Ť˸ؤ˷ݤ롥饤ҥ㡼ؤƳΤϥإåǤϤʤषʸؤζĹƤȤ˸νǧܸǤȥۡ˥ɤϻŦƤ롥
ʸؤǤϡ¸ʣθżܡʰܡ˴֤Ӥ̤Ƥʤ줿ܤιܻۤؤκݡܤΤŪߥʻηʣ뤤ΰưʤɡˤζ꤬ͭˤơܷϿ (manuscript stemma) ۤ롥饤ҥ㡼ϡˡˤŬѤ֤ǤŪħʤȤ櫓ܤơˤζͭ˴ŤȬǯˡʤΡؼε٤νǡʰȬǯˤ⤫ʤˡɽƤ롥äơ饤ҥ㡼ˡϡإåǤϤʤΰȬʸؤˤƤǤ˳ΩƤܷϿޤιˡγŬѤȤߤʤ٤Ǥ
饤ҥ㡼οʲ˷ݤƤȤ¤顤ƤäޤΥǥʪʲο⤫ΤȻפǤǤϤʤ褦षؤ¦ʪؤؤȥǥήȤǽ餢롥ơ饤ҥ㡼ηŪʥǥθܤ transmission ˴ؤ븦ˤäȤȤ⤿䤹ΤǤcf. #730. ʸ textual transmission ([2011-04-27-1])ˡĤޤꡤ֤طȰ̴طϡ餯ּܷޢޢʪޡפäȤˤʤ롥
ؤˤƤϡ¤ѤICʬϤʸˡĥʤɤޤʤȤ뤬⥷饤ҥ㡼˴ŤΤ⤷ʤ뤤ϡʤȤ⥷饤ҥ㡼ƶʪؤ2ŪʱƶˤΤȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤϢơ#2471. ʤޤϵڷʤΤ ([2016-02-01-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ŪȯۤˡۤʤΰǤƽʬѤΤǤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) ε⻲ȡ
ؿʲͤҥȤϿݤɤηϲ뤫١NHKǡ2010ǯ
2018ǯȤʤޤǯ hellog ³Ƥޤꤤפޤ
ǯǽϡ֤餮פˤĤơ¸ߤ餮ˤϵ§ŪȤΤ⤢СޤäͽԲǽʤΤ⤢뤬¿θݤˤƤϡȤϤȤ⤢ͽ¬Ǥ餮ǧ롥ʤǤ1/f 餮פȤΤƤΤϡȤβˤ¿ǧ졤Ȥ櫓ʹ֤ΤΤʤˤФдޤޤƤȸ롥Τ餮ϳܤǯءαλݤߡż֤ɤ졤ŤĮ¤ߡࡤܡҡݤΥꥺࡤȸȤХåϤ⡼ĥȤγڶʤʤɤˤߤۤ١˦¤ˤǧȤ1/f 餮פȤƾΤϡоݤΤ餮μȿ (frequency) ʬʬϤʬζŪäƥղȡľ뤳Ȥˤ롥1/f2 1/f-1 Ǥʤ 1/f ǤȤɤʹ֤ˤȤäƤβΥݥȤ餷ԡpp. 24--39ˡ
1/f 餮ʹ֤̩ܤʤȤ¿ȤΤϡηϡˤˤߤǽ뤳Ȥ롥ǸˤȤäƤ餮Ȥϲˤʤ롥Ū variation ꤹ뤳ȤǤѲ (language_change) (frequency) ® (speed_of_language_change) ʤɤˤ⸫뤫⤷ʤ㤨С1/f 餮óȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȴؤäƤ餪⤷
1/f 餮ϡʣ (complex_system) 䥫 (chaos_theory) Ȥط롥ηϤʣϤǤꡤѲŬѤоݤȤʤꤦ뤳Ȥϡ#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1])#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1])#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1])#3143. ۥᥪ (2) ([2017-12-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤȤС1/f 餮ޤ˴ͿƤǽ⤤ιͤˤⶦ̤ƤΤϡưƤʥƥळϤͽǤʤưŬ䤹Ȥ꤫꤬٤ޤ褦ʥƥǤ롥ŪʸˤϡưŪʰ괶פȤäƤ褤뤤ϺǶβʳؤΥɤǤСưŪʿա (dynamic_equilibrium) Ǥ롥ͷӡפˤ̤Τ롥
ȴϢơ (127--28) 1/f 餮ܤξˤĤƤζ̣Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
ܤʪΤθ¦˾碌ƤޤƾϡԥäȰΤȤ˻ߤޤäƤΤǤϤʤĤˤդդưƤΤǤ
ư1/f 餮˶ᤤΤǤ
ˤäˤäꡤ礳礳䤨ưƤΤϡưƤۤΤΰ֤ѤäȤˤ碌ľ䤹Ǥƥ˥꤬֤ȤˡƾΤɤäƤޤϻߤޤäƤȡܡ뤬ǤȤΤưʤǤ礦ܤξƱȤǤ
ޤϡ褦ȤΤ˹碌ƤΤ̤Τ褦ǤƤΤưȡƲܤ䤱ޤ⤷ʪΤ˹äƤȡΤƤ˹ԤäƤ⡤ܤ䤱ȤǤƱȤˤʤޤǤϾ碌ľΤˡɤ˾ưФ褤ΤȤäȽǤǤޤƤΤ⡤˾ޤäƤСΤ饺ƱưȤΤϤäꤷƤޤεդ˼ưСܤ䤱㤷ʤޤƱˡϾ˹碌ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ˤ餤ǤۤΤȤѲб䤹ȤȤǤ礦
ηϤˤ餤Ǥ뤫餳ʹ֤Υߥ˥ߵ䤨Ѳ¨ǤʥƥȤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤ1/f 餮θؤαѤ̤οؿƤ
ؤ餮ȯۡ1/f 餮ˤޤ١Ƕ1994ǯ
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