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ƥ줬ѸʤҤƤϸθѸˤνդ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƤϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 褯ΤƤ롥ƥϡҿΤȤƥͥ˱ѸɸಽΤܤˤʤäȤϳΤƱΥ衼åѤǤե졤ڥ졤ꥢ⡤Ѹνդ˾ʤ̱ƶͿƤѸˤǤ⤢ޤ궯Ĵ뤳ȤϤʤ̣˽פʻ¤Ǥ롥
Scholfield (158) ˤСŦƤ롥
<i> <j><u> <v> ζ̤ϡƥǤϤʤڥ䥤ꥢˤä̤ˤ¥줿cf. #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]), #2415. Ūɽֻ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1])
long <s> οϡ餯ΦαƶǤcf. #584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])
ݥȥե (apostrophe) ƳΦ
ʸ (capitalisation) Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäΦ
Φθ줫ѤȤˡѸǤֻѸ첽˼뷹⡤嵭νƱ
ΰΤ⥤ꥢեʤΦ褿Τä
Scholfield (158) ΰʲλŦϡ֥ƥ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶװʾˡ֥衼åѽ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶפؤܤƤ롥
. . . those with influence over how English writing developed were at least in the sixteenth/seventeenth centuries motivated to locate English as a modern European national language perhaps rather more than as another classical language.
ѸϡۤΥǥȤƤƥǰƬˤƤŪŨмԤĶϼԤȤ뤷ƤΤϡƱΥ衼åѤνäȤȤˤʤꤽ
Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.
ñγơˤϷޤä1Ĥֻ롥ϸɸѸɤ߽äƤ䤿ˤȤäơޤΤȤǵ٤ʤʤ doubt ˤȯʤ <b> Τʤ one /wʌn/ ȯΤʤɡͤùߤɤϤ뤬ʤ줳ñֻ1Ĥ˷ޤäƤ2Ĥ֤ʤΤʤɤ䤦ȤϤʤɸŪֻ뤤ϡֻ 1Ĥ˷ޤäƤΤȻפǤ뤷Ǥʤפ⤫٤Τ⤷ʤæ餹٤ơְִ㤤פȤΤˡ (orthography) ȯۤκǤ롥ֻΡѰۤθ§ (the principle of invariance) ȸƤФ롥Cook (12--13) Ѥ롥
The principle of invariance
One implicit assumption about the modern English writing system is that a word is always spelled in the same way, regardless of its sound correspondence: scissors has to be spelled <scissors> not <sizerz>, even if the latter corresponds more accurately to its pronunciation /sɪzəz/. A written word is seen as fixed and unchanging. A limited dispensation from invariance is afforded to proper-names, as in Vivian, Vyvyen, and Vivien, Vivienne (with a gender difference between the first two and last two in British English); the possessor of a name can insist on how it is spelled or said, say Keynes /keɪnz/ for the economist or Menzies /miŋgɪs/ or C. J. Cherryh with final silent <h> for the novelist. / This insistence on invariance is comparatively new in English, and is often at odds with consistent letter to sound correspondence rules.
ѤκǸˤ褦ˡºݤˡѰۤθ§פ餵ƤˤʹߤȤäƤ褤250ǯۤɤδ֤ȤäƤѰۤθ§פǤΩƤ褦ȤƤаޤֻ̾ɸಽפȾΤ졤ѸˤƤƻΤϼ¤ĹäѸ˴ˤ䤫˻ϤޤꡤѸޤǥ³ΤǤ롥γάˤĤƤϡ#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) Ȥ줿
ˤ衤ѸˤˤơѰۤθ§פϿΤǤȤ¤õƤ
Cook, Vivian. "Background to the English Writing System." Chapter 2 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 5--23.
̤˸ѲμΤäȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿ʹ¤礭Ȥĥ褦ˤʤäƤܥ֥Ǥ⤳ˤĤƤĤεƤ
#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])
#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])
#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])
#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])
#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1])
#2150. Ѳˤʹ ([2015-03-17-1])
#2586. Ѳˤäʹ䤪Ӵط ([2016-05-26-1])
#3378. ŪФ߽Ф4װ ([2018-07-27-1])
Ǹ2ĤεΤ褦ˡȤ櫓ѲˤƤäʹ䤬뤵褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥äϾǤڤĴȤߵäƤ뤬ޤ˴άȯǤʹʤ줬롥ʹäФƴŪˡޤάƤʡषΤǫĴƤ졤Ȥץå㡼ƤΤǤ롥ΥˡȿƤꡤ줬äƤȤǸ줬ΩäƤȤ롥Ѳ⡤礤礭ʤ٤˵Τȹͤ롥
#3848. "Optimality Theory" ([2019-11-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ŭ (Optimality Theory) ϡ嵭2ĤΥˡΥХθƤ롥OT δŪʹͤ⤷ Carr and Montreuil (258--59) ꡤϢ
The basic architecture of the model is straightforward: a set of constraints CON represents the priorities obeyed by the grammar of a language. These constraints are violable, universal and ranked in a hierarchy. A generating function GEN provides the output candidates for a given input and an evaluation function EVAL determines the relative desirability of each output; most critically it determines which of these outputs is the optimal candidate, the 'winner'.
. . . .
OT . . . attempts to explain why outputs may differ from inputs. It does so by encoding markedness directly into the grammar. Most constraints are formulated negatively and penalize the markedness of undesirable results; they point to marked structures or articulations, and their paraphrases read like lists of what not to do; for instance 'avoid (marked) sonority differentials', 'avoid (marked) complex articulations', 'avoid (marked) labial codas'. These markedness constraints make no reference to the input, they simply evaluate the intrinsic desirability of outputs.
Be penalising marked constructs, markedness constraints optimise language towards ease of articulation and simple structures. Assimilations and mergers usually respond to the desire to minimise effort. But this is counterbalanced by the need to keep articulations clear, words distinct and intonations contrastive. Effective communication, and language use in general, attempts to reach a satisfactory equilibrium between the drive to simplify phonetic forms and the need to be understood. In OT, this balance is achieved by pitting against each other markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints.
δ餹ȡŬܻؤֺŬפȤϡäʹȿˡ¤Ĵ̤ȤƤνϤؤȤǤ롥
Carr, Philip and Jean-Pierre Montreuil. Phonology. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
ꥫѸ̱²Ѽ1ĤȤ "Lumbee English" ȸƤФѼ郎뤳Ȥ Smith and Kim (296--97) ˤäΤä
ߥå¦ˤΥꥫ轻̱Ȥӡ² (Lumbee) 濴Ϥϡ줿̱ϤȤͭ̾ Roanoke 餵ۤɱʤNorth Carolina Robeson Ǥ롥äϡ轻̱²ͭθǤϤʤޤǥꥫѸǤ롥Ʊ̱²ȷӤĤƤäʥꥫѸǤꡤLumbee English ȾΤΤǤ롥Robeson οʣŪǤꡤ40%ϥꥫ轻̱35%ϥ衼åѷϥꥫ͡25%ϥեꥫϥꥫͤȤ롥3Ԥ3ͤΥꥫѸѼäƤꡤ1Ĥ Lumbee English Ȥ櫓
Ʊ¾ѼȽŤʤħ⾯ʤʤLumbee English ˤɸѸȤϰۤʤ뼡Τ褦ʹܤѻ롥
be ư was/is ε§were/are Ѥʤ: they was dancin' all night.
ʬƬ a- դˡ my head was just a'boilin.
were ε§ she weren't here.
λ be I'm been there.
á ellick ʥꥳҡ
㤤üԤˤ Lumbee English ϡƱäƤ륢եꥫϥꥫͤαѸѼȽŤʤʬ¿褦Ǥ⽽ʬΩݤäƤ뤿ˡȼѼȤߤʤƤ롥ʣ̱²θʣŪʸܿޤ줿äΥꥫѸѼȤƶ̣
Smith, K. Aaron and Susan M. Kim. This Language, A River: A History of English. Peterborough: Broadview P, 2018.
ޤܥ֥ǥ줫μѸˤĤƼ夲Ȥʤä#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1]) Ǿ줿٤äΤǡϤ⤦Ƥߤ
Durkin (378--79) ˤСͽ̤Ѹο¿ʤۤȤɤʸҲ˴ؤ˸ꤵƤ롥ʲϥץǤϤ뤬ǯ˵Ƥߤ롥
boyar ˼² (1555)
tsar ʹ (1555)
verst ʥ٥륹ʥεΥñ̡1.067kmˡ (1555)
rouble ʥ롼֥ (1557)
muzhik ̱ (1587)
beluga ʥ٥롼ӥ (1591)
protopope ʼʻʺס (1591)
parka ʥѡ (1625)
pope ʶʺס (1662)
steppe ʥƥåס (a.1670)
copeck ʥڥ (1/100 rouble) (1698)
mammoth ʥޥ⥹ (1706)
tsarevich ʹҡ (1710)
knout ʳפΤ (1716)
yurt ʥȡѥʰưƥȾˡ (1780)
vodka ʥå (1802--03)
rayon ʥ졼¤ (1830)
samovar ʥ (1830)
babushka ʥХ֡奫ʽѥաˡ (1834)
oblast ʽ (a.1837)
duma ʹ (1870)
kulak (1877)
intelligentsia μ (1883)
borsch ʥܥ륷 (1884)
borzoi ʥܥ륾ʥθˡ (1887)
pogrom Ի (1891)
dacha (1896)
Bolshevik ʥܥ륷ӥ (1907)
Presidium ʺǹĴ (1907)
Soviet ʥӥȡ (1917)
Menshevism ʥӥ (1920)
Suprematism ʥץޥƥ (1920)
Politburo ɡ (1923)
agitprop ʥץ (1925)
troika ʥȥ (1945)
Gulag ʥ饰 (1946)
matryoshka ʥޥȥ硼奫 (1946)
nomenklatura ʥΡġ (1958)
samizdat ϲǡ (1967)
glasnost ʥ饹Υ (1986)
perestroika ʥڥ쥹ȥ (1986)
ѸοȤƤ19Ⱦ20ȾԡǤ롥λϱѸäΤȤäǤȤȤ̣ɾɬפ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε#3863. adapt ˤߤѸθ ([2019-11-24-1]) ˰³Durkin (334) retard pulse ˴ؤΩΤƤߤ褦
retard (1490) retardate (1613) 2줬ưȤƥ饤ХطˤΤǤ롥췲ǯ˵褦ʤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡretardation (n.) (c.1437), retardance (n.) (1550), retarding (n.) (1585), retardment (n.) (1640), retardant (adj.) (1642), retarder (n.) (1644), retarding (adj.) (1645), retardative (adj.) (1705), retardure (n.) (1751), retardive (adj.) (1787), retardant (n.) (1824), retardatory (adj.) (1843), retardent (adj.) (1858), retardent (n.) (1858), retardency (n.) (1939), retardancy (n.) (1947) Ȥʤ롥
Ʊ褦 pulse (?a.1425) pulsate (1674) ưδΤȤơ͡줬ƤʤϤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡpulsative (n.) (a.1398), pulsatile (adj.) (?a.1425), pulsation (n.) (?a.1425), pulsing (n.) (a.1525), pulsing (adj.) (1559), pulsive (adj.) (1600), pulsatory (adj.) (1613), pulsant (adj.) (1642), pulsating (adj.) (1742), pulsating (n.) (1829) Ǥ롥
ΤʤˤľܤμѸ⤢ѸǷ줿⤢ξǤȲ᤹Τʸ⤢䡤㤤ϲ;ʤɤΤͤޤä word family Ǥ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹθä˴ؤ1ĤˡƱΩ롥#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) ʤɤƤ adapt ȤΤȯˤΩΤƤߤ褦ʲDurkin (332--33) ˰͵롥
OED ˤȡ15 adapted 뤬adapt ñΤȤƽиΤ1531ǯǤ롥켫Ρƥ adaptāre ȥե adapter Τ줬Ѥ줿ΤʤΤ뤤Ϥη˴ŤƤΤʤΤɬΤǤϤʤ
θ塤ξΤȤ͡줬˸롥adaptation (n.) (1597), adapting (n.) (1610), adaption (n.) (1615), adaptate (v.) (1638), adaptness (n.) (1657), adapt (adj.) (1658), adaptability (n.) (1661), adaptable (adj.) (1692), adaptive (adj.) (1734), adaptment (n.) (1739), adapter (n.) (1753), adaptor (1764), adaptative (adj.) (1815), adaptiveness (n.) (1815), adaptableness (n.) (1833), adaptorial (adj.) (1838), adaptational (adj.) (1849), adaptivity (n.) (1840), adaptativeness (n.) (1841), adaptationism (n.) (1889), adaptationalism (n.) (1922) ΤȤ
θ줬θ줫μѤʤΤΤǤ뤷⤽ѤʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ¤줵줿Ǥǽ⤤ԤξˤϡֱפֱʩפȤȤˤʤ롥˸ŪˡΤ褦ʸ췲ȸƤ褤ΤǺȤǤ롥
˴ؤ Durkin (333) βƤ
Very few of these words show direct borrowing from Latin or French (probably just adapt verb, adaptate, adaptation, and maybe adapt adjective), but a number of others are best explained as hybrid or analogous formations on Latin stems. The group as a whole illustrates the impact of the borrowing of a handful of key words in giving rise to an extended word family over time, including many full or partial synonyms. In some cases synonyms may have arisen accidentally, as speakers were simply ignorant of the existence of earlier formations; some others could result from misrecollection of earlier words. . . . However, such profligacy and redundancy is typical of such word families in English well into the Later Modern period, well beyond the period in which 'copy' was particularly in vogue in literary style.
饭ɤФ "hybrid or analogous formations", "ignorant", "misrecollection", "profligacy and redundancy" ʤɤȤʤ
ƤȴϢȤơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ ([2018-06-27-1])
#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1])
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε#3861. ֥פȡ֥֤פʸ˾ΰյΰ㤤 ([2019-11-22-1]) ˰³ʸˤδˤ (73--75) ꡤϡ֥쥯ɥפΰյˤĤƿƤսѤ롥
쥯ɥαϤФСֶפȤ졤ֶפȤ롥
Τ˥ޥɥ˥ꥷ¦ߤСֶפ⤷ʤڥ륷¦ߤСͥīڥ륷ǿޤˤ鷺˥ޥɥ˥ȥꥷää˲ʤΡפδܤϡޤˡ־ݤפȤˤʤΤǤ
ά
ơ쥯ɥΡ̡פˤĤƤ⡤إ˥ʸ߽ФϤǥꥷʸڤαƶϤڤޤǵڤȤƤ롥
Τ˥쥯ɥǤϡĤΥ쥯ɥꥢϤᡤ¿ΥꥷԻԤߤ졤ꥷŪǤʸޤ졤ʤȤϥꥷ⺯פĤޤͻ礷ʸޤ졤Ȥ櫓ǰʤΤ¤Ǥ롥
Dz桹Ρʸפȡʸפγǰ˾Ȥ餷ƤߤСʸפΤǤ˳Τ˹Ĥαƶ³夷ȤϤΤǤϤʤ
ʸפˤĤƤߤСΥꥷοʹ֤ܡޤ֥إ˥פγǰϰƤͤܤäƤȡꥷΡʸפ礭ʱƶͿ礭ȯŸΩäȤߤ⤷ʤ
ϡꥷΡʸפΡʸפФڤ˹⤤ΤǤȤθǰˤȤǤä褦˻פ롥ºݤˤϡʸΡפ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤ʸΡפȤ٤ǤϤʤ
֥쥯ɥפˤǤŪ˥ꥷΥ͡եȤƵǽȤϻ¤θؤαƶɤ³ȤߤȡΰյϸƤۤΤǤϤʤȤɾǤ롥
εǼ夲2Ĥȹ碌ƹͤȡʸ˾ΰյȤ˴ؤƤϡ֥֤ס֥쥯ɥס֥פȤȤˤʤ
ơʸȿˡʸˡפΥå١Ǽҡ2018ǯ
(149) ɸ2Ĥ˾ӤΤ褦ɾƤ롥
դȬդΰ֤˿ʹԤ֥֤פǤϡ桤٥ꥢؤɤ٤Ƥ͡ǯ;ؤǤ⥤°ʤȤ塻ǯޤǤϤΤ٤Ƥ֥ӥʸפˤȤɤޤäФƥξϡ⡤ޤʸ夻ʸ⡤ˤŪˤפǧʤΤȤޤǰƬˤɬפ
Τˡ֥פϡʤä֤ȤƤϡޤ˾ưǤäγưϥͤεưϤȽȯϤȤŪ̡ͥפˤȡפΤ褦˹ϤλۤϳϰκϤΥƥξˤΤäΤǤꡤ岽ֻȿפˤϻʤäޤʸŪ¦̤ˤƤ⡤ƩƱƤʸŪˤĤФʤäΤǤϤޤ
̤βս (74) Ǥ⡤ƱݤμĥʤƤ롥
֥פȤȤϡ֥֤פ줿֤ΤΤ˥ꥹȶ̤Υ쥳å줿٥ꥢȾСۤܤ٤Ƥॹʥඵ̡ˤλ۲˻ĤäȤǤ롥Ǥϥब夷ŵإ٤ΤȤФǤ륢ӥ줬̤ʸʸȤƼƤ졤ʸ륢ӥʸۤˤ͡ˤƤ줿˥å饷ꥢˤȾǤϡ̱¿ӥȤƼ졤ַϰˤʤꤵΤǤ롥
2ĤʤӤ¾˾ˤ͡ʴӤ뤬ʸˤδߤȡΤ㤤ߤ롥ºݤˤʸΤߤʤ餺졤̱²ʤɤǤ߹虜ʤʣŪʴȤ٤ʸפ2Ĥɤ߲䤫ȤʤäƤ褦˻פ롥
ơʸȿˡʸˡפΥå١Ǽҡ2018ǯ
ˡʸظʡʸʸ칶Ѹرʸ콤ˤβջб餷ƤޤֱѸˡȤФѲ³뤳Ȥΰ̣פꤷ3ʬưǤɤ
Ѹ˸¤餺٤Ƥθ줬ѲƤޤƸߤѲƤޤդϾѲΤǤϡưΤʤ do ˡ (do-periphrasis) make λʸ (causative) ʤɤ˿ʤָ˰ĤѸˡפȤФƤޤѸˤζ顦ˤơλϤޤޤפˤʤäƤ뤳ȤȻͤƤޤ
Υ֥ϡѸ˴ϢΥƥĤ⽼¤Ƥޤ͡ĥƤޤΤǡѸˤγؤӤΩޤ
ѸˤѸؤιֵǥꥢڡѡƤ餦ȡ֤ʤѸˤϡΤ褦Ե§ʸݤ¿ΤǤפȤ䤬¿ޤΤ˱ѸؽˤƤϡԵ§ưѡԵ§̾ʣԵ§ʥڥʤɤΩ³˸졤ΤӤ˰ŵޤ٤Ƥ§ŪǤФΤˤȻפΤ̵̤ȤǤѸ2ȤƳؤֺݤˤΤ褦뤳Ȥϡޤää̤δФǤ礦
Ǥ1ȤƶϫʤƤޤäƤܸͤƤ⡤ϤԵ§ƤޤܸüԤϡʳѡʳѡʳѡѳʳѡѳʳѤζϫʤȤʤƤޤȤܸؤǤؽԤˤȤäƤϡʤ٤Ƥư줬ʳѤǤäƤʤΤ⤷ޤѤ䥵ѤϡѳʡפʤԵ§פʤ櫓Ǥ顤ؽԤˤȤäƤǤǤ礦ѸؽԤˤȤäƤ thing -- thought -- thought go -- went -- gone 纹ޤ
ˤԵ§դΤǤԵ§ϸźνŪʸݤʤΤǤ˳ؽԤˤȤäƵ¤СŪŪ٤ιܤǤФۤԵ§⤤ΤǤĤޤꡤ볰ؽˤƽ٥ۤɰŵ٤Ե§¿顦٥˶ŤƤȵ§Ƥޤ˾ŪȤ⤤¤Ǥ줬ȤΤǤ
ϡʤԵ§뤫ȤȤǤ٤Ե§źν̤ŪǤȤСˤƤϡ٤Ƥ§ŪȤषԹΰȤΤꤻޤ٤Ե§äۤʲȤȤǤǤϡϲʤΤǤ礦
ˤĤƹͤ餻ʤֺȴʸ˼פȤ˻פޤʸϤƤ뼫δնˤ͡ʸ˼ޤ˼ФȤˤΥڥΩƤˤϡƼΥڥΤۤϤߡå구ۥåοijޤƱʤȤˤϡݥȥåȤȥѥåɤޤܤˤ͡ʸ˼ǼǤФêꡤˤϸҡơסäࡤåࡤۥåƤʤɤäƤޤդΰФϡɤȤˤˤޤѤƤޤƤߤǯɮѤΥ緿ۥåꤢѥĹ구ʤɤäƤޤ
֤äƤߤȡǽ餫Τ褦֤ʸ˼櫓ǤϤޤǤĹ֤ơˤȤäƻ̳ȾԹΤ褤֤ˤʤäƤΤȻפޤϤߤۥåοijϡˤȤäƻ٤⤤ΤǼˤäۤȤȤǡ˻ΥڥΩƤ꽻˻äΤǤ礦ꤢѥϤۤȤɻȤʤΤǡ°ΰФκǤ̲äƤΤǤ礦٤ι⤤ʸ˼ϡȤˤ˼ϤˤʤΩޤۤȤɻѤʤʸ˼ϡषФαǤäƤ⤭ǼƤۤ嵤褤Ǥޤ˻Ȥ餤ǤФषʤΤǤ
٤㤤ʸ˼ǤС֤ΰФפΡֱפȤ2ʹθˡǤ⽽ʬѤޤޤλѤǤ顤õΤ˾λ֤ȹäƤǤޤ٤ι⤤ʸ˼Ϥ⤤ޤ줤˼ǼƤʤȤ⡤ڥݥȥåȤϡϤꤹ긵ˤʤΩʤΤǤ̵¤ǤޤʤȤˤΤ˻֤ȹʤۤ褤ΤǤ
Ѥˤñ⡤ʸ˼ƱȤǤѸҲˤư̤ go ʹԤˤ locomote ʼϤưˤȤǤ٤餫˰ۤʤޤޤˤȤʤưˤĤƤϡ§Ū˳Ѥ롤ʤ locomote + ed Τ褦˷ȤݤˤѤޤ٤ưˤĤơƱ褦ˤƷΤϡ餫˸ΨǤ礦go Ȥ went Ȥ褦ˡΤ褦ˤФۤǤΤ˺ǽ˰ŵ륳ȤϹ⤯ĤޤäꥢƤޤСθλѤ˺ݤƸΨΤ褤ѥեޥޤޤ礭ۤʤ뤳Ȥˤꡤְ㤤ʹְ㤤βǽ㤯ʤȤ⤢ޤԵ§餳ȤȤ⤢ΤǤ
٤Ƥñ줬Ʊ٤Ѥ褦ʸϤޤΤ褦ʸ줬ѤʹּҲǤޤ褯ȤʤñȤۤȤɻȤʤñ줬Ʊ路ƤΤȤΤǤ⤷˽Ҥ٤̤ꡤñˤ٤κԵ§طƤΤȤСʤźθˤԵ§ʸݤߤΤǤޤ
ѸפˤĤơܥ֥ waseieigo γƵǼ夲ƤϢơסˡֱפֱʩפˤĤƤƤʲεȡ
#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1])
#3793. դ٤ʸ졦Ѹΰ ([2019-09-15-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
̤˸ܤǤϡѸפϤ֤ջäƼƤ뤬ܸȱѸŪĹܿη̤ȤơˤƼʸθݤȻϹͤƤ롥ƱϡäĹˤΤפˤƤϤޤ롥פΤۤȤɤϤäܸä夷Ƥ뤿˰´ʤǤꡤȤߤСѸפⲿۤʤȤʤƣ (115--16) ⡤ΤȤƤ롥
졦ϡ衤ѸǤ뤬ˤϡѤǤܸȤ߹碌δ졦˻ƺäΤ⤢롥줾졤ספȤϡŤ鸫뤬ʡֲлס纬סơסʪפʤɡˡäˡˤΤζŪʻʪ䳵ǰȤ¿줿ʡְϡסֱDzסֵ֡סֻǡסưספʤɡˡ֥åסס֥ޥס֥Ρåȡס֥ޥХפʤɤϡγ줬ñǤȤѤƤ櫓ǡܸ첽˶̤Τ롥
Ѹˤδ餤СƱȤֱסֱʩפˤƤϤޤ롥ȤܿʤĹǻ³С֡פȤϼȸΤǤ롥ơ¾οȰۤʤ餺餬Ƴ줿餳¿ʤȤܤǸ줿ȤƤ⡤ŪѤ褦ˤʤмƱƤήԤʤѤƤΤǤ롥¾θˤ뿷Τɤѥ٤ơä˰ۤʤȤϤʤ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
1114ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ12ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ9Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸΥڥˤۻ¿ΤפǤ

ۻ (silent_letter) ȤΤϡclimb, night, doubt, listen, psychology, autumn ʤɤΤ褦ˡڥϽƤΤˡбȯʤΤޤñΥڥޤʤõȡ¤ a z ޤǤΤ٤ƤʸˤĤۻȤѤƤ㤬Ȥ⤤졤ѸؽԤˤȤäƤϼ¤˿ȶʤΤǤ
εǤϡۻȤΤǽ餫¸ߤ櫓ǤϤʤޤˤΤʤƤݤǤ뤳ȡġۻλϰۤʤ˰ۤʤװƤΤǤ뤳ȤפҲ𤷤ޤ
ϢܵɤۻŪطʤγѤĤǤȡܥ֥ǽƤΤ褦ѸˤΤʤΤ˰֤Ťʤ뤳ȤǤϤǤ
#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1])
#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])
#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1])
#724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1])
#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1])
#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])
#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])
#3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])
#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1])
#1187. etymological respelling ζ ([2012-07-27-1])
#579. aisle --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-27-1])
#580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1])
#1156. admiral <d> ([2012-06-26-1])
#3492. address <dd> ˤĤ (1) ([2018-11-18-1])
#3493. address <dd> ˤĤ (2) ([2018-11-19-1])
δ졡֤ʤѸΥڥˤۻ¿ΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ12桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ111462--63ǡ
ɸˤĤƤϡ#2341. ɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-24-1]) Ǽ夲ۤ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) #2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1]) ǤϢ˿ƤˤСɽʸפȤȤˤʤ뤬ϡش٤Ͽ (1626) ؤʬ䤹Ǥ롥
Ϥʤʸ
ϡɽ뤿˹פ줿ʸǤ뤬ʸȤƤϤʤüäʸǤ
ʸϡŪ˳ʸ (pictogram)ɽʸ (ideogram)ɽʸ (phonegram ̥ޥޡ) ʤɤ礭ʬव졤ϡɽʸפɽŪʸȤ롥ϼ¤ۣǧȸ虜ʤɽʸפˤƤ⡤ʸ (alphabet) ܸβ̾Τ褦ʲʸ (syllabogram) ˶ʬɬפ롥Ǥ긷̩˴ˤĤƹͤƤߤȡʸȤƤδ̣ɽƤϤ뤬¤ϴɽ̣ϡ̵¤ʸΩñȤŪüñȤƤΰ̣ɽ路ƤȤȤʤΤǤ롥פˡϰ̣ɽΤߤǤϤʤθդñ̤ȤƤñθọ̇ΤɽʸʤΤǤ롥ʤñ줽ΤΤɽɽʸ (logogram) Ȥƶβ줿ΤʤΤǤ롥
ʸˤɽʸɽʸɽʸʤɤѸȤݤȤơ(1) ʸɽȤ٤εˤ(2) ʸηϤθݥꥷ(3) ʸεǽˡȤ3ĤΤΥ٥ǵƤ뤫Τˤ٤ȤȤ롥
(1) ˴ؤƤС餯źΤۤܤ٤ƤʸηϤεˤɽȤäƤ褤(2) ˤĤƤϡʸǤɽʸηϡ̾ǤɽʸηϡǤоҤΤ褦ɽʸηϤȤˤʤ(3) Υ٥ǤϡΤȤƤɽʸηϤǤȤϤδɽŪѤ뤳ȤϤ뤷ɽʸηϤβ̾ˤĤƤ֤פȤβ̾ʸ夲СɽʸŪʵǽôäƤȤ롥
˧Ϻʴƽˡƣ ʡ ٻͺԡˡ١Ʋ2000ǯ
ɸϡǤˡѤʵפΰĶƤꡤषïʤǤ礦ޤǤ3Ĥε ([2019-11-13-1], [2019-11-14-1], [2019-11-15-1]) ǡʤֿסʤФˤΥɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m Ѥ뤫ȤˤĤƵƤޤ֤ˤ褦ʵȤʤäƤޤʤʤΤǡεɤˡ
[ŋ] ȯ ng ʸ2ʸ1Ȥֻˤɽ魯ȤϸѸǤϰŪǤꡤϲŪ /ŋ/ βǤȤΩƤ¤бƤȹͤޤƱɡҲǤäƤ [n] [m] Τ˶̤٤ΤȤ [ŋ] ¸ߤ餳 n m ֤ΤǤϤʤng Ȥȼ֤ĤΤǤޤȤСȯ [ɕiŋkoiwa] Ǥ顤Ѹʤ뤤ϥإܥˤDzŪ˸̩ɽܻؤΤǤ *Shingkoiwa դ路ȤǤ礦ƱͤͳǡѸ ink, monk, sync, thank *ingk, *mongk, *syngc, *thangk ʤɤ֤Ƥ٤ȤǤ⤽ʤäƤޤ
ͳϡ/ŋ/ ˤĤƤ /n/ /m/ ȰۤʤꡤΩǤȤƤδפ夤ˤꤽǤŪˤС/ŋ/ ΩǤȤʤäΤϸѸ줫ѸˤƤλˤޤcf. #1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])ˡ/n/ /m/ ĸοǯˤؤͤβǤȤС/ŋ/ ֤˷βǤȤȤˤʤޤ/ŋ/ ѸޤǤϤޤDz /n/ ξ۲Ȥ֤ŤǤꡤηϾ夵ƽפǤϤʤ椨ֻä n ȶ̤٤ȤϤߤʤƤʤäΤǤС[k] [g] ֤ˤ [ŋ] Ͼ۲ȤƸΤ褦˼¸Ƥޤ /ŋ/ ȤƤ¸ߤʤäᡤվñ n ֤ƤȤȤǤ
Ѹ kingk (king), dringke (drink), thingke (think) ʤɤֻȯŪˤߤ줿ȤΤǤṲ̄äΤ king, drink, think פΤۤǤʹߡŪˤ /ŋ/ βDzʹԤȤϤֻŪˤ夫 ng, nk ΤޤɸಽʹԤ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˻ޤ
ɸεޤ礦ֿפΡ֤פϲŪˤϾ۲ [ŋ] ȤƼ¸ޤѸǤϾ۲ [ŋ] ֻ ng Ȥɽ뽬ǤʤäŪаޤޤΤᡤѸɽӤ˴ŤإܥǤϡ*Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺n Ѥ Shinkoiwa ƤΤǤ
2֤ε ([2019-11-13-1], [2019-11-14-1]) ɸѤʵˤĤƹͤƤޤɽŪˤߤȡܸǤϡ֤夯ס֤ФפȤɽǡ֤פʬʤѸʤ뤤ϥإܥˤǤ Shinjuku Shimbashi ʬƤΤǤ顤Ѹɽȯΰ㤤˼¤Ҵȿ븷̩ɽʤΤʡȻפ뤫⤷ޤn m νʬΤߤ夲ơѸɽŪ˸̩ǤǸΤϾǤ¾ͻƤɬפޤ
n m ȤҲΰ㤤פǤΤϡξȤ˰ǤѸ nap map ΰ㤤פʤΤƱͤˡܸǡ֤ʡ̾ˡ na ȡ֤ޡʴ֡ˡ ma ΰ㤤ϽפǤǤ顤ܸñΥɽˤ na ma Τ褦˽ʬ뤳ȼΤԻĤǤⲿǤ⤢ޤɡҲ첻ʤĶĤޤñȤΩľˤܸǤɡҲΰ㤤¤ȤǤʤѸ٤礭ۤʤΤǤ
֤ʻˡפ̾ [saɴ] ȯޤĿͤˤäơ뤤Ͼˤä [san], [saɲ], [saŋ], [sam], [sã] ʤɤȼ¸뤳Ȥ⤢ޤȯǤ⡤ܸʸ̮ǤϽʬˡ֤פȤƲᤵޤȤѸǤ sun [sʌn], some [sʌm], sung [sʌŋ] Τ褦ˡĤɡҲñȤΩĴĶǤΤ˶̤ʤФʤޤѸϤΤ褦ܸ٤ɡҲζ̤Ū˸θˡˤȿǤƤ뤿ˡShinjuku Shimbashi νʬƤȹͤޤ
äϤǽޤ˵ sung [sʌŋ] Τ褦ˡng Ȥֻ [ŋ] ȯñͤƤߤޤ礦. sing, sang, song Ϥ king, long, ring, thing, young ʤɤޤ͡ѸǤ [ŋ] [n] [m] Τ˶̤ʤФʤʤΤǡΤ褦 ng Ȥ ȼʸ2ʸ1ȤֻˤѰդƤ櫓ǤȤСn m ˽ʬΤƱˡ ng ˽ʬƤ뤫ȤС㤤ޤ㤨 ink, monk, sync, thank ϳơ [ɪŋk], [mʌŋk], [sɪŋk], [θæŋk] ȯ졤ʶʤ [ŋ] ɡҲäƤޤʤΤˡ*ingk, *mongk, *syngc, *thangk Τ褦ˤ֤ޤn m ξȤϻ𤬰ۤʤΤǤ
Ѹ [n], [m], [ŋ] Τ˶̤٤ȯȤߤʤƤޤֻ夽ΰ㤤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤޤn m ʬ뤳ȤˤĤƤϾҴǤ ng ΰ㤤˽ʬۤҴʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤܸδ鸫ȡѸɽϤȤǤϳΤ˲Ūˤ긷̩Ȥޤ̤ΤȤǤɬ⸷̩ǤϤʤܸɽΡ֤פ˶ᤤȤޤ⤷٤Ƥξ˸̩äȤ顤ֿסʤ [ɕiŋkoiwa] αѸɽʤ뤤ϥإܥɽˤϡԤ Shinkoiwa ǤϤʤ *Shingkoiwa ȤʤϤǤ
ɸεޤ礦ʤֿסʤФˤΥɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ礦εФơֱѸܸⲻŪ˸̩ɽѤƤ뤫פñǤԽʬǤֿפΡ֤פǤξĤƤꡤ餳 m ɽΤǤĴؤǤޤϡ˴ְäƤȤϤޤShinkoiwa 褦ȤʤˤʤäþޤǤΤǡɸεФΤϡҤ٤褦ˡֱѸˡ᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi פȤʤޤäϪˤäƤޤСShimbashi ֤ΤϡѸǤϤ֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤ뤫פȤȤˤʤޤѤʵФȤƤϿȤդʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤŪʴ餤ȹͻ̡䤬äȰƤɤĤ̤ηǤ̻ŪʴϤޤ̤˵Ǥޤˡ
ε ([2019-11-13-1]) ǡܸΡ֤פĶ˱ƿΰۤʤȯǼ¸뤳Ȥ˿ޤλ¤ˤĤơ⤦Ū˹ͤƤߤޤ礦
ƣ (49) ˤȡ֤פ͡ʲŪ¸ˤĤơΤ褦ޤ
³ҲƱĴɡְФȤ벻Ǥ롥³ҲɡΤȤϡ[p] [b] [m] [m], [t] [ts] [d] [dz] [n] [n], [tɕ] [dʑ], [ɲ] [ɲ], [k] [ɡ] [ŋ] [ŋ] ˤʤ롥
ǤθꡤĤޤٻߤľǤϡɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ롥ĿͤޤϾ̤ˤꡤ[m] [n] [ŋ]ޤɡ첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥֤ʿաˡס֤ʿˡפΤ褦ʡ첻ܶΥ⡤ɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ뤬ºݤϤۤǫĴʤ¤ĺ[ɕiĩi] Τ褦 [i] ɡ첻 [ĩ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿
³ҲԤϹԤʤɤΤȤ⡤ƱǡƱĴͭɡΤȤʤ뤬첻αƶ뤿ᵭ沽άɽǤϳά[h] [s] [ɸ] [ɯ̃], [ɕ] [ç] [ĩ] Τ褦ɡ첻ȤʤȹͤƤФ褤
ܸΡ֤פϤʤʤʣʤ͡ȯƤ뤳ȤʬǤ礦̾٤вŪ˸̩ȤäƤ褤Ѹɽʤ뤤Ϥ˶ᤤإܥɽˤǤΡ֤פȤʤС1ν˼ޤʤΤƻǤ̤ȤơShinjuku Ǥʤ Shimbashi Τ褦ֻФƤ櫓Ǥ
̾ӤФ긷̩ʲɽȤȤˤѸʤɽˤˤƤ⡤ n m ʬ뤯餤ǡ¤ϡָ̩פʤɤǤϤޤѸˡ᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi ȹͤƤɬפޤ
ʤθɡ [ɴ] ˤĤơܸɴŵ (247) ȡ֤ѶŪɡҲǤȤϡꡤ㴳Ĥ뤳Ȥˤä벻פȤȤǤ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ
ʸ嵭2021/04/29(Thu)ܵϡѤʵפäΤʤǤȤ櫓¿ȤƤ褦Ǥ켫ΤϤȤƤȤǤܵϡֶʽŪʲפǤϤΤΡɮԤȤƤԽʬʲˤȤɤޤȹͤƤޤषβŦ³ԤܳŪ˵Ƥ椯ĤܵȤаޤޤǤΤǡ³Ԥ3碌ɤǤФȻפޤ줺˸СܵΡֶʽŪʲפǤԽʬǤ
夲㤬ֿפɤ̤ˤƤ⡤֤פ m ֤Ϥ褯ˤΤܤޤ
JRοؤα̾ɽϳΤ Shimbashi ȤʤäƤޤܸɽȤƤϡ֤ФפΤ褦ˡ֤פǤäƤ⡤ѸɽΤˤСJRѤƤȤܤإܥɽ˶ᤤɽˤˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ȤʤޤϤäʤǤ礦ϡ¤ϱѸˤδ뤳ȤΤǤ˥ǥפʤΤǤ϶ʽŪʲܤƤޤ礦
ޤŪǤإܥɽǤϡ֤פȯȸƤФ벻ˤϡb, m, p ֤ˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ɽ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäơȡסʤʤСˤ Nambaܴ֡סʤۤޡˤ Hommaֻӡסʤڤˤ Sampei ȤʤꡤƱͤ˿ʤФˤ Shimbashi Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤʤΤȤȤǤ
b, m, p ֤ˤ m ɽͳ뤿ˤϡؤμɬפǤܸ֤פü첻ǤȸƤФ졤ܸ첻Ǥ /ɴ/ ɽޤ1ĤβǤꡤܸüԤˤȤäʶʤ1ĤβȤǧƤޤºݾϿΰۤʤȯǼ¸ޤ֤פϤɤΤ褦ʲĶ˸뤫ˤäơۤʤȯȤƼ¸ΤǤ
ȡסܴ֡סֻӡפ3ñȯƤߤȡ֤פʬϤξĤȯȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ뤫ȻפޤϥԻҲ m θˤۤʤޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ֤פȤ n ȯƤĤǤ⡤ξˤϼ¤ m ȯƤΤǤϸ³ m, b, p ƱξǤ뤿ˡľ֤פԲ n ǤϤʤξ m ˶ŤƤۤΤȤƥࡼȯǤ뤫Ǥȯ䤹褦äƸ̡ǥեȤ n 顤ȯꥹࡼ m ؤĴƤȤ櫓Ǥ
̯ѲȤгΤˤǤΤǡܸɽǤϡäȯĴϢưˡ֤פɽΤޤޤǤꤹƤޤϢưʤСȤƤϡ֤դɽȤʤǤ礦ˡΤ褦ȯΰ㤤̵ǤϤʤѸɽʤӡ˶ᤤإܥɽˤˤäƤϡ嵭βĶˤƤϡn 夨ơ긷̩ʲɽǤ m Ѥ櫓Ǥ
ܸüԤˤȤäƤϡֿɡסʤ夯ˤֿסʤФˤƱ֤ײޤΤ顤Ʊ֤ = n ɽѤФ褤ǤϤʤȤǤѸʤإܥˤǤ2ĤΡ֤פ¤ƱȯǤʤȤ¤Ż뤷ơԤˤ n ʸԤˤ m ʸơ̤ɽʤ路ȤȤǤ
ǽȤϤɼԤȤܸüԤǰƬˤΤǤ n ɽۤʬ䤹ΤϤޤǤ⤢ޤ¸ƤΤἰǤˤȡֿפ Sinbasi Ȥʤޤ餯JRʤޤŴƻƼҡˤϡɼԤȤüԡʤ餯ѸɽǤǤȻפ¿γ͡ˤꤷἰǤϤʤإܥʤ˥ɽѤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤޤShimbashi ϡܸȱѸˤޤĤ벻ءֻˤȤɤޤ餺ݲ줿ܤθȤؤΤʤΤǤ
иΡءˡֵ I 塦ԡ٤ɤǤơ#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1])#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1]) Ǽ夲ƱݤθڤߤĤȤΤϡʪμ˶ŤΤƱͤˡʲΡ˸դμˤŤΤȤƤ
ǸŤΥԻԹȷǤܤơݥߥ褫饢ʥȥꥢȾޤDZΤåɲ르ǤݥߥǽȡиΤǤBCǯΤȤǤ
åɤϻ˾ȤʤޤʤܽǤϡʣΰۤʤä̱²礷Ѥ˽äȸƤӤޤåɤȥ̤ƱΤǤ̱²ۤʤäƤޤ
ˤȤäƲɬפȤС̸Ǥ줬ʤȹ줬Ǥޤǥեʶ̸ˤȤǰФƤޤƥåɸ줬ǽζ̸ˤʤޤ
ơ르ϡκϰ줷ˡ¿ΥԥɤĤƤޤǴĤεҤˤȡ르ǽưʪĤꡤˤϥο⤤ǤʤưʪĤäΤˤĤƤϡΤ褦˹ͤƤޤ
줬ۤʤ̱²ơĤäȤȤϡ٤Ƥοʹ֤ۤȤ̣ޤ٤Ƥοʹ֤ۤȡϤ٤Ƥʪۤ褦ȻפΩưʪĤ롥˿ʤȲ⤹٤ƻۤȻפʸʪμؤȻޤåꥢۤĤꡤιϡعŵ٤ȤĤ롥ʥݥ쥪Υ롼֥ʪۤ⡤٤Ʊͤΰջ֤ޤƤޤ르ϡޤˤܤĤΤǤ(32)
ϻۤξڤȤȤȡʤϻۥޥ˥ȤȤˤʤ롥ιͤˤȡñ뤳ȤŪȤ뼭 (lexicography) ϡʤȤѤ͡ˤۤˡɵ椹ʬȤȤˤʤ롪
и ءˡֵ I 塦ԡ١Ĭҡ2016ǯ
ưʪĤϡؤˤˤƤϽ뤵Ƥ#431. ʶθε ([2010-07-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸ε (origin_of_language) Ȥ̩ܤʴطȼ꺻ƤȿȤʤ륪Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ζ븻Ǥ⤢롥Ϥ줬ۤʤĤۤʤ롥ʲѸˤפưʪĤư̾ˤǤ褦ʡرѸŵ (474--76) ˡ
| Animal | cry ư | cry ̾ |
|---|---|---|
| bear ʷ | growl ٹŨդˤʤ | grr |
| roar 礭Ǥۤ | rooaar | |
| bird Ļ | chirp åäĤ | chirp-chirp |
| sing Τ褦ˤ | ||
| tweet = chirp | tweet-tweet | |
| burro ʾС | bray ʤʤ | hee-haw |
| cat ǭ | hiss ٹ˥塼äȤФ | hisses; sssss |
| meow ˥㥪Ĥ | mew; miao | |
| purr ˤΤɤĤ餹 | purrrr | |
| spit ܤäƤĤФǤ褦Ф | pffft | |
| chick ʤҤ褳 | cheep ԥԥĤ | cheep-cheep |
| peep ԥԥĤ | peep-peep | |
| cock [rooster] ͺĻ | crow åȤȤĤ | cock-a-doodle-do |
| cow ʵ | bawl ⤤ΤФĤ | |
| low; moo ⥦Ĥ | moo | |
| cricket ʥ | chirp ⤯û³ŪĤ | chirp-chirp; chirr |
| crow ʥ饹 | caw Ĥ | caw-caw |
| dog ʸ | bark Ȥۤ | bow-wow |
| growl ٹŨդˤʤ | grrr | |
| howl ܤ | ow-ow-ow-oooow | |
| whine ɡĤ餹 | ||
| woof 㤤Ǥۤ | woof-woof | |
| yap; yip Ĥ | yap-yap; yip-yip | |
| donkey ʥС | bray ʤʤ | hee-haw |
| dove ȷ | coo Ĥ | coo-coo |
| duck ʥҥ | quack Ĥ | quack-quack |
| squawk Ԥ郎Ĥ | ||
| elephant ʾݡ | trumpet 褯̤礭Ĥ | |
| fox ʥĥ͡ | bark û⤤Ĥ | |
| frog ʥ | croak Ĥ | croak-croak; reebeep-reebeep |
| goat ʻӡ | bleat ᥨᥨĤ | bah-bah |
| goose [wild goose] ʥ祦 | gabble Ĥ | gabble-gabble |
| hiss 塼äȤФ | ||
| honk 祦äĤ | honk-honk | |
| hen ʻĻ | cackle Ǥ⤯³ŪĤ | buck-buck-buck-budacket |
| cluck åäȤҤʤƤ | cluck-cluck | |
| horse ϡ | neigh ҥҡȤʤʤ | wheee |
| snort ɡФɡ©Ƥ | ||
| whicker = neigh | ||
| whinny = neigh | ||
| hyena ʥϥʡ | laugh ͤФ褦Ǥۤ | hee-hee-hee |
| jay [blue jay] ʥ | scold ޤ | |
| lion ʥ饤 | growl ٹŨդˤʤ | grrr |
| roar 礭Ǥۤ | rooaar | |
| monkey ʱ | chatter åäĤ | chitter-chatter |
| scold ޤĤ | ||
| mouse ʥͥߡ | squeak 奦奦Ĥ | eek-eek; squeak-squeak |
| mule ʥС | bray ʤʤ | hee-haw |
| nightingale ʥʥ | sing | |
| warble = sing | ||
| owl [screech owl] ʥե | hoot ۥۥĤ | whoo-whoo |
| screech ڤФ | ||
| parrot | screech ڤФ | |
| shriek ڤФ | eek-eek | |
| talk ͤθޤͤ | "Polly-wanna-cracker?" ʥˤ ˸碌ʸ | |
| pig ڡ | grunt ֥֥Ĥ | |
| oink ֥ͭĤ | oink-oink | |
| squeal ڤФ | ee-ee | |
| pigeon ʥϥȡ | coo Ĥ | coo-coo |
| rat ʥͥߡ | squeak 奦奦Ĥ | eek-eek; squeak-squeak |
| robin ʥޥɥ | chirp åäĤ | chirp-chirp |
| sheep ӡ | bleat ᥨᥨĤ | bah-bah |
| snake ʼء | hiss 塼äȤФ | sssss |
| sparrow ʿ | chirp åäĤ | chirp-chirp |
| swan Ļ | trumpet 褯̤礭Ĥ | |
| tiger ʸס | growl ٹŨդˤʤ | grr |
| roar 礭Ǥۤ | rooaar | |
| turkey ʼĻ | gobble Ĥ | gobble-gobble |
| wolf ϵ | howl ܤ | ow-ow-ow-oooow |
츻 (etymology) ñθ츻ʬǤ뤳ȤϼμϰϤ̩뤳ȤϰճؿѸؼŵ٤ etymology ιƤߤ褦
etymology ̸͡ʸ츻ʳءˡˡ츻Ȥϡ衤η̸ȯͤỌ̇̄Ѳˤǽʸ¤ꤵΤܤ뤳ȤˤäʸޤʸκǸŤθ̣ʤΡֿΰ̣ (etymon) ؤǶǤ etymon Ʊˡΰ̣ˡȯãˡޤƸ츻ȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦˸εط餫ˤ뤳ȤŪȤ츻ؤϡη֤Ọ̇̄оݤȤˤƸ (lexicology) ΰʤޤ etymon 餫ˤˤơŪʸ (historical linguistics) Ӹ (comparative linguistics) ˡ̤ѤȤ̱²ؤˡųؤ̤Ѥ롥äƸ츻ؤϡñ濴ȤȯãˡʸˤȤȤǤ褦
嵭ˤȡ츻ؤȤϸεȯã餫ˤʬȤȤˤʤ뤬⤽ȤϷỌ̇̄δϢŤʥ˥եȥ˥եηˤˤäΩäƤΤǤ뤫顤ɤδϢŤεȯãɵ椹뤳Ȥ츻ؤŪȤȤˤʤ롥ǸΡַפȤΤϡȤȯΤȤǰƬ֤Ƥ褦ʤ˻ˤäƤϡʸɽ줿ֻ⤳˴ޤޤΰѤǤϸֻʤεȯãˤˤĤŪˤϿƤ餺츻ؤԿǤ뤫Τ褦˸줫ͤʤֻ츻ؤνפʸоݤǤ뤳ȤŪ˼ĥ뤿ˡֻ츻ءס"etymology of spelling", "orthographic etymology" Τ褦Ѹ줬äƤ褤
¿αѸ츻ŵ OED ˤơֻ츻ŪʵҤͿƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥ñֻεȯãҤ뤳Ȥò츻ŵϤʤѸֻ츻ؤ˭ǡΩʬȻפΤ
ʱѸ˸츻̤ˤĤơʲε⻲ȡ
#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1])
#727. 츻ؤμΧ ([2011-04-24-1])
#1791. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ (2) ([2014-03-23-1])
#598. Ѹ츻ؤά (1) ([2010-12-16-1])
#599. Ѹ츻ؤά (2) ([2010-12-17-1])
#636. 츻ؤγԤȤƤ OED ([2011-01-23-1])
#1765. ܤǽ¤ƤѸ츻ؤ Klein αѸ츻ŵ ([2014-02-25-1])
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
ʸˡ (generative_grammar) ˤơʣε§ȤƤꡤ̤Хåƥ硤֤ɤε§ͥס֤ɤ餬ŬѤΤפȤ꤬뤳ȤԲǤ롥ΥȤȯۤФȴ֤ʤֺŬפ "Optimality Theory" ʺŬˤΤɬȤäƤ褤⤷ʤꤽˤⲿ餫ε§ꤹʬǤСˤ餺ȤȯۤޤΤϼΤ褦˻פ롥伫ȡ˴ؿϤȤϤ褷ɸؼԤǤϤʤȤȯۤˤ϶Ф롥
Crystal (342--43) ˤȡŬ (= Optimality Theory = ot) Ȥϼ̤ꡥ
optimality theory (OT) In phonology a theory developed in the early 1990s concerning the relationship between proposed underlying and output representations. In this approach, an input representation is associated with a class of candidate output representations, and various kinds of filter are used to evaluate these outputs and select the one which is 'optimal' (i.e. most well-formed). The selection takes place through the use of a set of well-formedness constraints, ranked in a hierarchy of relevance on a language-particular basis, so that a lower-ranked constraint may be violated in order to satisfy a higher-ranked one. The candidate representation which best satisfies the ranked constraint hierarchy is the output form. For example, in English the negative prefix in- (e.g. insufficient) has two output forms, im- before bilabials (as in impossible, immodest), and in- elsewhere (inarticulate, involuntary, etc.). The coexistence of these forms means that there is conflict between the class of faithfulness constraints (which require identity between input and output) and the class of constraints which impose restrictions on possible sequences have identical place of articulation --- which needs to be resolved by an appropriate ranking of the relevant constraints. Optimality theory thus aims to account for a wide range of phenomena by specifying the interaction of a small number of universal constraints, which apply variously across languages in producing phonological representations. A particular constraint may achieve high ranking in one language (i.e. its output accounts for many surface forms) and low ranking in another (i.e. its output accounts for only a small class of forms). Although initially developed in relation to phonology, during the later 1990s optimality theory came to be extended to morphology and syntax.
ˤޤ꿨줿ȤʤСǤŪȴ˰㤤ʤפڤäƴάƤޤȡѸܸʤɤθ̸줬ɤޤǤε§ȿϵ뤬ɤϵʤȤääƤȤȤʤΤ
OT ϼȤƲ˶ߤȯǤϤ뤬§Ŭѽ˴ؤǤǧʤС§ȤΤꤵ뤽¾ΤʤʬʷˤˤˤƤŬѤȹͤ롥
Ƹ줬줾ͭΥե (fetishism) äƤȤѤȤΤȤ롥
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ñθ츻˴ؤѤɸνѸϡʬˤȤ롥 OED ϤƼμäƤߤǤͭѤʤΤϡإ˥缭ŵ٤ʤΤǤϤʤʲΤ褦ˤ롥
1 ΤȤǤ˸θʣϤΡ˷ǡ
2 ʤñΡ˸ԸѸ two ФűѸ twāա
3 θ졥
äޤäʤ֥ƥסʣ etyma ֥ƥޡסˤȸƤ֤ۤʤߤƤʤָ츻ǡפۤɤ
إ˥缭ŵ٤3ĤθƤȤꡤetymon ϡָ츻פʣ¦̤˸ƤƤꡤ椨˾ʬˤʤäƤ뤬¤ϤȤƤѸǤ롥֡Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤŪʼФ͡ˤбƤ뤫
ȤСpoorly Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤˤĤƹͤ褦Ф1ĤˤϡѸ poureliche ̤פȤΤλ夫ǧСФơpoorly θ츻ȤФ褤poureliche ϡ"the Middle English etymon of poorly" ȤȤˤʤ롥θ2б롥
⤦1Ĥˤϡpoorly Ϸƻ poor -ly ʤäƤǤ롥ϰ츫ȸ츻ȤϸΤ褦˻פ롥Ǥ츻˴ؤŪʼˤƵƤˤϤʤºݡѸ poureliche ηƻ poure -liche Ȥ߹碌¤줷ΤǤ뤫顤ϸ̩ʰ̣ˤƤ츻ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥ξ硤poor/poure -ly/-liche ϡơ etymon ȤȤˤʤʤĤޤ "the two etyma of poorly"ˡθ1б롥
Ǹˡpoorly 1ܤ etymon Ǥ poor/poure ܤƼȡ֤ñϥե povre ѤΡפȤȤˤʤ롥ѸξˤϡѸȤθǤη֡ʡ#901. Ѥʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) Ѹ˽ "model"ˤΤŵŪǤ롥ƤΤ "the French etymon of poor" ȤȤˤʤ롥θ3б롥
ե povre ϡ켫Τ˸Ť츻äƤꡤƥ pauper 䡤˰ĸ *pau- ˤޤ̤롥γơ⡤2ΰ̣Ǥ etymon ȤǤ롥ˡ2ܤ etymon Ǥ -ly/-liche ΤۤܤʤСϤȤƥޥĸ̤˭ˤ etymon äƤ롥ˤ etymon ˻ޤ etymon Ϣ³Ȥ櫓
etymon ϤΤ褦͡ñ̤ؤѤΤǾʬˤ椨ޤʤΤ⤷ʤ֡Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤ䤤ФƤɤΤ褦ȤƤ⡤ϤƤ etymon/etyma λŦȤʤäƤϤǤ롥Τ褦 etymon Ȥ館ȡषʬ䤹ʤΤǤϤʤ
رѸŵ (178--79) ꡤƻܤ¤˴ؤɽǤ褦̾ˤĤƤϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
| Signs of the Zodiac ʲƻܡ | |||
| (house) | (zodiacal constellations) | ̲᤹ۤ | |
| spring signs ʽդµܡ | |||
| Aries ӵܡ | *the Ram ʤҤĤ¡ | 321?420 | energetic, ambitious, generous, aggressive |
| Taurus ʶܡ | *the Bull ʤ¡ | 421?522 | charming, witty, kind, restless |
| Gemini лҵܡ | *the Twins ʤդ¡ | 523?621 | strong, loyal, determined, quiet |
| summer signs ʲƤµܡ | |||
| Cancer ʵܡ | *the Crab ʤ˺¡ | 622?722 | sensitive, materialistic, careful, humorous |
| Leo ʻҵܡ | the Lion ʤ¡ | 723?822 | dignified, honest, vain |
| Virgo ʽܡ | the Virgin ʤȤ¡ | 823?922 | perfectionist, dependable, gentle, efficient |
| autumn signs ʽµܡ | |||
| Libra ŷܡ | the Balance [*Scales] ʤƤӤ¡ | 923?1022 | gracious, harmonious, logical, fair |
| Scorpio ŷ긵ܡ | the Scorpion ʤ¡ | 1023?1121 | courageous, intense, secretive, intelligent |
| Sagittarius ʿϵܡ | the Archer ʤƺ¡ | 1122?1222 | truthful, friendly, optimistic, adventurous |
| winter signs ߤµܡ | |||
| Capricorn 滵ܡ | *the Goat ʤ䤮¡ | 1223?120 | hardworking, kind, determined, disciplined |
| Aquarius ӵܡ | *the Water Bearer [Carrier] ʤߤ¡ | 121?219 | loyal, wise, creative, aloof |
| Pisces еܡ | *the Fish ʤ¡ | 220?320 | kind, quiet, romantic, easygoing |

#3833. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ5֥ꥹȶפΤ ([2019-10-25-1]) ǰ⤷ī㡼ɶֺ112ڡˤ˽ޤ˻äƤǮ깭ޤ¿ˤ錄뤴Ŧ䥳Ȥؤ¤Ȥʤޤ
ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻ֤ƤޤΤǡˤѤ饤ɤγƥڡؤΥĥäƤޤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻5 ֥ꥹȶ
2. 5ꥹȶ
3. ܼ
4. 1. ɤΥꥹȶ
5. űѸޤǡ?1066ǯˤΥꥹȶ˴ؤάǯɽ
6. 2. κ
7. 롼ʸȤϡ
8. ¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽƤ
9. 롼ʸΰ仺
10. űѸΥե٥å
11. űѸʸؤγ
12. 3. ƥμ
13. űѸäˤƥѸΨ
14. ꥹȶȰʸΥƥ
15. 4.
16. 5. ȸ
17. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ
18. ܸˤ뽡
19. ޤȤ
20. 䡧ּεפγƻΥ
21. ʸ
6Ͼ2020ǯ321ڡˤ15:15?18:30Ȥʤޤ֥οפꤷƱѸ˾κΰѤͽǤ
ε#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1]) #3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1]) ǡƻ졦 (comparison) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥ʲϡؿѸؼŵ٤ comparison ιफˤʤKruisinga (Handbook, Vol. 4, §§1734--41) ˤӵ4ˡҲ𤷤褦
(i) оӵ (comparative of contrast)
a younger son ˤӵ younger ϡan elder son elder ǰƬˡоŪѤƤ롥How slow you are! Try and be a little quicker. Τ褦ˡƥŪо⤢롥unique, real, right, wrong ʤɤηƻŪоŪʰ̣ͭƤꡤ椨оӵȤ뤳ȤϤʤ
(ii) ͥӵ (comparative of superiority)
2ԤˤĤƱħĤ¾⤤٤ɽ魯Ѥ롥He worked harder than most men. Τ褦ʰŪʸǤ롥оӵ̤ʾȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(iii) ӵ (comparative of proportion)
ʿԤ2ĤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ƱΨáɽ롥The more he contemplated the thing the greater became his astonishment. You grow queerer as you grow older. Life seemed the better worth living because she had glimpsed death. ʤɤ㤬롥
(iv) ӵ (comparative of graduation)
á뤳Ȥɽ魯Τ and ѤӵŤͤΡThe road got worse and worse until there was none at all. ʤɡworse and worse Ȥ even worse ʤɤź⤢뤷worse 1ĤñȤѤ⤢롥
ӵ̣ŪʬषƤߤȶ̣ŪȯãĴ٤ƤߤȤ⤷
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1]) ǡƻ졦ˤߤ (comparison) Ȥ (category) ˤĤƹ̤ͤ˱ѸӤˤƤϡ3Ĥε (grade) ̤롥 (positive degree)ӵ (comparative degree)Ǿ (superlative degree) Ǥ롥DZѸѸ˴ؤ comparative superlative Ϥ褯ʬΤpositive ȤΤޥˤɤ positive ȤΤ
OED positive, adj. and n. ƤߤȡʸˡѸȤƤΰ̣ϡ12˵Ƥ롥
12. Grammar. Designating the primary degree of an adjective or adverb, which expresses simple quality without qualification; not comparative or superlative. . . .
positive negative ȿФȤ櫓ǤϤʤä˲⽤侮ٹܤƤʤƻ졦줽ΤΤΤ absolute Ū, intrinsic ܼŪ, independent ΩŪˤȤäƤ褤ۤɤΰ̣ŪŪʵǤ comparative superlative ФơӤʤŪʵ positive Ȥ櫓̣ǡŪƤѸ졦ǰȤ롥
ʸˡѸȤƤν1434ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ˻ŪʸĤ
c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in Speculum (1934) 9 79 Þe positif degre..be-tokenyth qualite or quantite with outyn makyng more or lesse & settyth þe grownd of alle oþere degreis of Comparison.
1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Positive Degree of Comparison in Grammar, is that which signifies the Thing simply and absolutely, without comparing it with others; it belongs only to Adjectives.
1930 Frederick (Maryland) Post 15 Jan. 4/2 The Positive degree is used when no comparison is made with any other noun or pronoun, except as to their class; it is expressed by the simple unchanged form of the adjective; it expresses a certain idea to an ordinary extent.
嵭ͤȡܸΡָפȤ褷ưʤ
ܥ֥ǤϸѲθ (causation) ˴ؤ͡ƤäˡƤѲˤʣιäװȤơmultiple_causation θ§ĥƤȤаʲεǤ롥
#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ ([2010-07-14-1])
#1232. ѲϱϳǤ ([2012-09-10-1])
#1233. ѲݤڤǤ ([2012-09-11-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])
#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) ([2014-09-25-1])
#1978. Ѳˤܿν (2) ([2014-09-26-1])
#1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])
#3152. Ѳ "multiple causation" ([2017-12-13-1])
#3271. Ѳ multiple causation ƹ͡ ([2018-04-11-1])
#3355. ѲθŪװ쳰Ūװ"multiple causation" ([2018-07-04-1])
#3377. Ѳθ2ȷ3 ([2018-07-26-1])
Ѳˤ餺ˤƤ⸶ȷ̤δطõΤ̴طȤʣ¿ͤʤΤۤȤɤξ硤ץ1Ĥ櫓ǤϤʤˤĤơڤΥ롼֥å٤路ȥ (90--91) ˤϤΤʸϤɤǤߤ褦̴ְطʣפȤʸϤʸ˵ϰʲDzˤƤˡ
ʡ뺧Ƥʤͤ¿뺧Ƥ뤬ʡǤʤͤ¿Ȥäơ̤뺧Ϲʡ˱ƶʤȤȤǤϤʤʡԹʤơ뺧ȿȤˤˤϸΤĤشط٤ƤǤϤʤˤʤΤϡ줾θ٤ΰ㤤Ǥ롥
E1 E2 θǤȼĥȤE1 E2 ʤ礬뤳ȡ뤤̤θ E2 礬뤳ȤϡɬȿȤϤʤ E1 ФФ뤤ϰ̤ E2 ȼĥƤĤޤꡤ¾θϤۤɰŪǤϤʤ뤤 E1 E2 פʸΰǤꡤΤ餹ʣθꡤ¾ˤפʸ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓ˤϥХܤۤʤΤ٤ˤʤͤ⤤СȢۤĤŤƤµȤ̵οͤ⤤롥ξԤȤŪˤ϶̣뤷פˤХ٤θʤΤѤ̻¤
ΰۤʤ븶ޤäƱƶڤܤƤ롥ȤСϵ岹ȲˤϤޤޤʸꡤΰˤۤγưѲʤɼŪʤΤ⤢뤬Ȥäƿʹ֤ǤϤʤȤϤʤ٤⤤̴طʣʤΤ¿¿ͤװƯƤʤĤΤȤۤγưޤȲ˰äƤΤʤСϿʹֳưڤܤƤƶ뤵ʤ뺬Ȥʤˡ
ȷ̤Ͻ۴ŤˤΤ⤷ʤDzҤΩ¤⤿餹⤷ʤդ¤ΤDzԤϤ⤽Ωᡤ줬ʤ¤⤿餹Ȥ롼ˤʤäƤ櫓꼫ͳʳư뤬椨¤Ωξ뤳Ȥ⤢ȤƤ⤹Ф餷ǥäƤҤꤿʤȤȤ⤢Ȥۤɤ褦ˡ̴طʣ
ѲθθݤζȤ
ȥˡˡ ҡˡڤΥ롼֥å5ǡ˼Ҥطʸˡӡ2019ǯ
Ѹ˴ϢǯɽįƤȡƤɸ Whitby ν (Synod of Whitby) ܤȤƵƤʰʲεǯɽȡˡ
#1419. ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-03-16-1])
#2526. űѸѸʸػǯɽ ([2016-03-27-1])
#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1])
#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])
#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1])
#3624. ƣͺرѸ٤αѸǯɽ ([2019-03-30-1])
νĤϡɤΤ褦ʲĤäΤرƻ˼ŵ ˤȼ̤Ǥ롥
Whitby, Synod of ̱ѡ͡ۥåȥӡ663/664ǯΡ֥ꥢ (Northumbria) (Oswy) ˤꡤΥۥåȥӡʸߤϥΡ衼㡼αԻԡˤǡΤ˳줿ġΡ֥ꥢǤϥȶ (Celtic Church) ϤΥꥹȶ˹ޤꡤ٤ƥϤΥꥹȶäȤȤˡξԤबޤääˡ (Easter) ꤽΤۤᤰäΩΩĤ褦ˤʤꡤΡ֥ꥢȤƤϤɤζΤѤ٤ꤹɬפ줿η̡βĤ졤ȶ¦ϥǥե (Lindisfarne) ʶޥ (Coleman)¦ϥեå (Wilfrid) ɽȤʤäŸɡλٻˤꡤκѤꤷˡȶͭϤǤäΡ֥ꥢˤʤ餤8ˤϥ륺åȥɡɤζ줿βĤϡ֥ƥ䥢ɤΥꥹȶˤ줵졤衼åΦζȰβä
Whitby νĤŪʰյϡѤκǸˤҤ٤ƤȤꡤ֥ƥΦ¦إäȰĤˤ롥ˡγʸΦʸ᤹ܶ뤳Ȥˤʤä664ǯȤϡ֥ƥ礬̣̤ؤħŪǯʤΤǤ롥줫ۤ400ǯ塤1066ǯΥΥޥˤꡤ̤ؤϥԡɤȤˤʤä
ѸˤδͤƤߤ褦ΥޥαѸ˾ΰյϡĤȤΤƤ (cf. #2047. ΥޥαѸ˾ΰյ ([2014-12-04-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1])) üŪˤСեʤӥƥˤαƶޤäȤȤϸŪʰ̣ǤΡ̤ؤפǤ롥βȤ4 Whitby νĤäȲ᤹ȡβĤ¸ߤŤߤƤ롥ޤǴŪʰյȤ٤ΤѸŪˤħŪʲĤäȤ
¼ ⡦ ˡرƻ˼ŵ١ҡ2000ǯ
Τˤ (coat of arms, armorial bearings, arms) оݤȤϳ (heraldry) Ȥ15˻ϤޤäγϸߤޤϢʤ³ƤƤ뤬оݤȤʤϤȤϲȤäƤϡͤפϤʤϳؼŵ٤路 (v) ˤС衼åѤΥꥹȶĤλۤ뵮²Ҳ˻Ϥޤꡤݤˤ줾Ŀ̤ͤǤ륷ܥŪ١פȤʤ롥
ΤεΤǤνФΩϡɤ˿ȤǤǤ롥ߤ˴ǧǤʤˤäơݤ줿ܥäμ̼ʤȤΤϤεǤ롥äơϤȤϡ˵ΤǤʽ˵²°٤ǤꡤޤȷϤǤϤʤĿ̤ͤ뤿ƻΩƤǤʤܤβȰۤʤˡΤᡤƱ縢ˤä2ĤƱϤäƤϤʤʤΤǤ롥Ū˼ѤƤȤΤϤνפħǤˤϰ㤤ʤºݡѾӤʤϤǤϤʤ֥ (emblem) Ȥߤʤˤʤ
Ϥ11Ƭ˥ɥĤǻϤޤäȤ롥Ϥڤ˹ΤϡϾ (joust) Ǥ롥ǤϡΤϼνݷϤ줿ر (surcoat) ξѤƻ˻äʤ椨ˡϤ "coat of arms" ȸƤФˡλ糫ϤˤäƤϡȽʡϴ (herald)ˤåѤοĤ³ơƵΤϤ⤹Τ路äʤ椨ˡϤפϤȤȥɥĸǡ֥åѤפ̣ "blazon" ȾΤˡ
˾ηѾӤĤϤϡɤ William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 1226ǯסˤΤΤȤ롥ˡϤϸĿͼ̤μʤθؼμʤؤѼ˥ơܥ뤽ΤΤؤȯŸޤȡԻԡɤʤɤνĤˡñ̤Ǥͭ褦ˤʤꡤμҲŪʰ֤ŤѤäƤ
˭ˤؤΤϤϡοʬʤΤߤʤ餺ŪΩŪ⸽ߤ뵮ŤʥƥȤǤ롥ȤС#433. Law French ȱѹϡ ([2010-07-04-1]) Ǽꥶ٥2ϤϡѹˤͺۤʪλʤΤǤ롥
ϳؼŵ١罤۽Ź1998ǯ
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