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2026-03-31 Tue

#6182. ӵ١κǾȤ٤ --- furthermost, uttermost [comparison][double_comparative][word_formation][suffix]

ε#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ȴϢơˤ⤷Ҳ𤷤furthermore ӵδΤξӵܤΤȤС夲 furthermost ʤɤӵδΤξ˺ǾܤΤǤ롥ӵǾפȤǤ̾դʤ褦ʡŸ3ȤʤäƤ롥
OED õ¤ꡤŪ -ermost ñ16򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤǤб -ermore ΤϡȰ˼OED ǤγñνǯդƤ롥

-mostearliest-moreearliest
hindermost1398hindermore1382
uttermost1398uttermore1382
furthermost?a1400furthermorec1175
innermost1413innermorea1387
uppermostc1450uppermorea1398
lowermost1547lowermore1662
lattermost1566lattermore1534
outermost1587outermorea1425
highermost1593  
windermost1597  
farthermost1619farthermorec1380
downermost?c1690downermore1435
bettermost1737  
biggermost1803  
endermost1803  
beatermost1827  


ƱΤФӵ顦ǾդڥñܤȡΤȤӵΤۤǯ᤯ľ塤뤤ϴֳ֤򤢤ƤǾ餬иƤΤʬʵդν򼨤ƤΤϡlowermost (1547) lowermore (1662) ΤߤǤˡʬۤ顤Ūˤäơӵθ -more 夫 -most ִ뤳ȤˤäƺǾθäȤŪꤹ뤳ȤǤ
бӵθ줬ʤڥʤƤʤǾθ⤢櫓ˤĤƤ᤯˳ΩƤǽλ㡤ʤ14˷줿 hindermost, uttermost, furthermost ʤɤľܤθǥδפˤʤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
ŪˤϽѸ濴ȤˤθޤäƤꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤ˤݥ򼨤ΤФäƤ롥Ȥ櫓̯ʤΤȤƤ windermost endermost ʤɡwind end Ȥ̾줬縵δΤȤʤäƤΤ뤳Ȥޤbettermost/beatermost, biggermost ʤɥݥȤϴطΤʤ̤ηƻ줬١ȤʤäƤΤ⤢뤳Ȥˤդ
ӵǾΥޡ;Ūñ˺ܤȤ߽Ф񡹲ñ줿Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1]

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2026-03-30 Mon

#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore [comparison][double_comparative][word_formation][suffix][ormulum]

Ѹˤǡ2ӵ (double_comparative) ȤȡShakespeare 濴ȤѸ more worse worser Ȥ;Ūɽ꤬Ƭ⤫֡ӵκȤƷŪ;ꡤŪŪʴϸǤϥФΤǡȤƼ夲䤹Τ
Ʊ2ӵפȤˤϤޤΤΡޤܤߤʤΤ󰷤 furthermore uttermore Τ褦ʸǤ롥ޤ1ǤꡤΤʤӵ -er -more ξ¸ƤȤOED Ĵ٤ȡŪˤϼΤ褦㤬󤬤äƤ롥

backermore, downermore, farthermore, furthermore, hindermore, hithermore, innermore, lattermore, lowermore, northermore, outermore, rathermore, uppermore, uttermore


Ǥ⤢ٻȤƤΤ furthermore, nethermore ˸¤뤬ŪˤϾ嵭Τ褦ˤäȤä¿ϸѸ줫Ѹˤ¤줵Ƥꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤˴ؤݥ򼨤Ȥ롥ΤȤ3ȤʤꡤŸʡӵ״ФȤħ롥Ǥ -more ϤϤŪǤϤʤѲäʤɤӵεơפ鷺 more better ȸäƤޤФ̤褦˻פ롥;Ǥ롤̵̤ǤʤɤȤäƴñ˼ΤƵ뤳ȤǤʤˤʤ췲Ǥ롥
ʤߤˤΤʤǺǤŤΤϡǤ⸽ furthermore ǡѸ˼Τ褦˽ФƤ롥

c1175 Þe sterrne comm rihht till þatt hus... & flæh itt ta na forrþerrmar. (Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7338)

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1] [2026-03-31-1]

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2026-03-29 Sun

#6180. űѸ졦Ѹˤ most ΰ۷ʬ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe_dialect][me_dialect][oe][germanic][analogy]

ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)򻲾ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED β򤸤äɤǤ

Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.


űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ񤷤褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ

Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.


Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ󤬰̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ󤬰̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])

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2026-03-28 Sat

#6179. Ǿӵ "dental suffix" դ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][suffix][germanic][rhotacism][sound_symbolism][-st][consonant][dental_suffix]

ӵ -er ȺǾ -est εȯãɤäƤȡԤԤ˻ (dental_suffix) դΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǸȤꡤ⥲ޥĸ2ĤΥסʤ A פ */-iz-, -ist-/ B פ */-o:z-, -o:st-/ ̤ȹͤ롥ӵ˴ޤޤ *z rhotacism ˤäƸűѸޤǤ r Ȥʤä
ӵ˻դƺ줿ΤǾǤ롥OED -est (SUFFIX) ˤȡA פˤĤ "comparative suffix . . . + a dental suffix" ȤꡤB פˤĤƤ A פ˴ŤȤ롥κǾηϡޥˤⶦ̤˳ǧ졤˸奮ꥷ -ίστος ˤߤ롥
Ĵϻդǹ碌໤ӵɽ路ĺ򶯤᤿ǺǾɽ魯ȤäħŪʸƯƤΤȤ櫓űѸˤϡ-osð, -esð, -usð Τ褦໤ɽ魯ʸͭ۷ǧ褦
Ѹˤˤ -st ϡ͡褷Ƥ궽̣Ԥʤ-st γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2026-03-27 Fri

#6178. ʤӵ -ere ޤޤƤΤ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][suffix][germanic][epenthesis]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) 衤-er Ȥμդεȯã˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥Ѹӵ -er ˤϡƻˤˤ衤A B Ȳ̾դƤ2ĤΥޥĸΥפ̤Ȥ롥
űѸʳޤǤˡƻӵȤƤ -ra ӵȤƤ -or ΩƤ -er ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäѸˤʤȡʻˤĤƤӵϸľܤĤʤ -er Ūˤʤäΰ̲β˲äΤȤ櫓ƻӵˤ r e Ȥ첻뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤʤΤ
OED -er (SUFFIX3) ˡΤ褦ʵҤä

Old English betera better adj. apparently preserves -era, but the word is an unusual case; compare the discussion at that entry. Later forms with epenthetic vowel, as -ere, -er develop in Middle English, but are rare in Old English.

Attested regularly formed adverbs continue type (ii) of the suffix, preserving the vowel before r in the final syllable (compare heardor harder), with very occasional reduction to -er in Old English. The adverbial and adjectival comparative endings merge in the course of Middle English.


εҤˤȡƻӵˤ e "epenthetic vowel" Ȥ롥첻λ¤Ҥ٤ƤǡʤɤΤ褦줿ΤˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤľ˵󤲤Ƥ롤betera ĤƤ e αƶǤ롤ȤɤʤȡǸڤƤӵ -or 䤽μǤ -er ƻˤȤäƤδפȤʤäȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ޤǤεǡƻӵ B פϡŤͳ褹뤫⤷ʤȤβ˿줿 (Krahe 1965: §56) ޤκǾ B פƻбǤñгʤηˤʤȤҤߤ (Campbell §670; p. 277) ƻδ֤ιԤ褬ˤˤˤꤹȡѸˤƤ -er ΰܲˤƱ褦ʹԤʺ줫ƻءˤäȹͤΤϡʬ˼ʤ褦˻פ롥

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2026-03-26 Thu

#6177. ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡٴϢ꡼ heldio ۿƤޤ [notice][kochushoho][kenkyusha][asacul][oe][hel_education][literature][popular_passage][pchron][oe_text][pictish][voicy][heldio]

1䤷³ƤԲϻϲͭظűѸ졦ѸʸҡˤȤʤäƤ顤1Фޤ1衤hellog Voicy heldio ʤɤܽ˴Ϣ򤤤ĤϤƤޤܽȤľܻȤűѸֵȤʤ륷꡼ϤޤΤǡϤ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤ
ޤܽƬ֤ȯפ򤸤äɤDz⤹륷꡼heldio 4ˤ錄äۿƤޤ⤷ʬҤθHPλɤߥʡDZǤޤΤǡܽ򤪻Ǥʤ⡤ҤĤĤİФȻפޤ

#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (1) --- űѸ첻
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ
#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (4) --- űѸζ

ˤϡűѸƥȥѡȤ2ĤΥƥ "Early Britain" ɤɤ륷꡼ⳫϤޤΤȤʲۿ heldio Ǥİˤʤޤܽ򤪻Ǥʤϡ̤ܥ֥Ρ#2909. Peterborough Chronicle Early Britain εҡ ([2017-04-14-1]) 򤴻Ȥܤ䥰å꡼̤ܽƤǤޤΤǡؿ줿ϡܽꤷƤС

#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ
#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1)
#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2)
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3)

ޤ4ǻϤޤī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ饤ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- 츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءǤ⡤ܽűѸѸθʸ򻲾ȤƤͽǤҡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ˤܤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-27-1]

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2026-03-25 Wed

#6176. űѸηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤ Campbell [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][oe_dialect][germanic][sound_change][vowel]

ΤȤŪĴ٤Ƥƻ졦ӵ顦ǾεȯãˤĤơűѸʸˡ路 Campbell ꡤϢ뵭Ҥ˺ϿŪ˻ĤƤ

1. ƻκǾΰ۷ȤȯãʲѲ (§331.6; p. 139)

superlatives in -ōst- had -ūst- before u, as d.p. -ūstumiz, and hence OE has -ost < -ūst, beside -ast < -ōst (§355.4) . . . .


2. ƻκǾΰ۷ʬ (§657; pp. 272--73)

The superlative normally ends in -ost < -ust (§355.4), more rarely in -ast (§331.6), and may be declined both strong and weak. The formative element is often changed to -est by vowel harmony, especially in cases with -ost- (§385). In eW-S -ost-, -ast-, and the more archaic -ust- are used occasionally, but in all texts -est- prevails heavily. In lw-S and lNorth. -ost prevails (lNorth. also -ust-). In VP and Ru.1 it is not possible to determine if -ost- or -ast- originally prevailed in the dialects, in VP because all the forms have est- by harmony, in Ru.1 owing to entire absence of material. eKt. has -ast. KG has extended -est- to the uninflected form.


3. ƻӵ顦Ǿε (§660; p. 277)

§660. Origin of forms. The comparative and superlative suffixes which caused mutation were Gmc. -izan-, -ista-, and these were regularly developed in OE, apart from the W-S syncopation in superlatives. The non-mutating suffixes were Gmc. -ōzan-, -ōsta-. The latter develops regularly to OE -ust, -ost, -ast (§331.6). The development of -ōzan- in OE is very difficult, as the invariable syncope of an originally long medial syllable has no parallel. It is a peculiarly OE development, even OFris. having -er-, a normal development of -ōz-, corresponding to OS, OHG -or-, ON -ar-, Goth. -ōz-. The OE form is presumably due to the influence of the comparatives in -iz-, in which syncope is normal. This suffix -iz- may have been used in Prim. OE, as in OHG, not only with the few a-, ō-stems with mutated comparatives, but with most i;̯a-, i;̯ō-stems, e.g. OE swētra is not from *su;̯ōtiōz- but *su;̯ōtiz-, cf. OHG suozziro. It would also probably be used with i-stem adjs. so far as these survived. Hence -r- < -iz- would be a very frequent comparative suffix, and might replace the form derived from -ōz- in the other adjectival classes.


4. ӵ顦Ǿε (§670; p. 277)

§670. Comparison of adverbs. Adjectival advs. have normally compar. -or, superl. -ost, e.g.:

     hearde, severely heardor heardost
     ġearwe, readily ġearwor ġearwost

-or also appears as -ur and -ar; -ost can appear as -ust, -ast (as in the superl. adj.). In origin -ost is merely the acc. sg. neut. of the superl. adjectival suffix. Compar. -or, -ur, -ar points to Gmc. -ōz, corresponding to Goth. -os. The final r (< z) should be lost in West Gmc., but is restored by analogy of the compar. adj.


Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2026-03-24 Tue

#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][-st]

first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפȤե졼롥f ƬƧǤꡤ嶯Υꥺ⿴Ϥ褯ΧŪˤ褯ä󤷤OED ˤȡ14Ⱦ Langland ˤ Piers Plowman ˽ФƤ롥

c1400 (c1378) Þat she furste & formest ferme shulde bilieue. (W. Langland, Piers Plowman (MS Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 116 [Composed c1378]


first foremost פ̣캬 */pr-/ ޤǤ뤬դƤۤʤ롥first ϺǾ -est 򼨤foremost Ϥޤ̤κǾ -most 򼨤Ƥ롥ԤϡǾ most Ʊ֤򼨤Ƥ뤬ϰۤʤꡤ-m -ost ʬ롥-m ϰĸˤޤ̤ǾǤꡤ-ost ϾҤκǾ -est ΰ۷ȸäƤĤޤꡤforemost ϡ2źǾפȤäƤ褤򼨤ƤΤ
űѸǤϡ-m Τߤ forma ְ֤Ρפΰ̣ǺǤ褯Ѥ줿ۤ fyr(e)st ⤢ä2źǾ fyrmesta ʤɤѤ줿ǸΤΤϡѸˤʤ most ΰ۷ȤդƤΤȲᤵ褦ˤʤꡤŪˤ⤽˰Ĥ -most Ȥʤäη̤ foremost Ǥ롥
ɸΥե졼ˤϡ -st, -m, -ost, -most 4ĤŪʺǾޤŤʤäƶ¸ƤȤΤ
űѸλˤĤƤϡʲ Lass (214) ΰѤ򻲾ȡ

1st. Go fruma, OE forma. This is from a base */pr-/ meaning 'before', plus the superlative suffix */-mo-/ (§8.4.2 above), i.e. it has precisely the sense 'foremost'. Similar forms occur in other IE dialects, e.g. Gr prá-mo-s, Li pìr-ma-s. There is an alternative type with the superlative */-istα-/, e.g. OE fyrst < */fur-ist-/, which of course comes down as ModE first, OIc fyrst-r.


Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1]

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2026-03-23 Mon

#6174. ӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ơƱȤʤդ -er, -est εͤ롥ӸŪˤ̡˸Ƥɬפ뤫
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 208) ꡤϢ2Ѥ롥űѸӵ顦ǾˤĤƤս

   Comparison of adverbs is usually in {-or}, {-ost}, occasionally spelled <-ur, -ar, -ust, -st>; the comparative reflects a PGmc */-o:-z/ (Go -ōs). By normal WGmc sound changes (as in the a-stem nom sg */-α-z/), the /r/ should have disappeared in OE; it is most likely retained by analogy to adjectival comparison.
   The superlative has the same vowel, but with the presumably adjectival superlative suffix */-st-/; in many cases there is an */-m-/ formative as well, giving a double superlative: inne-m-est 'inmost', ūte-m-est 'outmost' (cf. inne 'inside', ūte 'outside'). The simplex type can be seen in for-m-a 'first' (cf. for-e 'in front', and the discussion of ordinal numerals in §8.4.3), hinde-m-a 'last' (hinder 'behind'). This */-m-/ occurs in Gothic as well (fru-m-ist-s 'first'), though not elsewhere in West Germanic; it is an old IE marker, and can be seen in the Latin parallel to for-m-a, fru-m-ist-s, ie. pri-m-u-s 'first'.


ǰƬˡε ([2026-03-19-1]) ȹ碌ơƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤơεȯãƤߤ

ƻӵ -er: AפBפκ硥BפεˤĤ꤫ǤϤʤ o-stem åʸȿǷޤफ
ӵ -er: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥r ĤΤϡƻӵ䤫
ƻκǾ -est: Aפͳ褹롥뤤ϡBפ첻岽֤ͳ褹Ȥͤ롥
κǾ -est: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥ҲʬˤĤƤϡƻκǾбʪ줿Τ

4Ĥθϸߤ˰ۤʤ֤򼨤Ƥ줬ƻδ֤ǡޤӵȺǾδ֤ǡʣ򷫤̡֤̤äƤȹͤƤΤ褵ѸޤǤˤϤܸۤʬۤˤɤ夤Ƥ˻ޤǡĤޤꥲޥĸ줫űѸˤƤϡ͡ʲ깭Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-22 Sun

#6173. 328ڡˡīֺ¤ߴ3be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][hel_education][helkatsu][be][verb][auxiliary_verb][aspect][tense][mood][suppletion]


asacul_20260131.png



ǯ٤ī㡼󥿡ɶˤơ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפꤷơѸˤΥ꡼ֺ¤ŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤ򤪶ˡŪñ1ļ夲IJ̵Ԥ˹귡겼ꤷĤġʥߥåʱѸˤ̣浪ȤݤǿʤƤޤ
٤βϡǯ٤Υ꡼ȤƤϺǸȤʤ12ǤȤƤϡǽñȤ be ưӤޤ90ʬǤϤȤƤԤˤʤʪñǤǽ˽в񤦱ñ1ĤǤꡤIJǯѸؤǤƤɬ⤦ޤȤʤʤ be ư̥Ϥޤ
ʲbe ưᤰäƤɤΤ֥쥹˽񤭽ФƤߤޤ

be ưεϡ
be ưŪ۷Ƥߤ褦
be ưü5
be ưưǤ⤢ưǤ⤢
¸ߤɽ魯 be ư
Ϣ뼭 (copula) ȤƤ be ư
ˡ If I were/was a bird, . . . ᤰͻ
be λȤϡ
be ưϿ;Ρꡦ֡ˡɽ魯ȤǤ
be ư
ain't ᤰҲŪͻ
ɸѼˤ be ưλȤ

ۤˤפĤ󤢤ޤֺ¤Ǥϡʤ٤¿˿졤ΤΤʤդäƹԤʤʥư90ʬҤäƤޤ礦
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤󻲲äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧơҤ긵ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤⤴Ѱդֺ¤ܤڤʤޤ
⤷ֺ¤ΤΤ餻ϡ heldio Ǥ#1754. 328īֺ¤ be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưȤͽԤϤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ

ơ2025ǯ٤Υ꡼ϰڤȤʤޤ42026ǯ٤ο꡼Ϥޤޤ꡼ϤȤϤäƤ⡤ʤȤմˤĤƤϡ2025ǯ٤Υ꡼μ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפϰѤǤͽǤ1ĤαñܤƥʥߥåʱѸˤưɤäƤޤǯ٤225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡθŤѸθʸƥȤ򻲾ȤĤŸͽǤǯٽմˤĤƤϡǤīθΰФƤޤΤǡ餫ܺ٤򤴳ǧ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-21 Sat

#6172. ƻӵ -er ñΥ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative][flat_adverb][-ly]

ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥

The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.


³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.


ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵ򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-20 Fri

#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative]

ε#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǡ-er εȤ2ĤΥפäȤߤ2ĤΥפϥޥĸ */-o:z-/ ̤Ȥ뤬äˤĹ첻ɤ鸽줿ΤȽȤʤ1ĤϡΰǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡ Krahe 󾧤ƤΤǡ̤ΤǤϤʤȤơϥޥĸ a-stem å (ablative) ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȡ
դλˤĤơLass ̤βս (§8.4.2; p. 207) Ǥ⤦⤷ƤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦űѸθ˴ؤѤ롥

. . . . One widespread marker is the o-stem ablative sg */-o:-d/ < */-o-ed/ or its later e-grade */-e:-d/. The o-grade appears in Latin adverbs of the type subit-ō (see §6.3.2), perhaps in Greek adverbs in -os; in Germanic it is transparent in the type Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly', OS gi-līc-o, OHG gi-līhh-o. This is common in Gothic, and is the normal formation in OS and OHG.
   In OE, this */-o:/ appears as /-α/, and only in a restricted class of adverbs from adjectives in */-inγ-, -unγ-/, e.g. wēn-ing-a 'perhaps', dearn-ung-a 'secretly'.


űѸǤ -a ȿǤƤȤȤˤʤ뤬Ǥ׷ĤäƤʤ⤷ Krahe ⤬ȤСƻӵ -er 첻ʬˤΤ鷺ʺפǧ롤Ȥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-19 Thu

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ˤƸη֤Ȥ夷ΤˤϡޥĸʹߡűѸФѸ˻ޤǤ͡Ѳʣ˴ؤäƤꡤޤäñǤϤʤޤӵȺǾˤϡ⤦1ıŪˡꡤ줾 more, most դȤ뤬ŪˤϤȾ嵭η֤Ȥδؤ⿼cf. #1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])ˡˡforemost utmost ˸ -most Ȥޤ̤κǾ¸ߤΤߤδطȤǤ롥
塤1ĤҤȤɳ򤤤ƤȹͤƤ롥ޤϡƻǤϤʤˤӵ -er ȺǾ -est εˤĤĴ٤ƤߤLass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) Ѥ뤳ȤϤ褦

There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:

(6.33)A.*/-iz-, -ist-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goalþ-eis 'old'alþ-iz-aalþ-ist-s
 OEealdield-raield-est
 
 B.*/-o:z-, -o:st-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goarm-s 'poor'arm-ōz-aarm-ōst-s
 OEearmearm-raearm-ost/-ast


Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
   The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
   In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ~ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ~ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.


Ѹηƻӵ -er ˤĤƤϡޥĸűѸ A B 2ĤΥפ̤뤬줬ľܤεǤΤ¨ǤǤʤΤ i-mutation ȼʤ B פΤۤͭϸȻˤǤ뤬⤽ B ˤĤƤϡεˤεԾܤȤ⤢롥ˤؤäƤǽꡤƻڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤκǾ -est ˤĤƤϡŪ A פ̤ȤߤƤ褤
Ǥ˾ʣ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-18 Wed

#6169. Ѹˤפ꤬ۤ [tower_of_hel][hel_education][kochushoho][hee][kdee][hajimetenoeigoshi][kenkyusha][helkatsu][note][inohota][voicy][heldio][helkatsu][helwa][helmate]


tower_of_hel_small_by_ai.png



1218ϡֱѸˤפäǰǤhelˤˤơܤ٤Ǥηߤηаޤܥ֥ޤ͡ΤǸƤޤ
1δֱ֡Ѹˤפ兩Τ褦ˤʤäƤޤnote ȿѸ˥ե⸽ƤꡤŤƤ뼡ǤֱѸˤפڤƤ륦־μץƥĤ򡤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥޤ

Ĥˤ note ֱ֡Ѹˤפߤޤ218
hellog #6150. ֱѸˤפäƤޤ ([2026-02-27-1])
heldio ۿ#1736. νդϱѸˤϤ褦 --- ֱѸˤפФ228
Grace ˤ note ֱ֡Ѹˤ׷ߤˤ긫Ρ31
heldio ۿ#1735. ֱѸˤפ31
hellog #6153. īīĹˡظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ȡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ǻܡ ([2026-03-02-1])
mozhi gengo ˤ note #332. ФäƤߤ褦Ѹˤˡ34
YouTube ֤Τۤإͥư91ǯλԲϻ̾ڤΤۤإͥ40739
Ĥˤ note ֱ֡Ѹˤפιάλ39

ϸɤ褤ʪǤϤޤ󡥤ˤϡѸˤγؤƤȤտޤäƤޤȤƤҲ𤷤Ƥ4ʤؤϤƤαѸˡ١رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ظűѸ졦Ѹ١رѸ츻ŵ٤ϡͭŪ˷ӤĤƤꡤɤؤӻϤƤ⤤Ͻв񤦤٤̿νҤǤɤ줫Ǥ⼫ͳ˳ؤӻϤ뤳ȤǤޤΥ롼ȤϤޤnote ֱ֡ѸˤפιάλǸƤޤΤǡҤɤߤ
ǯ麣ǯˤƱѸ˴ϢνҤʣǤƤꡤѸˤؤӻϤΤ˺Ŭʥߥ󥰤ȤʤäƤޤνաѸˤؤӻϤƤϤǤ礦⡤ܥ֥¾Υǥ̤ƱѸˤγؤӻϤ򥵥ݡȤ礹륳ƥĤ¿󤲤ƤͽǤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-17 Tue

#6168. ֲžפ򤷤ޤ [word_play][metathesis][consonant][vowel][r][etymology][notice][hel_ogiri]


hel_ogiri_metathesis.png



354Ѹ (hel_ogiri) XdzŤޤϡž (metathesis) 󤻤ƤȤǤ¤Ӥ2Ĥβְ㤤η̤Ҥä֤äƤޤäΤΡ¤ӤɸŪˤʤäƤޤäȤֱФפΤ褦ʻǤְ㤤Ȥʹ֤򤱤ˤäƿʸޤƤޤȤΤϡͶΤΤѲΤʤǤ͵ΤȥԥåǤ
Ȥä㡤ꤤ㤬󤬤äƤ뤫ȤСñʤǤ⤢ޤŵŪǶʽŪϤĤ󤬤äƤޤθ夬³ʤΤǤ˻äΤǤ³򴶤ޤ¿λüԤ⤬ʤõץ饤ѥݥȤ̤Ƥ򥷥Ƥäǡ⤷Τ³ȴ󤻤ƤޤʲˡޤȤƤȻפޤ

aks/ask
beorht bright
brand/burn
brid bird
cocodrile crocodile
fersc fresh
forst frost (cf. freeze)
gærs grass
hros horse
iern(an), yrn(an) run
mansk Manx
nutrition, nutriment/nurture
patron pattern
purpose/propose
tax/task
three/third
thirl thrill
þurh through
wæps wasp
wal (whale) + ros (horse)
worht(e) wrought (cf. work)

crocodile ˴ؤƤϡ#5999. crocodile αѸ --- إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ٤ΰճƶ ([2025-09-29-1]) 򻲾ȤƤ
ʤǽ˴󤻤줿Ƥϡ~ߤ󤵤ˤʲʣʻǤ

lamella (ƥ)

la lemelle (ե󥹸)
ʬ
l'alemelle
(ؾ)θ
l'alemette
ž
l'amelette
첻Ѳ
l'omelette

omelette (Ѹ)


ܵƱݤǡ314 heldio ˤ#1749. ž --- 󽸤ޤäƤޤϤޤΤǡҤ⤪İС


[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-16 Mon

#6167. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤11that --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][deixis][demonstrative][article][relative_pronoun][conjunction][hel_education][helkatsu]

228ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ11ߴȤƤ2ˤ֤ޤܤñϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפǤ
Ѹˤ that ϡؼ졤ط졤³ϤȤ͡ʸˡṲ̄¿Ǥ¿εǽϤǤ˸űѸˤߤޤơεǽϤɤΤ褦ˤƵꡤȯŸƤΤǤ礦Ķ٤ñǤ⤢ꡤˤȤʤȻפޤ󤢤ܤŪȯŸɤƤߤޤֵϡthat Ȭϻ群γ̩ǻ̩90ʬȤʤޤ
īֺ11Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС


asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_11_20260228_mindmap.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤10ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤8take --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤8take --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-02-16-1])

12328ڡˤǡǯ٤κǽȤʤޤơޤϡbe --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפǤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 Ȥʤޤī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧ
ޤ2026ǯ٤īǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ޤ꡼ȤƤơޤ2025ǯ٤Ρ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפѤޤʻߤȤơظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤򻲾ȤűѸѸθʸĩൡ䤷ƤͽǤܺ٤θڡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-15 Sun

#6166. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥3ơ4ƤȲʷ --- ΤαѸ [note][hee][helkatsu][hel_education][quiz][helwa][silent_letter][onomastics][proverb][hypocorism]


soramisan_note_quiz_20260221.png



soramisan_note_quiz_20260307.png



ܥ֥Ǥ2#6125. heldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Υ꡼ --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-02-1]) ȡ#6132. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥2 --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-09-1]) 2ˤ錄ꤪΤ餻Ƥޤheldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami 󤬡ϼԤȤȤ˷깭رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤١Ȥ˸ƤαѸ˥Υ꡼Ǥθ⥯³졤嵭̤34ˤ⥢Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
عʤɤΡּȤǻȤפäƤ뤫Ǥ礦꡼1Ⱦǡ᤯ note ǿ͵꡼ȤʤäƤޤμ⤯ҥȤˤȤäƿڤǡɬ׽ʬʾܤºݤ˼ȤdzѤ뤳ȤǰƬˡƥĤ᤭ޤƤȤݤǤ
3ϡܸˤʤäƤȶʱñ򻲾Ȥơ츻ǼȤݤΥ¿ФƤޤǸۻ (silent_letter) ܤƤդˤ⡤ꥻ󥹤ޤ
4ϡѸθȱѸο̾Ȱη˴ؤ붽̣ǤˤϤꡤܸˤʤäƤ䡤ܤǤߤΤѸ̾Ȥäˡθ츻Ƨ߹ǤȤʹȤޤƤޤϾ̤¿ΤΡƤߤ䤹ʤΤǡμƬ˥륹äƤޤ͡
ǤɼԤⴶۤ󤻤ƤƤ̤ꡤפꤷƤΤΡͤڤdzؤ٤ƤޤɼΥƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
sorami ϡӤǡּȤξͥॢåס롼׳ưʤɤ˼ͳ˻ȤäƤйǤפȽҤ٤ƤޤαѸ춵γ󡤤ҤΥȤʤɤdzѤƤߤƤˤäƤϡ§ȤơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤˰͵򤷤ƤȤȤǤΤǡ⤴¿
ơƤ顤󤴼ȤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤餪⤷ȴơ䤷ƤߤƤޤˤϡҰ̤ˤƤСֱѸˤ򶵼ˡפؤäƤȤԤƤޤ
sorami Υ꡼ˤĤƤϡ heldio ۿ#1748. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥꡼乥ĴǤ⤴Ҳ𤷤ƤޤҤ⤪İ

߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-14 Sat

#6165. رѸ춵٤ˤơ֤ΤۤϢܡפ [inohota][youtube][inohota_rensai][hel_education][hel][sociolinguistics][notice][inohotanaze]


inohota_rensai_eigokyouiku_20260313_front_cover.png

  *

313罤۽ŹرѸ춵4ȯ䤵ޤꡤƱνʼʷضˤȤȤˡϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλפϤޤäƤޤ
Ϣܤϡ2ͤۿƤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥϢܴǤᤤΤ YouTube Ǥγư4ǯĶޤưǤϤƤդΥʥߥڤ򡤺٤ϻ̤̤Ƥ⤪ϤȹͤƤޤ
ϢܤμݤȤƤϡѸ춵Ϥ󡤱Ѹؤ֤٤ƤɼԤγˡҲؤȱѸˤȤ2ĤΥ󥺤̤ơѸȤα̥ϤȯƤȤˤޤ2ڡȤѥȤʷǤ2̲ͤ⤢Сȥԥå󶡤Ƥ⤦Ȥ󤻤⤢ʤɡХ饨ƥ٤ƥĤȤʤäƤͽǤ
1ϡָءѸؤˤ褦פꤷ2ͤμʾҲȤȤܥ꡼ˤĤƤäƤޤҲؤɤΤ褦˻䤿Υߥ˥˴ؤΤ뤤ϱѸˤˤƸѸΡ֤ʤפ˸ƤΤΥå󥹤ͤߤޤ
ޤ֤ΤۤץӤˤʪȤƤϡǯ10ظؤǥå衪 ѸΡ֤ʤסʥʥĥҡˤ⴩ԤƤޤϢܤȹ碌ƤɤߤޤȹǤ
ѸȤñʤŵоݤȤƤǤϤʤʹ֤夲ƤȤʸ֤ȤªľŪϢܤ̤ɼԤγͤȶͭǤФȴäƤޤ
ǯ٤ˤऱơѸʻˡˤ򿼤ƤȤϡ13ΡرѸ춵٤Ϣܤ򤪸ƨʤ

ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλ1󡡸ءѸؤˤ褦סرѸ춵2026ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ31342--43ǡ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-13 Fri

#6164. -ought -aught ȯ [gh][spelling][pronunciation][vowel][orthography][onomastics][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

ε#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ ([2026-03-12-1]) ˤĤơ塤Ѹֻˤδ鿼ꤷƤȹͤƤ뤬Ϥˡưβ˸¤餺<ough(t)> <augh(t)> ֻˤĤơȯбȤȤ˸Ƥ
ޤ<ought> ˤĤ Carney (345--46) ꡥ

O.15 <ought>/ɔː/ | <t>
Examples: bought, brought, fought, nought, ought, sought, thought, wrought.
  Exceptions with /aʊ/ --- doughty, drought. Names such as Boughton, Broughton, Houghton, Oughton, Oughtred, Stoughton have /ɔː/ --- /aʊ/ variation and occasionally /u;ː/ or /əʊ/. Some are only given with one variant by EPD --- Loughton /aʊ/, Moughton /əʊ/, but with the pronunciation of a name one can never be fully certain.


³ Carney (285) ꡤ<augh(t)> ˤĤɤǤߤ褦

A.9 <augh>/ɔː/
Examples: aught, caught, daughter, distraught, fraught, haughty, naught, naughty, slaught, slaughter, taught; Baugh, Bradlaugh, Connaught, Haughtn, Laughton, McNaught, Shaughnessy, Waugh. The names Baughan, Maugham, Vaughan are single syllables (/bɔːn/, etc.). This correspondence is one straightforward part of the name Featherstonehaugh, pronounced /ˈfænʃɔː/.
  Exceptions: with /ɑːf/ (AmE /æf/) in draught, laugh and derived forms.
  Efficiency: in words 89 per cent; in names 77 per cent; a marginal rule with very strong bias toward high TF words and strong bias towards shorter words.


ñ֤餫ѤƯƤȵ졤ֻȯδطεҤϰǤϤʤ̸Τߤʤ餺̾ˤ褯Ƥ뤳Ȥˤդ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-12 Thu

#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ [gh][verb][spelling][pronunciation][vowel][orthography][voicy][heldio][hel_education][gradation][i-mutation][analogy][spelling_pronunciation_gap]



37 heldio ˤ #1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơۿޤѸ춵˷Ȥ4Ԥˤ̲Ǥ
夲ϡѸ˸ȤˤȤäƤ礭ʾ׷ǤȯüϡعDZѸ򶵤ƤΥ饹Ρ̤ˤȯǤ
Ѹؽˤơ -ought Ե§ѲưϳؽԤǺߤμǤthink --- thoughtbuy --- bought, bring --- brought, fight -- fought ʤɡ¿ o ޤֻȤʤޤteach --- taught catch --- caught Τ褦ˡa ޤ -aught ֻˤʤΤ⤢ޤۤȤɤαѸؽԤϡ֤ΤפȤƴݰŵƤȤǤ礦ޤ̤4ԤƱͤǤ
ȤϥΡȤǡμݤζä٤Ŧ򤷤ΤǤ teach a ޤޤƤ뤫顤 taught o ǤϤʤ a ˤʤΤǤϤʤȡ
λŦðŪʤΤϡñʤϤ碌䵭ѤμĶơѸֻ˸˻񤹤ǽˤޤѸˤδ餳 -aught ƸƤƤߤȡä٤¤⤭Ħˤʤޤtaught caught ʤɤθ¸ưǤʤˤβǵ§Ƥư򷡤굯ƤߤȡΡteach ˡ§פƤϤޤ㤬ĤĤΤǤ
ȤСߤϵ§ѲưȤʤäƤ reach ǤĤƤԵ§Ѳ raught Ȥ֤äƤޤ⸶ a ޤߡ -aught Ǥޤlatch ˤ⤫Ĥ laught Ȥ¸ߤޤ
ˡreck ȤưФƤ raught Ȥޤ a ޤޤƤޤ󤬡e a Ʊ첻ǤϤޤˡ§򾯤ơָ ae ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught ȤʤפȤл­ޤ
ŪˤߤСֻκϡĸ첻 (gradation) 䡤ޥΥ饦 (i-mutation)θ (analogy) ʣ߹ä̤ȹͤޤμ⤿ʤʴѻˤäƤΡˡ§פ򸫽ФȤϡƶä٤ȤǤ
ζ۵̤ǤϡλŦ˿ѸֻȤˤο¤ʹӤƤǽ뤫ޤޤǡͤΤۤ˶ʳ礭ʥͥ륮뤳ȤǤޤ
Ѹ˸ԤȤơĹǯȻפǸᤴƤ­ˡۤɤޤǤ䤫ˡ§ƤȤ˲Фޤʾˡĥեåʻº˵դ졤˲Ǥ餢ޤteach ˡ§פŪ΢դˤĤƤϡ夵ʤĴɬפǤƥ󥰤ʻߤˤʤȻפޤ
ѸؽԤγ󡤿ȶʱѸΡ֤ʤפñʤŵǺѤޤʬʤβΩƤƴѻƤߤƤˤϡȤäˡ§Ƥ뤫⤷ޤ
ʳ̤ƤϡҾ嵭 Voicy 󥯤ꤪİ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-11 Wed

#6162. 2025ǯ٤Ф줿´ʸ [hel_education][sotsuron][khelf][link]

ǯ١ʸʸ칶αѸ˥ߤ16ܤ´ʸФޤơܤޤѸ˥ߤǤϡɤʸ椬ʤƤΤι꤬ΤǤϤʤȻפޤ

Grammatical Behavior of "WFH" in English before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic
The Pragmatic Effects of Initialisms and Acronyms in English-Language Social Media
The Pragmaticalization of Dude in American English: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Frequency and Positional Distribution (1990--2019)
Received Pronunciation in the Galaxy Far, Far Away: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of What RP Symbolises as Yakuwarigo in the Star Wars Films
Factors Influencing Variations in Information Ordering in Major League Baseball (MLB) Play-by-Play Commentary: An Analysis of Commentary Discourse Corresponding to Pitch Outcome
A Comparative Study of Linguistic Features in English and Japanese Sports Reporting: A Systemic Functional Grammar and Appraisal Theory Approach
Usage of the English Articles a and the: An Analysis of Established Usage and the Possibility of Emerging Usage Patterns in Strong-Form Pronunciation Based on Podcast Data
The Use of Relative which with Human Antecedents in Early Modern English: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Correspondence
The Comparison of How Gender Nouns are Used in Three English Bibles: King James Version, Good News Translation, and New Revised Standard Version Update Edition
Diachronic Change in Euphemistic Expressions of Death in English: A Comparative Analysis of Irish Newspaper Obituaries in the 1840s and the Present
Multiple Analysis of Expressions Meaning "Old Person," "Old Man," and "Old Woman"
Trailing Behind Reality: From Euphemism to Dysphemism in the Definition of "Retarded" in Japanese EFL Dictionaries
Plain English in UK Property Contracts: A Diachronic Analysis of Linguistic Features in Residential and Commercial Styles
Predicting FOMC Decisions from Communication Tone: LDA-EAL Topic-Tone Analysis of Federal Open Market Committee Press Conferences
Quotation as a Device in Framing the Representation of Korean Heritage: A Comparative Analysis of English-Language Korean Newspapers in 2015 and 2025
A Study on English Anxiety in Japan and Korea

ǯ٤Υ饤ʥåפįȡѸˤŪʥȥԥå顤ŪʼҲŪꡤˤϱѸ¾ȤӸʤɡ̤˭ʴ֤ȤʤäƤޤ
ޤܤΤϡҲμ̤ȤƤθ츦ǤWFH (= work from home) ʸˡŪ񤤡SNS ˤƬθ̡奢ꥫѸˤ dude θŪѤʤɡαѸª褦ȤߤޤޤStar Wars ˤǧȯͤ䡤MLB μ¶ƻˤ󼨽ʬϤʤɤϡǥȸܤƤޤݡƻѸκ˾Ƥ⤢ޤPodcast 򥽡ȤƳѤȯθ⡤ˡŪǤ
ǡŤʸ̻ŪѲŻ뤹Ѹˡʸؤ餷ߤǤѸνʤˤط̾ which Ի˴ؤ륳ѥʬϤ䡤3ĤǤӤʤɤϡ¤ʥƥȲ˴Ť̤Ǥ
ޤդαƤʬʤնɽԲɽ˾Ƥʣޤֻפɽ̻ŪѲ䡤ˤ뺹ŪѸʤɤϡ줬ҲβʹѤȤɤΤ褦뤤٤ƤĤƤΤ⤭ĦˤƤޤ
ư Plain English 䡤ϢˮԾѰ (FOMC) εԲ񸫤ΥȡʬϤʤɡ¼ҲΥץեåʥΰڤ⤢ޤڹαѸڤαѸѤڤͤ⡤Τδؿ򹭤Ƥޤ
16 ܤʸϡȤδؿѸˡѸؤȤߤΤʤǰǤä뾽ǤɤǤ´Υȥԥå˾ڤ뤳ȤǤΤǤ
ǯ٤´ʸܤˤĤƤϡ#5768. 2024ǯ٤Ф줿´ʸȽʸܡ ([2025-02-10]) εåsotsuron Υé뤳ȤǤޤѸʬΥơõΥҥȤȤʤ뤫Ȼפޤ
Ϥߤ khelf ʷѸ˥եˤΥСǤ khelf αѸ˳ưϰʲǹԤʤäƤޤΤǡˬƥեʤɤƤС

khelf ۡڡ
khelf X @khelf_keio
khelf Instagram @khelf_keio

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-10 Tue

#6161. ɾ٤ý֥ȥ꡼ư¿ͤʸפɤ [outreach][hel_education][halkatsu]


chuohyoron_202603_front_cover.jpg



ؽǤȯԤɾ٤κǿ334ý֥ȥ꡼ư¿ͤʸפˤʤäƤܥ֥Ϥ17ǯλ֤ή졤ΤۤĤΥǥǤѸˤȤʬȯԤʤäƤԤȤơγưɤΤ褦ʰ̣ĤΤϼʬȤ⥤ޥ褯ʬäƤʤʤ⡤֥ȥ꡼ưפȸƤФ褦ʤȤϤƤ褦˻פ뤫ܲϳˤΤɤ⡤ޤɤߤäΤǡҤꤷɤʲϡýɤǤλǤ롥
ޤýƵμɮԤȥȥ󤲤ƤĤ⤪äˤʤäƤ֤إ饸פοƤƤ롥

ʡġδƬϡȥ꡼ư¿ͤʸ
а桡ͺδڡҡʳإߥ˥δͤ븦Υȥ꡼ --- 춵θ̤ҲȤĤʤ
ǯˡͳҡڡˮɧ󳤡Żҡ̤Υȥ꡼ --- إեȤ餹ʲǽ
֤إ饸פϥȥ꡼ǤϤʤ --- ۤΥȥ꡼ȱDzع٤ˤĤ
ʿġȥҥƸǤȡ --- ȥ꡼ưƸƤ
а桡ĻҡȤȯΤ --- ȥ꡼ưͤ

ý̤ɤǤߤơޤ֥ȥ꡼ưפ䤽ιͤ¿˶äýΥȥ뤬̤ꡤ⤽֥ȥ꡼ưפΤΤΤ褦ªɤΤʤΤ餷Τ伫ȤϤɤ˰֤Ť褤Τڤޤۤɤȥ꡼ϼͳǤäƤ褤¤줿饢ȥ꡼ǤϤʤ˻פ
줾ͤ˳ؤ֤Ȥꡤʬ˰ĤƹͤƤߤʤƶޤޤƤǤϡۤˤ֤̤Υȥ꡼פꡤȤ櫓˿줿ս

إեϥʲҤˤäԴ֤θή¤ΤҤȤĤȤޤ줿Ȥаޤ (27)


إեϳزȤϰۤʤꡤָȤϲפȤ䤤ͤ뤭äȤʤ󶡤Ƥ (31)


ֳڤפȤȥ꡼ưϡββȤषüԤָϡʤäѤ򤤡פȴ褦ʴĶ뤳ȤܻؤƤ롥֤äƤ䤫³뤳ȤϡԤȤƳưͤˤȤäƤ⡤̤θԤե뤳Ȥ˷ҤäƤƤϸͽν̾ʤԤƩʳؽѳˤȤäƤ⡤˴ؿ¿οͤˤȤäƤ뤤Ȥʤǽʬˤ (33)


伫Ȥ Voicy heldio ǤαѸȯϤ᤿ΤϡʲҤˤ륳ߥ˥䤬ääξϡָԴ֤θήפȤϡɤ餫ȤСֶ֤θήפưŤƤȤǤΰ㤤Ϥ롥
ơܳŪʥȥ꡼ưȤơhelפϤƤߤޤǤϵŤʤäָȤϲסּʬϲΤ˸椷ƤΤפ򶯤ռ褦ˤʤäΤФƤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤ⼫伫뵡¿ʤä
ˡȥ꡼ư̤ơؤӤ並ϡϤ켫Τڤ餹ΤǤꡤۤΡŪˤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤŪˤϤǤϤʤȤȤ򡤺ǧ뵡⤷鸦椹ΤΤ⤷¾ο͡ʬ礤Τ줬Ūˡ֥ȥ꡼ưפˤʤäƤ롤Ȥ֤򤷤Ƥ롥
ޤýޤȤ᤿ʡĻˤԽ嵭 (164) θդŪä

αΡᤵޤޤΩο͡ߤ˱ƶͿ礦Ϥǡΰ̣Ҳ¦䤤Ω夬äƤΤ򴶤ޤɼԤγޤˤ⡤ý̤ơϤ뤭ä򸫤ĤƤйǤ


֥ȥ꡼ưפ̤ơϤƲǽȤʤäή롥θήФƤϤƵŤΰյ롥ưƤʤä褷ƵŤʤäȻפ븦β͡ͽۤǤʤäȻפ븦βǽ褦ˤʤäƤǤ⽽ʬ礭ʼϤ̤˸ƴ˾θ
֥ȥ꡼ưפ򤦤󤯤Ȼפ⤤뤫⤷ʤäȴؿ롤äƤߤȤ⤤Ǥ˼¼Ū˳ưƤȤ⤤ɼԤˤȤäƤ⡤ýγƵϡƶͿƤϤǤ롥

ýȥ꡼ư¿ͤʸסɾ334774ˡ2026ǯ23

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-09 Mon

#6160. Ҥθ HP ֱѸ˴Ϣեơޤܡװɤ [kenkyusha][link][notice][hel_education][khelf][hellive2025][voice_review][kenkyusha][heldio][voicy]

225˴Ԥ줿ظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ򡤤1Ⱦۤɿ䤷˿䤷Ƥޤܽ˴ؤ븦ҤθHPˤϡܽơܼɤߥʡʤɤߤƤޤڡβˤϡִϢפִϢҡפΰ⤢ޤܽ˼¿ϹѸˤ˴ؿΤǤϤʤȻפޤΤǡϤؤͭѤʾȤʤϤǤ
Ȥ櫓ִϢפ1ĤȤƵ󤲤ƤֱѸ˴ϢҤΰ򥢥åפޤ227դǸˤϤǤΥ褫ɤǤ PDF եˤϡҤ鴩ԤƤ15αѸ˼սҤΰƤޤ  *
ΰϡΰĤȤƸҤޤȤ줿ΤǤ¤Ϥˤ khelfʷѸ˥եˤhel褬ؤäƤޤǯ913ˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤ helwa μŤ벻ۿ٥ȡֱѸ˥饤2025פŤ졤夬ޤcf. #5984. ΡֱѸ˥饤2025פ夬ޤ ([2025-09-14-1])ˡ٥ϡŸΤ˸Ҥô˲ˤۤΤǤ٥ȤΩäơŸˤդ路Ѹ˴Ϣ̤٤khelf رС˴ؤäƤΤǤѸˤ칶رäƤꡤ伫Ȥ˳ǧƤνҤΰ٥Ȥۤ줿ȤǤ
ơΤӡظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ǤȤʤޤεªơȾǯ˽줿ΰѤǤʤȻפΩҤôǿǤȤΤ褦ʷǸ˻äȤǤ
ʤ˴ޤޤƤҤΤ5ˤĤƤϡkhelf ΥС濴ȤѸˤ칶̤Voicy heldio ǤƤҲ𤹤νɾ (voice_review) Ȥ򡤡ֱѸ˥饤2025פˤƼ»ܤޤۿϥȤƻĤäƤޤΤǡʲ hellog ͳƤİФȻפޤ

#6005. khelf οhelνɾפϤޤޤ --- khelf ƣ蘆󤬾Ҳ𤹤ػԲϻ١ ([2025-10-05-1])
#6006. νɾ --- khelf ڸҤ󤬾Ҳ𤹤رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ ([2025-10-06-1])
#6007. νɾ --- khelf ߷󤬾Ҳ𤹤αѸθ١ ([2025-10-07-1])
#6008. νɾ --- khelf ྰ󤬾Ҳ𤹤إѥȱʸˡ١ ([2025-10-08-1])
#6012. νɾ --- Ͻؤ khelf ɥij̴󤬾Ҳ𤹤رѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ ([2025-10-12-1])

Ф줿Ѹ˴ϢҤΰǤѸˤγؤӤΤˡҤѤؤΥΥڡɤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-08 Sun

#6159. ʸˤˤ3Ĥνפʶ [grammatology][writing][alphabet]

ε#6158. Powell ˤʸʬ ([2026-03-07-1]) ǻȡѤ Powell ϡʸˤˤž3ĤäȵƤ롥ʸʬ⤷ľˡʸϤ³ (51--52)

   Although this is a structural description, it is also a rough outline of the history of writing, understood as a technology that underwent broad and radical changes over millennia and came to serve ever more efficient and complex forms of communication and thought. The major changes were three.
   First was the discovery of the phonetic principle, the representation of the sounds of speech by graphic means. This discovery appears to have been applied three times in a more or less systematic way: in southern Mesopotamia, in China, and in Mesoamerica. But all these systems are only partly phonetic.
   The second major discovery was of a wholly phonetic writing. We cannot date the discovery, but perhaps as early as 1800 BC in the Near East and rather earlier in Crete, c.2100 BC (for the earliest "Cretan hieroglyphs"). While such writings are wholly phonetic, that is, most signs refer to sound and are not meaningful, they still cannot be pronounced except by a native speaker. Wholly phonetic writings made possible an immense constriction in the number of signs over the earlier logosyllabaries (made up of logograms and syllabograms) by focusing on a single semantic aspect of communication, namely sounds of the human voice speaking some "language." This advantageous constriction was gained at the loss of clarity provided by the many semantic nonphonetic elements of the earlier logosyllabaries.
   The third major shift was the invention of the Greek alphabet around 800 BC, a system that atomized the sounds of human speech, utilized symbols for these sounds, and made possible the approximate reconstruction of the sound of human speech, even by someone who does not speak the language.
   In studying the history of writing we must remember that a continuity of forms can mask an extreme shift in inner structure, while two sets of completely differing forms can function in the same way.


1Ĥνפʶ̤ϡɽΤΤȯס2Ĥϡִɽʸȯס3ĤϡֲʸδѤȯפ󤷤ƤƤ褤Powell ʸʸѤƶƤ롥ʸηкѹ¦̤ΤߤܤƤ褦˸롥
2Ρִɽʸȯפζ̤ˤĤơǤΥե٥åȤȯǤʤᤤʳǤΥ쥿ΥҥդˤڤƤΤϱԤ

Powell, Barry B. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-07 Sat

#6158. Powell ˤʸʬ [grammatology][terminology][writing][alphabet][phoneme]


categories_of_writing_by_powell.png



嵭ϡPowell ʸܤ礭޼Ƥ "THE CATEGORIES OF WRITING" Ǥ롥ʸʬ1Ĥιͤʬβϡp. 52 ˤޤȤƤ롥

1 Semasiography: Writing in which the signs are not attached to necessary forms of speech. Sematograms, the elements of semasiography, may be arranged in any conventional way.
2 Lexigoraphy: Writing in which the signs are attached to necessary forms of speech. They are (usually) arranged in a linear sequence corresponding to sounds in speech. There are two divisions.
   (i) Logography: the signs represent words (but not sounds), significant segments of speech. A logography would be a system in which logograms, the elements of logography, predominate (sometimes logograms do not follow the same order as words in speech).
   (ii) Phonography: the signs represent sounds. Such sounds are ordinarily nonsignificant elements of speech. There are two kinds of phonographic systems.
      Syllabography: the signs represent syllables, the smallest apprehensible elements of speech. A Syllabography would be a system in which syllabograms predominate.
      Alphabetic writing: the signs represent elements of speech smaller than syllables, although such sounds do not exist in nature as separable elements of speech. In alphabetic writing letters predominate.


ǸΥե٥åȡñʸˤβˤơñʤɤȤñ̤ϼˤ¸ߤʤΤפȤ˥ϥäȤ줿ñʸפȤϡֲʸפªۤ褤Τ (phoneme) Ͽʹ֤ˤݲλʪǤꡤʸƤȤȤˡե٥åȤκθŪʰյȲͤΤȻפ

Powell, Barry B. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-08-1] [2026-03-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-06 Fri

#6157. Ѹ30Ϣȯο֤ȥʥƥ [twitter][kochushoho][kenkyusha][kochukoneta30][helkatsu][hel_ogiri]

126224ޤǤ1֡Xʵ TwitterˤˤŸƤָѸ30Ϣȯϡ̵˴ޤδϡ225ظűѸ졦ѸοǰűѸѸ̥Ϥ11ͥľҲ𤷤ƤȤߤǤϡ30֤ߤ򿶤֤ꡤɤΤ褦ƤƤ˶ΤΥǡʬϤη̤ͭȻפޤ
ޤŪʷȤƶä줿ΤϡʾȿǤ30ܤƤ줿֤͡פ1,480ץåϼ¤31ĶޤʿѤ1Ƥ1ӥ塼ʾȤϡѸˤȤȤ⤹ХޥʡȻפ줬ʬФƤǤ⡤ؿޤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥޤ
ʬϤη̡äȿ礭äΤ3ĤΥƥ꡼˽󤵤ޤ1ѸоȤƤƤǤ󡤰Ū1̡440͡ˤϿ No.11 ֱѸθäϡ3ơפι¤פϡŵǤѸä3ع¤ϡܥ֥Ǥ֤ⷫ夲ƤơޤǤܸȤоȤ⤷Ǥ⤢ޤѸؽԤγñŵǺߤ˥ȥ졼Ȥ˻ɤäȤȤ⤢ä⤷ޤ
2ˡΰճʥ롼Ĥ򰷤äƥ꡼ǤNo.8 Wednesday No.9 Friday Ȥäï⤬Τ̾ä츻Υɥޤϡꤷٻ򽸤ޤä Wednesday ֻ˻Ĥ d ʤɤϡֻȯЪΥǺޤƤѸؽԤγŪ񿴤ɷ㤷褦Ǥ
3ϡ־׷λ¡׷ǤNo.3 ΡָűѸϸαѸͥƥǤǤʤۤɤʤΤˡˡֱѸפȸƤ٤ΡפȤ䤤ϡ5ӥ塼ĶγȻϤȯޤѸδФĤʤűѸΰۼȡǤϢʤ³ƤȤ̷⤹¤ϡѸˤΥʥߥʪäƤȤǤ礦
ޤĤˤĤơֱѸפⳫŤޤǤϥץ饤ѥݥȤ꼡赤Τήޤޤ㤨 No.14 Ρ֤ݤʺˡפξͥȤˤǤϡܸ줫λǤϤޤ¿νʺ줬ޤꡤؤ襤ޤSNS ȤΤϡñʤȯξαޤ餺ФԤѻɼԤγäǤ뵮Ťʶ֤Ǥ뤳ȤǧǤ
δ̤ơѸˤȤʬġֲϡפƼ´ޤˤΤ뤳ȤϡѸΡ֤ʤפȤʤΤǤ30֤Ƥξܺ٤󥯤ϡʲΥơ֥ˤޤȤƤޤΤạ̇̄ΤϤҳƤǤߤƤ
ǸˡϢƴˤդ礤եγ͡ƴθưϤȤʤäظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ꤬͡Ȥޤ³͡ˡDZѸˤγڤȯƤޤΤǡդ礤Τۤɡꤤޤ

ͥȥݥֿ֥åޡӥ塼
01ȯ æ Ϥɤ褿Ρ01/266417921514422
02ʤ climb b ȯʤΡ01/2743114344654
03űѸϸαѸͥƥǤǤʤۤɤʤΤˡֱѸפȸƤ٤Ρ01/28104291131853230
04ѸΤñɤޤyhurght01/292197215860
05Ѹʸ̾ϡɤʲɽ魯01/302072223415
06ִաפűѸǸäƤߤ褦Wes hal!01/3129102233608
073ñ -s ϸѸˤ⤢äΡ02/012391232234
08ʤ Wednesday ϡ֥ɥͥǥפߤ֤Ρ02/02160591112617612
09Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday -s- ޤʤ Friday ˤ -s- ʤΤǤ02/03642241126342
10ʤ old ˤ elder Ȥäӵ餬Ρ02/0438112153056
11Ѹθäϡ3ơפι¤02/05440625210039972
12ѸϸűѸλ夫Ѹ줬¿äΡ02/0636173344093
13Ѹáּ뼫­פ¾ܴפؤβʤžȡ02/0729112123035
14Ѹܸݤʺˤ02/08321021165289
15a six-foot manʤ feet ʤΡ02/0941144254432
16ֽפΥȤϤɤäaddréss / áddress02/101552102319
17űѸϥɥĸΤ褦ˡư2ΰ֡פ§ä02/1173192294330
18űѸ <y> ʸϥɥĸ <ü> 롩02/1256112264696
19north Ǥ <th> 餺 northern ǤΤϤʤ02/131971111841
20ڤѸθϫ¿Ƹ02/142053123138
21űѸ̾Ρ־ѲפäפԵ§̾Τȡ02/151462112346
22daisy ֥ҥʥפθ츻űѸ dæges ēage "day's eye" ΤäƤޤ02/162292265614
23ʤ sheep deer ϤΤޤޤηʣˤʤΡ02/171491142028
24whilom ְΡΤΡ -om äƤɤʸ02/181472131974
25hound ĸפϸűѸǤ̤Ρָפΰ̣ä02/191883103008
26ɸѸפϤΩΡ02/2021101112108
27Ѹˡʸػˤ򽤤᤿ͤɬ󤸤롪 Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote02/2151123258090
28ڥ󥰤ɸಽʤƤʤαѸμϤɤΡ02/221472113429
29Ѹθ֤ƤޤűѸѸμɬפǤ02/2313101122056
30ظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ܤΥƥȤȳؤɤ褦ˤʤ롩02/241681111568



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-05 Thu

#6156. 2 mond 10䤤˲ޤ [mond][sobokunagimon][notice][metathesis][language_change]


mond_20260213.png



2026ǯ2ϡμͭץåȥե mond ˴󤻤줿10䤤˲ޤѸˤα򴶤Ԥ䤬¤ӡ¦ȤƤŪʻɷ¿1Ȥʤޤ
2β򿶤֤äƤߤȡʬ¿ˤ錄äƤޤ䤤¾ȤоȤ󤻤졤¿ͤǻɷŪȤʤޤȤ櫓ȷؤ꤬¿ä褦˻פޤ
ʲ2ʬ10䤤ȡб mond βؤΥ󥯤Ǽޤ̤ɤΤΤޤ顤ѸˤɤʪȤƳڤǤС



1. foremost, hindmost most Ϥʤˤ椨ˤĤƤΤǤ礦23

2. 2;̾οƾ thou ȷɾ ye λȤʬޤߤǤäαѸǤϡꥹȶο˸ڤȤˤ thou ye ΤɤѤޤ25

3. ֤ͤפ֤ͤ͡פˤʤ褦Ƭ12󤯤꤫פ̾ϱѸˤϤޤ28

4. ҡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤơdusk ֲפιȡME duskʲž < OE dox < Gmc *duskaz Ƚ񤤤ƤޤäƤĤޤꡤŤ˲žäơҤä֤äΤ˸äȤȤʤΤǤ礦1βžϤ褯ʹޤ2Ϣ³ȤΤϤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦213

5. ѸǤϸ -ng, -mb g, b ȯ줺ɡˤʤäƤޤ-nd ⤤ä [n] ˤʤɤǤ215

6. ɥĸǤ̾ + -ig ˤƻ -en Ĥư첽뤳ȤǤޤѸ̾ + -y ǤϤǤޤ󡥤ϥɥĸ줬ŪǤΤѸΤۤѤ줿ΤɤʤΤǤ礦217

7. ʤѸǤľˡˡ餤ˡפȤĤΤʤΤǤ礦219

8. ma'am 2Ĥ a δ֤ d æǤѸ첻δ֤ d ƤȯΤϤǤ d æ§ˤĤŪ˲򤪴ꤤޤ221

9. Say say that SV say "~" Τ褦ȯƤŪˤȤ뤳ȤǤޤsay me Τ褦˿ͤŪˤȤ뤳ȤϤǤޤ󡥤äơͤˤư֤ʸϺʤȤˤʤޤ~ȸƤפȤ̣ǡS is said to V ȤɽϵƤƤޤ㡧She is said to be a nurse. ϴǸդȸƤ롥סϤʤǤ礦223

10. people person ʣñʤѤˤʤäΤϤĤǤ225




Ȥ櫓ŪäΤϡ4ܤ dusk ˤ2Ťβž (metathesis) ˴ؤǤޥĸ *duskaz űѸޤǤ dox Ȳž򵯤Ѹʹߤ˺Ƥ dusk ؤȲžץϡ츫ȸä褦ǡȹͤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤ǤϡºݤˤϤۤȤǤϤʤȤ䡤ѲѰۤʣˤڤӤޤºݡҲ𤷤 X 10ΤʤǺǤ¿ȿ򤤤ޤϡѲε˴ؤȯŸheldio ˤ#1731. ϼΤǤϤʤߤ롤κؤ١#1730. ABפȤѲΤʤȡ̥Τ᤯ä˻ޤҤ⤪İ
ޤ2ܤοФ thou ye ΤѤΤȤ⡤Ѹˤˤ̾οƾΡɾΤˤͤǷ礫ʤǡؿޤޤ
7ܤΡѸˤˡפξʤ˴ؤܤ򽸤ޤ¾δѸߤȡ⹭äƤ⤷Ǥ͡

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-04 Wed

#6155. ֱѸˤפ4ȱѸˤλϤ [tower_of_hel][hel_education][review][kochushoho][hee][kdee][hajimetenoeigoshi][kenkyusha][helkatsu]

#6150. ֱѸˤפäƤޤ ([2026-02-27-1]) ˤơֱѸˤ (tower_of_hel) äаޤˤĤƿޤ츫ȡҤǤƤѸ˴Ϣδ񡦿Ѥ߾夲μ̿Ȼפ줿⤷ޤ󡥤4¤ӤįƤߤȡˤϱѸˤȤʬǡ¤˹Ūʹ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤεǤϡι¤ˤĤƲƤߤȻפޤ
ѸˤȤΰ­ƧݡϷ褷ưĤǤϤޤ󡥳ؽԤδؿư˱ơ礭ʬ2ĤΥ롼Ȥ¸ߤޤ
1Υ롼ȤϡΤץץǤΥץȤʤΤ2016ǯ˽Ǥ줿رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡǤܽǤϡѸ̻ˤ1ϤǤäȳѤˤȤɤᡤĤϥȥԥå̤ˡʤֻˡʸˡˡûˡѸҲˤȤäʬ̤ˤ̤ơѸŪʡ֤ΤθפȤ󥺤󼨤뤳Ȥ˼֤ƤޤܤαѸǺۤΤǤϤʤѲη̤Ȥª׹ͤΥե졼ۤ뤿1ȸޤ
2Υ롼Ȥϡñ줫ץץǤŬƤΤǯ6˴Ԥ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åǤȶʸθ츻ˤޤĤ륨ԥɤϡ켫ΤΩƤ⤷ɤǤɤ߻Ϥ뤳ȤǤޤ11طʤˤɥޤ˿뤦ˡѸȤ줬¿ͤˤäƤ뤫ȩȤǼ´뤳Ȥˤʤޤñ֤βΤĤʤˤⵤŤ¿Ǥ礦
ܤǤϡޤפƤϸƤޤ󡥤餵˰Ƨ߹िοΥץɬפǤ
ѸˤѸˤθȤʤؽԤ˿ʤ٤ϡθȤƤαѸˤǤϤȯΤ225˴Ԥ줿ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡǤ̤μ򡤼ºݤθűѸѸθʸˤ֤ĤƤߤ롥򼫤ܤdzΤȤ̤ơˤŪμ顤ΤʼȼŪʷиؤȾڤޤ
ǡñȸ츻Τ⤷ܳФ᤿ؽԤõĤ˷겼ȻפäȤɬܤȤʤΤرѸ츻ŵٿ2024ǯˤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤̣򡤼ѷϩѲξܺ١̤ʸʬϤؤȤĤʤƤ11ظɴǯλ֤ŰŪ˷겼뤳κȤϡޤ˳Ụ̄˰Ƥޤ
4δطȡʲΤ褦ˤʤޤ

Υ롼ȡ׹ͤΥ󥺤ʡؤϤƤαѸˡ١ ʸǿβʡظűѸ졦Ѹ١
ñ롼ȡ츻Τ⤷ΤʡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ 11ŰŪ˿ꤹʡرѸ츻ŵ١

̣ΤϡɤΥ롼ȤФϤƤ⡤ɤϤ⤦Υ롼Ȥȸ򺹤ˤޤñ򿼤ɤɬΤŪطʤ˹Ԥ夭ޤΤؤ٤ɬŪʸѲȤ¤Ω֤뤳ȤˤʤޤѸˤγؤӤϡʿŪʰưǤϤʤ˾徺Ƥ۴ŤǤˡפ餷ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
εǾҲ𤷤̿ϡޤˤΩŪʳؤӤι¤Ļ벽Τª뤳ȤǤޤ椬ꡤι꤬ꡤĤι⤵ȿ롥餬Ȥ߹蘆äƽơֱѸˤפϰꤷƼΩޤ
ɤ餳ФϤ뤫ϡɼԤγǤʲˤޤȤޤ

1. ޤѸˤפʤؤϤƤαѸˡ٤
2. ñθ츻äΤĤʤ˼椫ʤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤
3. αѸζľİʤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤
4. ñθ츻ܳŪ˿ꤷʤرѸ츻ŵ٤

ѸˤԤǤ12ᤷޤǤ˳ؤӤϤƤϡ뤯ޤޤˤɤϤƤ⹽ޤ󡥤4ϸߤ䴰礤Ԥ褹뤳ȤdzΡֱѸˡפΩŪʤΤˤƤϤǤ

ϡֱѸˤδ֤ˡפåȡȤƤޤɵȿƤߤ䤹ϡ褷̷⤹ΤǤϤޤ󡥡ֱѸˤפ4ϡۤ񸽲1ĤηǤį뤿ξǤϤʤ󤯡꿼ϤξǤҡȤ˹äФ򸫤ĤѸȤοʿڤǤФȻפޤ
4ؤΥϡҸΤHPǤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-03 Tue

#6154. Ѹˤη֥ޥ Helvillian 2026ǯ3椬ޤ [helwa][heldio][notice][helmate][helkatsu][helvillian][link]


helvillian_202603.png



228ڡˡѸˤμϤ˽ޤ֤ͭˤ֥ޥ Helvillian 317ޤդ­򴶤뺣⡤Ūʥܥ塼¿Ūʻͤޤä1ȤʤäƤޤ
Ρ1. ɽΤȤСפϡ䡤ĤôƤޤںιԻԥܥήīʤǤ¿Ҳ餷ƤߤƴȤ֤äƤޤ
³ɮؤϤĤΤ褦˹ڤǤ2. ariפϡ2εᴶդ륯䡤AI ȤǿαѸ춵ġ롤˵ʣ holiday ᤰޤǡȬϻ群γ꡼¿ĤɤͥõƤΤԻ׵ĤʤۤɤǤ͡
3. GraceפϡʸܤɤߤʤפĤȤ̾⤤ʡ literal դθä򻶺4. lacolacoפΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡפ D ¤˿ʤǤޤ
ûںߤ𤬳ڤߤʡ5. mozhi gengoפϡϤưʪ𤫤űѸ2θƤ̾ SolmonaðơظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ɽǥ󤫤󥹥ԥ졼ޤǡä٤ϰϤι򸫤Ƥޤ
Ϣܤ䶵鸽줫⽼¤Ƥޤ6. soramiפˤ츻ϡإᥤȤˤ뤳1helΤʤǤҥåȤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦11. ߡפ1饷꡼ϤޤäƤ־ȳؤֱѸˡפϡ˱ѸˤѸ츻γڤ餷ߤǤ10. פˤѸθŪʥɥХޤᡤHelvillian γưϤĤ˹̣ǤhelϾΤ٤Ƥ򥫥С˻äƤޤ7. umisioפΡ˸ץ꡼ϡʽ񡦶ڤǤꡤɮߤޤޤ
8. ykagataפȱѸӥ꡼ϡsafe take ʤɤδܸ򰷤Ȥ¿ǤΤۤƻ饸βԤȤäͥѶŪ˼夲Ƥޤ9. ޤͤפϡnote Ƥʤ顤ʵΤ褤 Wes hal! ʤɤǥѥȤͿϤƤޤ
12. ~ߤפΡܥΥåϡ䤬ܥΥå̤Ʋ򤷤ƤΤʬǤ̣ʬäƤʤäȤˡ1ĤΥҥȤͿƤ줿Ǥ13. ״֡פˤ鸫AI⡤ɤ߱ޤɤǤ٤Ǥ͡
14. פϡѸˤɤ˹˯Ǥϥ쥮顼Ρ֤äƤޤ̿פΤۤƥήŪطʤȤȤԤǾܽҤƤޤ15. ġפΥǤϡܥǤΡֳεפֱѸˤ׷ߤˤĤƿƤޤ
Ǹϡ16. Graceפˤ뤳1 helwa ưȡ17. umisioפˤԽ嵭ǤԽѰǤ⤢뤪23礬ʤȤ⤪⤷2̤ơhelȴƤȤ褯狼ȤʤäƤޤ
⡤ƼԳơαѸ˰ȯȤʤäƤޤҤäȤɤߤФȻפޤ
hellog ɼԤγ⡤Τ褦hel襳ߥ˥ƥ˲ääƤߤޤ󤫡ؿΤϡҵڤ˥ץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤǤ轵Сڡڤθ6ˡheldio ѤǮ̤Ǥ񤤤ޤ礦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-02 Mon

#6153. īīĹˡظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ȡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ǻ [tower_of_hel][hel_education][kochushoho][hee][kenkyusha][helkatsu]

sanyatsu_asahi_20260301.jpg



31ˤīʹīĹˡҤǤƤ4Ǻܤޤǽ2ϡФ餯伫Ȥ䤷˿䤷ƤظűѸ졦ѸҿӡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åǤԤϤĤ225˴Ԥ줿ФܡԤϺǯ615˴Ԥ3ǤȤʤäƤܤǤ
󤳤2¤ǷǺܤ줿ȤˤϡֱѸˤδ֤ˡϤ褦helŸƤԤȤơФޤȤΤϡ2ϰ츫̡Ūܤ˸뤫⤷ޤ󤬡¤ϱѸˤȤפФạ̇̄طǷФƤ뤫Ǥcf. #6150. ֱѸˤפäƤޤ ([2026-02-27-1]
᡹εǾܤͽǤѸˤؤˤϡΤ롼ȡפȡñ줫롼ȡפ2ĤȹͤƤޤ.رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ϡȶñΥԥɤñ롼ȡפζϤʰͤǤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ϡѸˤιʤؤԤ˿ʤ٤Υ롼ȡפοץʤʸ̤Ūи1Ǥ
2ɤ˸ޤإϥɥ֥å٤ñθ츻̥λ줿ΤǤСθ줬ޤ줿ˤäơɤΤ褦ʶäƤΤΤꤿʤϤǤȡȡؽ٤θʸؤƳƤǤ礦
դˡؽ٤ǸűѸγѲѸֻ˰ƮƤؽԤġθطʤˤɥޤΤСγؽϺ̤˭ʤΤؤѤޤ
Ĥޤꡤ2ϡ츻ȤפμʸȤ̡פηиؤȷҤ뤤ϤεդؤȶϤطˤޤߥޥءƥޥߥءΥСѸˤγؤӤΩŪʤΤˤƤΤǤ
ˤޤƤϡʾδطռĤġ2δ֤򤼤ҹԤ褷ƤߤƤѸˤΤʤ̥Ϥ˵ŤȤˤʤϤǤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-01 Sun

#6152. ֵʣפ򤷤ޤ [word_play][disguised_compound][lexicology][compound][etymology][notice][kochushoho][kenkyusha][kochukoneta30][hel_ogiri]

216ʷˤ˻ X @chariderryu ˤơ3Ѹ (hel_ogiri) 򳫺ŤޤΤϡ⤷ʣ (disguised_compound) 󤻤ƤȤΤǤ礦ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡΥȥָѸ30Ϣȯ No. 22 Ȥdaisy ֥ҥʥפθ츻űѸ dæges ēage "day's eye" ΤäƤޤƤľˡⳫŤޤ
ŤζϼԤǤ⤢ heldio/helwa ꥹʡ ari Υ桼饹ηäˤꡤϡͷӿơ֤󡤤äΤ긢̿̾ޤͥϪΥեߥȤơΡ֤ʸפ X Ӹ򤤤ޤ

Daisy֤󡤤 Day () Eye () äΤġ


2١ʤ٤ι⤤ǤѸ츻ԼԤ¿ɼ󤻤ƤޤĤΤ褦˻Ǥиǡ⤷äΡٶˤʤäΤ򤤤ĤǺܤޤ

Gospel֤󡤤 Good (ɤ) Spell (Τ餻) äΤġ
Curfew֤󡤤 Cover (ä) Fire () äΤġ
But֤󡤤 By (Ф) Out () äΤġ
About֤󡤤 On () By (Ф) Out () äΤġ
Kitchen֤󡤤 Cook () -ina () äΤġ
Don֤󡤤 Do (롤֤) On () äΤġ
Lapwing֤󡤤 Leap (ķͤ) Wink () äΤġ
Answer֤󡤤 And (Ф) Swear () äΤġ
Worship֤󡤤 Worth () -ship (뤳) äΤġ
Chameleon֤󡤤 Khamaí (Ϥ礦) Léōn () äΤġ
Zebra֤󡤤 Equus () Ferus () äΤġ
Giraffe֤󡤤 Zurn (å) Py (­) äΤġ
Pyjamas֤󡤤 Pāy (­) Jāma () äΤġ
Philip֥եåס Philéō () Híppos () äΤġ
Barn֤󡤤 Bere () Ærn (Ȳ) äΤġ


ơari 󤬡ޤˤΥեޥåȤ11Ϣȯ

bridal eleven ηޤ꤬ä11neighbor Marshal alarm Ĥ餹ȡɤ squirrel vinegar garlic ɤ handkerchief åä dismal ʸʤầФΤ answer ä


ʤˤ㤬ޤȤϡұñ츻ؽȥܥӥˤѤ
󤫤󤻤ƤΤϡʬѸ줫Ǥʲϴ󤻤Ƥܸ줫ǤܸȤѤʤȤˤʤꤽǤ͡

ʤҤˡ֤󡤤 () Τ () äΤġ
ҡʤ䤷ˡ֤󡤤 () () äΤġ
ʩʤۤȤˡ֤󡤤 (դȡ֥å) () äΤġסʽ⤢


ܵƱݤǡ227 heldio ˤ #1734. ֵʣ --- 󤫤ηȯɽϤޤҤ⤪İ


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ǽ: 2026-07-08 17:50

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