Ѹˤˤǽֻ (spelling_reform) ϤĤäȤ䤤ˤˤֲספȸƤ֤ˤϰտŪʱİ٤ǤʤФʤʤǤ㤨С#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ Ormulum ֻֻפλʪȤȤˤʤ
ֻפȤϡ̤ˤСĿͤˤ뱿ưȤϽŪʼҲưؤΤǤϤʤ˽Сֻפκǽηϡ16Ⱦ17ˤƤΰϢ (orthoepy) ԤγưˤäȤäƤ褤餳Ѹ˾ܳŪֻԤäΤˤĤ Carney (467) Τ褦ɾäƤ롥
The first concerted movement for the reform of English spelling gathered pace in the second half of the sixteenth century and continued into the seventeenth as part of a great debate about how to cope with the flood of technical and scholarly terms coming into the language as loans from Latin, Greek and French. It was a succession of educationalists and early phoneticians, including William Mulcaster, John Hart, William Bullokar and Alexander Gil, that helped to bring about the consensus that took the form of our traditional orthography. They are generally known as 'orthoepists'; their work has been reviewed and interpreted by Dobson (1968). Standardization was only indirectly the work of printers.
ˤĤ Carney ϡŪ Brengelman 1980ǯνפʸ˰͵ƤȤäƤ褤Brengelman ʸˤĤƤϡʲεǤƤΤǡ碌ɤǤ
#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3564. 17ؼԤˤֻɸಽؤι ([2019-01-29-1])
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
Ѹֻ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ˤĤơ#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ ([2014-10-12-1])#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) εǸڤƤ
Hart ϡɽΩˤֻפε˯Ǥꡤ1ʸ1פۤؤʤƤ³ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ȤȤˡޤƤŪäˡο͡ˤޤȤ˼夲뤳ȤϤʤäǤ⡤Hart ƤΤʤǡ˷̤Ȥɸֻ˺Ѥ줿פʹܤ2Ĥ롥<u> <v> ʬ <i> <j> ʬǤ롥줾ʬγפˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) ǿ줿̤տŪ˶ʤ褦Ȥʪ Hart οͤäHorobin (120--21) ϡ Hart ιˤĤơΤ褦ɾƤ롥
In many ways Hart's is a sensible, if slightly over-idealized, view of the spelling system. Some of the reforms introduced by him have in fact been adopted. Before Hart the letter <j> was not a separate letter in its own right; in origin it is simply a variant form of the Roman letter <I>. In Middle English it was used exclusively as a variant of the letter <i> where instances appear written together, as in lijf 'life', and is common in Roman numerals, such as iiij for the number 4. . . . Hart advocated using the letter <j> as a separate consonant to represent the sound /dʒ/, as we still do today. A similar situation surrounds the letters <u> and <v>, which have their origins in the single Roman letter <V>. In the Middle English period they were positional variants, so that <v> appeared at the beginning of words and <u> in the middle of words, irrespective of whether they represented the vowel or consonant sound. Thus we find Middle English spellings like vntil, very, loue, and much. Hart's innovation was to make <u> the vowel and <v> the consonant, so that their appearance was dependent upon use, rather than position in the word.
ˡˤĤʤ2ФʸǤʬˤĤơHart ΤߤιǤ櫓ˤϤʤΥǥƤΤ٤Ƥˢ˵櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤõƤ褤
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Ѹθ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤơܥ֥ǤȵƤΤʤ1ġ#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1]) ǡ츻ŪֻȽŪäҤ1ͤȤ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ̾Hart ɽֻԤ1ͤ An Orthographie (1569) ǤȤΤ뤬ޤ˵ŪʲװƤΤ˼줺ֻ˱ƶڤܤȤϤۤȤɤʤäºݡHart ϸ츻Ūֻ˴ؤƤȽäΤΡǽŪˤϤȽ϶Mulcaster ʤβɤ˼ƳϤȤˤʤä
Hart θ츻ŪֻФȽϡαѸֻŪλŦΤʤ˸롥Hart ϡѸֻ "the divers vices and corruptions which use (or better abuse) mainteneth in our writing" ȤƤȤȤ diminution, superfluite, usurpation of power, misplacing 4Ƥ롥diminution Ϥ٤Ȥʸ礱Ƥ뤳ȤؤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥꡤޤη٤ȤǤ롥Ĥ3ĤϼºŪʤΤǡޤ superfluite Ϥ٤ǤϤʤȤʸȤǤ롥<doubt> <b> ŵǤꡤ츻ŪֻϡHart ˸碌 superfluite 1ȤȤˤʤ롥usurpation ϡ<g> /g/ ˤ /ʤ/ ˤб褦ˡ1ĤʸʣβƤƤꡥǸ misplacing ϡ㤨 /feɪbəl/ бֻȤƤ *<fabel> Ȥʤ٤Ȥ <fable> ǤȤʸؤ
嵭Τ褦ˡ츻ŪֻؤäƤΤϡ٤ǤʤȤʸƤ superfluite ˤƤǤ롥Hart (121--22) θʸꡤϢսѤ褦
Then secondli a writing is corrupted, when yt hath more letters than the pronunciation neadeth of voices: for by souch a disordre a writing can not be but fals: and cause that voice to be pronunced in reading therof, which is not in the word in commune speaking. This abuse is great, partly without profit or necessite, and but oneli to fill up the paper, or make the word thorow furnysshed with letters, to satisfie our fantasies . . . . As breifli for example of our superfluite, first for derivations, as the b in doubt, the g in eight, h in authorite, l in souldiours, o in people, p in condempned, s in baptisme, and divers lyke.
Hart superfluite Ȥ eight people ʤɤƤ뤬̾盧ϱѸˤˤƽѸŵŪʤ츻ŪֻȤƸڤΤǤϤʤäơָ츻Ūֻ superfluite פȤطƤΤŬڤ
Hart, John. MS British Museum Royal 17. C. VII. The Opening of the Unreasonable Writing of Our Inglish Toung. 1551. In John Hart's Works on English Orthography and Pronunciation [1551, 1569, 1570]: Part I. Ed. Bror Danielsson. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1955. 109--64.
ε#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1]) ˰³etymological_respelling ꡥѸˤǤϸ츻Ūֻϼ16--17ȤǧƤcf. #1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])ˡᤤ14--15ǧƤ뤷#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#1790. եǤ16ĺޤ츻ֻ֤ ([2014-03-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ٥եǤ褯ݤ13ȾƤºݤ˥եǤ츻Ūֻ16˥ԡޤΤǡθݤˤĤơʩϤ褽Ĵ碌ƤȤˤʤ롥
ե¦Ǥθ츻ŪֻˤĤƾܤĴƤʤMiller (211) 14꤫ȤƤ롥
Around the end of C14, French orthography began to be influenced by etymology. For instance, doute 'doubt' was written doubte. Around the same time, such etymologically adaptive spellings are found in English . . . ., especially by C16. ME doute [?a1200] was altered to doubt by confrontation with L dubitō and/or contemporaneous F doubte, and the spelling remained despite protests by orthoepists including John Hart (1551) that the word contains an unnecessary letter . . . .
եǤϰ <doubte> ³17ˤϺƤ <b> æǤ doute äƤ롥
ǤϡѸ¦ǤϤɤdoubt ؤ <b> Ĵ٤ƤߤȡMED ʸˤС15¿㤬ۤ14 Gower 롥
ƱͤˡOED Ǥ <doubt> ȰʸƤߤȡ15㤬ʤ餺ۤ14ˤ1300ǯ Cursor Mundi 줿رѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥϡdoubt ˤ <b> αѸǤ15ȤʤäƤ뤬ºݤˤϤä㤬äȤˤʤ롥
a1300 Cursor M. (Edinb.) 22604 Saint peter sal be domb þat dai,.. For doubt of demsteris wrek [Cott. wreke].
1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 230 First ben enformed for to lere A craft, which cleped is facrere. For if facrere come about, Than afterward hem stant no doubt.
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) xvi. xlvii. 569 No man shal wene that it is doubt or fals that god hath sette vertue in precyous stones.
˽Ѹ쥳ѥ LAEME <b> ޤֻϸĤʤä
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.
ε#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ǡֻ̾Ԥ̾礭ɽεɤβɤʬ롥16ȾФ鼡ؤϢʤ뤽η (64) ˤäƼ

εǽФƤƤʤ̾⤢롥Cheke Smith ϵȴطäȤ顤طԤǤ Waad Laneham ˤɽؤδؿܤä褦ǡ Cheke οֻˡ¹ԤHart Bullokar Waad ˱ƶͿϩȤƤϡMulcaster Edmund Coote (fl. 1597; see Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)) 16˱ƶϤ17ˤ Francis Bacon (1561--1626) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) Фơ18 Dr. Johnson (1709--84) ޤϢʤäơϩϡɤΤȤˤޤǻɤƤΤǤ롥
̤ȤƤߤСʤɽ̤ɽʸɸ֤ ޥե٥å (Roman alphabet) ѤѸˤˤơʤɽषȤȤϡʸδϽפʰ̣Ĥ褦˻פ롥ʸˤȤäƺǤפŪȤϡɽ졤뤤ϸȤ鷺Ȥⲿ餫θñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤꡤե٥åȤŵŪäƤɽǽϤŪã뤿μʤˤʤΤǤϤʤɽǽ켫ΤͭѤǤꡤΤƵɬפϤʤɽȤǽŪΤɬפȤ¿ϵˤǤۤɤεǽʤΤǤϤʤ
Τ褦˹ͻǡ#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εƶ̣
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
16ˤˡ (orthography) ꡤMulcaster Ȥ "right writing" ꤬줿cf. #1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])ˡѸֻϡˤƱͤˤǤ˺𤷤ƤޤƤβѲˤȯֻЪΥꡤޤޤɽŪǤʤʤäĿͥ٥ǤϤֻηϤռƤĿͤĶ٥ǤϤޤ경ƤʤäĤϥƥˡäδ줿ãˤϡ⤦1ۤɤλ֤ߤɬפäʲȤ Baugh and Cable (208--14) εҤ˰͵16ˡᤰ⤹롥
Ŀͥ٥ǤϰӤֻηϤܻؤ줿ȽҤ٤ΤʤˤϻŪˤȤɤޤΤ⤢СǤƸˤΤ⤢äŪȤƤϡŵؼԤǤä John Cheke (1514--57) ϡĹ첻첻2Ĥ֤뽬 (ex. taak, haat, maad, mijn, thijn) <e> 뽬 (ex. giv, belev) <y> <i> Ѥ뽬 (ex. mighti, dai) ޤRichard Stanyhurst Virgil (1582) ˺ݤơĹΤɽ魯ֻηϤФ㤨 thee, too, mee, neere, coonning, woorde, yeet ʤɤ֤ä
Ūˤ줿Τϡ1558ǯ˽Ǥ줿ƿ̾ An A. B. C. for Children Ǥ롥Ǥ첻Ĺ <e> (ex. made, ride, hope) ʤɤƤ뤬ۤοǤΤߤԽʬʰäŪʻߤȤƺǽ˵Τϡŵؼ Thomas Smith (1513--77) ˤ1568ǯ Dialogue concerning the Correct and Emended Writing of the English Language Smith ϥե٥åȤ34ʸ䤷Ĺ첻դʤɤϥƥǽ줿ᡤڤ뤳ȤϤʤä
ǯ1569ǯ³1570ǯJohn Hart (c. 1501--74) An Orthographie A Method or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, Whereby They May Bee Taught to Read English ǤHart ϡ<ch>, <sh>, <th> ʤɤŻ ((digraph)) ФüʸƤʤɤSmith λߤƱ͡ŪˤˡޤȤ˼뤳ȤϤʤä
1580ǯWilliam Bullokar (fl. 1586) Booke at large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English Speech ˽ФSmith Hart οʸƳԤ˽äȤȿ̶դȤΥե٥åȤΤߤֻפܻؤ˥ȵ桤ݥȥեʤɤˤߤʤʸղäᡤ̤Ȥ Smith Hart Ʊʾɤߤˤ٤ˡǤäƤޤä
Smith, Hart, Bullokar ϩϡ17ˤ³1634ǯCharles Butler (c. 1560--1647) The English Grammar, or The Institution of Letters, Syllables, and Woords in the English Tung Ǥ <e> ˵դΥݥȥեѤꡤ<th> <t> դˤʸȤäꤷʾ塤Smith Butler ޤǤεŪɽֻפϤ⼺Ԥ˽ä
嵭εɤФơݼɡɡ뤤Ťֻ경δĤФȤ븽¨ɤȤǤƤ֤٤ϩͼԤϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ǤʤαѸ˾νʪˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) mulcaster γƵǰäƤˡֻФϡֻȯΤˤɽ路ʤפäܼŪʲˡϤʤΤ顤δŪֻˤƤ⤦褤ΤˤǽŪʵϤϿ͡뤳ȤȤ٤Ǥ롥 The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơĤƤФƤ롥<fetch> <scratch> <t> ¸ٻ<glasse> <confesse> θ <e> ¸ٻ <e> ˤĤƤϡ#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʵ§Ƥ
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡMulcaster Ƥɬɸಽ줿ֻȿǤƤ餺ȾʾȿǤƤˡʬŪɾܸꤹ뤫⤷ʤǤֻפϩɤ鲺ɤإեȤӤǧƤ褤βϩ English Schoole-Master (1596) Edmund Coote (fl. 1597) The English Grammar (1640) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) ˰Ѥ졤Edward Phillips ˤ The New World of English Words (1658) ˽Ф17ȾФޤǤˤϡֻθ경ܴۤλ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
˴ؤƤ (40--64) ܤؤͭѤǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
Ѹä16ˤϱѸ礭꤬3ĤäBaugh and Cable (203) ɽڤС"(1) recognition in the fields where Latin had for centuries been supreme, (2) the establishment of a more uniform orthography, and (3) the enrichment of the vocabulary so that it would be adequate to meet the demands that would be made upon it in its wiser use" Ǥ롥
(1) 16ϡvernacular ǤѸ줬ƥƤʬؤȡεǽȲͤƤäǤ롥ȾФޤǤϡSir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Thomas Wilson (1525?--81) , George Puttenham (1530?--90) ɽѸνꤿϡѸǽȤˤĤƤ "apologetic" äȾˤʤȤΤ褦ͤӤΩʤʤäƤ롥Ѹؤοϡä Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) "I love Rome, but London better, I favor Italie, but England more, I honor the Latin, but I worship the English." Ƥ롥
(2) ֻɸಽưϡSir John Cheke (1514--57), Sir Thomas Smith (1513--77; De Recta et Emendata Linguae Anglicae Scriptione Dialogus [1568]), John Hart (d. 1574; An Orthographie [1569]), William Bullokar (fl. 1586; Book at Large [1582], Bref Grammar for English [1586]) ʤɤˤŪɽŪʽƤͳơRichard Mulcaster (The First Part of the Elementarie [1582]), E. Coot (English Schoole-master [1596]), P. Gr. (Paulo Graves?; Grammatica Anglicana [1594]) ʤɤˤ벺ʴϩؤȸ줬ȤƼ˰Ȥλٻ夷
(3) #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤεǷ֤Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡ16ϼȤƥƥ줫餪ӤμѸ줬ήͥʸͤ¿Sir Thomas Elyot Τ褦 "augment our Englysshe tongue" ܻؤΤǤ롥
vernacular ȤƤνѸ嵭3ĤطʤˤϡؤεʼҲѲäƤ Baugh and Cable (200) ȤСװ5Ĥä
1. the printing press
2. the rapid spread of popular education
3. the increased communication and means of communication
4. the growth of specialized knowledge
5. the emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language
ޤˡʸβ褦[2012-03-29-1]ε#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡפ⻲ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
16Ⱦ17ȾФˤơؼԤ䶵դˤѸֻפαưäդλϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) άҤĤޤǤ John Cheke (1514--57)Thomas Smith (1513--77), John Hart (d. 1574), William Bullokar (1530?--1590?) ʤɤȤɽ̾ΤȤ˵ŪʲפܻؤΤФ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ϴ¸ֻηϤ¤Ѥ벺ʲפܻؤ
ŪˡθֻɸಽϩϡMulcaster Τ褦ʲʲפ˱äΤȤʤäȤΤƤ롥Mulcaster ɤľŪˤθϩ˱ƶͿΤŪɾΤˤϲƤʤθ Francis Bacon (1561--1626) Dr Johnson (1709--84) ˤäƷѾ뤳Ȥˤʤ벺ϩʷϵ˹ȤȤϸ䤿ѤƤɸֻȤδطϤɤޤľŪʤΤ
ɾˤĤƻŦƤ٤ȤϡMulcaster ϡƥ䥮ꥷ˴Ť etymological respelling ʸʤɤԤʤäƤʤȤǤ롥Brengelman (351--52) Ѥ롥
Mulcaster omits d in advance, advantage, adventure, the c in victual, indict, and verdict, the g in impregnable and sovereignty, the n in convent, b in doubt and debt, h in hemorrhoids, l in realm, h in rhyme; he does not use th, ph, and ch in Greek words such as authentic, blaspheme, and choleric. Base-final t becomes c before certain suffixes---impacient, practiocioner, substanciall---and in general Mulcaster's spelling reflects the current pronunciation of words of Latin origin and in part their French spelling.
ѺǸˤƱեδŪֻ˽Ȥϡ1 Caxton ٤Ƥ礭ʰ㤤ϤʤȤˤʤ롥Caxton ΥեŪֻСactour; adjoust, adourer; adresse, emense; admiracion, commocyon, conionccion; publique, poloticque ʤɤ (Brengelman 352)
ɸֻˤߤ etymological respelling ˴ؤƤСϼȤ Mulcaster θλ塤17ˡؼԤμˤäƳΩ줿ȹͤƤ褤Brengelman (352) ϡ17 etymological respelling ѤͻҤEberhard Buchmann ʸ (Der Einfluß des Schriftbildes auf die Aussprache im Neuenglischen. Univ. of Berlin diss., 1940) ȤƤ롥
From the list of words Eberhard Buchmann assembled to show the influence of the written language on modern spoken English we can see some of the general rules seventeenth-century scholars followed in restoring Latin spellings: c is restored in arctic, -dict (indict), -duct (conduct), -fect (perfect); a is replaced by ad- (administer, advance, adventure); h is restored in habit, harmony, heir, heresy, hymn, hermit); l is restored in alms, adultery. Other letters lost in French are restored: p (-rupt) (corpse), r (endorse), s (baptism), n (convent), g (cognizance). Greek spellings (following Latin conventions) are also restored: ph in diphthong, naphtha; ch in schedule, schism; th in amethyst, anthem, author, lethargy, Bartholomew, Thomas, Theobald, to cite a few. Buchmann's investigation shows that most of these changes had been generally adopted by the beginning of the eighteenth century; modern pronunciation has adjusted itself to the spelling, not the reverse.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
ɥĸǤʸƬͭ̾Τߤʤ餺̤̾ʸǻϤ뽬롥Ѹ˴ƤȥɥĸʸѤ뤵졤ɥĸ˴ƤȱѸξʸѤˤʤäƤ롥ɤΤ褦ʾʸ뤤ϾʸѤ뤫ȤϹ̣ punctuation ˴ؤȤäƤ褤̾ʸ ( capitalisation ) 1718ˤϱѸǤԤʤƤǽ˴Τ16ʸˡ John Hart Ǥ롥Walker (21) ʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The use of a capital letter at the beginning of important nouns, as recommended by John Hart in 1569, increased during the seventeenth century, but gradually decreased during the eighteenth century, though Murray's Grammar was still using this in describing the 'Colon' and 'Semicolon' in 1834.
16?18˱ѸǤδȯãطʤˤϡΦθǤƱͤδäǡ18˽˿षƤäΤϡʸѤδ˰ΤʤȤʸˡȤäǤȤȤΤϡδ٤Ƥ̾ʸˤΤǤϤʤֽפʡװ̾ʸˤȤ롼ʴäǤ롥18Ρλ ( the Age of Reason ) ʸˡȤˤϼ줬äΤ
ʸѤκ1700ǯäλɽΤ Gulliver's Travels ԤˤơѸ륢ǥߡΩʤ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ǥ ( see [2009-09-08-1], [2009-09-15-1] ) Swift ʸϤǤ̾ʸδ˼Ƥ롥㤨СSwift ͭ̾ʥǥߡΩò A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾Ϥ٤ʸǽƤ롥
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 67
[2010-07-06-1]ε <oa> ֻȤδϢ Richard Mulcaster Ȥ̾˿줿ϱѸֻˤˤ뤳νʪҲ𤷤
Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ϡMerchant-Taylors' School ιĹƸˤ St. Paul's School ιĹǤ16ȾΥɶ鳦νäǤ롥 Edmund Spenser λդǤ⤢äζ϶äۤɸŪǡդؤΩդȵͿꡤ褤դ˺ǯôˡդȿƤδط˴Ťꥭʤɡ250ǯˤ褦䤯̤˼뤳ȤˤʤϤŪưѸֻפˤؿϤᡤ1582ǯݼɤɽ The First Part of the Elementarie äʸˡϤä The Second Part ϽǤʤäˡ
16첻 ( Great Vowel Shift ) ʹǡֻȯЪΥ꤬ﲽϤƤ¿ؼ ( orthoepist ) ڽФ礭ʬƵɤݼɤʬƤɤϡʸ첻˸̩б褦ʸηϤܻؤɽ̾βˡʸʸλȤƤJohn Cheke (1514--57)Thomas Smith (1513--77), John Hart (d. 1574), William Bullokar (1530?--1590?) ʤɤɤɽŪԤǤ롥
ФơŪŪֻ˸경δĤФȤ븽¨ȤΤݼɤǡRichard Mulcaster ɮƬˡ1594ǯ Grammatica Anglicana P. Gr. ʤʪ ( Paulo Graves? ) 1596ǯ English Schoole-Maister E. Coote ʤɤŪɽϩϤˤؼŪǤ뤬ФݼŪʸϩȤ Mulcaster ֻȯΤޤɽȤϤʤȤۤäƤֻȯδطܼȴƤΤǤ롥̤ȤƤϡݼɤθŪϩȰȼԤ˻ٻ졤Coote ڤȤ⤢äơֻפ褻줿17ȾޤǤˤֻϤ褽Τ˸경ƤȹͤƤ褤18ˤ褬dzݼɤ Samuel Johnson ˤ A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ˤꡤֻϤܸۤξ֤ظ경ѸֻηϤϤȤ⤫ȤơΥ졼ߤʪȤ Mulcaster αѸ˾礭äȤ
Mulcaster ϡɤϤĤϤ Elizabeth īλˡѸΩۤ˳οäԤäαѸФ뿮ȼϡ The First Part of the Elementarie μͭ̾ʸɽƤ롥
I loue Rome, but London better, I fauor Italie, but England more, I honor the Latin, but I worship the English.
Mulcaster, Richard. The First Part of the Elementarie. Menston: Scolar Reprint 219, 1582. (downloadable here from OTA)
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