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hellogѸ˥֥ / 2018-09

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2018-09-30 Sun

#3443. ɽʸɽʸ [grammatology][writing][spelling][alphabet][kanji][hiragana][katakana]

ܥ֥ǤϡʸʬˤĤơ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])#2341. ɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-24-1])#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1]) ʤɤǡ͡ʳ٤ͤƤŪˤ alphabet ɽʸǡɽʸʤ뤤ɽʸȤɽʸȤͤˤȸ뤬ե٥åȤ1İʾĤʤ碌ƤޤȤޤʤֻ (spelling) Ȥñ̤ǹͤʤСϴ1ʸȹͤ뤷դ˴¿ޤ᤿ǤʬǤΤ顤Ǥ򥢥ե٥åȤ1ʸΤȤƸ뤳ȤǽǤ롥ˤĤƤ⡤ľܡܤˡ#284. Ѹֻȴζ ([2010-02-05-1])#285. Ѹֻȴζ (2) ([2010-02-06-1])#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ ([2017-04-18-1])#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1]) ʤɤεǰäƤ
嵭ϡפˡɽʸɽʸȤ褦ʸʬबɤޤʤΤȤǤ롥ˤĤơ (3) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ʸϤɽʸ (phonogram) ɽʸ (ideogram) ʬΤŪ˹ԤƤʬˡǤ뤬ŬäʬȤϤʤʸϲỌ̇̄ηӤĤ쵭ɽΤǤ뤫顤ΰɽΤʸȤϤʤ
ɽʸȸƤФ޻䲾̾⤽ʸηϤƤϢ³ˤäƸɽƤΤǤꡤɽʸɽȤϤꤽɽβޤɽƤ뤳ȤѤϤʤäơʸηϤʬहʤСηϤơʸɤΤ褦ñ̤ˤޤʬϤɽ褦ȤΤȤʬबʤʤФʤʤȤСϲʸŪIJʸǤꡤϥ󥰥ϲʸŪͭ벻ʸǤȤ褦ˡ
޻Τ褦ʲʸξǤ⡤ϢˤäɽȤΤϲỌ̇̄η礷Ǥ뤫顤ֻȲȤδ֤˥줬Ƥ⤽ʸȤƤȤƲ̤ȤǤ롥ʤ첻Ȥطݤ櫓ǤϤʤ


Ūʸˤ복ǰѸϡƤɬפ

ˡ1ϡܸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ1--21ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-26-1] [2019-01-12-1]

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2018-09-29 Sat

#3442. 󥰥ɤβ̾˥ȸ줬¿ͳ [toponymy][onomastics][celtic][anglo-saxon][hydronymy]

#1188. 󥰥ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1])#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1])#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1]) ǸƤ褦ˡ󥰥ɤβ̾ˤϥȸͳǤʤΤ¿
̤˲̾ϡ̱²ˤˤФƤ⡤̾Ѥ뷹Ȥ롥ͳ[2012-07-28-1]Ǥ⾯̤δ顤ǥȥå (62--63) Ҥ٤褦ʰʲλͿƤ

ȸ̾˺Ǥ¿ߤ롥ơ̾3ʬ2ϥȸǤ롥ʬˤߤ롥ʤۤ¿̾ĤäΤǤĤξ硤ä礭ʲξϡ̾ϸ׾ϩȤƥꥹΦι񡹤Ȥδ֤ǹΤۤ˽פǤäΦǰ׾ϵ饤󥰥ɤˡϤäƤȤˤȤäơ礭ϤΤޤΦؤοϩȤʤΤǡ̱͡²ˤ̾ΤƤǤ󥰥ͤϿάԤǤäǰ׾ǤϤʤäάȤˤŪΤˤ⥤󥰥ɤؤοϩˤ礭ʴؿ󤻤Ƥ
βήξϡǽҤ٤褦ʤȤƤϤޤʤɡ٤ΤϤʤˤʤʤ顤̥ꥫǤϥꥫǥθ줬ȸȻä̿éäƤꡤ羮¿βˤƥǥ̾ĤäƤȤȤܤƤ褤ȤƤϥߥåԡߥ¾ˤ¿ߤ롥ɤβ̾Ĥꡤɤ̾ĤʤȤ˾β򤱤ʤʤΤҤȤĤǤ롥


̤βսˡ֥󥰥Τǡ󥰥̾Τ3ʬ2Ƥסʥǥȥåȡ52ǡˤȤҤΤǡ̾˴ؤƤषȷϤ3ʬ2ȤΤϡä٤ۤǤ롥
̾ϸ̾Ѥ䤹ͳȤƤ⤦1Ĺͤ줽ʤΤϡʤ䤽¾μϷˤϡĮ¼̤Τ褦ʿ͹ʪǤϤʤȤȤ뤫⤷ʤ˺ФꡤåסɡӥɤǤΤǤϤʤ褫֨Ȥ¸ߤƤΤǤ롥˼ä뤳ȤǤʤΤƱͤˡ¸̾ˤäʤǤȤȤǤϤʤ̾ (toponym) ȰˤäƤ⡤Ϸ̾Į̾ȤǼ񤬰ۤʤΤ⤷ʤ

ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ 󡦾 ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ

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2018-09-28 Fri

#3441. ܸˤλʬ (3) [periodisation][japanese]

#1525. ܸˤλʬ ([2013-06-30-1])#3137. ܸˤλʬ (2) ([2017-11-28-1]) ³ܸ˸ԤοȤäƤǤϤʤʬ (periodisation) ɲä롥 (7) ϡ¾ΤĤŪʻʬ󤲤ʤ顤⤦1ĤȼζʬǤƤ롥

                                         3?3溢
I   ܸ (Proto-Japanese) 
                                         ʯ3溢?7

                                         ɻ7?ɻ8Ⱦˡġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̾
                                        
II  ܸ (Ancient Japanese)  ʿ»8Ⱦ?11Ⱦ ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġš
                                        
                                         һ11Ⱦ?14Ⱦˡġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ

                                         Į14Ⱦ?ͻʴʺޤǴޤࡧ17溢ˡġġġġġġġ?
                                        
III ܸ (Modern Japanese)   ͻʾʹޤࡧ17溢?ͻ20ǯޤǴޤˡġġġš
                                        
                                         20ǯʹߡ??20ǯ  ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̶?

                                         20ǯʹ?48ǯ  ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̸
                                        
IV  ܸ (Present-day Japanese)  48ǯʹ?ʿ3ǯ ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̸
                                        
                                         ʿ3ǯʹ? ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̸

ŪʸϤϡ٤ʬˤפ뤬ŪˤϺ٤ʤȤ⤢ꡤζʬ⤽Τ褦ʼݤ٤ΡƤΤޤ͡ʻʬˡΤϡޤڤǤصȤ¦̤롥ǯȤڤ٤С٤ʬǤŬ٤ƤȤˤʤꡤ٤ΤޤȤޤä֤ιؤ˻ؤȤǤΤ
ޤܤƤबɤ٤λŪʹäʬۤƤ뤫˱ơŬڤʺ٤ƤλʬѤäƤ롥㤨СûˤʸˡˤȤǤϰۤʤ륿ॹѤѲή䤹ʤɤȤȤ⤢
ɤΤȤƸԤʬѤݤˤϡѤäơʻˡˤΤɤ¦̤ܤΤȤˤǰꤵƤΤʬϡ켫ΤԤΥ󥹤ɽƤΤȹͤƤ褤餳ʬ˥ꥨ󤬤ȤΤ⤷

ˡ1ϡܸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ1--21ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-27 Thu

#3440. ޷λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬ [toponym][latin][loan_word][oe_dialect][roman_britain]

#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) #2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡޥ󡦥֥ƥ˥޷ߤȹͤĮ̾ˤϡƥ castrum ϡˤͳ褹ǤޤΤʤʤΥƥñϡǤΦ˥ޥ˼ѤƤȹͤ롥
ɸΤ褦ˡѸ̾ǤȤƤϤĤΰ۷ꡤΰ۷ʬۤˤϷ롥Ϥ꽻󥰥ɤŪϰǤϡ-chester ȤʤΤ¿ (ex. Colchester, Dorchester, Manchester, Rochester, Winchester)
󥰥Ϥ꽻˥ǡͤǤ -caster ȤʤȤ¿ (ex. Doncaster, Lancaster, Tadcaster)
ޤϤȥ󥰥Ϥͻ礷ȤϰǤ -cester ¿ȯϤĤŤޤä /-stə/ Ȥʤ (ex. Bichester, Gloucester, Leicester, Worcester) رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡȯ Anglo-French ȯȿǤƤȤ롥ˡ륺Ȥζ᤯ǤϸƬҲ x ȤʤꡤExeter, Wroxeter ʤɤ㤬롥
嵭ʬۤϡޤǷ򼨤ˤɬ⤭줤ˤϤʤ褦̾ءʲ˳ء˳ؤθ򸫤Ƥ褦Ƕ̣Ԥʤʾ塤ǥȥåȤ25--26ڡ򻲾ȤƼɮ

ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ 󡦾 ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ

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2018-09-26 Wed

#3439. St. Ives Ρ̤פɽ [toponym][loan_word][french][latin][old_norse][italian]

Ѹ̤̾Ѥ̤פ̾ϡब˭٤Ǥ롥ܸǤϡ?̤ס?ƻס?ƻפ٤ѸǤ͡ʸ츻ͳ褹̾Ѥ롥ʲϡǥȥåȤαѸ̾ (8--9) ǾҲ𤵤Ƥ Cambridgeshire ĮSt. Ives ˸Ρ̤פɽ魯츻ȤǤ롥

ΡѸ졡
mews ʤ޲뤤ĻΤä̤ˡroad Ͼ졤ride 첻ؤˤ̾ˡlane ʾϩˡyardrow ʲȤˡhillwaywalkdrove ʲܤηɤݤ̤ƻdrive ̾ˡgrove ʾοˡlealey ʶˡϡϡ

Ρե󥹸ʡƥ㥮ꥷˡ
place, gardens, court, avenue, square, crescent ʻ̤ˡclose ޾ϩˡterrace ʻμ˷Ƥ줿¤ߡˡpassagemarket ʻԾΤ̤

Ρƥ졡
street, circus ʤƻ;˱ӤƤ빭

ΡťΥɸ졡
gate ̤ꡤ뤤

Ρꥢ졡
villa μšΤ̤

St. Ives Ǥϡ1ĤĮΤʤ͡ʸͳ褹̤פɽߤƤ롥St. Ives ̤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤषꥹĮ¤ߤ̾ħ1ˤʤȤȤ館٤̾1ĤҤȤĤˡϤˤޤƤΤ̾ؤ̥Ϥ򴶤롥

ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ 󡦾 ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-25 Tue

#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ [emode][renaissance][loan_word][borrowing][latin][inkhorn_term][lexicography]

16Ⱦ˥ԡãͥ󥹴ΥƥѸήˤĤơܥ֥͡˼夲ƤѸ˾äȤ̩٤ǻüѤλäȤ뤬ʤۤɤޤǤ˼Ѹ줬ΤϼäѸθä䤦ȤɬԲķʬŪˤäƤ뤬ƥΰҤڤȤŪͳä礭äȻפ롥ʤˤ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) Ǹ褦ˡߤ䤿˼Τ
Görlach (162--62) դλ򤦤ޤƤ롥λˤϥƥ줽ΤΤޥ뤳Ȥơä¯줿Ѹϰ̤˾徺٤ΥƥѸ줬ѤƤ16Ⱦϡƥ줽ΤΤȤ⡤Ѹ˼ޤ줿ƥѸȤʤȤҲŪ˽פʥȤʤäȤϤƥؽƤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ο͡ˤȤäơƥѸ׷Ọ̇̄ǻȤʤȤϴñǤϤʤδ㤤ˤ˵ạ̈ˤĤƤ⡤ˤб¸ȤΥ˥奢󥹤κΤ˽뤳ȤϤ䤹ʤäΤ褦ʾǤ⡤͡Ϥ̣Ǥϴ㤤򶲤줺ѶŪ˥ƥѸȤȤʤʤСλ߼ΤüԤΥơȿƤǤ롥
㤨СHart ϰʲΤ褦ʷδְ㤤󤲤ʤ顤Ĭ񤷤ƤʥåηȤƤϡפΡˡtemporall (temperate), sullender (surrender), statute (stature), obiect (abiect), heier (heare), certisfied (certified or satisfied), dispence (suspence), defende (offende), surgiant (surgian). Ƥ˴ؤƤϡancient antique old ƱˡĤޤ old ñʤ븫ɤΤ褤ȤѤƤ㤬Ȥ
17ᤫ³Ф켭ϡΤ褦ʸѤŬڤʥƥѸ򶵰餹뤿˽Ǥ줿Ȥ⤤뤬¤ΤȤषŪʼѸλѤ¥̤Τ⤷ʤ̤ȤơƥѸϡο͡θոĬˤܤǡƤäȹͤηаޤGörlach (162) ޤɽƤ롥

To judge by the success of Cockeram and his imitators . . ., there was a large market in the seventeenth century for dictionaries translating common expressions into elevated diction. This indicates how difficult it must have been to limit loanwords to a moderate number. The issue was obviously not the objective need to fill lexical gaps for the sake of unambiguous reference, but the pairing of common words with their Latinate equivalents, the implication being that use of the elevated term was more prestigious --- even if it was unintelligible and therefore useless for communication.


Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-09-1] [2019-02-23-1]

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2018-09-24 Mon

#3437. Υޥ˽եɥ [history][flemish][norman_conquest][me_text]

ε#3436. ѸϽȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1]) (2) ǡΥޥդä񷳤Τʤ˥եɥͤꡤ֥ƥ˻Ĥä餷ȽҤ٤˴ؤơ1338ǯ˻ Robert Mannyng of Brunne Chronicle ΤʤˡΤ褦ʸڤ롥Baugh and Cable (108) ˰ƤΤȤȤ˺ƷǤ롥

To Frankis & Normanz, for þar grete laboure,
To Flemmynges & Pikardes, þat were with him in stoure,
He gaf londes bityme, of whilk þer successoure
Hold ȝit þe seysyne, with fulle grete honoure.

To French and Normans, for their great labor,
To Flemings and Picards, that were with him in battle,
He gave lands betimes, of which their successors
Hold yet the seizin, with full great honor.


Chamson (285) ϡεҤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The last two lines, referring to lands held by the successors of the foreign troops, indicate that the Flemings remained in Britain. Other non-Norman foreigners, e.g. the Bretons, are known to have left Britain after their service to William. During the conquest and its aftermath, large numbers of traders and mercenaries from the Low Countries came to Britain.


եɥͤϡΥޥκȤθˡΩ֤顤Υޥͤȥ󥰥ɿͤӤĤ餸ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤкŪˤäȤСŪˤ⤽äΤǤϤʤȡΤ˹ͤƤߤʤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-23 Sun

#3436. 󥰥ɤӤȤܿ [dutch][flemish][contact][borrowing][loan_word][history][anglo-saxon][norman_conquest][sociolinguistics]

ε#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1]) ơChamson ʸ˵ꡤѸϽüԤ˾夤ʤ뵡ܿƤʤϤˤάҤ
ξԤܿˤϡǤС5Υ󥰥Υ֥ƥؤΰưλ顤ĶȤƸ򰮤ä17ޤǡǯʾ˵ڤ֡ΤʤܤͤΤϡ(1) 󥰥塤(2) ΥޥȤθ塤(3) ξϰ֤ӿʪǰפȯã14--15(4) ˱ɴǤ16--174Ĥλ줾ˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ

(1) 󥰥

5Υ󥰥͡͡塼ȿͤΥ֥ƥؤΰư夫顤¾ϥޥɤν²Ʊ֥ƥϤäƤȤʬäƤ롥Τ褦˻夬ŤиŤۤɡߤθ礭ѤηŪʾڵˤ󥰥ɤ̾Τʤ "Frisians" "Flemings" ¸ߤ򼨤ΤʤʤȤդ٤Ǥ롥㤨СDunfries, Freseley, Freswick, Frisby, Friesden, Friesthorpe, Frieston, Friezland, Frisby, Frisdon, Frizenham, Frizinghall, Frizingon, Fryston; Flemingtuna, Flameresham, Flemdich, Flemingby ʤɡ̾Ǥ⡤Flandrensis, Fleemeng, Flammeng, Flameng, Flemang, Fleamang, Flemmyng, Flamenc, Flemanc ʤɤ "Flemings" ΰ۷Ǥ⥤ꥹͤ¿ĤäƤ롥

(2) ΥޥȤθ

Υޥޤ William դä񷳤Τʤˤϡ¿ΥեɥͤޤWilliam κ Matilda ϥեɥ Baldwin V ̼äȤ⤢ꡤեɥͤι׸ϺΩäƤ⤳Υեɥͤϥ֥ƥˤȤɤޤä餷
1107ǯ˥եɥǹ夬äݤˡHenry I ϡҤեɥͤ󥰥˰ܽ뤳ȤĤȼä̤Υեɥͤ󤻡ȾФˤ Wales ü Pembrokeshire ˺ưܽʤɤλ֤ˤȯŸƤ (see #3292. ˾ǽαѸ쿢̱ Pembroke ([2018-05-02-1])) ̤ȤơPembrokeshire Ǥϥ륺ͤ򲡤Τƥեɥͤ꽻褦ˤʤꡤο͸16εҤˤߤۤɤǤ롥
ۤˡ12ȾˤϡHenry II ȤλҶ褤ˤƥեɥͤη⤬Ѥ줿Ȥ⤢äˡ12ʹߤˤϡNorwich Norfolk ʤɤΥ󥰥ĮϡӤԤ졤եɥȤǰפǤ˱ɤä Norwich London ˼͸ĮȤʤäˡϡԥ󥰥Υޥͤȥ󥰥ɿͤΤĤʤܤ̤ǽ⤢롥

(3) ξϰ֤ӿʪǰפȯã14--15

嵭Τ褦֤ʤ顤ӡʪȤפȤξϰǰפ礤˱ɤƤɬĤޤطä櫓ǤϤʤ14ǰ໤ͳ褹ŨпȤ⤢ä󥰥䥹åȥɤ¿Υեɥͤܽ󥰥ɤϫƯԤδ֤ۤɤˤʤä񲦤ϡǰפˤ׳ȥ󥰥ɹ̱ηкŪݸȤΤ񤷤ɼƤΤǤ롥դˤСλ塤ξԤŪ̩ܿƤںǤ⤢롥

(4) ˱ɴǤ16--17

16--17ˤϡӤϥ衼åΤ˵ʱƶϤڤܤϰؤĹƤꡤȥפ֥塼ϥ衼åѤɽԻԤȤʤäƤ16ȾӤϥڥۤΩ褤ΤʤǡץƥȤȥڥۤ³Ȥʬ褤ơΰ̱̤˥󥰥ɤϤäƤθ⽡Ū褤˵ñ̤ΰ̱Ȥ17ȾФޤǿǯ֤³Ӥȥ󥰥ɤο͡δ֤ˡ˾Ǥ絬Ϥǿ̩ʴطۤ뤳ȤȤʤä

ʾ塤Ūʸܿβ̤ˤϿʤä˾塤ξԤܿǤʤ³ƤȤChamson ʸ˵äƼϡüѤޤŪʱƶߤưפ餷᤿ҲŪȸ뤳ȤǤ

Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-22 Sat

#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ [dutch][flemish][frisian][contact][borrowing][loan_word][historiography]

ϥɥĸʤɤΡ (the Low Countries) ν줬ѸͿƶˤĤơαѸˤǤϡҤʤΤˤȤɤޤäƤǰƬˤΤϼȤƸŪʱƶΤȤ줬ᾮɾƤȤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1]) ʤɤεǤ⼨Ƥ̤Ǥ롥
夲 Chamson ͤܤȤޤäʤϽαƶᾮɾƤΤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (281)

While historical records attest to continual and intense migrations to Britain from the Low Countries over a period of roughly a thousand years, our knowledge of the linguistic consequences of this contact --- i.e. the impact of Dutch, Frisian, and the Low German dialects on English --- remains sketchy. One main reason is inherent, i.e. due [to] the similarities of the languages involved. Another is extrinsic: the nature of the contact, at once commonplace and elusive, has meant that discussions of the history of English frequently pass over this area, favoring the big players and the exotics.


ޤᾮɾطʤˤϡѸϽ줬ŪƤȤܼŪͳ Chamson ϽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ʊޥ췲ϥޥȤơá֤̤äƤꡤŪˤߤڤδطİˤȤ𤬤롥ĤޤꡤʤΤѸʤΤˤŤ餤Τ
츻ˤŤ餤ΤϡʤˤѸϽ˸¤äȤǤϤʤѸȸťΥɸƱͤӤȤơե󥹸Ѹ줫ƥѸ줫Ƚʤʤɤפ⤫֡ťΥɸ졤ե󥹸졤ƥϡChamson ˸碌СѸ˾̾٤ι⤤ "the big players and the exotics" ʤΤǤ롥3ϱѸʼҲˤ͡ʷǴͿƤꡤѸˤ˥饤ޥåꤷɥޥå˻Ωƾ夲ƤΩԤʤΤФơϽϤ󤻤Ƥ
ꥹӤμҲŪʴطʰ̱꽻׳ưˤϡűѸѸ˻ޤǡ绨Ĥˤä700ǯ1700ǯޤǤǯ֤ȤĹˤ錄äƤäݤƤΤǤꡤŪˤϡߤθŪʱƶ⤽˽ä礭äϤǤ롥ŪʥʴطѸˤΥɥޤ˶ĥ߽ФʤװʤΤ

Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-21 Fri

#3434. ѸޤǤĤ줳ѸθѸ첽 [reestablishment_of_english][me][french][latin][law_french][norman_conquest]

Υޥˤꡤ󥰥ɤθѸϥե󥹸줪ӥƥȤʤäѸθȤϲä櫓θο򤫤Ƥäȡ¤뤲ƤäηаޤˤĤƤϡreestablishment_of_english οεǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ʲε󤲤Ƥ

#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])
#324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ ([2010-03-17-1])
#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])
#1207. Ѹν񤭸դ ([2012-08-16-1])
#3096. ѸѸϽˡ ([2017-10-18-1])
#3265. ޤǹν񤭸ɸϤäȥƥä ([2018-04-05-1])

(134--35) ϡѸȤƤαѸ13ʹߤήΤʤƤ뤬νϤȤСä1649ǯǤ롥

ʤ֥Υޥװʸ塤󥰥ɵ²ϥե󥹸Ǥꡤʸʤɤˤϥƥ줬ѤƤ줬ˤ֥ΥޥӼװʹߡ²֤ǤѸ줬Ū˻Ȥ졤ɥ3ΰ컰ϻǯϵIJǤ˱Ѹ줿̱ˤϥե󥹸줬Ǥʤؤ¿ȤȤؤäƤ
IJθʸΤۤϡȾޤǤϥƥȤȤ˥ե󥹸줬ȤƤȬǯˡƤѸȤʤäʵIJˡΤϥƥΤޤޡˡŪˡȤǧֹ񲦤ˤ۲ġסʥ롦ȡˤ⡤켷ȾޤǤϥե󥹸줬ȤƤʰϻͶǯˤȤȤ˱Ѹľ졤ʸ庣ޤ³Ƥ롥


˸⤢롥ˡΧޤ᤿ʸ񤬱Ѹǽ񤫤ʤФʤʤʤ롤֥ƥѡפϡϥΡī1713ǯΤȤǤ롥󥰥ɤϡΥޥʹߡѸŪʾ˴˼᤹Τˡä650ǯפȤˤʤ롥

ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-20 Thu

#3433. Ѹ̾ John[onomastics][etymology][personal_name][bible][hebrew]hypocorism

Ѹ̾ǺǤ褯ΤƤ̾ John ̾ϥإ֥饤ǡֿϷä߿פ̣롥ꥹȶλˤϽפʿ̾Ǥꡤԥϥ͡ꥹȤλ̤1ͤΥϥ͡4ʡ路ϥͤˤ⸫롥¾¿ͤ䶵Ĥ̾ȤƤѤƤˤ롥ѸǤϲˤ錄äƺǤͭ̾̾ȤѤƤ¤϶ǯϰ̤Ū̾ο͵ϿꤨƤƤȤ졤John ⸺ƤƤ褦ȤϤJohn ΰ۷Ǥ Ian ʤɤϤषƤƤȤ
۷ȤƤ Ian Τۤ Jon, Iain, Seán, Evan, Ieuan, Ivan, Jan ʤɤ롥ޤη (hypocorism) ȤƤ Johnny, Johnnie, Seonaidh Scottish Gaelic /ˈʃoʊni/ ȯˤۤJack, Jock 䤽ΰ۷Ǥ Jackie, Jacky, Jocky ʤɤ⹭̣Ǥ֤Ȥơ嵭ΥꥹȤ˲äƤ褤
դΤϡh Τʤ Jon ϡJohn ΰ۷ǤƱˡJonathan ΰηǤ⤢뤳ȤJonathan ϥإ֥饤ǡֿ£ʪפۤɤ̣̤̾ǡΰηȤƾ嵭 Jon Τۤ Jonnie, Jonny, Jonty ʤɤ롥
̾ˤ⡤Τ褦¿ƼΤ⤷Ϣơ#3408. Elizabeth οΰ̾ ([2018-08-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

Macleod, Isabail and Terry Freedman. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1995.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-11-1] [2019-03-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-19 Wed

#3432. ꥹIJεȤ⤤٤󥰥 witenagemot [etymology][oe][anglo-saxon][parliament][history][monarch][compound]

åΥեå粦¹륢륹Athelstan; ߰ 924--40ǯˤϡåˤȤɤޤ餺¾κǽΥ󥰥ɲȸƤ֤٤¸ߤǤ롥937ǯΥ֥ʥ֥դ襤Ƿ򤢤ۤեå粦äȯŸˡŵԻڥˡߤ¤ƱʤɤζӤŤͤ (20--21) ˤС

륹ˤȤäƺθӤϡΤιɾIJIJεȤ⤤٤ؤ֤ȤǤ륹ʹߤι񲦤ϡΩˡפ˿Ȥ褦ˤʤꡤΤŪͭϼԤȤβĤ򳫤褦ˤʤäʶʥޥˤ̤ΩˡԤϡΡ֥ꥢΥɥ󲦤λϻǯˤ䥦åΥͲλϻ塻ǯˤˤ⸫줿륹Ϥ򤵤絬ϤʤΤȤꥹȶνפʹԻǤ륭ꥹȹºסʰˡסʻͷˡ׺סʸˤŪ˳Ť褦ˤʤä
줬ָͲġסʥƥʥ⡼ȡˤȸƤФΤǤ롥󥰥ɳϤɽԤ򽸤᤿Ĥǡ󥿥٥꡼ȥ衼ʶ¿λʶ罤ƻĹʥޥˤͭϵ²²ʥˤ餬ʤ褦ˤʤꡤŪ⡤󥰥Τ˴ؤ볰ɱꡤˤΧˡˡ˴ؤ˶ĤƤβĤ˽ޤ褦ˤʤäͭϼԤˤȤäڤȤʤäΤ貦λफ鼡ηѾޤǤδ֤꤬ʤ褦ĴȤޤ˲̷ѾϤ˴ؤǤä
ͲĤϡΥꥹȶԻȤϴؤΤʤˤ⾤줿פβĤǤϽդη˴ؤ̤ˤ˹Ԥʤ줿ޤ夬ȤȤˡʼԤʼʽˤ˷褦ˤʤäƤä


륹ָ֤ͲġפϡűѸǤ witenagemōt ȸɽ witena + gemōt 2줫ʤʣǤꡤ witena ϡָ͡ɾİפ̣̾ wita ʣ°ʷǤ롥̾ϡѸ̾ wit cf. űѸư witan Τסˤƻ wise ȸ츻Ū˴ϢƤ롥
gemōt ϡֲġפ̣̾켫ΤƬ ge- ̾ mōt ʬ򤵤롥ge- Ͻɽ魯ƬǡѸʹߤ˼岽üƤäyclept, yclad, alike, among, enough, either, handicraft, handiwork ʤɤ첻˺פĤmōt ϡ츻Ū meet ʲ񤦡ˤȴطƤꡤǤ moot Ȥǡֵ;ϤΤפ̣ƻȤѤƤ롥
äơwitenagemōt ΰ̣Ϥޤˡָͤ礹ġפǤ롥ʤѸǤѸȤƤȯ /ˈwɪtnəgəˌmoʊt/ Ȥʤ롥
ΥޥʹߤεIJ (parliament) ˤĤƤϡ#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1]) ȡ#2335. parliament ([2015-09-18-1]) 򻲾ȡޤ󥰥īηϿޤǯɽˤĤơ#2620. 󥰥īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1]) ȡ#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ɤ

ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-18 Tue

#3431. Ƽ EEBO 󥿡ե [eebo][corpus][emode][site][web_service][link][n-gram][kwic]

ѸʥƥȤϿ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ˤĤơ#3117. EEBO corpus ꡼ ([2017-11-08-1]) BYU 󶡤 EEBO 󥿡ե Early English Books Online corpus Ҳ𤷤
Ȥ̤ˡEarly Modern Print: Text Mining Early Printed English ȤȤΥץȤǡn-gram KWIC ʤɤθ󥿡ե󶡤Ƥ뤳ȤΤäΤǾҲ𤷤ƤŪʥȥϡΥڡɤġζŪʥġϡΥ󥯤饢Ǥ롥

EEBO N-Gram Browser
EEBO-TCP Key Words in Context
EEBO-TCP and ESTC Text Counts
EEBO-TCP Words Per Year

ޤUniversity of Michigan 󶡤 Early English Books Online γƼ掠 Lancaster University ˤ EEBO on CQPweb (V3) Ʊͤͭѡ
Ƽ磻󥿡եΤѤ뤫¤Ȥ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-17 Mon

#3430. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ܼ [toc][history]

ܼ꡼ȤơΥꥹˡľδˡʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ܼϤ褦褯ǤܼϡΥơޤˤĤƤäΤˤȤƤΩġ



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߰ϻǯǰŵα



ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-16 Sun

#3429. ޥɥ˥ο̾ [sociolinguistics][macedonia][greek][map]

ꥷ̤ٹ֥ޥɥ˥¹פι̾ѤȿФƤξܤä礤ˤꡤ֥ޥɥ˥¹פο̥̾ޥɥ˥¹ (Republic of North Macedonia) ȤƤ612˹դ줿Ȥޥɥ˥Ǥ9˹̾ѹ䤦̱ɼ»ܤ¿ȤʤʷؤνפʰȤʤʤθ塤ꥷIJˤڤɬפȤˡޥɥ˥ˤȤäEUؤβ­ȤʤäƤǤꡤƤˤʤǽФƤޥɥ˥ǼȤƻѤƤˤĤƤϡ̤֥ޥɥ˥פȸƤ³褦

Map of Macedonia

äȤ⡤嵭ιդܥ٥ιդǤꡤꥷ̱¿ǼƤ櫓ǤϤʤ98 BBC News ƻ Greek riot police fire tear gas at Macedonia name protesters ǤϡꥷΥޥɥ˥Իԥƥå˥ˤ˽ưäȤ줿ꥷΡ֥ޥɥ˥ȡ̤ٹ֥ޥɥ˥׶¹̾ΤŤʤäƤΤ⤽äΤ
ꥷϡ쥯粦ͭ̾ʸ奮ꥷΥޥɥ˥򡤥ꥷˤΰȤǧƤطʤˤˡ̱²ȡʣʷаޤ롥#1659. ޥɥ˥μҲء ([2013-11-11-1]) ۤʲ BBC News ε򻲾Ȥ줿

Macedonia country profile (2018/07/10): س
Macedonia and Greece: Deal after 27-year row over a name (2018/07/12): ͳ褬ˤδƤ
Macedonia and Greece: Backlash over name deal (2018/07/13): 7ŪդˤĤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-23-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-15 Sat

2018-09-14 Fri

#3427. ἰܼإܥ󼰤Υ޻ĤŤоɽ [japanese][writing][orthography][romaji][language_planning]

#1879. ܸˤ޻ˡ ([2014-06-19-1])#1892. ֥޻ΤĤŤס ([2014-07-02-1]) ǸȤꡤܸΥ޻ɽϡָԤס֥إܥ󼰡סɸ༰סܼסַἰפʤɤΤĤΤĤŤδ֤ɤƤ롥
ָԤפϡ1954ǯʾ29ǯ129ܤ֥޻ΤĤŤפȤƹ𼨤1ɽפȡ2ɽפΩƤǤ롥1ɽȤϼ˼ַἰפƱǤꡤ2ɽȤϸ˽Ҥ٤ɸ༰פȡἰϳ줿ʬܼפäΤȤäƤ롥
֥إܥ󼰡פϡ1885ǯ18ǯˤˡХ󡤳ʤɤˤäȿ줿ϻ٤ȯɽǡҲѸˡ첻򥤥ꥢ˽ɽˡǤ롥إܥΡ±Ѹӽ3ǡ1886ǯˤ˺Ѥ줿ᡤ̾Ĥ
ɸ༰פϡֲ̾إܥ󼰡פȤƤФ褦ˡ1908ǯ41ǯˤˡإܥ󼰤 kwa, gwa, ye, wo ΤǤ롥Ŵ̾̾ʤɤ˹ѤƤ롥2ɽ˼ޤƤ롥
ܼפϡ1886ǯ19ǯˤ۰̤餬ϻйȯɽǡܸθ޽ޤ˴ŤƤ롥2ɽ˼ޤƤ롥
ַἰפϡ1937ǯʾ12ǯ921ˡֹ޻֥˴إפηǼ줿ܼѼǤꡤΤޤ1ɽȤʤäƤ롥
ʲˡἰȤἰܼإܥ󼰤оɽ򼨤ܼĻ [ ] θѤΤˤ * դˡإܥ󼰤ֻåΤǼ

 aiueo    
 kakikukeko kyakyukyo
  [kwa]*        
 sasisuseso syasyusyo
   shi    shashusho
 tatituteto tyatyutyo
   chitsu   chachucho
ʹ naninuneno nyanyunyo
Ϲ hahihuheho hyahyuhyo
    fu      
޹ mamimumemo myamyumyo
 ya yu yo    
 rarirurero ryaryuryo
 wa   [wo]*    
           
 gagigugego gyagyugyo
  [gwa]*        
 zazizuzezo zyazyuzyo
   ji    jajujo
 dazizudedo zyazyuzyo
   [di][du]   [dya][dyu][dyo]
   ji    jajujo
й babibubebo byabyubyo
ѹ papipupepo pyapyupyo


ʾ塤ܸɴŵ (pp. 348--51) ˰͵򤷤

ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

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2018-09-13 Thu

#3426. ѸˤȤ虜 [proverb][japanese]

Ȥ虜ϡθʸŪ˼ƤηäǤ뤫顤ˤʸȼʪθȤ館ȿǤƤȤΤϡΤˤꤽʤȤǤ롥ŵŪʼΤȤ虜줴ȤӤƤߤС⤷ۤƶˤʤ
ƣ8ϤˡѸˤȤ虜Ӥε롥Ȥ虜Τɴʡ١ʽսҡ2012ǯˤ˰͵򤷤Ĥġ㤬󤲤Ƥ礿Τʲ˰Ѥ褦

Ѹ ܸ
¿۷ Don't beat about the bush. Call a spade a spade.β۷ϸϺҤθ뤹в֡
ιư Do to others as you would be done by. ʡإޥ١إ륫١οŷϸʤߤͤ˻ܤޤ졥ʡ١
ιⷿ Offense is the best defense.μ¤äºȤʤҡ
ηи Experience without learning is better than learning without experience.θҼϳؼ㤷餺лहȤⵢ餺ο
θĿͼ Who spits against heaven, it falls in his face.νļϰϡƤΰ̤Ҥ󤤡
κռ Religion is the rule of life.֤ռκѤä󷯤˻Ť


줤˿޼Ƥ롥椹Τ˳ơθ줫ɤΤ褦ʤȤ虜äƤΤȤˤդƤε#3425. ѸеȤ虜 ([2018-09-12-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸȤеȤ虜ȤΤ뤫㤨СѸ Offense is the best defence ܸΡ¤äºȤʤפȤ椷Ƥ뤬ԤܸǡֹϺɸפ⡤ߤܤǤϹѤƤ롥μʸӤεˤϡ˷꤭ȤäʷϵĤϤ뤬祤ȤʤȤС⥦Ǥ롥Τˤ⤷

ƣ ˮˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ١ҡ2018ǯ

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2018-09-12 Wed

#3425. ѸеȤ虜 [proverb]

ߤȿФΰ̣ΤȤ虜еȤ虜ˤ뤳ȤϡܸǤ褯ΤƤ롥ֵޤвפȡϵޤס٤뤳Ȥϻ٤פȡֻܤľסֽ褱Ф٤Ƥ褷פȡֻϤ褱н褷סʤߤ֤餺פȡ᤯Ѹˤ褦еȤ虜ѰդƤ롥ƣ (11--13) ꡤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

A good beginning makes a good ending.All is well that ends well.
A little learning is a dangerous thing.It is better to know something than to know nothing.
An occasion lost cannot be redeemed.Tomorrow is another day.
One is never too old to learn.You can't teach an old dog new tricks.
The tailor makes the man.The cowl (or hood) does not make the monk.
Experience is a good (or the best) teacher.Experience is the teacher of fools.
Love is a flower which turns into fruit at marriage.Marriage is the tomb of love.
Many hands make light work.Too many cooks spoil the broth.


Τ褦еȤ虜Υڥ򸫤ȡȤ虜ȤΤϤøʤΤʤȻפʤ롥Ȥƣ (11--12) ϤʸȤ

ơΤ褦˰̣ȿФΤȤ虜˽в񤦤ȡڤ뤳Ȥιʿͤϡ֤ɤ餫ϥåꤻפȤä˻פΤޤ󡥤뤤ϡȤ虜ΤοͤפĤǸäȤ顤ʳŪ̷⤷Ƥ餢ޤ̣ʤȻפ⤷ޤ󡥤ϤȤ虜β뤫來ޤʤΤȤ٤Ǥ礦
ˡϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ褦˻פޤ뤲褦ȤΤȤͤƤϤʳǤϡ䤿ϡֻϤ᤬פȸäƳи򿷤ˤʤФʤޤ󤬡ʳˤʤФΤȤˤϤޤֽ꤬פȸäƵʤФʤʤΤǤȤ虜ϡ줾ξΤ줾ʳˤηäǤ顤ä̷⤷Ƥ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥤줾ʳ˱ƽ֤äƤǤäơɤ⿿¤ʤΤǤ


ϤΤȤ虜ѤϴǤͤβäơȤ虜Υ省ޥؤǤȻפޤ

ƣ ˮˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ١ҡ2018ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-27-1] [2018-09-13-1]

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2018-09-11 Tue

#3424. might (2) [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][may]

ε ([2018-09-10-1]) ε³ơ might ꡥιʸVisser (III, 1681) "Faire myght thee befalle!" פȤƼ夲Ƥ롥űѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤʸäƤꡤO(h)! that ԤޤᡤʸȯãͤǵŤʰȤʤäƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Ælfred, Boeth. (Sedgefield) 34, 6, Eala ðæt ure tida nu ne mihtan weorðan swilce!
Blickl. Hom. 69, 7, To hwon sceolde ðeos smyrenes ðus beon to lose ȝedon? eaþe heo mehte beon ȝeseald to þrim hunde peneȝa.
c1400--50 Alexander (Ashm.) 1605, 'Ay moȝt he lefe' quod ilka man twyse (OED).
c1460 Towneley Myst. 33, Faire myght the[e] befalle!
c1460 Wakefield Miracle Play of the Crucifixion (Everym.) Libr. p. 104, That shall I do, so might I thrive!
Ibid. p. 105, 29, as might thou the!
Ibid. p. 115, 9, as ever might I thrive!
1530 Palsgrave 84, The optative mode which they vse whan they wisshe a dede to be done, as 'bien parle il', well speke he, or well myght he speke.
1575 Gammer Gurton (in: Manly, Spec. II) V, ii, 8, fye on him, wretch! And euil mought he thee for it (Or mought = mote?).
1589--9 Ben Jonson, The Case Is Altered (Everym.) II, i p. 678, That I might live alone once with my gold! O, 'tis sweet companion!
1596 Shakesp., Merch. of Ven. II, ii, 98, Lord worshipt might be, what a beard hast thou got.
1852 M. Arnold, To Marguerite, Cont'd 18, Oh might our marges meet again! (OED).
c1920 W. W. Gibson, Waters of Lethe (Coll. Poems 1926), O that we too might stand Amid unrustling reeds, That banner with dark plumes the shadowy strand! . . . O that we two might glide With eager eyes . . . Into the mist that veils the further side!
1931 R. L. Binyon, Prayer (Coll. Poems 1931), O might my love that in one heart has found such hope to cherish . . . O might it grow Till in this clear profound Part of thy peace were seen (Kr).


ʸŪ˸Ϥȡmight εʸ may εʸȤ褽Ʊͤ칽¤ѤƤꡤε OED ˰͵򤷤ƾҲ𤷤־֡Ǥϡmight ʸȯãƤŤʤ褦˻פ롥
1530ǯʸˤϹʸ˴ؤ᥿ʥȤޤޤƤꡤܤͤ롥Ǥϡmight ʸ³ˡɽȤƲ򤵤Ƥ롥

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-28-1]

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2018-09-10 Mon

#3423. might (1) [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][oed][may]

ѸǤѤƤȤäƤ褤Ѹ줫Ѹˤơ may ʤ̵ might ȤˡäOED may, v.1 θ24Ǽ夲ƤΤɤΤäOED Ѥ褦

24. Used (since Middle English with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (sometimes when the realization of the wish is thought hardly possible). poet. Perhaps Obsolete.
     This appears to have developed from the hypothetical use (sense 20a).

c1325 (?c1225) King Horn (Harl.) (1901) 166 (MED) Crist him myhte blesse.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1607 (MED) Ay moȝt [a1500 Trin. Dub. mot] he lefe, ay moȝt he lefe, þe lege Emperoure!
1600 Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ii. 88 Lord worshipt might he be, what a beard hast thou got.
1720 Pope tr. Homer Iliad VI. xxiv. 261 Oh!..might I..these Barbarities repay!
1852 M. Arnold To Marguerite in Empedocles 97 Now round us spreads the watery plain---Oh might our marges meet again!


might νиȯã˴Ϣơ may ɤΤ褦˴ͿƤΤƤʤΤϡ⤷Ǥ롥嵭 OED ȤƸڤƤ20aȤΤϾˤˡǤꡤĤޤ If S might V ɽȤƤ Might S V Ȥ칽¤ΤȤؤmay ʸˤĤƤΤ褦ȯãʹȤʤΤǡĤޤȤOED might may εʸϤ줾ۼηϩȯãȹͤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τˡ1720ǯ might I Τ褦1;ñѤ륱 may ʸǤϸȤʤΤ褦 might ˡϸ̩ˤСֵפȤ̤ȯù԰٤ɽ路ƤΤ⤷ʤ
might ˤ֤Ƥʤ⸫뤳Ȥ顤־֡ǤϤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϡθʳ may εʸȹήȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ might ϸޤǤ˻¾ѤȤʤäƤȤʤѤȤʤäΤˤⶽ̣롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-28-1] [2018-09-11-1]

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2018-09-09 Sun

#3422. űѸ졦ѸΤȤ虜 [proverb][oe][me][hel_education]

Ѹ줳Ȥ虜ϡűѸѸˤ⤿ϿƤ롥ǸŤαѸ줳Ȥ虜 Proverbs of Alfred (c. 1150--80) ȸƤФΤ뤷ʸغʤˤͳΤΤޤƿΤȤ虜ϿƤ
13--14ΤΤ濴ȤSkeat ԤΤȤ虜롥ˤѤƤΤ¿ΤǡѸѸˤγؽˤäƤĤǤ롥ʲˡĤƤĤФƤߤ褦

Hwa is thet mei thet hors wettrien the him-self nule drinken? (Old English Homilies): "Who is he that may water the horse and not drink himself?"
Nis nawer nan so wis mon / That me ne mai bi-swiken. (Layamon): "There is nowhere so wise a man that one cannot deceive him."
Euer so the hul is more and herre, so the wind is more theron. (Ancrene Riwle): "The greater and higher the hill, the greater the wind on it." hul ˤĤơ#1812. 6ñѰۤǸѸ ([2014-04-13-1]) 򻲾)
Wel fight that wel specth --- seide Alvred. (Owl and Nightingale): "He that speaks will, fights well --- said Alfred."
Strong hit is to rowe ayeyn the see that floweth, So hit is to swynke ayeyn un-ylimpe. (Prov. of Alfred): "As it is hard to row against the sea that flows, so it is to toil against misfortune."
For qua bigin wil ani thing / He aght to thinc on the ending. (Cursor Mundi): "For he who will begin a thing ought to think how it may end."
Ther God wile helpen, nouht ne dereth. (Havelok): "Where God will help, nothing does harm."
More honour is, faire to sterve, Than in servage vyliche to serve. (Kyng Alisaunder): "It is more honour to die fairly than to serve cunningly in servitude."
Tel thou neuer thy fo that thy fot aketh. (Hending): "Never tell thy foe that thy foot aches."
The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne. (Parlement of Foules): "Life is so short, art is so long to learn."
Hit is not al gold, that glareth. (Hous of Fame): "All is not gold that glitters."
The nere the cherche, the fyrther fro Gode. (Handlyng Synne): "The nearer to the church, the further from God."
That that rathest rypeth roteth most saunest. (P. Pl.): "What ripes most quickly, rots earliest."
A litell stane, as men sayis, / May ger weltir ane mekill wane. (Bruce): "A little stone, as many say, can cause a great waggon to be overturned."
For spechëles may no man spede. (Confessio Amantis): "For no man can succeed by being speechless."
It is nought good a sleping hound to wake. (Troilus): "It is not good to wake a sleeping dog."
Mordre wol out. (Canterbury Tales) wol ˤĤơ#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ
Charite schuld bigyne at hem-self. (Wyclif, Works): "Charity should begin at home."

Skeat, Walter W., ed. Early English Proverbs, Chiefly of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, with Illustrative Quotations. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910.

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2018-09-08 Sat

#3421. Ѹ줳Ȥ虜ʸΡŪħ򼨤 [proverb][statistics][corpus][stylistics]

#3419. Ѹ줳Ȥ虜Υɡ ([2018-09-06-1]) ȡ#3420. ɤޤѸ줳Ȥ虜 ([2018-09-07-1]) ˰³Ѹ줳Ȥ虜ꡥƣˮˡˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ٤ξҲڡФ866αѸ줳Ȥ虜ˤĤơʸŪŪħǼƤߤħ⤭ĦˤˤϡѸ줳Ȥ虜ѥ򡤤礭ʰŪʥѥӤɬפΤǡƱͤ100쵬Ϥ British English 06 (BE06) Ѥ̤ȤơΤ褦ʴŪͤ줿  *  *

CorpusProverbsBE06
tokens (running words) in text6,2761,011,020
types (distinct words)1,61645,298
type/token ratio (TTR)25.754.48
standardised TTR45.2543.90
STTR std.dev.46.4254.62
STTR basis1,0001,000
mean word length (in characters)4.094.69
word length std.dev.1.922.58
sentences86953,466
mean (in words)7.2218.91
std.dev.2.8614.38
1-letter words29238,775
2-letter words1,020168,273
3-letter words1,345205,211
4-letter words1,370166,961
5-letter words996110,856
6-letter words55388,195
7-letter words35979,174
8-letter words16356,645
9-letter words9639,767
10-letter words5326,170
11-letter words1715,493
12-letter words68,208
13-letter words44,557
14-letter words11,687
15-letter words1623


٤Ȥơޤ "type/token ratio" ŦƤοͤ⤤ۤɡѥǰۤʤ줬¿ѤƤȲǤ롥˿ͤ򸫤ȡ̥ѥ⤳Ȥ虜ѥΤۤ⤤ͤ򼨤Ƥꡤä¿ͤǤȲǤ#2336. Text Analyser --- ʰץƥʬϴ ([2015-09-19-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѥߤ礭ۤʤΤǡλɸñȤǤϤۤɾ̤Ϥʤ
"mean word length" "word length std.dev." 1ʸǤ롥ξѥ֤ΰ㤤Ϥۤ礭ʤŪǤϤ롥Ȥ虜ѥΤ̥ۤѥ⡤ûֻñ򹥤ȲǤ뤬ɤʤΤΤˡĹñϰ̥ѥФˤ褦ˤϴ롥
ǤʤۤɤȴΤϡ1ʸĤñ줫ΩäƤ뤫򼨤 "mean (in words)" Ȥ "std.dev." οͤ⥳ѥ˰¸ȤϤȤ虜ǤʿѤ7.22졤̤Ǥ18.91ȤΤϡȤƤ롥ɸк碌ƹͤȡȤ虜1ʸŪûȤʬ롥ûϤ褯ƤʤܡפȤΤ̣ǤϤȤ虜ηŪħǤ⤢뤫顤η̤ϤޤäԻ׵ĤǤϤʤƵҴŪ˿ͤܤˤȤ⤷

ƣ ˮˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ١ҡ2018ǯ

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2018-09-07 Fri

#3420. ɤʣޤѸ줳Ȥ虜ΰ [proverb][keyword]

ε#3419. Ѹ줳Ȥ虜Υɡ ([2018-09-06-1]) ơѸ줳Ȥ虜ħŤ50ΥɤºݤˤĤޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ虜󤲤ƤƣꥹȤ866Τʤ顤5İʾΥɤޤळȤ虜ʽʣˤ33ۤɸĤä  *

No man better knows what good is than he who has endured evil.
See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil.
Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; show him how to catch fish and you feed him for a lifetime.
Better the devil you know than the devil you don't know.
A good neighbor is better than a brother far off.
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.
Half a loaf is better than no bread.
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a horse.
A wise man changes his mind, a fool never.
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
A man may lead (or take) a horse to the water but he cannot make him drink.
A good wife and health is a man's best wealth.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
We may not expect a good whelp from an ill dog.
The good you do for others is good you do yourself.
Poverty is no disgrace, but it is a great inconvenience.
It is the bridle and spur that makes a good horse.
It is better to be stung by a nettle than pricked by a rose.
In a calm sea every man is a pilot.
He that hath a full purse never wanted a friend.
Don't make yourself a mouse, or the cat will eat you.
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.
Adversity makes a man wise.
A picture is worth a thousand words.
A wise man never wants a weapon.
A good wife makes a good husband.
A good wife is a good prize.
A good husband makes a good wife.
A good beginning makes a good ending.
A friend who shares is a friend who cares.
A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
A fool at forty is a fool indeed.

ʤۤɡѸ줳Ȥ虜ŵʤΤȤʤĤƤ롥򡤼ʡ͡ɤȤ߹碌СŬʤȤ虜ƤޤʤۤɤդˤСʤ̤Ȥ虜ɽ魯ηä俿ȤΤϡ¤줿ΥɤȤ߹碌뤳ȤˤäɽǤۤɤΤΤʤΤ⤷ʤƤڤȸ櫓ǤϤʤषŤΤ

ƣ ˮˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ١ҡ2018ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-16-1] [2018-09-08-1]

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2018-09-06 Thu

#3419. Ѹ줳Ȥ虜Υ [proverb][keyword][statistics][corpus]

ǯ6˳ҤǤ줿ƣˮˡˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ٤ҲڡˡƱǸڤ줿Ѹ줳Ȥ虜κ䡤¾δϢꥹȤƤ롥餫ѸΤȤ虜866Фñ˥ʬϤƤߤ  *
ŪʻȥѥȤơBritish English 06 (BE06) ꤷΥѥˤĤƤϡ#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ƥ뤬üŪˤ2006ǯʺˤ˽Ǥ줿ꥹѸνƥȤʤ100쵬ϤΥѥǤ롥׻η̡ٿι⤫ä50ñ󤲤褦  *

is, makes, good, man, cannot, a, never, you, love, wise, better, thief, devil, ill, than, fool, horse, no, truth, fortune, sweet, adversity, evil, make, shall, travels, friend, every, don't, beauty, knows, not, money, neighbor, speak, words, will, worth, fair, hath, best, blind, deceives, dog, longest, comes, honor, man's, great, bread


̸ˤϵǽ¿äƤ뤬Ȥ虜ʸΤʷϵ褯Ƥ褦˻פ졤̣cannot, never, you, than, no, shall, every, don't, not, hath ʤɤϡˤ⤳Ȥ虜Ȼ礦ǽǤ롥
餺ƸΥ饤ʥåפ⤪⤷ưǤ make, know, deceive ȤΤˤ̾Ǥ man, thief, devil, fool, horse, truth, fortune, adversity, evil, friend, beauty, money, neighbor, words, dog, honor, bread ʤɡפ鷺ΤƤޤΤФƻǤϡgood, better, best, ill ϤΤȡwise, fair, blind, longest ʤɤˤǼ롥Ӥˤꡤƻ塦ηäȤѸ줳Ȥ虜ܼƤ褦ʥɤ
Τ褦ʸΤ˴ؤ륭ʬϤϡˤƵҴŪǤʤ顤ˤľѤṲ̆Фʤ뤤ϤʾȯˤȤǤ⤷ۤˤ⡤֤ˤʥɡץ꡼εȤơ#317. Ǽʬޥ˥󥰡ʥԡˡ ([2010-03-10-1])#518. Singapore English ΥɤС ([2010-09-27-1])#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1])#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ˱Ѹ̻ŪʥʬϤˤĤƤϡѸ쥳ѥ LAEME Ѥ Hotta (2013) ʸ⤢롥

ƣ ˮˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ١ҡ2018ǯ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Representativeness, Word Frequency, and Keywords in the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 112 (2013): 67--84.

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2018-09-05 Wed

#3418. ֥ͥפȡ֥ͥ [doublet][japanese][consonant][degemination]

ѸβǤϡ1ĤηǤƱҲŤʤҲʣ (gemination) Ϥʤ/pp/, /tt/, /kk/, /ss/, /mm/, /nn/ ʤɡűѸˤ¸ߤΤѸˤŻҲ (degemination) ñҲȽŻҲΩä줿 (cf. #1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1])#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1])) 衤ֻˤƤ2ŻҲϹĤäȯϻҲʣϾǤΤǤ롥äơchannel, running ȯϤޤ /ˈʧænəl/, /ˈrʌnɪŋ/ Τ褦 /n/ 1ĤʤΤդפ롥
˴ؤơ俷ʹΡ֤ʤʤܸפΥʡ407ˤˡɽˤơ֥פϤफݤȤ꤬ܤäƤԥåѥԥå˸ƳθƤȤʤäƤ֥ޡפϡ1948ǯ˺Ѥ줿Ȥˤϡʹǡ֥ޡפɽ줿 summer κǽ m ʬ֥פɽ櫓Ʊ褦Ρ֥˥󥰡 (inning) ⡤ĤƤϡ֥˥󥰡פȽ񤫤ƤȤȤϡߤˤơ2ŻҲǤϤʤñҲɽ魯ز̾ɽѲƤȤˤʤ롥
Ǥˡ֥ɽǤޤä⤢롥㤨С֥ޡ (comma)֥ϥޡ (hammer) ʤɤϡ֥ȴǤ夭ΰ롥⤷ΤϡƥӤΡ֥ͥ (channel) Ǥϡ֥פĤäͥפָĥͥפʤŪˡˤƤϡ֥פæƤ뤳Ȥʤɤϡ츻ƱΤΡѤηϩˡΰ㤤ˤꡤۤʤ2ĤθȯɽˤȤʻ¸ƤȤǡ2Ÿ (doublet) 1Ȥ
ۤ˻פĤդäСؤ֥ͥ(kennel) ˤ֥פĤäƤ롥tannin ֥˥פꡥޤ֥˥󥰡 (running) ǡ֥פĤäƤǡ*֥ߥ󥰡 (swimming) Ǥϡ֥ߥ󥰡פΤ褦ˡ֥դȤʤäƤʤΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥ɽĤҤȤĸƤƤС٤ηϸƤ˰㤤ʤɽˤϸġλ𤬤Τ

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2018-09-04 Tue

#3417. may Ͻ°ˤˡȯã [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][oed][may]

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) Ǥ⤹Ǥ˿Ƥ may ιʸΩ1Ĥϡ°ˤˡI wish that S may V Τ褦ʹʸˤȯã˵뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ OED ϤΤ褦˹ͤƤꡤ (82) Stage 3 Stage 4 ؤοܤˤƱȯãäȤߤƤ褦OED ǤϤλѸ줫Ѹؤβϴ֤ƤΤФơϤ⤦Ѹ֤ƤȤ㤤롥
may ιʸθȤ뽾°ˤˡˤĤơOED ǤϸűѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤmay, v.1 θ9b˵󤲤Ƥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

b. In clauses depending on such verbs as beseech, desire, demand, hope, wish, and their allied nouns. . . .

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) x. 258 Hwæt wilt ðu þæt ic þe do? He cwæð: drihten þæt ic mage geseon.
1432 Charter Educ. Henry VI in Paston Lett. (1872) I. 32 The said Erle desireth..that he may putte hem from..occupacion of the Kinges service.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. xxiv Graunt that they maie both perceaue and knowe what thinges they ought to do.
1636 in M. Kytö Variation & Diachrony (1991) 111 I desire they may goe for shares and victuall them selves.
1771 [T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 197 But, perhaps, I mistake his complaisance; and I wish I may, for his sake.]
1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 218 He humbly hopes, presumes it may be so.
1908 W. McDougall Introd. Social Psychol. p. vii I hope that the book may be of service to students of all the social sciences.
1970 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 42/2 Through the new page.., we hope that a contribution may be made toward stimulating new thought.
1984 Guardian 27 Jan. 26 They found a shovel raising hopes that the lost men may have dug themselves into a snow hole.


μˤ뵧 may ιʸˤĤƤϡOED ϸ12ΤȤǵ󤲤Ƥꡤ1521ǯȤƤ롥#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) ǤǺܤ12ΤѤƤ

12. Used (with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (synonymous with the simple present subjunctive, which (exc. poet. and rhetorically) it has superseded).
This use developed from sense 9b, as is shown by early examples, such as quot. 1521, in which the subject precedes may, and antecedent formulae (e.g. quot. 1501) which have a that-clause.

[1501 in A. W. Reed Early Tudor Drama (1926) 240 Wherfore that it may please your good lordship, the premisses tenderly considered to graunt a Writ of subpena to be directed [etc.].]
1521 Petition in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 5 Wherefore it may please you to ennacte [etc.; cf. 1582--3 Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) II. 265 Maye [it] pleas yo(ur)r worshipes to caule].
1570 M. Coulweber in J. W. Burgon Life Gresham II. 360 For so much as I was spoyled by the waye in cominge towards England by the Duke of Alva his frebetters, maye it please the Queenes Majestie [etc.].
1590 Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. A5v Long liue Cosroe mighty Emperour. Cosr. And Ioue may neuer let me longer liue, Then I may seeke to gratifie your loue.
1593 Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Diijv Long may they kisse ech other for this cure.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. sig. ⁋3 Long may he reigne.
1637 Milton Comus 32 May thy brimmed waves for this Their full tribute never misse.
1647 Prol. to Fletcher's Womans Prize in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. sig. Qqqqq2/1 A merry Play. Which this may prove.
1712 T. Tickell Spectator No. 410. ⁋6 But let my Sons attend, Attend may they Whom Youthful Vigour may to Sin betray.
1717 Entertainers No. 2. 7 Much good may it do the Dissenters with such Champions.
1786 C. Simeon in W. Carus Life (1847) 71 May this be your blessed experience and mine.
1841 Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. viii. 121 'May the present moment,' said Dick,.. 'be the worst of our lives!'
1892 Catholic News 27 Feb. 5/5 May this smash-up of his facts remain as a warning to him.
1946 W. H. Auden Litany & Anthem for S. Matthew's Day May we worship neither the flux of chance, nor the wheel of fortune.
1986 B. Gilroy Frangipani House vii. 30 May your soul never wander and may you find eternal peace.


1712ǯǡLet my Sons attend, Attend may they ȤʬǴ let ȵ may Τ褦֤ƤΤŪǤ롥#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū ([2018-09-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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2018-09-03 Mon

#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū [pragmatics][semantics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][auxiliary_verb][optative][may]

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǡξʸΰճȤפˤĤŪʴҲ𤷤ѸζŪ⡤Huddleston and Pullum (944) ξԤΰ̣Ū˸ڤƤ롥

[Optative may C]onstruction . . . , which belongs to somewhat formal style, has may in pre-subject position, meaning approximately "I hope/pray". There is some semantic resemblance between this specialised use of may and that of let in open let-imperatives, but syntactically the NP following may is clearly subject . . . . The construction has the same internal form as a closed interrogative, but has no uninverted counterpart.


may let ְ̣Ū˻ƤȤϼΤǤʤǤְ̣פϸޤְ̣פˡȯù԰٤ȤƤΡֵפԤʤСˡִפʤΤ;ִפʳȤơֵפդΤΤϤ
Ūˤϡ³̾礬ʤ֤뤫Ūʤ֤뤫Ȥ餫˶̤ȻŦƤ롥ΤˡξԤϤ˰ۤʤ롥may let бȯù԰٤ɽ魯ɸȤȤ館θ̾γʤζ̵̤뤹줳ȤˤСָɸ̾ʡưθˡפȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤŪˤƤȵ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ʤȤɽŪˤƤϡߤʤ롥
may let ⡤ʸƬư츶̿ɸꡤʸƬ Oh ǴòɸꤹΤƱͤθŪʵǽǻäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ#2923. ȱμ ([2017-04-28-1]) Ȥ줽ʡʤΤ褦˻פ롥

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-04-1]

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2018-09-02 Sun

#3415. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (3) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][subjunctive][imperative][may]

Ⱥε ([2018-08-31-1], [2018-09-01-1]) ­롥Biber et al (11.2.3.4, p. 918) ˤȡּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤĶˤϡεǵ󤲤Τ˲äơ⤦2ʰʲ A Cˤ롥 may ιʸ (B) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ˽Ф路ΤʤΤǡȹ碌3Ѥ롥A B ϸŤˡλ¸ȤȤʤΤǡŪʴäƤʸ

11.2.3.4 Special cases of inversion in independent clauses
   Some uses of inversion are highly restricted and usually confined to more or less fixed collocations. Types A and B described below are remnants of earlier uses and carry archaic literary overtones.

A Formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms
   The combination of the inflectionless subjunctive and inversion gives the highlighted expressions below an archaic and solemn ring:
      Be it proclaimed in all the schools Plato was right! (FICT)
      If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life, not mine. (FICT)
      "I, Charles Seymour, do swear that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors according to law, so help me God." (FICT)
      Long Live King Edmund! (FICT)
      Suffice it to say that the DTI was the supervising authority for such fringe banks. (NEWS)
 
B Clauses opening with the auxiliary may
   The auxiliary may is used in a similar manner to express a strong wish. This represents a more productive pattern:
      May it be pointed out that the teacher should always try to extend the girls helping them to achieve more and more. (FICT)
      May God forgive you your blasphemy, Pilot. Yes. May he forgive you and open your eyes. (FICT)
      The XJS may be an ageing leviathan but it is still a unique car. Long may it be so! (NEWS)
      Long May She Reign! (NEWS)

C Imperative clauses
   Imperative clauses may contain an expressed subject following don't . . . .


A B ΰ̣ŪŪܤ٤Ǥ롥Ȥ̿ᡤ𡤵ʤɤΡֶ˾פ롥Ūˤϡmay ʤɤˡư϶ޤˤ³ˡѤȤȯãƤ¦̤ꡤξԤ̣Ū˶ᤤطˤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥ƸѸˤɽȤƤǤϤ춦¸ƤꡤŪˤ֤Ȥǿ񤤤ƤΤϡ˶̣

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2018-09-01 Sat

#3414. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (2) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][may]

ε ([2018-08-31-1]) ˰³ƤꡥHuddleston and Pullum ꡤѸǥǥեȤθ礬֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ9ĤΥҲ𤷤9Ĥ礭2ĤΥפʬȡζ礬֤뤳Ȥˤ֤ΤȡǤʤΤȤ˿ʬ롥ԤϤ2ʬ졤Τ褦ʶ礬ɬ֤ʤФʤʤȡ֤ǤդǤ륱Ȥ̤롥Huddleston and Pullum (97) ޤȤ褦

UNTRIGGEREDTRIGGERED
obligatoryoptional
Closed interrogativesOpen interrogativesExclamatives
Conditional inversionInitial negativeOther fronted elements
Optative mayInitial only
Initial so/such


Ȥ櫓̣Τ "UNTRIGGERED" °3Ǥ롥̾ˤä "TRIGGER" ˤΤˤĤƤϡΰ⤬뤫֤ΤɽŪˤǼ뤳ȤǤʤ꿼ɵ᤹СϤǤϤ뤬ˡUNTRIGGERED 3ˤĤƤϡɽȤƤΰ⤬櫓ǤʤΤ褦ʹʸǤϤñ֤ʤФʤʤΤȤ§褦˻פ롥ȤϤŪʤΤ˸ŪưŤϤʤΤ
"UNTRIGGERED" 3Τ"Closed interrogatives" ˤϡּܽưפʸꡤ"Conditional inversion" ˤif ܼܽưפȤ롥Ȥ"Optative may" ˤĤƤɸŪȤ٤ʸʤ may ΩĤȤΤϡɤŪˤ϶ˤðۤΤ褦Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) ǰäƤΤǡȤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1]

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