ƥ줬ѸʤҤƤϸθѸˤνդ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƤϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 褯ΤƤ롥ƥϡҿΤȤƥͥ˱ѸɸಽΤܤˤʤäȤϳΤƱΥ衼åѤǤե졤ڥ졤ꥢ⡤Ѹνդ˾ʤ̱ƶͿƤѸˤǤ⤢ޤ궯Ĵ뤳ȤϤʤ̣˽פʻ¤Ǥ롥
Scholfield (158) ˤСŦƤ롥
<i> <j><u> <v> ζ̤ϡƥǤϤʤڥ䥤ꥢˤä̤ˤ¥줿cf. #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]), #2415. Ūɽֻ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1])
long <s> οϡ餯ΦαƶǤcf. #584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])
ݥȥե (apostrophe) ƳΦ
ʸ (capitalisation) Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäΦ
Φθ줫ѤȤˡѸǤֻѸ첽˼뷹⡤嵭νƱ
ΰΤ⥤ꥢեʤΦ褿Τä
Scholfield (158) ΰʲλŦϡ֥ƥ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶװʾˡ֥衼åѽ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶפؤܤƤ롥
. . . those with influence over how English writing developed were at least in the sixteenth/seventeenth centuries motivated to locate English as a modern European national language perhaps rather more than as another classical language.
ѸϡۤΥǥȤƤƥǰƬˤƤŪŨмԤĶϼԤȤ뤷ƤΤϡƱΥ衼åѤνäȤȤˤʤꤽ
Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.
#3049. ѸǤ⥢ե٥åȤϤޤ26ʸǤϤʤä ([2017-09-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ1755ǯ˱ƶϤΤ뼭ä Samuel Johnson (1709--84) ϡե٥åȤʸξ26ʸȤʤ⡤ºݤμˤƤ i/j, u/v γơ勞ˤ˽äI, V θФΤȤˡ줾켡Τ褦롥Crystal ȴǤѤ롥
I
is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant; though, since the vowel and consonant differ in their form as well as sound, they may be more properly accounted two letters.
I vowel has a long sound, as fine, thine, which is usually marked by an e final; and a short sound, as fin, thin. Prefixed to e it makes a diphthong of the same sound with the soft i, or double e: thus field, yield, are spoken as feeld, yeeld; except friend, which is spoken frend. Subjoined to a or e it makes them long, as fail, neight; and to o makes a mingled sound, which approaches more nearly to the true notion of a diphthong, or sound composed of the sounds of two vowels, than any other combination of vowels in the English language, as oil, coin. The sound of i before another i, and at the end of a word, is always expressed by y.
J consonant has invariably the same sound with that of g in giant; as jade, jet, jilt, jolt, just.
V
Has two powers, expressed in modern English by two characters, V consonant and U vowel, which ought to be considered as two letters; but they were long confounded while the two uses were annexed to one form, the old custom still continues to be followed.
U, the vowel, has two sounds; one clear, expressed at other times by eu, as obtuse; the other close, and approaching to the Italian u, or English oo, as obtund.
V, the consonant, has a sound nearly approaching to those of b and f. With b it is by the Spaniards and Gascons always confounded, and in the Runick alphabet is expressed by the same character with f, distinguished only by a diacritical point. Its sound in English is uniform. It is never mute.
ʸŵŪʲˡǫ˵ҤƤΤ狼롥ǤƤ褦ˡJohnson ϤϤ i j, u v Τ˶̤٤ʸȤߤʤƤ롥Ǥ⡤ޤǤδѤ˽虜ʤȤΩˤޤƤ롥դˡȴѤζ֤ɤ뤳λͭ褯ɽ蘆Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ΡֻͤIJ̾פʤ̥ե٥åȤΡֻͤʸפŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])#2415. Ūɽֻ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1]) Ȥ줿
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.
Ѹֻ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ˤĤơ#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ ([2014-10-12-1])#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) εǸڤƤ
Hart ϡɽΩˤֻפε˯Ǥꡤ1ʸ1פۤؤʤƤ³ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ȤȤˡޤƤŪäˡο͡ˤޤȤ˼夲뤳ȤϤʤäǤ⡤Hart ƤΤʤǡ˷̤Ȥɸֻ˺Ѥ줿פʹܤ2Ĥ롥<u> <v> ʬ <i> <j> ʬǤ롥줾ʬγפˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) ǿ줿̤տŪ˶ʤ褦Ȥʪ Hart οͤäHorobin (120--21) ϡ Hart ιˤĤơΤ褦ɾƤ롥
In many ways Hart's is a sensible, if slightly over-idealized, view of the spelling system. Some of the reforms introduced by him have in fact been adopted. Before Hart the letter <j> was not a separate letter in its own right; in origin it is simply a variant form of the Roman letter <I>. In Middle English it was used exclusively as a variant of the letter <i> where instances appear written together, as in lijf 'life', and is common in Roman numerals, such as iiij for the number 4. . . . Hart advocated using the letter <j> as a separate consonant to represent the sound /dʒ/, as we still do today. A similar situation surrounds the letters <u> and <v>, which have their origins in the single Roman letter <V>. In the Middle English period they were positional variants, so that <v> appeared at the beginning of words and <u> in the middle of words, irrespective of whether they represented the vowel or consonant sound. Thus we find Middle English spellings like vntil, very, loue, and much. Hart's innovation was to make <u> the vowel and <v> the consonant, so that their appearance was dependent upon use, rather than position in the word.
ˡˤĤʤ2ФʸǤʬˤĤơHart ΤߤιǤ櫓ˤϤʤΥǥƤΤ٤Ƥˢ˵櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤõƤ褤
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Ѹ angel ϡűѸ engel ̤ꡤ켫Τϸƥ angelus μѸǤ롥ˡangelus ϥꥷ ággelos (one that announces) μѤǤ롥ѸǤȯ [eɪnʤəl] Ǥꡤ<g> 2κǽλҲ˻Ȥʤ뤬űѸǤϤɤΤ褦ȯ줿ΤűѸΤΤǤϡ<g> ͿƤꡤ¾ΤΤǤ <ġ> ͿƤ롥ԤǤ [g] ǤꡤԤǤϤ줬餫λҲʤФܶ [j] ˤǤꤵ롥ޤHogg (37) ˤС<n> ˸³ <g> ѸƱ褦˻ [ʤ] ȤƼ¸줿 (ex. OE singe (> PDE singe [sɪnʤ])) ĤƤΤǡȯ˰ [ʤ] Ĵʤ롥˻⡤ʤȤȤΤ1ǤϤ
ŪŵäƤߤ褦رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤСOE /-g-/ 13CޤǻĤ뤬ME OF angele, angel (F ange) (▭ LL) αƶ /ʤ/ ȤʤäפȤ롥ޤűѸ첻 Lass and Anderson (136) ˤСűѸ ġimm (gem; < L. gemma) 椷ƸűѸ engel ͿƤȤ顤[g] ꤷƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
⤦1ĤθűѸ첻 Hogg (223) ϡenġel ɽƤꡤꤷƤ롥μ¸ܶ [j] ʤΤ [ɟ] ʤΤϤޤ˻ [ʤ] ʤΤȽȤʤ
ΡرѸ I (100) ˤСűѸǤ en- yn- θ֤ [ɟ] 줬űѸ˻ [ʤ] ѲȤȤơޤ enġel (angel) lenġr (longer), hynġran (be hungry) ȤȤ˵Ƥ롥
̤˸űѸβŪ¸ˤĤƤ͡ʵꡤ狼ʤȤ¿ΤηˤĤƤϡˤ줿 Lass and Anderson (136) ڤ줬褤ΤǰѤƤűѸ <g> βˤĤƸѸΤȤϢŤʤ⤷ƤսǡűѸ engel λҲ˻ [ʤ] äϤϤʤȤƤֻʬȡˡ
. . . the 'normal' developments:
(a) [j] before original front vowels: ġeolu 'yellow', ġieldan 'yield'.
(b) [g] before original back vowels: gōs 'goose', gāst 'ghost'.
(c) [g] before umlauted back vowels: gēs 'geese', gyrdels 'girdle'.
Some of the major anomalies are these:
(a) [g] before original front vowels: give, get, gate, gallows, OE ġ(i)efan, ġ(i)etan, ġeat, ġealga. The simplest answer here is the traditional one of 'Scandinavian influence'---however that may have operated. The most likely way would seem to be by direct borrowing of forms, i.e. ON gefa, geta, gata, galgi. Since Old Norse did not at that time have a palatal softening rule, these foms, if they were borrowed as is, would be 'synchronically foreign' in OE dialects that had palatal softening: an OE form beginning with the 'impermissible' sequence [ge] would then be the equivalent of a form like Dvořak, or Vladimir in Modern English. That the OE forms did indeed have [j] is borne out by survivals like yett in place names from OE ġeat, and by the Middle English spelling distributions: basically non-northern forms like yeve, yive, as against northern ones like gyve, give, gyff.
(b) [ʤ] before original front vowels: gem, OE ġimm < L. gemma. The answer here, as in angel (OE engel) is undoubtedly reborrowing from French after the Conquest.
(c) [j] before original back vowels. We know of only one clear case of this type, which is yawn. The vowel suggests OE gānian 'gape, yawn', rather than the apparently synonomous (sic) verb ginian (gynian, gionian). The consonantism, however, suggests the latter. The OED (s.v. yawn) proposes, perhaps correctly, a sort of 'conflation': [j]-forms 'influenced by' (whatever that means) the vowel of now obsolete [g]-forms.
Τ褦ˤĤŵäƤϤߤɤΤȤʶȤƤꡤʤҲäꤹ뤳Ȥ
Ϣơ#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1])#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ ([2014-04-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Hogg, Richard M. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 1. 1992. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Lass, Roger and John M. Anderson. Old English Phonology. Cambridge: CUP, 1975.
С סرѸ I١Ѹ8罤۽Ź1980ǯ
ε ([2014-07-02-1]) κǸˡإܥֻΤʤǡȤ櫓ѸȹͤΤȤ <sh>, <ch>, <j> 3ѸˡȤСֻŪʰ̣ǡֱѸפǤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥ΡֱѸפȤǧѸˤȤΩŪʴįȡΤȤ館ѤäƤ뤫⤷ʤŪˤϡֻɬѸŪȤϤʤǤ롥
ޤ<sh> = /ʃ/ ˡȤƳΩΤ15溢ΤȤˤʤűѸǤϡλҲ <sc> ȤŻ (digraph) ǵ§Ū֤ƤŻѸؤѤ줿ѸǤ͡ʰ֤꤬ΩΤʤפƤä㤨СѸ <ship> бΤȤơѸǤ <chip>, <scip>, <schip>, <ship>, <sip>, <ssip> ʤɤֻߤ롥ΤʤǡѸǤ褯Ѥ줿Τ <sch> Ū <sh> ϡ13Ƭ Orm Ƥĵ§ŪѤٰŪˤʤäΤ14Υɥ Chaucer ʤɤ <sh> Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤǤ롥θ塤<sh> 15溢˹褦ˤʤꡤ17ޤǤ¾ΰ֤ѤɤΤ褦ˡŻ <sh> δϡѸھȯȤϳΤѸΰ֤ȤĹˤ褦䤯ޤäǤꡤѸεȤʤäƤˤϤۤĹΤǤϤʤ (Upward and Davidson 157)
ˡ<ch> = /ʧ/ бεϡʤǤ롥λҲϡűѸǤŵŪ첻֤˸졤§Ū <c> ֤줿Ѳη̡<c> ƱĶ /k/ ɽ魯褦ˤʤꡤŤĤ˻äξطʤˤäȤȡѸ Norman French ֻϤʱƶϤäȤˤꡤѸǤϼ Norman French <ch> = /ʧ/ ̤Ȥʤä12ˤϡűѸŪ <c> = /ʧ/ бϤۤȤѤ졤űѸͳñʹߤä <ch> ֤ľ褦ˤʤäŻ <ch> μƤˤϡʸȲΤбܻؤŪȡNorman French ֻοʽФȤ쳰ŪװȤͿƤΤǤ (Upward and Davidson 100)
<j> ˤĤƤϡ#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ ([2014-04-29-1]) ȡ#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) Ǹ褦ˡեѸ̤줿ѸˡϤեֻޤͤΤ˱ѸǤ夷ˤʤºݡ<j> ǻϤޤñϸ§ȤƱѸǤϤʤ
ʾΤ褦ˡǤϡֱѸפǧƤ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ⡤夹ޤǤֻäΤǤꡤ餫ŵŪˡֱѸפä櫓ǤϤʤ<ch> <j> 2Ĥ˻äƤϡΥեåʥ֥ʸǤեֻǤäѸ줬ϤΥեƤ褦ˡܸ줬ߤϤαѸƤȤƤäˤʤֻˡ⡤ĬήȤȤѲ뤳Ȥ⤢Ѱۤ⤹ΤǤ롥ơܿˤƶϡήԤҿʤɤμҲŪװ˰¸ΤǤ롥Ρɾ⡤ŪʴޤΩŪˤʤɬפȹͤ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) εκǸǡ<j> (= <i>) = /ʤ/ бطޤ줿طʤˤĤƿ줿ƥ줫ťեؤȯŸˡͭŸܶ [j] ͭ˻ [ʤ] ѲȤβѲȡ#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1]) εƤ˴Ϣơ (138--39) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤäΤǡѤOED εҤۤƱơˡ
6ˡƥˤơҤ [j] ϤФȯ尵̤졤̤ [j] ΰ֤ꤵ˹뤳ȤˤäƤ d ȯ iūstus > d-iūstus, māior > mā-d-ior, [dj] Ф [ʤ] assibilate 줿 g θŤ첻Ǹ [ʤ] ѤäƤǡconsonantal i 'soft' g ϥޥǤƱβĤ褦ˤʤä
ꥢǤϡconsonantal i ȯŸ [ʤ] e, i ˤ g a, o, u ˤ gi- ˤäƽѤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơj ֤ϼΤƤ줿ά
եǤ i ʸȯŸäƤΤޤ¸졤ä consonantal i 'soft' g ͵ǤꡤκۤϸεˤǤ롥
L OF It. ModE iūstus iuste giusto just iūdic-cem iuge giudice judge Iēsus Iesu Gesù Jesus māior maire maggiore major gesta geste gesto gest (jest)
Norman Conquest 塤consonantal i Ϥθեβ [ʤ] äƱѸ͢줿եǤϤθ [ʤ] ϤǤä [ʒ] ñ㲽줿ѸϺ˻ޤǥեθˤƤθ¸Ƥ롥
äơե٥å <J> θƾ /ʤeɪ/ ˤĤơ (141) εҤѤƤ
J ϸŤ jy [ʤai] ȸƤФƺɤʤƱ²ʸ I [ai] Ȳƥե̾ ji ȸƱθƤ̾ϺǤ⥹åȥɤ¾ˤ̤Ǥ롥奤ꥹ̾17ja 뤤 jay [ʤei] ϡ a [ei] ɤʤ k 餦 (O. Jespersen, B. L. Ullman) ɥ̾ jot [jɔt] ϡ16 j i ʬ̾ yōd 줿
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
ε#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) Τ <j> ˤĴ٤ƤȤˡScragg (66--67fn) ˵Ƥ <j> <g> ŪطˤĤƤƶܤȤޤä
In Old French orthography, the sound /dʒ/ (Mod. Fr. /ʒ/) was represented <i> (<j>) before <a o u> and <g> before <e i>. The convention was carried into Middle English in French loanwords, and survives, for example, in jacket, join, July, germ, giant. The resulting confusion with <g> for /g/ has sometimes been avoided by extending <j> to positions before <e> and <i>, e.g. jet (cf. get), jig (cf. gig), or alternatively the French convention of using <gu> for /g/ was adopted (guess, guide). In the sixteenth century, <gu> for /g/ was more widespread than it is today (e.g. guift, guirl 'gift, girl'), and some printers followed Caxton, whose long association with the Netherlands led him to use <gh> for /g/ very frequently (e.g. gherle, ghoos, ghes, ghoot 'girl, goose, geese, goat'). Sixteenth-century books often have <gh> where modern spelling has <gu> (e.g., ghess, ghest), and the Oxford English Dictionary even records ghuest. Sixteenth-century familiarity with Italian literature may have contributed here, as Italian has <gh> for /g/. In English it survives only in ghost, ghastly and gherkin.
ʤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥եѸ̤줿ѸǤϡեֻޤͤơ/ʤ/ Фֻ³첻ˤä <g> <j> ˳Ƥ<g> Ͻ /g/ ɽ路ƤΤǡ<g> <j> βбϸ§ȤưʲΤ褦ˤʤäƤ
| <i> | <e> | <a> | <o> | <u> | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <g> | /ʤi/, /gi/ | /ʤe/, /ge/ | /ga/ | /go/ | /gu/ |
| <j> | /ʤa/ | /ʤo/ | /ʤu/ |
| <i> | <e> | <a> | <o> | <u> | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <g> | (/ʤi/, /gi/) | (/ʤe/, /ge/) | /ga/ | /go/ | /gu/ |
| <gu> | /gi/ | /ge/ | |||
| <j> | /ʤi/ | /ʤe/ | /ʤa/ | /ʤo/ | /ʤu/ |
Ѹǥե٥åȤ10ܤʸ <j> ϡ٤ȤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) ǤߤȤꡤ<z>, <q> ³ƺǤ롥ۤɤޤǤΩʤʸ⤽ΤϤȤΩƤĹ˿Ƥ400ǯȷФäƤʤΤ
<j> <i> ˤΤФĤƤǤʸǤ롥Ūˤ <j> ϥ夫¸ߤǽȤƤ <i> ȽʣƤꡤʸ <i> Ѱ۷ˤʤäĤޤꡤ<j> ΩʸǤȤƤϤߤʤƤʤäΤǤ롥Ѹ̤ơ<j> ŵŪˤϥˤ褦ˡ<i> Ϣ³ݤκǸ <i> Ѥ줿 (ex. iiij)
Ȥ1630--40ǯˡ<i> 첻Ȥơ<j> /ʤ/ бҲȤѤ븽δϤޤϤޤǡ <j> <i> ȶ̤Ωϰ̤櫓ǤϤʤˤϤ˻֤ä㤨С1755ǯ Johnson μǤ⡤"I is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant; though, since the vowel and consonant differ in their form as well as sound, they may be more properly accounted two letters" ȶ̤ƤϤ뤬ºݤˤ <i> ǻϤޤ <j> ǻϤޤ줬ƱФΤȤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤjar, jaw, jay, ice, idol, jealous, jerk, ill ʤɤνǸФȤƸΤǤ (Upward and Davidson 184--85) ʸ <J> <I> ζ̤Ϥ٤졤Ѥ19ޤ³ (Crystal 260) ʤ1828ǯ Webster μǤϡξʸϴ˶̤Ƥ롥
<j> /ʤ/ бҲȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡťեˤƤбäǤ롥ƥ iacere, iunctus iuvenis ʤɤθƬ <i> ȾҲ /j/ ɽ路ťե˻Ǥ /j/ ϲФơǽŪ˻ /ʤ/ ȤʤäΩ <i/j> = /ʤ/ бطѸˤܿ졤17ȾˡٰŪ˸ʬۤѤ褦ˤʤä (Upward and Davidson 133--34) ޤ15Υڥˤ첻 <i> ȻҲ <j> λȤʬδ⡤Ѹˤξʸʬ˴ؤäƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ<i>, <j> ξ (dot) ȤϢơ#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1]) ȡ˾ܤϡOED "J, n. ιȤ줿
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
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