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ѸαѸ춵Ǥ褯Τ줿ڥΥ롼뤬롥"i before e except after c" ȤΤĹ첻 /iː/ б륹ڥˤĤƤϡ#2205. proceed vs recede ([2015-05-11-1]) #2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦¿बǧ뤬Τ2Ĥ <ie> <ei> 롥ɸθΤ褦 <ie> ΤΤ¿receive, deceive, perceive Τ褦 <ei> ⤢ꡤؽ庮䤹ǡ嵭Υ롼뤬櫓Ǥ롥Ūʥ롼ǤϤ롥
ϡʤɸΤ褦ʸ췲 <ie> /iː/ бطߤΤѸˤδɤäƤߤޤбط Carney (331) ꤤĤƤꥹȤθȾˤϸͭ̾ޤࡥ
achieve, achievement, belief, believe, besiege, brief, chief, diesel, fief, field, fiend, grief, grieve, hygiene, lief, liege, lien, mien, niece, piece, priest, reprieve, shield, shriek, siege, thief, thieves, wield, yield; Brie,, Fielden, Gielgud, Kiel, Piedmont, Rievaulx, Siegfried, Siemens, Wiesbaden
ꥹȤ츻δįƤߤȡbelieve, field, fiend, shield ʤɤαѸޤޤƤȤϤեƥ줫μѸ줬Ωġºݡλ¤ҥȤˤʤ롥
brief /briːf/ Ȥ˼ϥƥǡûפ̣ brevis, brevem ͳ褹롥ΥƥñϸθťեˤѾ줿ŪѸ˱ƶڤܤ Anglo-French Ǥ bref ȤѤ줿ѸϤΥڥƱñ줿Ѹ <e> ɽ蘆줿Ĺ첻 /eː/ ǤꡤѸˤ첻 (gvs) ФƸѸ /iː/ Ϣʤ롥Ĥޤꡤȯ˴ؤƤϡѸʹߡͽ¬ƻɤäȤˤʤ롥
ڥ˴ؤƤϡä𤬤äťեȤäƤ롥Anglo-French Ǥ bref ȤäƤեǤ brief ȤѸѸˤϤۤ Anglo-French bref ˽äƤ16ˤơեθҤˤư۷ȤѤƤ brief Ȥ˿ȯơڥ˴ؤ bref brief ؤȾ괹ΤǤ롥
̤˽ѸˤϸҤ륹ڥؤƴݤƤꡤƴоݤϼȤƥƥ䥮ꥷäΤˤäƤϤΤ褦˥եˤΥڥؤηФȤ⤢ä (Upward and Davidson (105))
ơѸˤơĹ첻б <e> 16ˤ <ie> ؤ֤ľ뵤εȯüե줫μѸä䤬ƱѸޤ嵭θ췲ˤŪ֤ʤŬѤ졤˻롥
٤ߤСҤηаޤˤ̯Ϥ롥Jespersen (77) ˤСեǤ achieve chief б <ie> ǤϤʤ <e> ֤ƤꡤѸ줬ƴΥǥȿ٤ <ie> ˤϤʤäϤcf. ե achever, chefˡ
Ǥ⡤¿ñ줬褽Ʊߥ <e> <ie> ؾ괹Ȥ¤ϽפǤ롥Τˤи츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤϸƤӤˤޤबѼȤȤ館뤳ȤϤǤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
ɸϡ#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1]) Ϥ#84. once, twice, thrice ([2009-07-20-1])#1793. -<ce> 꽤 ([2014-03-25-1]) Ǽ夲ƤεФơ⤦ΤʤȤ
űѸǤϡѸ once, twice, thrice б1١ס2١ס3١פΰ̣ϡбβŪѰǤȤ٤ æne, twiga, þrīwa Ȥˤäɽ蘆Ƥæne ˤĤƤСη֤ϴ ān (one) ζʷͳ褹롥οϸűѸ˻ϤޤꡤѸˤѤ줿OED ꡤơñȤѤ줿ǽȺǽ㡤Ӹ츻εҤѤ褦
ene, adv.
. . . .
Etymology: Old English ǽne, instrumental case of án one. Compare Middle High German eine.
. . . .
OE Beowulf 3019 Ac sceal..oft nalles æne elland tredan.
. . . .
c1325 Chron. Eng. in Ritson Met. Rom. II. 304 Ene heo [the Danes] him [Edmund] overcome.
twie | twye, adv.
. . . .
Etymology: Old English twiga, etc. (also twiwa, tuwa, etc.) = Old Frisian twîa, tuiia, Old Saxon tuuio (Middle Low German twie, twige), adverb < stem twi- , TWI- comb. form: compare the etymological note to THRIE adv.
. . . .
a900 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. iv. iv. 278 (Tanner MS.) Þætte twigea on gere seonoð gesomnode.
. . . .
a1450 J. Myrc Instr. to Par. Priests 119 Folowe thow not þe chylde twye.
thrie | thrye, adv.
. . . .
Etymology: Old English þríwa, ðríga = Old Frisian thrî(i)a, Old Saxon thrîuuo, thrîio. Like twíwa, etc., not found outside the Saxon-Frisian group of West Germanic, and of obscure formation. They seem to have the form of genitival adverbs, twi-a, þri-a, with the gap between i and a variously filled up by w and g (again lost in Middle English), and lengthened by assimilation to þrí, THREE adj. and n. See further under TWIE adv.
. . . .
c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Mark xiv. 30 Ðria [Rushw. ðrige] mec ðu bist onsæcc.
. . . .
?a1500 Chester Pl. (Shaks. Soc.) II. 25 Or the cocke have crowen thrye Thou shalte forsake my companye.
Τ褦˾嵭η֤ο줬űѸ줫ѸޤǹԤʤƤѸˤʤȡ°ʸͳ褹 -es դϢʤ֤ФŪ -es ʤθ֤ƤȤˤʤäŪ°ʡ (adverbial_genitive) ˤꡤٿɽ魯Ǥ뤳ȤΤ˼ζäΤ
ѸǤ ones, twies, thrise ʤɤ s ֤Τ̤ǤꡤȯȤƤ2ä14ޤǤñᲽ s ȯͭäȼäơ̵Τɽ綠Ȥᤫ16ʹߤ <s> ä <ce> ֻǵ뤳ȤŪˤʤä
ʾޤȤȡonce, twice, thrice -ce Ū°ʤ -es ͳ褹뤳ȤϤޤǽŪ°ʤ -esפ褦ʡºݤ˸űѸѤƤ -es դɽľͳ褹ȤŬǤϤʤűѸˡȤƤ æne, twiga, þrīwa ԤʤƤξˡѸˤƶĴ뤿°ʸ -es դȤΤ¤Ǥ롥
Ѹ춵鸽ƤäѤʵǤΤ¾ο;̾ͤȡ٤ƽͭʤŪʤη֤ۤʤäƤޤmy/me, your/you, his/him, its/it, our/us, their/them ΤȤǤ̾ˤĤƤͭʤŪʡʡ̳ʡˤ boy's/boy, Mary's/Mary Τ褦˸§ȤưۤʤޤĤޤꡤ3;νñ̾ she ϡͭʤŪʤη֤ƱȤʤǡ̾ȤΤʤǤߤƤˡ¸ߤʤΤǤɸѤʵϡƼ䤤ȤȤˤʤޤ
䤤˰ʤСȤȤϰۤʤä֤ȤäƤΤβѲη̡ޤƱ˹줷ƤޤäȤȤˤʤޤŤβѲΤʤ虜ȤȤǤ
ǯʾäƤűѸˤΤܤäƤߤޤ礦her ϡǤꡤͭʡΡ°ʡסˤŪʡΡͿʡסˤ hi(e)re ȤƱ֤ƤޤȤȤϡѤʵϱѸˤˤȤɤޤäƤƤϲǤʤȤˤʤޤ
ǡűѸŤʳθξ֤ȿǤƤȤѸָ졤ʤޥɤνͻҤƤߤޤ礦ťŹϥɥĸǤϡ3;νñ̾°ʤ iraͿʤ iru Ǥꡤ̯ʤ֤̤ƤޤťΥɸǤ°ʤ hennar, Ϳʤ henne ȰۤʤäƤޤȸǤƱͤ°ʤ izōs, Ϳʤ izai Ǥ
ĤޤꡤűѸŤʳǤϡ3;νñ̾°ʤͿʤϡ¾̾ξƱͤˡ̤줿֤ȤäƤȹͤޤ̤ƤȤϤζϤʰ㤤ˤäƶ̤Ƥˤʬ夯ȯƤޤС̤ˤǤ⼺ƤޤǽϤǤޤơºݤˤ줬űѸޤǤ˵äƤޤäƤΤǤ
Τ褦ˤߤƤȡѸ my/me your/you դߤ˻̤äƤΤǡȤдΤ⤷ޤºݡ®ȯǤϹ줷Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ礦her ˴ؤƤϡδβǽ¾ᤤʳǸ²Ƥޤäˤޤ̾ΤΤʤǤðۤʡ֤ϤŪ¸ߤȤʤäƤޤޤˤζΤޤΤǤ顤ΤȤͥäƤޤ礦
ּڤ˱ѸˤפȤץȤǡ饤ȴʪĤġ˻ϤƤ hellog 饸2ƤǤ
ϡϡ5W1H٤Ȥޤʤ how h ǻϤޤΤǤ礦פȤޤû褦ȻפĤäϤߤޤʤʤä7ʬ17äˡڴƤޤäΤǡդ
ʸϤǤäӿꤷȤϡ Ϣ##51,3945,184εå
βϪ褦ʡQפʻĤޤ긽ŪʴϾɤ 1H ѤʤΤǤϤʤष 5H ѤʤΤȤžȯۤѸˤΤγؤӤ̣ǤξQϺQQϺξQѸˤؤǤȡܤڤƤޤ
Ϫ hellog 饸1Ƥϡ#4075. ʤʸȾʸΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-06-23-1]) ǤҤ⤪İ
ε ([2020-06-24-1], [2020-06-25-1]) ǡűѸˤ DOE ȤѸˤ MED Ȥ·äƤ뤳Ȥߤʽ˶ѸμϤʤΤ
Ѹ켭ϸŤ˾ޤƤȤƤϤʤShakespeare μ The King James Bible ΥϤ뤬Ʊ¸ߤƤʤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʼȤʤ褦ʥǡ١¸ߤ롥ɸ LEME (= Lexicons of Early Modern English) Ǥ롥ϽѸʸڤԻѤ˼ꥹȤȤ⡤줿1400ۤɤμýΤޤޥǡ١ΤǤ롥Ѹθäб6ĶùܤȤԤ Early Modern English Dictionaries Database (EMEDD) ȯŸƤץȤǡ褽1480--1755ǯδ֤˽줿ΰܤܤƤȤΰˤȡּפȤ "monolingual, bilingual, and polyglot dictionaries, lexical encyclopedias, hard-word glossaries, spelling lists, and lexically-valuable treatises" ȤΤȤǤ롥Υǡ١Τʣ缭ȤߤʤȤϤǤ뤬ͤμԻѤäθҤȤ̣ǤΡּפǤϤʤޤƱο͡θ촶줿ʤ̣ǿ˼ŪʡˡּפȤȤˤʤ
伫Ȥ LEME ޤäȤʤƤʤ͡ʸǽʤ褦ǡ٤äٶȻפäƤ롥ԻϤ֤ʤȤռŪʸäѤȤƤȤǡǤϤʤ̤ΥѥˤߤäѤӤƤߤȤ⤷⤷ʤ㤨СѸħŪʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) λѤĴȤ˼ֻ LEME ǡֻ̤ EEBO corpus ʤɤĴ٤ӤƤߤȤ椬ͤ롥
Ѹμϡ켫ΤѸ˾1ĤθơޤȤʤꤦο롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ʲϤȤ¿εǼ夲ƤǿƤ⡤褽 LEME ˴ޤޤƤ褦
#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])
#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])
#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#610. æ켭18 ([2010-12-28-1])
#1995. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ ([2014-10-13-1])
#3224. Thomas Harman, A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) ([2018-02-23-1])
#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ ([2019-01-09-1])
ε#4076. Dictionary of Old English Dictionary of Old English Corpus ([2020-06-24-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ˤϤʤƤϤʤʤġˤĤơѸ츦ȤСƤ MED ʤФʤʤ (Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/) DOE DOEC δطƱͤˡMED ˤϢ MEC Ȥѥꡤ⤿ؤͭѤǤ (MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/)
MED 1952ǯ˺ǽξǤ졤1991ǯ˺ǸξǤƴθ塤2000ǯ˥饤Ǥ Middle English Compendium Ȥ߹ޤ졤Ȥ꤬˸夷٤ʸǤ뤳ȤϤhyperbibliography ν¿꤬56,000ۤɤθФؤѸμǤ뤳ȤϤˤФѸ츦˾κʪȤ롥2018ǯˤϤۤ20ǯβǤ졤ߤѸ츦äƤ롥
MED ˤϡѤäΤäƤ٤Ĥħ롥Durkin (1150--52) ˵äƻŦƤޤMED ϡ¿դʧȤȤOED ǤϤθ礭ʴȤƵҤʬƤ뤬MED ΥȥκιϸǤ롥̣Ǥϸΰ㤤ʤɤȳڤäơLALME LAEME ˰ѤͤƤȤäǤ롥θͥȤħˤꡤŪʸΤߤʤ餺ʸŪŪʸˤġȤʤäƤȤ¦̤롥
νŻȴϢơMED ϳθͭ̾ȤƤλѤˤդʧäƤ롥ƤǸθȤƸڤ뤬ϸͭ̾츦˸ͭѤǤ롥¿ƥȤ˵ƤѸ̾ʤɤ⽦夲Ƥꡤ¾ʸܿθˤǤ롥
MED ˤ餯ϡ츻ҤʤȤľθűѸѸǤХǤη֤ʤɤƤˤȤɤޤꡤߤʤ
Ǹ˻ŦƤ٤ϡʸդƤǯˤĤơ(1) ܡʾڵˤΤΤǯȡ(2) ƥȤ줿ȤܤǯȤʬƵƤǤʸԤϥåǤƤˡξǯǰƬˤС㤨аۼܴ֤ǤθӤ˺ݤƵŤȽǺȤʤνפʾϡdiplomatic ɤߤɵ᤹ʸŪʴؿƤǽƤ롥
Ϣơ#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤 ([2020-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ɸμϡܲʹθűѸ켭ԻץȤν껺Ǥcf. #3006. űѸμ ([2017-07-20-1])ˡʹʤΤ̤ȤȤˤʤ뤬 The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) Υ ꡤDictionary of Old English: A to I online, ed. Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey et al. (Toronto: Dictionary of Old English Project, 2018). ιܤ饤DZȤǤʸѤǤ̵Ǥˡ
DOE ϢưǸűѸ쥳ѥ (DOEC) ԻƱ˿ʹԤƤꡤDictionary of Old English Web Corpus ꥪ饤ǥǤ褦ˤʤäƤʸѤǤ̵Ǥˡ¸űѸʸϸˤ300Ȥ졤ŪϿԻŪʸġ뤳ȤϲǽϰϤǤ롥DOEC ϡΤ褦ŪβDOE ԻץȤΰĤȤơޤٸϿޥեåǤ1980ǯ1985ǯ˸줿θ塤1997ǯ˥饤Ǥ2005ǯˤ A--F ޤǤιܤϿ CD-ROM Ǥ˽Фθ⸽ߤ˻ޤǡԻԤƻϤˤäƸܤƤƤ롥
DOE γƸΥȥǤϡʸڤ륹ڥ㡤ƥȤξбƥñʤɤξ졤OED ؤλȤޤͻؤΥƤ롥
˴ʥġϤʤ褦ˡDOE(C) ˤѤ˺ݤդ٤Ϥ롥űѸƥȤʣΥС硤ʸŪˤϳơñ variants ξ뤳Ȥ˾ޤDOE(C) ǤϥƥȤˤäƤμϿɤ줬롥ޤȤƤ variants Ϥ褽夲ƤȤƤ⡤ŪŪŪʰյ variants ˤϤۤɰդʧƤʤˡξάۤΤŸƤȤˤդɬפǤ롥츻ͿƤʤ⡤ȤƻǰǤϤ롥
Ǥ⡤űѸ츦ˤ DOE νȴԤ礭ϷפꤷʤOED ˤűѸñϼϿƤ뤬ޤʬŪǤꡤ1150ǯĶӤűѸñ˸ꤵƤ롥ԻץȤΥԥ졼ΤϡOED νǤĤĤä100ǯۤ Craigie Υǥͳ褹Ȥ顤¤©ĹץȤʤΤǤ롥礷Ƥޤ礦
DOEC ˤĤƤϡCoRD (Corpus Resource Database) ξɤ
Lowe, Kathryn A. "Resources: Early Textual Resources." Chapter 71 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1119--31.
Traxel, Oliver M. "Resources: Electronic/Online Resources." Chapter 72 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1131--48.
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ε#4074. ѤʵפˤҤ鲻ѸˤιֵԤʤޤ ([2020-06-22-1]) ͽ𤷤褦ˡѤơhellog 饸ǡפץޤ
Ȥʤ뺣ϡʤʸȾʸΤǤפȤޤ2ʬ20äۤɤβ (mp3) ˤ뤪ڤǤʲɤ
ʤǤⵤڤİ褦ʥƥĤȻפޤȤϤäƤ⡤ʹήˤǻ̩ʥƥĤ⤷ޤΤꤿȻפä顤Ϥʸ٥ȤǤäʸϤɤߤϡhellog ##1309,3668εå
夿ޤȯƤͽΡhellog 饸ǡפǤϡȤ⡤Ǥ hellog ΤǰäƤؤͶפ뤳ȤռƤޤƥǥ褫ơαѸˤؤιߤΩƤ뤳ȤǤФȻפޤ
4ܤ5ܤˤơ٤줿ǯ٤λϤޤȤʤޤؤν饤Ȥˤǯֱ̤Ѹ˴ؤѤʵפޤ̤ȤơǤܥ֥ǤҲ𤷤褦ˡ#4045. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ1385クޤ ([2020-05-24-1]) Ȥ¿ε䤬졤ޤȿƤ줿ФƾǤ֤ʤФȾǤäƤޤ
ǡѸˤιֵΤޤޤ1ʬ䤤ơѤʵܥΥåˤҤƤȤݤΥ饸ʡβƥĤꡤİƤ餤ޤشϰ۾֤ǤμѤƤߤȤ⤢ޤ
ȤƤĥȥۤäΤǡ餫䤹֤ȤȤϤ˵䤬ǥץ쥤˽и褦ˤǡȤƸԤʤ뤤ϤȤǤʤ˵ФơԤʤ뤤ϤȤǤʤ˥ȤäѤƤȤǼ»ܤƤߤޤƱˡʤ٤¸ hellog ƤȰäǤβޤ
̤ȤƤϡƥθȤʤޤֵΥꥢڡѡˤСβ٤ŦޤڤİƤ館褦ǡäƤߤɤäȻפäƤޤʸ˷줷ưˤֵ³ƤΤǡ©ȴŪʰ֤ŤǤ⤢ޤ
ĴҤ1385ƤȤȡʸ̤ܥΥåȤʤꡤʤȤ10ǯϤꤽǤΤǡۤɤۤɤˤƤޤǤʸϤȤդ롿Τȡֵ饸ʤɤ̤äդ롿ΤȤǤϡʤ㤦褦ǤϹǤΤȤ˿饸ФİƤΤǡμ̤ʤȤϤ褯ʬäƤޤŪˤäդȽդζ̤ˤĤ͡˹ͤƤޤξǥϺŪ㤦ΤǤcf. #3886. äȤФȽȤ (6) ([2019-12-17-1]) ȤΥνȡˡ
ʪγɤǤ⤿ؤ빽ȤͤǤΤǡʲҤΥɥʶơѤơhellog 饸ǡפץ褦ȻפäƤޤʰŪƳŪʤΤǤ졤ȤäĤ䤹ǥDZѸˤξȯƤСİƤ⤤ΤǤϤʤȻפäǤäȤ⡤饤ȴʪȤ٤ΰ֤ŤǤϤޤ
塤Ȥ˱Ѹˤ˴ؤƿʬ٤βƥĤåץɤȤȤߤȻפޤܲΥץ˸ƽƤȤǤ
˿줿ܥΥåιֵΥꥢڡѡʰ̣Ƕ̣äΤǡΥȤȤȤˤĤƤȻפޤ
ʤİޤʢޤ©ȴäΤǡ¤ˤꤷƤޤʤİ侩Ǥʥ
ż֤˾ʤİޤʢ⤢ꤽ
ûƿİ褦ʥƥʢĤƤο饸ΥꥹʡȤƤ褯Ǥޤ
饤Ȥ³ƤPCβ̤Ĥ֤ɤƤĹʤꡤôäܤˤΤDzλȤΤϤäǤȤƤ⤢꤬ǤʢμΥȤϻפΤۤ¿äǤ饤ȤdzγܤƤ褦Ǥ͡
Τ굤ڤ hellog εˤĤ䤹ʤޤʢΤॿפΰոǤ礦
ñʥ饤ɤʤɤƱˤΤƤȤ䤹ƴ㤨СΤȤäƤơޤƤ륹饤ɤǤ褤ΤǡʢʸΤۤȤƬäƤ䤹ȤפǤ礦ϤоߤȤոϺޤhellog ؤΥĥäƼʤɤκ֤ͽǤ
ʬ䤬ϤƤΤȤȤ˳ǧǤɤäʢ1385˹ƤƤ꤬Ȥ
ץΥʥ졼ǤϤʤ hellog ɮܿͤİȤǤΤѲŪʢϴȡֵƱ߳͡ߤǤĤβäƤʤ٤Ǥä hellog νƱʪʤΤǡƤϰפƤϤǤ
¾μּԤɤΤ褦ʵƤΤȤʬˤʤäȯۤΤ뵡ˤʤ뤷εˤĤƤ˹ͤ뤭äˤʤɤʤȴʢȤƤ¿äո饤ȴǡ¾Ԥ¸ߤʤȤȤ礭Τޤ
ŪˤäΤǤ˹ʤäۤ11ĤˤĤƤ褯Τ졤ͤȻפޤʢ¿äոĥȥäۤ伫ȤڤȻפä櫓ʤΤǤΤˤȤǤʤ⤢ޤ֤͡Ȥˤޤ
ȤȤǡʥեɥХå餤ޤΤǡ褫ǡ hellog ˲äơhellog 饸ǡפȤƲƥĤȯƤȻפޤ
Adams αѸ˶˴ؤͤɤɸ Adams (1171) 5Υȥ "From HEL to HOTEL" ˤʤࡥHEL, HOTEL ȤϤ줾 "The History of English" "History of the English Language" ƬǡֱѸˡפؤȤˤѤʤȤդ (punishment) ΡϹפʤΤƤʤ (hospitality) Ρ֥ۥƥפʤΤȤ礭ʰ㤤롥ŪʸŪʶ줷ֱѸˡפऱơ21ŪĴϢʬۤꤷ䤹ֱѸˡפؤƤɬפȤĥǤ롥
Adams μĥ˴Ū˻Ʊ롥ϹȥۥƥȤȤɤɤ̤Ȥơstudent-friendly ʡСŪʴäơؤְյäȤ褯ʬ褦ʱѸˤȤɬפȹͤƤ롥Adams ˡѸˤ̻˵ҤȤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤŦ٤ߤĤ뤬ˤĤƤϻƤȤäѸˤ̻ˤ¤ФƤʪϡΤ˽פ⤷⤢Τǡֵʤɤ鴰˳櫓ˤ⤤ʤƳѸˤĤƤռŪʴäƼ鷡겼ƤȤŪʥߥåȥȤ¥ȤƱ餤פǤϤʤȡξ¸ǤХ٥Ȥ¤줿֤ΤʤãΤϻζȤǤ롥
ܥ֥γƽǡѸˤȤΰյ䶵ؤˤĤƤ㤨аʲεǤʤ礷åɤ
#4021. ʤѸˤؤ֤ --- Ū ([2020-04-30-1])
#3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1])
#3642. ѸˤΤ (2) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-17-1])
#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1])
#1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1])
#1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1])
#1367. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (4) ([2013-01-23-1])
#2984. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (5) ([2017-06-28-1])
#4019. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ ([2020-04-28-1])
#3922. 2019ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2020-01-22-1])
#4045. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ1385クޤ ([2020-05-24-1])
ΤĤεǤŦƤ褦ˡѸˤ϶ŪdzغŪʬǤ롥Adams (1164) ⤳ĴƤ롥
The history of English is a naturally interdisciplinary subject, one in which many elements of a liberal education converge --- if professors and students (and administrators) keep that in mind, it can be the most significant intellectual experience of an undergraduate's career.
ܲʲҤǥ饤شȤʤäƤ뤬ζ顦ؽĶ礭ѲݤǤѸ˶顦ؽΰյȤܼŪ˲Ƹ虜ʤʤäƤ롥
Adams, Michael. "Resources: Teaching Perspectives." Chapter 74 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1163--78.
ε#4071. ճճ able -able ̸츻 ([2020-06-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡɽŪˤϹƤƤ⡤츻ޤäۤʤȤϾʤʤդˡɽŪˤϻƤĤʤΤ˸츻ŪˤƱȤȤ⤢롥ԤȤƤϡ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1]) Ǿ줿 cow beef 㤬ʢʤƱ츻ˡ
ԤȤơƻ able θ츻ȴϢƼ夲ƥư habēre ȱѸư have δط褦ξȤⲻ̤äƤꡤ֤äƤפȤͭƤ뤳Ȥ顤QŪˤϸ츻Ū˴ϢȻפäƤޤ#2297. Ѹ flow ȥƥ fluere ([2015-08-11-1]) ǤŦȤꡤ̸츻Ǥ롥
θƸǤϤƴŪưǤ뤫顤츻Ūˤ have ϥޥϡhabēre ϥåϤ̤롥ˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤƳؤȤСƬ h Τ褦ʲƱˡ§βѲФޥϤθȡȤϰۤʤаޤɤäåϤθȤΤǶͭ뤳ȤΤʤȤʬ롥ˡ§ջбѸ h ϰĸ *k ̤ϤǤꡤǥƥ h ϰĸ *gh бϤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ h ȥƥ h εϰפʤ
Ѹ have ϡĸ *kap- (to grasp) ̤롥ķϻҲѲ˥ƥ˷Ѿ졤capere (to hold) ʤɤ˻ĤäƤ롥ͳ褹 caption, captive, capture ʤɤϡѸʹߤ˱ѸؼѤƤ롥
ƥ habēre ϰĸ *ghabh- (to give; to receive) ̤ꡤϤʤȱѸ give ƱǤ롥ͿפȡּפȤȿиθ *ghabh- Ʊ路ƤȤΤ̯˻פ뤫⤷ʤּפ֤餤פϤ⤽߹٤Ǥꡤ3ԤߤƱĤι٤ˤߤ롥Τ褦ʸ (contronym) Ȥʡ#566. contronym ([2010-11-14-1]) #1308. learn Ρֶפθ ([2012-11-25-1]) ȡˡ츻Ū˴Ϣϥƥ줫Ѹذճ¿äƤƤꡤ able Ϥhabit, exhibit, inhabit, inhibit, prohibit ʤɤ캬ͭ롥ե졤ڥδư avoir, habere ƥ habēre ηǤꡤѸ have Ȥϸ츻Ū̵طǤ롥
ɸϡָθ츻פιָθ츻פˤĤƤϡرѸ츻ŵ(pp. 1666--67) Ȥ줿
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ɸ˶äΤǤϤʤǤ礦ƻ able -able ϸ츻Ūˤ̵طʤΤǤڥƱ졤?ǤפȤ̣ͭƤʤ顤ޤ츻ŪʤĤʤ꤬ʤȤϿȤǤ¤Ǥⵯϥƥ̤ޤ̸츻Ǥ
ƻ able ϡƥ habilem ͳ褷줬ե (h)abile, able ФѸäƤޤ?ǤסͭǽʡפθäƤޤƥ habilem ϡư habēre ʤġĤˤ˷ƻ -ilis դͳ褷ޤƱϱѸǤ -ile Ȥơagile, fragile, juvenile, textile ʤɤˤߤޤˡ
-able ϥƥΡ?Ǥפ̣ -ābilis ̤ޤ줬եФƤϤѸ -able ȤäƤޤƥηϡā bilis ޤԤϢ뼭ˤƻȤƼ礿̤ƤΤϸԤǤϢ뼭ȤϡΤȤʤƥư줬 -āre Ǥʤ1ѡˤˡ bilis ࡼϢ뤵뤿Ρ֤ĤʤפΤȤǤѶŪʰ̣ôäƤȤϡ뤿ηŪǤȹͤƤʤΤư줬ʳΥפϢ뼭 i ȤʤޤñǤСaccessible, permissible, visible ʤɤˤߤޤ
ʾޤȤС츻ŪˤϷƻ able ab le ʬǤ -able a ble ʬǤȤȤˤʤޤճճ able -able ̸츻ʤΤǤʤ ability -ability ˤĤƤƱȤޤ
츻Ūˤϰʾ̤ǤѸζŪʴФȤƤϡݡ餯ѸˡξǤ餫˴ϢŤƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦षδϢŤƤȤФ뤫餳 -able ˭ (productivity) ƤΤȻפޤ
ʸ嵭2022/10/02(Sun) 2020/10/18 hellog-radio ˤơ#34. ƻ able Ƭ -able ̸츻äפȤƼ夲ޤʲɤ
#2995. Augustan Age θŪݼ ([2017-07-09-1]) ǿ졤#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1]) ǧ褦ˡ18ϸääŪ¤ƤȤ롥˸äѤȤ⤢뤷18ΤʸŪݼŪäȤȤŦƤ롥
18θŪ¤ϼȤ OED ˴Ť줿ƶǤ뤳Ȥ顤OED θüˡԻѾθ³顤ä¤Ƥ褦ˡָפˤ˥ǡäĴʤƤС¤ϸŪ¤λ¤ʤɤʤäΤǤϤʤȤǽ夷Ƥ
Durkin (1154) ϡʲΤ褦˵18Υƥȡǡ١ ECCO ϤڤƤϤ18θŪ¤ΤȤ餷ȹͤƤ롥
The availability of databases of historical texts is changing all the time, and is having a truly transforming effect on the OED's historical lexicography. There remain some areas of difficulty and of controversy. Notoriously, the coverage of 18th-century vocabulary in the first and second editions of the OED is not so comprehensive as its coverage of other periods . . . ; however, availability of the majority of surviving printed 18th-century material in electronically searchable form (especially through Eighteenth-Century Collections Online [ECCO], Gage Gengage Learning 2009) suggests that there is genuinely a dip in lexical productivity in the 18th century, at least in those varieties and registers which are reflected by surviving printed sources. In many instances where the documentation of the OED presented a gap in the 18th century, it remains impossible to fill this gap, even with the help of such resources as ECCO. Exploring and explaining this further will be a major task for English historical lexicology.
ѤǤ⼨Ƥ褦ˡ¤̤ȤʤäƤΤϡޤDZѸɸդˤ뿷θ̤Ǥ뤳ȤˤդƤʳλѰ (register) ǤϤɤäϡ̤Ȥʤ롥
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ѸˤμȤǴ줿ѤʵǤˤСܲŪʹߤƤɾ "Black Lives Matter" (BLM) Τ褦ʡ̾ life ̿ˤʣȤƤ lives /laɪv/ Τ褦2첻Ȥʤꡤû첻ư live /lɪv/ Ȥϰ褷ޤƱ츻̤뤳ȤȻפ뤳θ줬ۤʤ첻ΤϡäʤʤΤǤ礦
ư live ΩƤޤ礦űѸǤϡưʸˤ libban Τ褦û첻ƤޤҲȤ v ǤϤʤ b ȤΤ⤪⤷Ǥ͡cf. #74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1])ˡäȤ⡤ΤˤϤΥȥˤ֤ǤꡤϤΥꥢǤ lifian Τ褦 f ȯȤƤ /v/ˤƤޤǤ첻ܤ¤ꡤưϸűѸ줫鸽ޤǰӤû첻ƤꡤǤŪ˲̤ʤȤäƤ櫓ǤϤޤβѲϤޤѸư live /lɪv/ ϸűѸꤪ褽ȥ졼Ȥ˼ѤƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
̾ life /laɪf/ ΩƤߤޤ礦ưפȤꡤ̾ life ư live ϥޥĸΥ٥Ǹ캬ͭƤޤ̾ϸűѸǤϤǤĹ첻ȼä līf /liːf/ ȯƤޤɤ饲ޥĸʳ顤̾ưδ֤첻Ĺΰ㤤ä褦Ǥ̾Ĺ첻 /iː/ ϡäȸθѸ줫ѸˤƿʹԤѸ˾̾첻 (gvs) Фơ§Ū˸Ѹ2첻 /aɪ/ ˵뤷ޤ̾ʣ lives /laɪvz/ ˤĤƤ⡤ñƱϩ2첻˻ޤ촴ҲˤĤ /f/ /v/ ͭƤܤͤޤλˤĤƤϡǤϿΩޤܵμεˤطޤΤǡҰʲεɤߤ
#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵ͭ ([2013-01-21-1])
#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1])
#3298. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (1) ([2018-05-08-1])
#3299. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (2) ([2018-05-09-1])
#3300. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (3) ([2018-05-10-1])
ơǸ˷ƻ live /laɪv/ ΩǤư̾줬űѸѤƤΤȤоŪˡηƻϽФѸȤճȿǤθϡ̤ηƻ alive θƬ a ƤǤ (aphaeresis) Ǥꡤд¸θΤäȤάȤ֤ŤʤΤǤ͡ηƻ alive Ⱦάηƻ live ȤǤϡˡʬʤƤΤΡʾΤ褦طʤޤΤǡѸǤƱ /(ə)ˈlaɪv/ ͭƤ뤳ȤԻĤǤϤޤ
Ǥ⤽ⴰ alive 2첻ΤϤʤǤ礦ϡalive 츻̤ȡֻ on + ̾ lifeפȤΩǤShe is alive. ϡäƤߤ She is on life. ȤȤʤΤǤalive θȾʬϤäƵŪ̾Ǥ顤ҤΤ褦˸űѸǤĹ첻 /iː/ ޤθ塤첻ܤФ /aɪ/ ؤȵ뤷Τ⡤̾ξʿŪǤ촴Ҳ /f/ /v/ ؤͭ⡤ƱʿŪǤ
⤬ĹʤޤɸμüŪʤмΤ褦ˤʤޤ⤽űѸꡤưû첻̾Ĺ첻Ƥꡤ̤ˤĤƺäȤȤǤѲ¿ޤŪˤϤβ̤κޤǼѤƤˤʤȤȤˤʤޤ
live, life, alive ȤϢΤɤäƤˤΤ褦įƤޤȡƻ alive θƬƷƻ live ޤ줿ꡤƽ f v ͭʤɡܤ٤Ѳճ¿ؤäƤȤ˵Ťޤºݡ3ˤƤʤǥפʡ˸ءפ뤳ȤǤޤȤޤ˴ؿäϡalive ˸ءʤ뤤ϡ#2948. Ϣ5alive ˸ءס ([2017-05-23-1]) ͳǡˤɤߤ
ɸβѲϡܥ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˰ä褦ˡ#3507. NURSE Merger ([2018-12-03-1]) ȸƤФƤ롥βŪᥫ˥ˤĤ Minkova (277--78) βʹƤߤ褦
A coda /-r/ is a neutralising environment. For the short vowels neutralisation of [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ] results in merger into the featurally neutral schwa outcome. The phonetic rationale behind this is the coarticulation of the short vowel + /-r/ which affects both segments: it lowers and centralises the vowel, while the adjacent sonorant coda becomes more schwa-like; its further weakening can eliminate the consonantal cues, leading to complete loss of the consonantal properties of /r/. The difficulty of perceiving the distinctive features of pre-/r/ vowels is attributed to the acoustic similarity of the first two formants of [ɹ], [ɻ], and [ə ? ɨ] . . . .
(coda) /r/ ϡľ첻岽ʤۣ첻ˤˤ /r/ ȤҲŪ첻˶Ť̤Ȥơ/r/ ϻҲ˼Ȥˤʤꡤľû첻ȹήбĹ첻Ȥʤ롤ȤſϸͭβŪݻƤ2ߤƱ (assimilation) Ĥˤдˤä [əː] ؤȽ뤷Ȥʤ褦ʡ餷ʤ褦ʷ̤줬ñθˤϰƤΤʤ
Ϣơ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) εɤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ѸΡĹ첻 /r/פ뤤ϡ2첻 /r/פβϢϡѸˤƤĤθߤ̩ܤʲѲФƤʲMinkova (279) ƤƸ褦ǰƬˤ륿ॹѥϡѸ줫18?19ˤƤǤ롥
| Late ME to EModE | Schwa-insertion | Length adjustment | /-r/-loss | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -əir ? -ʌir | -aiər | -aɪər | -aɪə | fire (OE fȳr) |
| -eː̝r ? -iːr | -iːər | -ɪər | -ɪə | deer (OE dēor) |
| -ɛːr ? -e̝ːr ? -iːr | -iːər | -ɪər | -ɪə | ear (OE ēare) |
| -ɛːr ? -eːr | -eːər | -ɛər | -ɛə | pear (OE pere) |
| -æːr ? -ɛːr | -ɛːər | -ɛər | -ɛə | hare (OE hara) |
| -ɔːr | -ɔː(ə)r | -ɔ(ː)(ə)r | -ɔ(ː)(ə) | oar (OE ār) |
| -oːr | -ɔː(ə)r | -ɔ(ː)(ə)r | -ɔ(ː)(ə) | floor (OE flōr) |
| -oː̝r ? -uːr | -uːər | -ʊər | -ʊə | poor (AN pover, pour) |
| -əur ? -ʌur | -auər | -aʊər | -aʊə | bower (OE būr) |
rhotic ʥꥫѸפȡnon-rhotic ʥꥹѸפȤΩϤ褯ΤƤ롥Ωñ㲽ƤȤ館뤭餤ꡤºݤˤϥꥫѸ non-rhotic Ѽ⤢СꥹѸ rhotic Ѽ⤢롥ꥫѸΰǤʤ non-rhotic ȯԤʤƤ뤫ˤĤƤϹäˤꡤܺ٤Ϥޤ餫ˤƤʤ (cf. #3953. ꥫѸ non-rhotic Ѽε ([2020-02-22-1]))
⤽ non-rhotic ȯ߽ФȤˤʤä /r/ üȤѲϡʤϤޤäΤMinkova (280) ϡ/r/ ü˺ѤŪҲŪװŦĤġֻ˸경줿 <r> Ʊξü˻ߤˡʣʹ˰礤η̤Ȥơrhotic non-rhotic ξȯ¸뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤ⤯
While loss of /r/ may be described as 'natural' in a phonetic sense, it is still unclear why some communities of speakers preserved it when others did not. One reason why the change may have taken off in the first place, not usually considered in the textbook accounts, is loan phonology. In Later Old French (eleventh to fourteenth century) and Middle French (fourteenth to sixteenth century), pre-consonantal [r] was assimilated to the following consonant and thereby lost in the spoken language (it is retained in spelling to this day), producing rhymes such as sage : large, fors : clos, ferme : meesme. Thus English orthography was at odds with the functional factor of ease of articulation and with the possibly prestigious pronunciation of recent loanwords in which pre-consonantal [-r] had been lost. This may account for the considerable lag time for the diffusion and codification of [r]-loss in early Modern English. Rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations must have coexisted for over three centuries, even in the same dialects. . . . [C]onservatism based on spelling maintained rhoticity in the Southern standard until just after the first quarter of the nineteenth century.
ǿƤե "loan phonology" ͿƤΤǤϤʤȤϡ¿ʻǤ롥
ּʡײեˤ /r/ üֻˤ <r> ݻ --- /r/ üϤʤŪҲŪװȡ˻ߤ褦ˡŪװȤĹˤ錄˰깭Ū1700ǯ鸽ߤޤǤ300ǯʾˤ錄ä rhotic non-rhotic ξȯ¸³ƤȤȤˤʤ롥
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
2ε#4063. ʤ are ϤΥڥǡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-11-1])#4064. ʤ were ϤΥڥǡ֥פ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-12-1]) ˰³ơɸѤʵǤ2ĤεȤޤäƱǤΤǡɤɼԤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
have Ķ٤εǽǤΤǡˤäˤ̤Ʋμ岽ȶ֤ƤޤűѸʸˤ habban Ȥ֤ǡ촴첻û첻Ǥcf. #74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1])#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1]) <bb> ɽƤ2ŻҲѸˤæŻҲ (degemination) Ϣưûä촴첻Ĺơ[haːvə] Τ褦ʲˤʤޤĹ첻ѤƤС첻 (gvs) ФơǤ [heɪv] ȤʤäƤǤ礦ºݡƬ be- դ behave ϡͽۤȯޤ
have ΤΤĶ٤εǽǤʤˤˤƤӼ岽첻û뤳ȤޤǤѸʹߤ [hav] [hæv] Фơߤ˻ޤ (cf. #3998. ʤ apple a ̤Ρ֥פǤϤʤ֥פ˶ᤤȯʤΤǤ ([2020-04-07-1]))
are, were, have ΤˤƤ⡤ȯˤĤƤϼ岽鶯ѲФƤޤڥѸդ꤫̯˰ꤷƤȤΤߥǤĶٸħʤΤ⤷ޤϢơ#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1]) ɤ
ޤ3֤εϡJespersen (1299--30; 4.432) ˰͵Ƽɮޤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
ε#4063. ʤ are ϤΥڥǡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-11-1]) ˰³Ǥwere ϡѸˡ§§äȯ here, mere, sphere ʤɤȵӱƧ [wɪə] Ȥʤ뤫뤤 ere, there, where ʤɤȵӱƧ [wɛə] դˤʤꤽǤºݤˤ [wəː] ʤɤȯޤϤʤǤ礦
ϡ are Ʊͤ were ޤĶ٤εǽȤƼ岽ȶ֤Ƥ̤ȤޤбűѸη֤ϡɸŪȤ West-Saxon wǣre wǣron Ǥcf. #2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])ˡ줬Ѹˤ [wæːrə] [wɛːrə] [wɛːr] ȵ§ŪȯãޤޤǤ there where ʤɤƱϩɤäƤޤ
θ were ֤ʬޤĶ٤εǽȤƤʤˤǡ岽첻û [wɛr] Ȥʤޤ -er ¿θ¤ߤ·첻§Ūȯã[wə] Ȥʤޤߡ夯ȯȤȯ [wə] ǤȤ˿˶Ĺˤȯޤ졤ߤ̾ȯ [wəː] 夷Ȥ櫓Ǥ (Jespersen (130; 4.432))
ˤΤʳ were there where ֤ʬäȽҤ٤ޤ¤ɬ⤽ä櫓ǤϤޤ֤ʬȯãȤܤthere where ȵӱƧ [wɛə] ȯ⡤ޥʡȤϤߤǤԤʤƤ뤫ǤLPD Preference poll ˤȡȯϡꥹѸǶȤƻѤ6%ȤǤϤޤΤ˹ԤʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼ޤʢ⥤ꥹںˤȯ褯İޤˡ

εΥʬ were ˴ؤƷ֤Ȼפޤwere ϡĶ٤εǽǤ뤬椨ˡˤ̤Ƽ岽ȶβˤ餵Ƥޤ͡ʷ֤ƤϾäȤץ֤̤ȤơΤʤΤ줫η֤ɸѸˤޤӤƤȤȤˤʤޤˤäƤϡ¤ˡ֥פä⤷ʤΤǤʡ֥פϼºݤ6%θȯˡߤǤɸȯõƤߤС͡ʷ֤ĤäƤϤǤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
be ư are ϡѸˡ§§äȯ [ɛə] ȤʤϤǤƬ̤λҲʻˤäƤߤФ狼Ȥꡤbare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, rare, ware ʤɤǤϤ [ɛə] ǵӱƧߤޤare Ķ٤ñǤꡤƤɤߴƤ⤤뤿ˡʤΥڥȯԵ§ˤϵŤޤ¤ϤбطˤʤäƤΤǤϤäƤߤޤ礦
are θ츻ϡűѸ Anglia ʣб be ưη aron (Old Northumbrian) earun (Old Mercian) ˤޤϸűѸɸŪȤ줿 West Saxon ʤɤǤѤʤäΤǡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) ζɽˤϸƤޤűѸ aron earun ϡѸ˸岽are Τ褦ʷ֤ؤȿʿƤޤ
ѸǤΤθȯϡĹ촴첻첻ۣ첻ȤƤĤäƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ/aːrə/ ۤɤȯǤθ塤⤷̾βȯã뤲ƤʤСcare [kaːrə] [kaːr] [kɛːr] [kɛər] [kɛə] ѲƤΤʿŪˡ[aːrə] [aːr] [ɛːr] [ɛər] [ɛə] ȤʤäƤϤǤ (cf. Minkova 279) are ˴ؤƤϤϤʤޤǤʤǤ礦
ˤ줿褦 are ĶٸǤꡤⵡǽǤ뤿Ǥbe ưޤư졤̾졤ֻʤɤεǽϡѤ뤿ᡤȯ긺äƼ岽Ǥޤ˼岽ƤѤޤΤǡռŪʶܤơȯäꤷΤ˺ޤθϡ˾ˤ˼岽ȶ֤Ƥޤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1])ˡ
δ are ȯȯãߤƤߤޤ礦ѸǤ [aːrə] [aːr] ޤǿʤߤޤθ塤촴첻μ岽äȶŪˤû[ar] Ȥʤޤû첻Ȥʤäʾ塤Ĺ첻Τߤ˺ѤѸˤƤ첻 (gvs) 뤳Ȥʤcare ʤɤȤ֤ʬʤ顤ѸǤ⤳ [ar] ݤ³ޤʤĹ첻ͳ褹֤ɸŪˤϻ¸ain't ߽ФȤƶ⤢ޤ (Jespersen (130; 4.432))ˡ
Ѹ [ar] Ϥ˼ޤäơ[a] [ə] Ȥʤꡤ줬 we're, they're Τ褦˥ݥȥեȼäάȤ֤ȯޤռŪʶФ֤Ȥơñ첻Ĺ [aːr] ȯãޤ줬ߤ̾ȯǤ [ɑə] [ɑː] ˽夷ޤ
are ϡĶ٤εǽǤ뤬椨ˡˤ̤Ƽ岽ȶβˤ餵Ƥޤ͡ʷ֤ƤϾäȤץ֤̤ȤơΤʤΤ줫η֤ɸѸˤޤӤƤȤȤˤʤޤˤäƤϡ¤ˡ֥פä⤷ʤΤǤߤǤɸȯõƤߤС͡ʷ֤ĤäƤϤǤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1]) ȡ#4061. sprite spright ([2020-06-09-1]) εǡƥ spīrāre ©ˤ spīritus ©ˤͳ褹ȤƤ spirit, sprite/spright 䤽ܤƤ©ʤˡפȤŪʸͤСեȥ˥ߡˤꡤȤظŸ뤳Ȥ䤹ºݤ˸캬ͥåȥ˹
spiritual, spiritualist, spirituous ˻Ϥޤդ¿Ƭȼưʤ䤽̾ˤϤ¿inspire ϡ©פǤ롥סֳ赤Ϳפθȯãconspire θϡְ˸ƵۤפֶŤ롤פrespire ϡַ֤©פʤָƵۤפ̣롥perspire ϡ?̤ƸƵۤפθȯ롨ʬ礹פθtranspire ϡ֡ʿʪΤʤɤǴ̤ơ˿ʬȯפ֤߽Ф̩ʤɤϳ롤Τ錄פȤʤäaspire ϡƴΤΤ˸äƤ©ĤǮ˾פȯãexpire ϡ֡ʺǴΡ©ǤФפֽλ롨©䤨פȤʤäǸ suspire ϲ©륤ǡ֤©Ĥפ
ʡ Partridge θ츻ŵγսɤäƤȡ̣Ÿ֤ηϩ褯狼롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ饤֡1992ǯ
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
ε#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1]) Ǿ줿褦ˡѸǡפ̣ sprite/spright spirit ΰ۷ˤ츻ˤ롥
sprite Ф spright ֻŪǤꡤ <-ite> /-aɪt/ <-ight> Ȥط "reverse spelling" Ǥ"reverse spelling" ˤĤƤϡ#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1])#724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1])#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) ȡˡ
spright ֻǤ16˽ФShakespeare Folio Quarto νǡޤ Spenser ǤϡषŪ˻ȤƤ⤷Ȥ Johnson μˤξθФΩƤƤꡤ"spright" θФΤȤǡsprite ֤٤ (custom) ȤƤ spright Ƿ夬ĤƤȤθڤ롥Johnson 餷нλǤ롥ʤǤ sprite Τ̤ۤ

ƻդ spritely/sprightly, spriteful/sprightful ϡָʡȯʡפ̣Ƥ spright 켫ȤƱηƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥ηƻˤϡפθʥŤʤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ餯캬θ˴ޤޤ "animating or vital" εǿ줿褦ˡΥ륳֥ץ饤ȡ (Sprite) ϡˤϤú̥ϤǤ롥
66īʹī11̤Ρ֤ȤХץ֥ԥåġϺӤӤƤ롩Ȥ꤬Ǻܤ줿ñ spirit(s) θˤĤơεȴϢ̤ƻΤǡκݤĴ٤ƹͤȤʲˤޤȤƤ *
Ѹ spirit ȤС1ŪˡפפΤ褦ΤФŪʤΤؤŪʺѤǤֵʬסָסֵϡפʤɤظȯãƤäȤŪ䤹ʣ spirits ǡ֥ǡޤॢ륳ٿι⤤α̣褦ˤʤäΤϡɤ櫓
spirit θ츻õäƤߤ褦θ캬ϥƥ spīrāre ©ˤθ캬˰פ롥餵˰ĸ *(s)peis- ʿˤ̤餻⤢뤬⤢褦Ƶ۲Ϥͳ褹Τ⤷ʤƥ spīritus ©ˤϤ̾ƥǤϸˡפ̣褦ˤʤꡤˤΰ̣ôäƤ animus ˼ää
ɸεäơΥƥˤ©פפؤΰ̣Ѳ뤳Ȥ礭ʸȤʤ롥طʤˤϡĶŪ¸ߤΤ spīritus ©ˤळȤǡ̿ưϤȤͤ롥ξĶŪ¸ߤ©פȤϡOED spirit, n. ɮƬ˵Ƥ̤ "The animating or vital principle in man (and animals); that which gives life to the physical organism, in contrast to its purely material elements; the breath of life." ʤΤ̿ΤΤˤۤʤʤܸǤ̿©פȤ̤ꡤ©פ̿θΤΤǤꡤθ̤ΤΤ⡤Ʊ spīritus Ȥɽ蘆뤳Ȥˤʤä櫓Ǥ롥
Υƥñϡťե (e)spirit ʤɤͳơ14 spirit Ȥ֤DZѸ˼Ѥ줿ʤäƸե丽Ѹ esprit ƱˡѤ줿餫餹Ǥˡ©פפͲĶŪ¸ߤؤֿ, ͩ, ⡤פʤɤθǤѤƤ褦Ѹǡפ̣ sprite/spright ϡspirit ΰ۷ˤۤʤʤʤĤޤ spirit, esprit, sprite/spright 3Ÿˡ
ϣ (alchemy) ʸ̮Ǥϡ̿θ spirit θ٤ƤʪκȤʤ4 four spirits ؤȱѤ줿䡤вǡˡ˥ࡤβ4ĤǤ롥餬ŬڤȤ߹蘆ӤӤʪޤȤǤϡϤơ "the animating or vital principle" ȤȤˤʤ롥ơϣѤμ¸ --- α --- ̤ƶŪ줿Τ1Ĥʹǻ٤Ρ˥륳äα줿륳ϱդ̣ spirit αѸǤνФϡޤ17Ƭ Ben Jonson μˤʤ Alchemist ˤƤǤOED θ21aˡ
1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. vi. sig. F2, H'is busie with his spirits, but we'll vpon him.
륳̣ȤƤϡƱȾ˽ǤͤνȤʤä John Bunyan ˤ The Pilgrim's Progress ˽ФƤOED θ21cˡ
1684 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 2nd Pt. ii. 67 He gave me also a piece of an Honey-comb, and a little Bottle of Spirits .
ơñʤ˥륳Ȥ spirit 뤳ȤǡȤͤʳʪǤꡤΰʪΤƱñɽ蘆褦ˤʤä
ΤȤ̿ޤ줿ȤߤʤȯۤϡŤλ夫餢äϥ˥ꥷ ὕĦئ ῶ ̿οˤȤꡤ줬ƥǤ aqua vitae 줿űѸǤ lifes wǣter (life's water) ʸڤ롥ե eau-de-vieɸ uisce beatha ʤɤ⡤ΤʤȤߤ롥
Ĥޤּ̿οפȤȯۤϡ⤽ˤϿȶʤΤȤ¸ߤƤΤǤ롥ΰǡѸǤ spirit ̿θɽ魯⤦1ĤθȤѸ˼ޤ줿줬νѸˤϣѤʸ̮դ졤˽Ρּ̿οפȤȯۤȤӤĤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ¯Ūʡ־αפθΤ
ĶŪ¸ߤ©ˤä߽Ф줿ζǤʪ̿ϣѤθ줿륳롤Υ륳¿ޤα --- spirit ɴǯˤ錄̣ѲĹι³ƤȤˤʤ롥ǸΤΤС־嵡Ǥ (be in high spirits) ֤ʤյǡ (with considerable spirit) ʪˤ꤫뤳ȤǤ롥餷 spirits
ǸˡܥҤΥΥ륳֥ץ饤ȡ (Sprite) ϡHPξˤȡ
֥ץ饤ȡפ̾ͳϡѸ Spiritʸΰաˤ Spriteˤͳ褷ú褯Ϥͻҡ䤫ƩʤɤɽƤޤ1961ǯư衤úˤɷôΤ륯ꥢ̣襤ǼԤ濴ؤλٻᡤߤǤ190ʾιϰ䤵Ƥ顼֥ɤǤ
ȤΤȡä츻Ƥ롥̣ѲĹικȤäƤ褤
ĹȽҤ٤ƤޤȤ褦spirit ־αפθطʤˤϡ3Ĥϲ̮ä
(1) spirit θȤƤΡΤΤȤƤĶŪ¸ߤ©
(2) ϣѤ̤ƥ륳뤬α줿
(3) ּ̤̿οפȤŤȯ
3Ĥή17˱ѸΤʤǹήspirit(s) αפȤɽήƤΤǤ롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ε#4058. what with ʸ ([2020-06-06-1]) ǤϡƱʸȤδϢʬ칽ʸ (participle_construction) ˤ⾯줿ʬ칽ʸϡѸǤä˽դǤ褯졤عʸˡǤɬܤγؽܤȤʤäƤ롥ʬ˰̣μ줬ʤΤ "free adjunct", Τ "absolute" ȤƤФ롥줾ŵỤ̄ħʸ褦
free adjunct: Having got out of the carriage, Holmes shouted for Watson.
absolute: Moriarty having got out of the carriage, Holmes shouted for Watson.
free adjunct ιʸǤϡʬΰ̣μ줬μƱȤʤꡤԤʤabsolute ιʸǤϡʬΰ̣μ줬μȰۤʤꡤԤŪʬź롥2Ĥιʸ줤줿Ūʴطˤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Trousdale (596) ȤˤȡѸˤ free adjunct absolute λȤʬϸۤΤǤϤʤäʬμ줬μȰۤʤʤʤѸǤʬΰ̣μ줬٤ˤǤ⤽줬źʤȤϤ褯äabsolute ⸽⤤٤ǻȤƤ䤬Ƽμͭˤϡּʤʬ칽ʸפͭʤˤϡּ줢ʬ칽ʸפФ褦ˤʤꡤߤμϰϤƤäȤȤ餷
̤ȤƩ⤯§ŪȤʤä櫓֤äƤߤФˤŪǹŪȯãΤ褦ˤߤ롥Τ褦ŪȶȤδ֤ˤϲ餫ΰ̴طΤȴϢơ#1014. ʸȯãȽ°ʸȯã ([2012-02-05-1]) ȡ
Trousdale, G. "Theory and Data in Diachronic Construction Grammar: The Case of the what with Construction." Studies in Language 36 (2012): 576--602.
what with ʸ˴ؤʸɤȥ "the what with construction" 顤Ƥä#806. what with A and what with B ([2011-07-12-1]) ιʸΤȤȻפǤΤɤǤߤ餽ǤϤʤä䡤ιʸȤ̵طǤϤʤΤäʸŪްդäȯãƤʸȤȤǤ롥ʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸαĹˤ롤ŪޥʡʹʸʸϡˤĤƹʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) 乽ʸ (constructionalization) δͻƤ롥
ޤʸƤߤ褦Trousdale (579--80) Ƹ롥
(8)
a. What with the gown, the limos, and all the rest, you're probably looking at about a hundred grand.
(2009 Diane Mott Davidson, Fatally Flaky; COCA)
b. In retrospect I realize I should have known that was a bad sign, what with the Raven Mockers being set loose and all.
(2009 Kristin Cast, Hunted; COCA)
c. But of course, to be fair to the girl, she wasn't herself at the Deanery, what with thinking of how Lord Hawtry's good eye had darkened when she refused his hand in marriage.
(2009 Dorothy Cannell, She Shoots to Conquer; COCA)
d. The bed was big and lonesome what with Dimmert gone.
(2009 Jan Watson, Sweetwater Run; COCA)
e. The Deloche woman was going to have one heck of a time getting rid of the place, what with the economy the way it was in Florida.
(2009 Eimilie Richards, Happiness Key; COCA)
(b)--(d) ʸˤĤƤϡ what with θˡ̣μ줬äʤäꤹ뤬 ing en ³Ȥǡʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸ롥ɽŪˤСʬ칽ʸƬ with ǤϤʤ what with ȤŪɸĤ褦ʹʸ
Trousdale (580) ˤСwhat with ʸˤϼΤ褦ʰ̣ŪŪԸǻŦƤ (Trousdale 580)
- the 'causality' function of what with is not restricted to absolutes; what with also occurs in prepositional phrases (e.g. (8a) above) and gerundive clauses (e.g. (8c) above).
- what with patterns occur in a particular pragmatic context, namely "if the matrix proposition denotes some non-event or negative state, or, more generally, some proposition which has certain negative implications (at least from the view of the speaker)".
- what with patterns typically appear with coordinated lists of 'reasons', or with general extenders such as and all in (8b) above.
ιʸϥޥʡʤ⡤ʤˤȤäϸѸ˸ȤTrousdale (587) ˤ Gower Confessio Amantis 㤬Ƥ롥˿帻ܻؤС what ˡֻ for with ǤϤʤΤΡˤȤ12 Lambeth Homilies ˸Ȥfor with Ǥʤ because of, between, by, from, in case (of), of, though ʤɤȤڥȤǤ褦ǡʤȤԻĤ what ˡǤ롥
Τ褦ˤϸŤwhat with θ̾ʳ͡ʥѥ褦ˤʤäƤΤϡѸˤʤäƤǤŪʸȸȤǤ롥
Trousdale, G. "Theory and Data in Diachronic Construction Grammar: The Case of the what with Construction." Studies in Language 36 (2012): 576--602.
ɸΥˤĤƤϡǤˡ#4035. stay at home stay home --- Ѹˤδ ([2020-05-14-1])#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ ([2020-05-15-1])#4037. stay home ν --- EEBO Online corpus ([2020-05-16-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥʤ⡤ξԤλȤʬˤĤ Fowler's Usage and Abusage θ줾ǧƤ
home (adv.). Idiomatic uses are very numerous, esp. when home is accompanied by a verb of movement (come, go home; I'll see you home; my son will be home soon; drive the nail home; pressed his advantage home; etc.). When the sense is 'in his or her own home' the British preference is to use at home (he stayed at home; is Jane at home?) and the American home by itself.
home, be. To say that a person 'is home' for 'is at home' is American rather than British usage. The British use the expression, though, where movement is involved: 'We're nearly home.'
εdzǧŪʷаޤȡ嵭ζŪʵҤȤϤ褯ƱƤξȤŪʿ̤ΤǤϤʤʤ˵ŪǤˡꥹѸǤ home ñȤȤѤ˾ˤƤ⡤ưŪʸܤǤꡤŪʸǤϻȤˤȤȤŪˤߤжѸʹߡ home ưŪʸŪʸؤỌ̇̄ĥƤΤηϥꥹѸǤϤޤߤȤȤˤʤ
#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ ([2020-05-15-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥫѸǤ stay home οĥϤޤ20ȾФ˻ϤޤäΤǤꡤŪħǤˤϰ㤤ʤ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
رμȤǽѸƥ Sawles Warde ɤƤ롥3Ĥμܤ˳ǧ1200ǯΥƥȤǡMS. Bodley 34 Ȥ˹줿 Bennett and Smithers Ǥɤ߿ʤƤ뤬ܴӤΤ Tanabe and Scahill ǤΥѥ롦ǥ˻ȤƤ롥3ܤȤϰʲ̤ꡥ
B: Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 34
R: London, British Library, Royal 17 A.xxvii
T: London, British Library, Cotton Titus D.xviii
ܴӤʤɤǤơȤƤⶽ̣˽вäΤǾҲ𤷤ƤֿȽԡפ̣۷ζǤ롥λʤΤˤѤƤʣιټ (agentive suffix, subject suffix) ζˤĤƲ鼨ͿƤܴ֤κۤǤ롥
B 73r14, R 2r17, T 106rb12
B sit on hest as deme . & beateð þeo þe aȝul/teð .
R sit on hest . as demere . & beateð þeoa-/gulteð.
T sit hon nest as de-/mande . Beateð þaagulteð /
Ƭ sit μϡ˼Ƥʤľ˽ФƤ (B) þe feorðe suster rihtwis/nesse (the fourth sister Riteousness) Ǥ롥ȽԤȤƹߤ˺¤äƤ櫓ΡֿȽԡפɽ魯줬 B Ǥ deme, R Ǥ demere, T Ǥ demande ȤʤäƤ롥촴 dēm- ˳ơ -e, -ere, -ande Ȥդ줿֤Ǥ롥űѸ줫Ѥ줿ټǤʸűѸϳơ -a, -ere, -end dēma, dēmere, dēmendˡ
1ܤθűѸιټ -a ϡѸǤϲŪ˼岽ŵŪ -e ֤롥䤬ƾüƤȤƤϥȤʤäƤޤʤˤϻĤʤä˴Ȥ٤Τ playwright, wheelwright ʤɤ wright (<OE wyrhta) Τʤ˻¸Ƥcf. #2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]))
2Ĥ -ere ϡѸǺǤŪʹټ -er ķǤꡤ¿פʤʤ#3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1]) εȡˡMED ʸȽǤ¤ꡤѸ˾äƤä嵭 deme ȤоŪˡdemere ¸ߴƤä褦
3Ĥ -end ϸʬͳ褹롥ʤ"the deeming (one)" ۤɤɽ路ΤȤƹټԤɽ魯̾Ȥʤ롥θѸǤŪޤä褦ǡˤѤʤä
Ѹ˾塤3Ĥθ¸Τϡ餯 Sawles Wardes 줿ޤû֤ȿ¬롥Ǥ˿ӤˤĤƤ deme demande ȡǤ˥㡼ȤʤäƤȤܤ demere ܴ֤Ƕ礷ƤȤΤϡճȤܤˤʤ쥢ʸʤäꤹΤ⤷ʤ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Tanabe, Harumi, and John Scahill, eds. Sawles Warde and the Wooing Group: Parallel Texts with Notes and Wordlists. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2015.
parasynthesisˤϸ (word_formation) 1ǡʣ (compounding) (derivation) ٤˹ԤʤΤǤ롥θˤäƺ줿ϡ"parasynthetic compound" 뤤 "parasyntheton" ˤȸƤФ롥ζСwarm-hearted, demoralize, getatable, baby-sitter, extraterritorial ʤɤ롥
extraterritorial ǹͤƤߤȡθ extra-(territori-al) Ȥ (extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤ⡤extra-, territory, -al 3ĤηǤƱ˷礷ΤȹͤΤǤ롥ŪˤĤƤɤ줬Ǥɤ줬夫ȤȤΤȤȤǤϡ#418. bracketing paradox ([2010-06-19-1])#498. bracketing paradox ܸ줫 ([2010-09-07-1])#499. bracketing paradox αѸ줫äȡ ([2010-09-08-1]) εȤ줿ǵϤǤ롥
ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) 1ȹͤʤСpickpocket blockhead Τ褦 (subordinative) exocentric compound ⡤ʣƱ˵äƤȤȤäƤ褤
жԡˡظѸؼŵ (p. 630) Ǥ̤5ʬषƤΤǡͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
(1) ַƻ̾ hot-tempered, old-maidish. (2) ̾̾ house-wifely, newspaperdom. (3) ư oncoming, half-boiled. (4) ̾ư shopkeeper, typewriting. (5) Τۤmatter-of-factness, come-at-able ʶŤ䤹ˤʤɡ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ε#4053. ʴɡǮϤʤΤ hay fever ([2020-06-01-1]) hay fever ε夲ޤʤʴɤˡǮפطΤ̤ΤޤޤǤĴ٤餷ʪޤɸ3ΤߤȤʸ츻ŪǤ
hay ʴˤϸűѸˤ hēġ, hīeġ ȤƸŤǡڤ줿줿פ̣ޤ֡ࡦʤɤǡڤפȤư hēawan ȤƤꡤ줬Ѹ hew ʤڤ롤ڤݤˤϢʤäƤޤڤƻȤƤ hoe ֺꡤĤϤפϡűѸˤޤŹϥɥĸ줫ʩä houe Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ΤǡϤꥲޥĸθ캬̤ޤޥĸưȤ *χawwan ƷƤޤޥ캬餵̤Сĸθ캬 *kau- (to hew, strike) ˤɤ夭ޤ嵭3첻ѰۡѲƤޤ1ĤȤȤˤʤޤ
to hew hay ʴˤȤɽ⤢Τǡto hew hay with a hoe Ȥɽ̴ǤϤޤȤʤСפФˤʤΤ֤̾ʤǤ绰ϺͿ˹碌ơ֤Ҥ塼ؤۥפȲΤäƤߤޤ礦
ˤƤ⡤츻ŪˤޤǤλǤ͡
ѸˤμȤηǼĤǡμޤ
ʴɤΤȤѸ hay fever ⤷ϡpollen allergies ʤɤȤޤʸԤϥȥ졼Ȥʬ䤹ˡεϡʴɤȯǮɤƤӤĤʤȤǤʤȯǮޤǮɽfeverդΤǤ礦ΤȯǮȼäΤǤ礦⤷feverǮʳΰ̣ǻȤƤΤǤ礦
hayϤȤȴ𤬸ǤäȤȤǤޤ
ʴɤɡȤߤǺޤƤޤ
ꤤޤ
μˤĤƾĴ٤ƤߤޤǰʤˤϻäƤޤβΤǡ˺ƸƤޤ
ͤȤʤäǤΤˡȵդǤ⤳ʤΤڤȯɤ뤳Ȥޤɡܤ줷Ǯ뤳ȤϤޤޤǶɽŪȯǮǡΤȯǮˤϻʤǤ͡ŪʤȤʬʤΤΡȯǮޥʡʾɾǮ١ˤȤƤϤ褦Ǥ٤ŪʴɴԤǤȤμԤˤƤߤƤ⡤ǮФȤϤȸäƤޤ
ȤƤ⡤ޤդ路ʤ̿̾Ǥ뤳ȤϳΤǤ͡fever ϸűѸ줫Ӥơ֡ȯǮפΰ̣ݻƤꡤ̣ѲδͿʤäϤǤ
ʴǤΤ褦ˤʤäΤ19ȾΤȤΤ褦ǡˤϸäƸǮȾΤƤޤ (hay) κȤƤͤ褯ȤȤ̾դ줿褦ǤOED hay-fever, n. ˤȡ1829ǯ hay-asthma cf. ե asthme de foinˤȤȤ hay-fever Ȥ줿Ȥޤ
First described under the name of summer catarrh by Bostock in Trans. Medico-Chirurg. Soc. 1819, X. 161, and 1828, XIV. 437. Gordon in 1829 used the names hay-asthma, hay-fever.
ȯǮȼ褦µȺƱѤ줿ǽ⤢뤫⤷ޤΤѤϤޤǤΤϤޤǤǤ
ɤˡ
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