ε#5003. DZѸ --- ߷ȹֺ¤Τ ([2023-01-07-1]) ǡѸ̻ŪӤŬƥȤǤ뤳ȤҤ٤ޤƤ§ȤƸźƱǤȤȤϡ̸ŪӤˤŬƤȤȤˤʤޤꥷ졤ƥ졤Ѹ졤ե졤ɥĸ졤졤ܸʤɤδ֤Ǽڤ˸ӤǤƤޤޤĤޤꡤоȸ (contrastive_linguistics)Ӹ (comparative_linguistics)оȸ (contrastive_language_history) δͭѤʥƥȤȤʤޤ
ǯˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤβĹΤޤˤȤ note ˤơ֥ϤեꥸʥˡפϤޤեꥸǯϤˤ狼̣ȤΤȤǤʾСˡ1234ȡ4ʬεǺܤƤޤפѸ In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. ȥեꥸ Yn it begjin hat God de himel en de ierde skepen. ٤ʤ顤̯ʸĴǥեꥸĶŸƤޤ
եꥸ (Frisian) ϡӸŪ˱ѸȺǤƤθȤƤޤθˤĤ hellog ǤʲεǿƤޤΤǡҤ
#787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1])
#2950. ޥʤǽűѸˤƤΡ˻βѲ ([2017-05-25-1])
#3169. űѸ⳰ˤեꥸͤγ ([2017-12-30-1])
#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])
#4670. ˤ֥եꥸκס ([2022-02-08-1])
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#40. Ѹ˺Ǥᤤϡ֥եꥸסˤƲ⤷ƤޤҤİ
ӸؤǤϡѸȺǤƤθϲȤХեꥸ (Frisian) ȤȤˤʤäƤ롥ܥ֥ǤϱѸˤμդ͡˰äƤեꥸˤĤƤϡ#787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1]) #3169. űѸ⳰ˤեꥸͤγ ([2017-12-30-1]) Ǽ夲٤ǡޤܤƤʤä
ǶḽΥեꥸξˤĤ٤֥եꥸκפꤹ̥Ū1Ѥ (262--63) ̱²߽Ф1Ȥƥեꥸ줬夲Ƥս
줬ϤζΰϤˤäƾǤδˤ餵Ƥ⡤̱²ŪޥΥƥǥƥƥ᤹뤳Ȥǡθϰ̤θˤĤʤ뤳Ȥ롥եꥸξ礬Ǥ롥եꥸϡѸƱޥ췲γθ췲̥եꥸ췲ͤ°Ѹ¿ζäƤ롥θ˸ŤˤäƤꡤޤȴطäƤ衼åѤ̱²θǤ롥ĤƥեꥸüԤϡγȤ襤ȴαĤߤơؤ⤯äƤDeus mare, Friso litora fecitաֿĤꡤեꥸͤߤĤäפȡȤեꥸäҤȤӤȤϡʥեȽȥե˥˻͡ˤȥɥġʥǥޡȹܤ륷쥹ҡۥ륷奿ˡΤॹȥإॹϡեδ֤ˤϰ衤ߤȤޤäƤΦȤϤʤۤʤƿ͡ˤΤʬƤޤΤʤǥեꥸˤϿषƤ
ưϽȾФ餹Ǥ˻ϤޤäƤΤǤϡեꥸ¼ǤäƤʤä줬ˡΧʸˤƥեꥸˤȤäϤɤ⡤ˤʤäơΰĹΤȤƥեȤ¸ߤȤϡǥƥƥγä¥ȤϡŪʵϤαդĤġθˤޤȤޤäˡ褦Ȥˤˤϥեꥸǥߡꡤ¤Ƥ롥եꥸ϶ˡΧΰˤϤޤۤȤƳƤʤɤ⡤廰ǯʹ߾عܤȤƳ졤ǯȽǿѤǤ褦ˤʤäȤȡθߤŪʹưΤǡեꥸϥ˶Ϥ˰褯ƤȤ̸ά͡
֥եꥸǥߡפʤȿ뤳ȤΤʤäΤǶä졤Ѹ졤ɥĸ졤̲ȤŪˤŪˤҲŪˤʽζ֤ˤäơޤӤƤȤΤϴפΤ褦ˤפ롥
ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ
ϥɥĸʤɤΡ (the Low Countries) ν줬ѸͿƶˤĤơαѸˤǤϡҤʤΤˤȤɤޤäƤǰƬˤΤϼȤƸŪʱƶΤȤ줬ᾮɾƤȤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1]) ʤɤεǤ⼨Ƥ̤Ǥ롥
夲 Chamson ͤܤȤޤäʤϽαƶᾮɾƤΤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (281)
While historical records attest to continual and intense migrations to Britain from the Low Countries over a period of roughly a thousand years, our knowledge of the linguistic consequences of this contact --- i.e. the impact of Dutch, Frisian, and the Low German dialects on English --- remains sketchy. One main reason is inherent, i.e. due [to] the similarities of the languages involved. Another is extrinsic: the nature of the contact, at once commonplace and elusive, has meant that discussions of the history of English frequently pass over this area, favoring the big players and the exotics.
ޤᾮɾطʤˤϡѸϽ줬ŪƤȤܼŪͳ Chamson ϽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ʊޥ췲ϥޥȤơá֤̤äƤꡤŪˤߤڤδطİˤȤ𤬤롥ĤޤꡤʤΤѸʤΤˤŤ餤Τ
츻ˤŤ餤ΤϡʤˤѸϽ˸¤äȤǤϤʤѸȸťΥɸƱͤӤȤơեѸ줫ƥѸ줫Ƚʤʤɤפ⤫֡ťΥɸ졤ե졤ƥϡChamson ˸碌СѸ˾̾٤ι⤤ "the big players and the exotics" ʤΤǤ롥3ϱѸʼҲˤ͡ʷǴͿƤꡤѸˤ˥饤ޥåꤷɥޥå˻Ωƾ夲ƤΩԤʤΤФơϽϤƤ
ꥹӤμҲŪʴطʰ̱꽻׳ưˤϡűѸѸ˻ޤǡ绨Ĥˤä700ǯ1700ǯޤǤǯ֤ȤĹˤ錄äƤäݤƤΤǤꡤŪˤϡߤθŪʱƶ⤽˽ä礭äϤǤ롥ŪʥʴطѸˤΥɥޤ˶ĥ߽ФʤװʤΤ
Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.
ӸؤˤСѸȺǤƤθϥեꥸ (frisian) Ǥȸ (cf. #787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1])) üԤǤեꥸͤȤϡɤΤ褦ʽĤäΤɤǥͤưƤűѸǰƬˡκեꥸͤߤΥϤ⳰Ǥ˳Ƥƣ (21--23) ˽äƳ⤷褦
46Υޥ̱²ưλˤϡƱޥϤǤեꥸͤäե (481--987ǯ) λ۲ǰ᤹ȡ7ꥪ⳰dzȯʾȳưŸ饤濴˥ɥΦˤޤǿʽФȤȤˡϤäƥɡȥȾ硤ǥʥؤưϰϤʪ磻Ӥ顤θפԤʤäƤꡤˤƤȤ
Τ褦ʥեꥸͤξϤθʲäΤƣ (21--22) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤʰʸΡ֥ƥספȤϳΤʤߤ줿ڤǡĬˤʤΤ褦ˤʤä͡εサϤؤˡ
եͤϼȬˤʤΤ褦˹ϰϤˤ錄뾦ȳưŸǤΤǤˤդ줿褦ϥƥפξ˽ߡϩǶ٤ȤĤʤäƤ˿ƤߡΤϤΤΤǤäƥפξ餹եͤϥҥĥʤɤܤȥ祦ȤȤȤǡιʪϤɤƤۤʤФʤʤä줬餯ȳư˶ΩƤȻפ롥θ֤Ӥ顤ӡʤɤäƽФ˲äơ⤷פСˤΤ٤褦ʳϤûʪΤϼήǤ롥
̱²ưʻ夬ȤȤˡեͤ깭ȳưŸȤϡͤˤΤҤȥޤȤܤƤ褤Ǥ䤬ư켷ˤϥͤμĤγͺ뤬ͽ褦ʥեͤγǤ롥Τ硹Ū˹ǰפ깭Ȥʤɤϡޤ˥եͤξȤѤΤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޥåʥեꥸ˴ѤȤ뤬⤦1Ūˤ⤷ΤϡեꥸͤȥδطǤ롥եɤϥθϤ˶ᤤΤǡǽΥåȤȤʤ뱿̿ä9ˤϥˤ絬ϤΫå깭줿ŪʶᤵΤߤʤ餺եꥸͤˤ˭٤ʾȻ˰Ĥ줿ˤʤեꥸͤϤˤäǷΤϳΤǤϥ˾褸ǡϰؤξȳư˳ȯ餷
7ʹߤΥեꥸͤˤ衤17ʹߤΥͤˤ衤ĶŪ˳ưˤ̱²̾ۤɤαƶϤΤΡĹŪƤ뤳ȤϤʤäȤƤƱͤˡեꥸ䥪ϱ³ŪƸ뤳ȤϤʤäʬ錄Ѹ줬ʹߤƤΤʢˡषϤθȤ夷ƤȤˤʤ롥
ƣ ؿ⡡ˡ١Ͻн˼2012ǯ
#2942. ޥβѲ ([2017-05-17-1]) ˰³Hamer (15) ꡤɸλ˴ط2ĤβѲҲ𤹤롥
| Sound change | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| D | The diphthongs all developed as follows: ai > ā, au > ēa (ēa = ǣa), eu > ēo, iu > īo. (This development of eu and iu was in fact very much later, but it is placed here in the interests of simplification.) | |
| E | a > æ unless it came before a nasal consonant. | dæg, glæd, but land/lond. |
The effects can be seen in comparing say OE dæg, OFr deg with Go dags, OIc dagr, OHG tag. (The original [æ] was later raised in Frisian.)
In outline, AFB turns low back */α/ to [æ], except before nasals (hence OE, OHG mann but dæg vs. tag. It is usually accepted that at some point before AFB (which probably dates from around the early fifth century), */α/ > [α̃] before nasals, and the nasalized vowel blocked AFB.
AFB ϸűѸ̾ޤʤɤˤʰ۷֤벻ѲȤƽפʤΤǡűѸؽԤϵαƤ
Hamer, R. F. S. Old English Sound Changes for Beginners. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
[2009-06-17-1]ε֥ɥ衼åѸ²ηޤͷӤǡפ˷Ǥޤ䡤[2009-05-08-1]ε֥ȸGothicˤȱѸˡפ˷Ǥޥɤηޤʬ褦ˡŪ˱Ѹ˺Ǥᤤեꥸ (Frisian) Ǥ롥̤ˤϤۤȤǧΤƤʤθ줬Ūʸ줿Ѹ˺ǤᤤȸƤԥʤȻפ롥Ϥ Frisian ȤˤĤƳ⤹롥
Frisian ϡProto-Indo European -> Germanic -> West Germanic -> Low Germanic -> Anglo-Frisian ȤȯãϩѸȶͭƤ롥Ǹ Anglo-Frisian ȤʬϡҤ뤤ĤβħξǶͭƤ뤳Ȥ˴Ťʬꤹ븫⤢롥ξˤϡOld Frisian Old English Low Germanic ľ˥եåȤ˰֤Ť뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ߤ Frisian ʬۤϿdzǧ褽ĤǰϤäʬ Frisian ιԤʤƤϰǤ롥ʥʬξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡEthnologue θʬϿ⻲ȡ

Ethnologue: Frisian in Family Tree ˤȤꡤFrisian Ū3Ĥؤȶʬ롥֤뤤κۤϤޤޤǡǽǤʤȤ¿3ΤʤǼפ Western Frisian Ǥ롥Ethnologue: Western Frisian Ƥ2001ǯĴˤȡ̳פ Friesland ޤˤ濴Ȥ47ͤüԤ¸ߤ롥Ʊο70% Western Frisian äۤȤɤȤѼԤǤ롥20 "Frisian movement" ˤ West Frisian θŪϰ̤Ͼ徺ƤƤꡤθѸ1ĤȤƤοưϿʤǤƤ롥
Friesland ˹ɥĤαϰ褫ǥޡˤƹԤʤƤΤFrisian ̤νǤ롥ɥĤ Saterland 5000٤ä Saterfriesisch ˤ䡤ɥĤ Schleswig-Holstein α礦1٤üԤˤäƻѤƤ Northern Frisian ̤ˤʤǤˡƱɥĤ Ostfriesland, Lower Saxony ʤɤ2000٤üԤͭ Eastern Frisian ȸƤФ줬뤬̾Τʶ路Ȥˡ̩ˤ Frisian 1ѼȤ Low German 1ѼȤۤŬڤȤ롥
Frisian κǸŤʸϡʬŪ11̤ˡΧʸǡ13μܤǸ¸Ƥ롥ɽ蘆Ƥ Old Frisian ʳ16Ⱦޤ³1573ǯΤΤȤʸǸˡʹ3δ Frisian ǻĤ줿ʸϤۤȤɤߤĤäƤʤ19ˤʤȡRomanticism ˤ̱²ȤƤ Frisian ܤ졤1938ǯ Frisian Academy Ω졤1943ǯˤǤ줿 Frisian ưϾˤҤ٤Ȥꡤ˥ȤȤˤäƻٻƤ Western Frisian ˤäǤꡤʳνˤɸʤ˺¸³βǽȹͤƤ롥
Frisian ȱѸ˶̤벻ħȤƤϡ(1) Germanic *f, *þ, *s Ԥɡξü ( ex. OFr fīf "five" ( < Germanic *fimf ), OFr mūth "mouth" ( < Germanic *munþ- ), OFr ūs "us" ( < Germanic *uns ) ) 䡤(2) 첻Ԥ Germanic *g θ ( ex. OFr tzin "chin" ( < Germanic *kinn ), OFr lētza "leech, physician" ( < Germanic *lēkj- ) ) ʤɤ롥
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