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2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
ε#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ȴϢơˤ⤷Ҳ𤷤furthermore ӵδΤξӵܤΤȤС夲 furthermost ʤɤӵδΤξ˺ǾܤΤǤ롥ӵǾפȤǤ̾դʤ褦ʡŸ3ȤʤäƤ롥
OED õ¤ꡤŪ -ermost ñ16Ĥ뤳ȤǤб -ermore ΤϡȰ˼OED ǤγñνǯդƤ롥
| -most | earliest | -more | earliest |
|---|---|---|---|
| hindermost | 1398 | hindermore | 1382 |
| uttermost | 1398 | uttermore | 1382 |
| furthermost | ?a1400 | furthermore | c1175 |
| innermost | 1413 | innermore | a1387 |
| uppermost | c1450 | uppermore | a1398 |
| lowermost | 1547 | lowermore | 1662 |
| lattermost | 1566 | lattermore | 1534 |
| outermost | 1587 | outermore | a1425 |
| highermost | 1593 | ||
| windermost | 1597 | ||
| farthermost | 1619 | farthermore | c1380 |
| downermost | ?c1690 | downermore | 1435 |
| bettermost | 1737 | ||
| biggermost | 1803 | ||
| endermost | 1803 | ||
| beatermost | 1827 |
Ѹˤǡ2ӵ (double_comparative) ȤȡShakespeare 濴ȤѸ more worse worser Ȥ;Ūɽ꤬Ƭ⤫֡ӵκȤƷŪ;ꡤŪŪʴϸǤϥФΤǡȤƼ夲䤹Τ
Ʊ2ӵפȤˤϤޤΤΡޤܤߤʤΤ furthermore uttermore Τ褦ʸǤ롥ޤ1ǤꡤΤʤӵ -er -more ξ¸ƤȤOED Ĵ٤ȡŪˤϼΤ褦㤬äƤ롥
backermore, downermore, farthermore, furthermore, hindermore, hithermore, innermore, lattermore, lowermore, northermore, outermore, rathermore, uppermore, uttermore
Ǥ⤢ٻȤƤΤ furthermore, nethermore ˸¤뤬ŪˤϾ嵭Τ褦ˤäȤä¿ϸѸ줫Ѹˤ¤줵Ƥꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤˴ؤݥȤ롥ΤȤ3ȤʤꡤŸʡӵ״ФȤħ롥Ǥ -more ϤϤŪǤϤʤѲäʤɤӵεơפ鷺 more better ȸäƤޤФ̤褦˻פ롥;Ǥ롤̵̤ǤʤɤȤäƴñ˼ΤƵ뤳ȤǤʤˤʤ췲Ǥ롥
ʤߤˤΤʤǺǤŤΤϡǤ⸽ furthermore ǡѸ˼Τ褦˽ФƤ롥
c1175 Þe sterrne comm rihht till þatt hus... & flæh itt ta na forrþerrmar. (Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7338)
ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED βäɤǤ
Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.
űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ
Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.
Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
ӵ -er ȺǾ -est εȯãɤäƤȡԤԤ˻ (dental_suffix) դΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǸȤꡤ⥲ޥĸ2ĤΥסʤ A פ */-iz-, -ist-/ B פ */-o:z-, -o:st-/ ̤ȹͤ롥ӵ˴ޤޤ *z rhotacism ˤäƸűѸޤǤ r Ȥʤä
ӵ˻դƺ줿ΤǾǤ롥OED -est (SUFFIX) ˤȡA פˤĤ "comparative suffix . . . + a dental suffix" ȤꡤB פˤĤƤ A פ˴ŤȤ롥κǾηϡޥˤⶦ̤˳ǧ졤˸奮ꥷ -ίστος ˤߤ롥
Ĵϻդǹ碌ӵɽ路ĺǺǾɽ魯ȤäħŪʸƯƤΤȤ櫓űѸˤϡ-osð, -esð, -usð Τ褦ɽ魯ʸͭ۷ǧ褦
Ѹˤˤ -st ϡ͡褷Ƥ궽̣Ԥʤ-st γƵȡ
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) 衤-er Ȥμդεȯã˴ؿƤ롥Ѹӵ -er ˤϡƻˤˤ衤A B Ȳ̾դƤ2ĤΥޥĸΥפ̤Ȥ롥
űѸʳޤǤˡƻӵȤƤ -ra ӵȤƤ -or ΩƤ -er ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäѸˤʤȡʻˤĤƤӵϸľܤĤʤ -er Ūˤʤäΰ̲β˲äΤȤ櫓ƻӵˤ r e Ȥ첻뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤʤΤ
OED -er (SUFFIX3) ˡΤ褦ʵҤä
Old English betera better adj. apparently preserves -era, but the word is an unusual case; compare the discussion at that entry. Later forms with epenthetic vowel, as -ere, -er develop in Middle English, but are rare in Old English.
Attested regularly formed adverbs continue type (ii) of the suffix, preserving the vowel before r in the final syllable (compare heardor harder), with very occasional reduction to -er in Old English. The adverbial and adjectival comparative endings merge in the course of Middle English.
εҤˤȡƻӵˤ e "epenthetic vowel" Ȥ롥첻λ¤Ҥ٤ƤǡʤɤΤ褦줿ΤˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤľ˵Ƥ롤betera ĤƤ e αƶǤ롤ȤɤʤȡǸڤƤӵ -or 䤽μǤ -er ƻˤȤäƤδפȤʤäȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ޤǤεǡƻӵ B פϡŤͳ褹뤫⤷ʤȤβ˿줿 (Krahe 1965: §56) ޤκǾ B פƻбǤñгʤηˤʤȤҤߤ (Campbell §670; p. 277) ƻδ֤ιԤ褬ˤˤˤꤹȡѸˤƤ -er ΰܲˤƱ褦ʹԤʺ줫ƻءˤäȹͤΤϡʬ˼ʤ褦˻פ롥
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.
1䤷³ƤԲϻϲͭظűѸ졦ѸʸҡˤȤʤäƤ顤1Фޤ1衤hellog Voicy heldio ʤɤܽ˴ϢĤϤƤޤܽȤľܻȤűѸֵȤʤ륷ϤޤΤǡϤҲ𤷤ޤ
ޤܽƬ֤ȯפäɤDz⤹륷heldio 4ˤ錄äۿƤޤ⤷ʬҤθHPλɤߥʡDZǤޤΤǡܽǤʤ⡤ҤĤĤİФȻפޤ
#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (1) --- űѸ첻
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ
#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (4) --- űѸζ
ˤϡűѸƥȥѡȤ2ĤΥƥ "Early Britain" ɤɤ륷ⳫϤޤΤȤʲۿ heldio ǤİˤʤޤܽǤʤϡ̤ܥ֥Ρ#2909. Peterborough Chronicle Early Britain εҡ ([2017-04-14-1]) Ȥܤ䥰å̤ܽƤǤޤΤǡؿ줿ϡܽꤷƤС
#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ
#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1)
#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2)
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3)
ޤ4ǻϤޤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- 츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءǤ⡤ܽűѸѸθʸȤƤͽǤҡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ˤܤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
ΤȤŪĴ٤Ƥƻ졦ӵ顦ǾεȯãˤĤơűѸʸˡ路 Campbell ꡤϢ뵭Ҥ˺ϿŪ˻ĤƤ
1. ƻκǾΰ۷ȤȯãʲѲ (§331.6; p. 139)
superlatives in -ōst- had -ūst- before u, as d.p. -ūstumiz, and hence OE has -ost < -ūst, beside -ast < -ōst (§355.4) . . . .
2. ƻκǾΰ۷ʬ (§657; pp. 272--73)
The superlative normally ends in -ost < -ust (§355.4), more rarely in -ast (§331.6), and may be declined both strong and weak. The formative element is often changed to -est by vowel harmony, especially in cases with -ost- (§385). In eW-S -ost-, -ast-, and the more archaic -ust- are used occasionally, but in all texts -est- prevails heavily. In lw-S and lNorth. -ost prevails (lNorth. also -ust-). In VP and Ru.1 it is not possible to determine if -ost- or -ast- originally prevailed in the dialects, in VP because all the forms have est- by harmony, in Ru.1 owing to entire absence of material. eKt. has -ast. KG has extended -est- to the uninflected form.
3. ƻӵ顦Ǿε (§660; p. 277)
§660. Origin of forms. The comparative and superlative suffixes which caused mutation were Gmc. -izan-, -ista-, and these were regularly developed in OE, apart from the W-S syncopation in superlatives. The non-mutating suffixes were Gmc. -ōzan-, -ōsta-. The latter develops regularly to OE -ust, -ost, -ast (§331.6). The development of -ōzan- in OE is very difficult, as the invariable syncope of an originally long medial syllable has no parallel. It is a peculiarly OE development, even OFris. having -er-, a normal development of -ōz-, corresponding to OS, OHG -or-, ON -ar-, Goth. -ōz-. The OE form is presumably due to the influence of the comparatives in -iz-, in which syncope is normal. This suffix -iz- may have been used in Prim. OE, as in OHG, not only with the few a-, ō-stems with mutated comparatives, but with most i;̯a-, i;̯ō-stems, e.g. OE swētra is not from *su;̯ōtiōz- but *su;̯ōtiz-, cf. OHG suozziro. It would also probably be used with i-stem adjs. so far as these survived. Hence -r- < -iz- would be a very frequent comparative suffix, and might replace the form derived from -ōz- in the other adjectival classes.
4. ӵ顦Ǿε (§670; p. 277)
§670. Comparison of adverbs. Adjectival advs. have normally compar. -or, superl. -ost, e.g.:
hearde, severely heardor heardost
ġearwe, readily ġearwor ġearwost
-or also appears as -ur and -ar; -ost can appear as -ust, -ast (as in the superl. adj.). In origin -ost is merely the acc. sg. neut. of the superl. adjectival suffix. Compar. -or, -ur, -ar points to Gmc. -ōz, corresponding to Goth. -os. The final r (< z) should be lost in West Gmc., but is restored by analogy of the compar. adj.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפȤե졼롥f ƬƧǤꡤ嶯Υꥺ⿴Ϥ褯ΧŪˤ褯äOED ˤȡ14Ⱦ Langland ˤ Piers Plowman ˽ФƤ롥
c1400 (c1378) Þat she furste & formest ferme shulde bilieue. (W. Langland, Piers Plowman (MS Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 116 [Composed c1378]
first foremost פ̣캬 */pr-/ ޤǤ뤬դƤۤʤ롥first ϺǾ -est foremost Ϥޤ̤κǾ -most Ƥ롥ԤϡǾ most Ʊ֤Ƥ뤬ϰۤʤꡤ-m -ost ʬ롥-m ϰĸˤޤ̤ǾǤꡤ-ost ϾҤκǾ -est ΰ۷ȸäƤĤޤꡤforemost ϡ2źǾפȤäƤ褤ƤΤ
űѸǤϡ-m Τߤ forma ְ֤Ρפΰ̣ǺǤ褯Ѥ줿ۤ fyr(e)st ⤢ä2źǾ fyrmesta ʤɤѤ줿ǸΤΤϡѸˤʤ most ΰ۷ȤդƤΤȲᤵ褦ˤʤꡤŪˤ⤽˰Ĥ -most Ȥʤäη̤ foremost Ǥ롥
ɸΥե졼ˤϡ -st, -m, -ost, -most 4ĤŪʺǾޤŤʤäƶ¸ƤȤΤ
űѸλˤĤƤϡʲ Lass (214) ΰѤȡ
1st. Go fruma, OE forma. This is from a base */pr-/ meaning 'before', plus the superlative suffix */-mo-/ (§8.4.2 above), i.e. it has precisely the sense 'foremost'. Similar forms occur in other IE dialects, e.g. Gr prá-mo-s, Li pìr-ma-s. There is an alternative type with the superlative */-istα-/, e.g. OE fyrst < */fur-ist-/, which of course comes down as ModE first, OIc fyrst-r.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ơƱȤʤդ -er, -est εͤ롥ӸŪˤ̡˸Ƥɬפ뤫
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 208) ꡤϢ2Ѥ롥űѸӵ顦ǾˤĤƤս
Comparison of adverbs is usually in {-or}, {-ost}, occasionally spelled <-ur, -ar, -ust, -st>; the comparative reflects a PGmc */-o:-z/ (Go -ōs). By normal WGmc sound changes (as in the a-stem nom sg */-α-z/), the /r/ should have disappeared in OE; it is most likely retained by analogy to adjectival comparison.
The superlative has the same vowel, but with the presumably adjectival superlative suffix */-st-/; in many cases there is an */-m-/ formative as well, giving a double superlative: inne-m-est 'inmost', ūte-m-est 'outmost' (cf. inne 'inside', ūte 'outside'). The simplex type can be seen in for-m-a 'first' (cf. for-e 'in front', and the discussion of ordinal numerals in §8.4.3), hinde-m-a 'last' (hinder 'behind'). This */-m-/ occurs in Gothic as well (fru-m-ist-s 'first'), though not elsewhere in West Germanic; it is an old IE marker, and can be seen in the Latin parallel to for-m-a, fru-m-ist-s, ie. pri-m-u-s 'first'.
ǰƬˡε ([2026-03-19-1]) ȹ碌ơƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤơεȯãƤߤ
ƻӵ -er: AפBפκ硥BפεˤĤ꤫ǤϤʤ o-stem åʸȿǷޤफ
ӵ -er: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥r ĤΤϡƻӵ䤫
ƻκǾ -est: Aפͳ褹롥뤤ϡBפ첻岽֤ͳ褹Ȥͤ롥
κǾ -est: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥ҲʬˤĤƤϡƻκǾбʪ줿Τ
4Ĥθϸߤ˰ۤʤ֤Ƥ줬ƻδ֤ǡޤӵȺǾδ֤ǡʣ̡֤̤äƤȹͤƤΤ褵ѸޤǤˤϤܸۤʬۤˤɤ夤Ƥ˻ޤǡĤޤꥲޥĸ줫űѸˤƤϡ͡ʲ깭Ƥ롥
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

ǯ٤ī㡼ɶˤơ˾äȤԻĤʱñפꤷơѸˤΥֺ¤ŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤˡŪñ1ļ夲IJ̵Ԥ˹귡겼ꤷĤġʥߥåʱѸˤ̣浪ȤݤǿʤƤޤ
٤βϡǯ٤ΥȤƤϺǸȤʤ12ǤȤƤϡǽñȤ be ưӤޤ90ʬǤϤȤƤԤˤʤʪñǤǽ˽вñ1ĤǤꡤIJǯѸؤǤƤɬ⤦ޤȤʤʤ be ư̥Ϥޤ
ʲbe ưᤰäƤɤΤ֥쥹˽ФƤߤޤ
be ưεϡ
be ưŪ۷Ƥߤ褦
be ưü5
be ưưǤ⤢ưǤ⤢
¸ߤɽ魯 be ư
Ϣ뼭 (copula) ȤƤ be ư
ˡ If I were/was a bird, . . . ᤰͻ
be λȤϡ
be ưϿ;Ρꡦ֡ˡɽ魯ȤǤ
䤨 be ư
ain't ᤰҲŪͻ
ɸѼˤ be ưλȤ
ۤˤפĤޤֺ¤Ǥϡʤ٤¿˿졤ΤΤʤդäƹԤʤʥư90ʬҤäƤޤ礦
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧơҤ긵ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤⤴Ѱդֺ¤ܤڤʤޤ
⤷ֺ¤ΤΤ餻ϡ heldio Ǥ#1754. 328īֺ¤ be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưȤͽԤϤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ
ơ2025ǯ٤ΥϰڤȤʤޤ42026ǯ٤οϤޤޤϤȤϤäƤ⡤ʤȤմˤĤƤϡ2025ǯ٤Υμ˾äȤԻĤʱñפϰѤǤͽǤ1ĤαñܤƥʥߥåʱѸˤưɤäƤޤǯ٤225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡθŤѸθʸƥȤȤĤŸͽǤǯٽմˤĤƤϡǤīθΰФƤޤΤǡ餫ܺ٤ǧ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥
The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.
³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥
Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.
ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵȡ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ε#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǡ-er εȤ2ĤΥפäȤߤ2ĤΥפϥޥĸ */-o:z-/ ̤Ȥ뤬äˤĹ첻ɤ鸽줿ΤȽȤʤ1ĤϡΰǤƤ褦ˡ Krahe ƤΤǡ̤ΤǤϤʤȤơϥޥĸ a-stem å (ablative) ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȡ
դλˤĤơLass ̤βս (§8.4.2; p. 207) Ǥ⤦⤷ƤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦űѸθ˴ؤѤ롥
. . . . One widespread marker is the o-stem ablative sg */-o:-d/ < */-o-ed/ or its later e-grade */-e:-d/. The o-grade appears in Latin adverbs of the type subit-ō (see §6.3.2), perhaps in Greek adverbs in -os; in Germanic it is transparent in the type Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly', OS gi-līc-o, OHG gi-līhh-o. This is common in Gothic, and is the normal formation in OS and OHG.
In OE, this */-o:/ appears as /-α/, and only in a restricted class of adverbs from adjectives in */-inγ-, -unγ-/, e.g. wēn-ing-a 'perhaps', dearn-ung-a 'secretly'.
űѸǤ -a ȿǤƤȤȤˤʤ뤬ǤĤäƤʤ⤷ Krahe ⤬ȤСƻӵ -er 첻ʬˤΤ鷺ʺפǧ롤Ȥ롥
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ˤƸη֤Ȥ夷ΤˤϡޥĸʹߡűѸФѸ˻ޤǤ͡Ѳʣ˴ؤäƤꡤޤäñǤϤʤޤӵȺǾˤϡ⤦1ıŪˡꡤ줾 more, most դȤ뤬ŪˤϤȾ嵭η֤Ȥδؤcf. #1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])ˡˡforemost utmost ˸ -most Ȥޤ̤κǾ¸ߤΤߤδطȤǤ롥
塤1ĤҤȤɳƤȹͤƤ롥ޤϡƻǤϤʤˤӵ -er ȺǾ -est εˤĤĴ٤ƤߤLass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) Ѥ뤳ȤϤ褦
There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:
(6.33) A. */-iz-, -ist-/ Positive Comparative Superlative Go alþ-eis 'old' alþ-iz-a alþ-ist-s OE eald ield-ra ield-est B. */-o:z-, -o:st-/ Positive Comparative Superlative Go arm-s 'poor' arm-ōz-a arm-ōst-s OE earm earm-ra earm-ost/-ast
Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ~ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ~ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.
Ѹηƻӵ -er ˤĤƤϡޥĸűѸ A B 2ĤΥפ̤뤬줬ľܤεǤΤ¨ǤǤʤΤ i-mutation ȼʤ B פΤۤͭϸȻˤǤ뤬⤽ B ˤĤƤϡεˤεԾܤȤ⤢롥ˤؤäƤǽꡤƻڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤκǾ -est ˤĤƤϡŪ A פ̤ȤߤƤ褤
Ǥ˾ʣ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

1218ϡֱѸˤפäǰǤhelˤˤơܤ٤Ǥηߤηаޤܥ֥ޤ͡ΤǸƤޤ
1δֱ֡Ѹˤפ兩Τ褦ˤʤäƤޤnote ȿѸ˥ե⸽ƤꡤŤƤ뼡ǤֱѸˤפڤƤ륦־μץƥĤĤƤޤ
Ĥˤ note ֱ֡Ѹˤפߤޤ218
hellog #6150. ֱѸˤפäƤޤ ([2026-02-27-1])
heldio ۿ#1736. νդϱѸˤϤ褦 --- ֱѸˤפФ228
Grace ˤ note ֱ֡Ѹˤߤˤ긫Ρ31
heldio ۿ#1735. ֱѸˤפ31
hellog #6153. īīĹˡظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ȡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ǻܡ ([2026-03-02-1])
mozhi gengo ˤ note #332. ФäƤߤ褦Ѹˤˡ34
YouTube ֤Τۤإͥư91ǯλԲϻ̾ڤΤۤإͥ40739
Ĥˤ note ֱ֡Ѹˤפιάλ39
ϸɤ褤ʪǤϤޤˤϡѸˤγؤƤȤտޤäƤޤȤƤҲ𤷤Ƥ4ʤؤϤƤαѸˡ١رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ظűѸ졦Ѹ١رѸ츻ŵ٤ϡͭŪ˷ӤĤƤꡤɤؤӻϤƤ⤤Ͻв٤̿νҤǤɤ줫Ǥ⼫ͳ˳ؤӻϤ뤳ȤǤޤΥ롼ȤϤޤnote ֱ֡ѸˤפιάλǸƤޤΤǡҤɤߤ
ǯ麣ǯˤƱѸ˴ϢνҤʣǤƤꡤѸˤؤӻϤΤ˺ŬʥߥȤʤäƤޤνաѸˤؤӻϤƤϤǤ礦⡤ܥ֥¾Υǥ̤ƱѸˤγؤӻϤݡȤ礹륳ƥĤ¿ƤͽǤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

354Ѹ (hel_ogiri) XdzŤޤϡž (metathesis) ƤȤǤ¤Ӥ2Ĥβְ㤤η̤Ҥä֤äƤޤäΤΡ¤ӤɸŪˤʤäƤޤäȤֱФפΤ褦ʻǤְ㤤Ȥʹ֤ˤäƿʸޤƤޤȤΤϡͶΤΤѲΤʤǤ͵ΤȥԥåǤ
Ȥä㡤ꤤ㤬äƤ뤫ȤСñʤǤ⤢ޤŵŪǶʽŪϤĤäƤޤθ夬³ʤΤǤ˻äΤǤ³ޤ¿λüԤ⤬ʤõץ饤ѥݥȤ̤ƤƤäǡ⤷Τ³ȴƤޤʲˡޤȤƤȻפޤ
aks/ask
beorht bright
brand/burn
brid bird
cocodrile crocodile
fersc fresh
forst frost (cf. freeze)
gærs grass
hros horse
iern(an), yrn(an) run
mansk Manx
nutrition, nutriment/nurture
patron pattern
purpose/propose
tax/task
three/third
thirl thrill
þurh through
wæps wasp
wal (whale) + ros (horse)
worht(e) wrought (cf. work)
crocodile ˴ؤƤϡ#5999. crocodile αѸ --- إåץѸ츻ŵ٤ΰճƶ ([2025-09-29-1]) ȤƤ
ʤǽ˴줿Ƥϡ~ߤˤʲʣʻǤ
lamella (ƥ)
la lemelle (ե)
ʬ
l'alemelle
(ؾ)θ
l'alemette
ž
l'amelette
첻Ѳ
l'omelette
omelette (Ѹ)
ܵƱݤǡ314 heldio ˤ#1749. ž --- ޤäƤޤϤޤΤǡҤ⤪İС
228ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ11ߴȤƤ2ˤ֤ޤܤñϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפǤ
Ѹˤ that ϡؼ졤ط졤³ϤȤ͡ʸˡṲ̄¿Ǥ¿εǽϤǤ˸űѸˤߤޤơεǽϤɤΤ褦ˤƵꡤȯŸƤΤǤ礦Ķ٤ñǤ⤢ꡤˤȤʤȻפޤܤŪȯŸɤƤߤޤֵϡthat Ȭϻ群γ̩ǻ̩90ʬȤʤޤ
īֺ11Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ110ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-02-16-1])
12328ڡˤǡǯ٤κǽȤʤޤơޤϡbe --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפǤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 Ȥʤޤī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧ
ޤ2026ǯ٤īǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ޤȤƤơޤ2025ǯ٤Ρ˾äȤԻĤʱñפѤޤʻߤȤơظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ȤűѸѸθʸĩൡ䤷ƤͽǤܺ٤θڡꤴ


ܥ֥Ǥ2#6125. heldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Υ --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-02-1]) ȡ#6132. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥2 --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-09-1]) 2ˤ錄ꤪΤ餻Ƥޤheldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ϼԤȤȤ˷깭رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤١Ȥ˸ƤαѸ˥ΥǤθ⥯³졤嵭̤34ˤ⥢Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
عʤɤΡּȤǻȤפäƤ뤫Ǥ礦1Ⱦǡ note ǿ͵ȤʤäƤޤμ⤯ҥȤˤȤäƿڤǡɬʬʾܤºݤ˼ȤdzѤ뤳ȤǰƬˡƥĤޤƤȤݤǤ
3ϡܸˤʤäƤȶʱñȤơ츻ǼȤݤΥ¿ФƤޤǸۻ (silent_letter) ܤƤդˤ⡤ꥻޤ
4ϡѸθȱѸο̾Ȱη˴ؤ붽̣ǤˤϤꡤܸˤʤäƤ䡤ܤǤߤΤѸ̾Ȥäˡθ츻Ƨ߹ǤȤʹȤޤƤޤϾ̤¿ΤΡƤߤ䤹ʤΤǡμƬ˥륹äƤޤ͡
ǤɼԤⴶۤƤƤ̤ꡤפꤷƤΤΡͤڤdzؤ٤ƤޤɼΥƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
sorami ϡӤǡּȤξͥॢåס롼׳ưʤɤ˼ͳ˻ȤäƤйǤפȽҤ٤ƤޤαѸ춵γҤΥȤʤɤdzѤƤߤƤˤäƤϡ§ȤơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤˰͵ƤȤȤǤΤǡ⤴¿
ơƤ顤ȤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤餪⤷ȴơ䤷ƤߤƤޤˤϡҰ̤ˤƤСֱѸˤˡפؤäƤȤԤƤޤ
sorami ΥˤĤƤϡ heldio ۿ#1748. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥乥ĴǤ⤴Ҳ𤷤ƤޤҤ⤪İ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

*
313罤۽ŹرѸ춵4ȯ䤵ޤꡤƱνʼʷضˤȤȤˡϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλפϤޤäƤޤ
Ϣܤϡ2ͤۿƤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥϢܴǤᤤΤ YouTube Ǥγư4ǯĶޤưǤϤƤդΥʥߥڤ٤ϻ̤̤Ƥ⤪ϤȹͤƤޤ
ϢܤμݤȤƤϡѸ춵ϤѸؤ֤٤ƤɼԤγˡҲؤȱѸˤȤ2ĤΥ̤ơѸȤα̥ϤȯƤȤˤޤ2ڡȤѥȤʷǤ2̲ͤ⤢СȥԥåƤ⤦Ȥ⤢ʤɡХ饨ƥ٤ƥĤȤʤäƤͽǤ
1ϡָءѸؤˤ褦פꤷ2ͤμʾҲȤȤܥˤĤƤäƤޤҲؤɤΤ褦˻䤿Υߥ˥˴ؤΤ뤤ϱѸˤˤƸѸΡ֤ʤפ˸ƤΤΥåͤߤޤ
ޤ֤ΤۤץӤˤʪȤƤϡǯ10ظؤǥå衪 ѸΡ֤ʤסʥʥĥҡˤԤƤޤϢܤȹ碌ƤɤߤޤȹǤ
ѸȤñʤŵоݤȤƤǤϤʤʹ֤夲ƤȤʸ֤ȤªľŪϢܤ̤ɼԤγͤȶͭǤФȴäƤޤ
ǯ٤ˤऱơѸʻˡˤƤȤϡ13ΡرѸ춵٤Ϣܤƨʤ
ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλ1ءѸؤˤ褦סرѸ춵2026ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ31342--43ǡ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ
ε#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ ([2026-03-12-1]) ˤĤơ塤Ѹֻˤδ鿼ꤷƤȹͤƤ뤬Ϥˡưβ˸¤餺<ough(t)> <augh(t)> ֻˤĤơȯбȤȤ˸Ƥ
ޤ<ought> ˤĤ Carney (345--46) ꡥ
O.15 <ought>/ɔː/ | <t>
Examples: bought, brought, fought, nought, ought, sought, thought, wrought.
Exceptions with /aʊ/ --- doughty, drought. Names such as Boughton, Broughton, Houghton, Oughton, Oughtred, Stoughton have /ɔː/ --- /aʊ/ variation and occasionally /u;ː/ or /əʊ/. Some are only given with one variant by EPD --- Loughton /aʊ/, Moughton /əʊ/, but with the pronunciation of a name one can never be fully certain.
³ Carney (285) ꡤ<augh(t)> ˤĤɤǤߤ褦
A.9 <augh>/ɔː/
Examples: aught, caught, daughter, distraught, fraught, haughty, naught, naughty, slaught, slaughter, taught; Baugh, Bradlaugh, Connaught, Haughtn, Laughton, McNaught, Shaughnessy, Waugh. The names Baughan, Maugham, Vaughan are single syllables (/bɔːn/, etc.). This correspondence is one straightforward part of the name Featherstonehaugh, pronounced /ˈfænʃɔː/.
Exceptions: with /ɑːf/ (AmE /æf/) in draught, laugh and derived forms.
Efficiency: in words 89 per cent; in names 77 per cent; a marginal rule with very strong bias toward high TF words and strong bias towards shorter words.
ñ֤餫ѤƯƤȵ졤ֻȯδطεҤϰǤϤʤ̸Τߤʤ餺̾ˤ褯Ƥ뤳Ȥˤդ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
37 heldio ˤ #1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơۿޤѸ춵˷Ȥ4Ԥˤ̲Ǥ
夲ϡѸ˸ȤˤȤäƤ礭ʾǤȯüϡعDZѸƤΥ饹Ρ̤ˤȯǤ
Ѹؽˤơ -ought Ե§ѲưϳؽԤǺߤμǤthink --- thoughtbuy --- bought, bring --- brought, fight -- fought ʤɡ¿ o ޤֻȤʤޤteach --- taught catch --- caught Τ褦ˡa ޤ -aught ֻˤʤΤ⤢ޤۤȤɤαѸؽԤϡ֤ΤפȤƴݰŵƤȤǤ礦ޤ̤4ԤƱͤǤ
ȤϥΡȤǡμݤζä٤ŦΤǤ teach a ޤޤƤ뤫顤 taught o ǤϤʤ a ˤʤΤǤϤʤȡ
λŦðŪʤΤϡñʤϤ碌䵭ѤμĶơѸֻ˸˻ǽˤޤѸˤδ餳 -aught ƸƤƤߤȡä٤¤⤭Ħˤʤޤtaught caught ʤɤθ¸ưǤʤˤβǵ§Ƥư굯ƤߤȡΡteach ˡ§פƤϤޤ㤬ĤĤΤǤ
ȤСߤϵ§ѲưȤʤäƤ reach ǤĤƤԵ§Ѳ raught Ȥ֤äƤޤ⸶ a ޤߡ -aught Ǥޤlatch ˤ⤫Ĥ laught Ȥ¸ߤޤ
ˡreck ȤưФƤ raught Ȥޤ a ޤޤƤޤe a Ʊ첻ǤϤޤˡ§ơָ a 뤤 e ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught ȤʤפȤлޤ
ŪˤߤСֻκϡĸ첻 (gradation) 䡤ޥΥ饦 (i-mutation)θ (analogy) ʣ߹ä̤ȹͤޤμ⤿ʤʴѻˤäƤΡˡ§פФȤϡƶä٤ȤǤ
ζ۵̤ǤϡλŦ˿ѸֻȤˤο¤ʹӤƤǽ뤫ޤޤǡͤΤۤ˶ʳ礭ʥͥ륮뤳ȤǤޤ
Ѹ˸ԤȤơĹǯȻפǸᤴƤˡۤɤޤǤ䤫ˡ§ƤȤ˲Фޤʾˡĥեåʻº˵դ졤˲Ǥ餢ޤteach ˡ§פŪդˤĤƤϡ夵ʤĴɬפǤƥʻߤˤʤȻפޤ
ѸؽԤγȶʱѸΡ֤ʤפñʤŵǺѤޤʬʤβΩƤƴѻƤߤƤˤϡȤäˡ§Ƥ뤫⤷ޤ
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A Study on English Anxiety in Japan and Korea
ǯ٤Υ饤ʥåפįȡѸˤŪʥȥԥå顤ŪʼҲŪꡤˤϱѸ¾ȤӸʤɡ̤˭ʴ֤ȤʤäƤޤ
ޤܤΤϡҲμ̤ȤƤθ츦ǤWFH (= work from home) ʸˡŪSNS ˤƬθ̡奢ꥫѸˤ dude θŪѤʤɡαѸª褦ȤߤޤޤStar Wars ˤǧȯͤ䡤MLB μ¶ƻˤʬϤʤɤϡǥȸܤƤޤݡƻѸκ˾Ƥ⤢ޤPodcast ȤƳѤȯθ⡤ˡŪǤ
ǡŤʸ̻ŪѲŻ뤹Ѹˡʸؤ餷ߤǤѸνʤˤط̾ which Ի˴ؤ륳ѥʬϤ䡤3ĤǤӤʤɤϡ¤ʥƥȲ˴Ť̤Ǥ
ޤդαƤʬʤնɽԲɽ˾Ƥʣޤֻפɽ̻ŪѲ䡤ˤ뺹ŪѸʤɤϡ줬ҲβʹѤȤɤΤ褦뤤٤ƤĤƤΤ⤭ĦˤƤޤ
ư Plain English 䡤ϢˮԾѰ (FOMC) εԲΥȡʬϤʤɡ¼ҲΥץեåʥΰڤ⤢ޤڹαѸڤαѸѤڤͤ⡤ΤδؿƤޤ
16 ܤʸϡȤδؿѸˡѸؤȤߤΤʤǰǤä뾽ǤɤǤ´Υȥԥå˾ڤ뤳ȤǤΤǤ
ǯ٤´ʸܤˤĤƤϡ#5768. 2024ǯ٤Ф줿´ʸȽʸܡ ([2025-02-10]) εå 뤤 sotsuron Υé뤳ȤǤޤѸʬΥơõΥҥȤȤʤ뤫Ȼפޤ
Ϥߤ khelf ʷѸ˥եˤΥСǤ khelf αѸ˳ưϰʲǹԤʤäƤޤΤǡˬƥեʤɤƤС
khelf ۡڡ
khelf X @khelf_keio
khelf Instagram @khelf_keio

ؽǤȯԤɾ٤κǿ334ý֥ȥư¿ͤʸפˤʤäƤܥ֥Ϥ17ǯλ֤ή졤ΤۤĤΥǥǤѸˤȤʬȯԤʤäƤԤȤơγưɤΤ褦ʰ̣ĤΤϼʬȤ⥤ޥ褯ʬäƤʤʤ⡤֥ȥưפȸƤФ褦ʤȤϤƤ褦˻פ뤫ܲϳˤΤɤ⡤ޤɤߤäΤǡҤꤷɤʲϡýɤǤλǤ롥
ޤýƵμɮԤȥȥƤĤ⤪äˤʤäƤ֤إ饸פοƤƤ롥
ʡġδƬϡȥư¿ͤʸ
а桡ͺδڡҡʳإߥ˥δͤ븦Υȥ --- 춵θ̤ҲȤĤʤ
ǯˡͳҡڡˮɧŻҡ̤Υȥ --- إեȤ餹ʲǽ
֤إ饸פϥȥǤϤʤ --- ۤΥȥȱDzع٤ˤĤ
ʿġȥҥƸǤȡ --- ȥưƸƤ
а桡ĻҡȤȯΤ --- ȥưͤ
ý̤ɤǤߤơޤ֥ȥưפ䤽ιͤ¿˶äýΥȥ뤬̤ꡤ⤽֥ȥưפΤΤΤ褦ªɤΤʤΤ餷Τ伫ȤϤɤ˰֤Ť褤ΤڤޤۤɤȥϼͳǤäƤ褤¤줿饢ȥǤϤʤ˻פ
줾ͤ˳ؤ֤Ȥꡤʬ˰ĤƹͤƤߤʤƶޤޤƤǤϡۤˤ֤̤ΥȥפꡤȤ櫓˿줿ս
إեϥʲҤˤäԴ֤θή¤ΤҤȤĤȤޤ줿Ȥаޤ (27)
إեϳزȤϰۤʤꡤָȤϲפȤ䤤ͤ뤭äȤʤƤ (31)
ֳڤפȤȥưϡββȤषüԤָϡʤäѤפȴ褦ʴĶ뤳ȤܻؤƤ롥֤äƤ䤫³뤳ȤϡԤȤƳưͤˤȤäƤ⡤̤θԤե뤳Ȥ˷ҤäƤƤϸͽν̾ʤԤƩʳؽѳˤȤäƤ⡤˴ؿ¿οͤˤȤäƤ뤤Ȥʤǽʬˤ (33)
伫Ȥ Voicy heldio ǤαѸȯϤΤϡʲҤˤ륳ߥ˥䤬ääξϡָԴ֤θήפȤϡɤ餫ȤСֶ֤θήפưŤƤȤǤΰ㤤Ϥ롥
ơܳŪʥȥưȤơhelפϤƤߤޤǤϵŤʤäָȤϲסּʬϲΤ˸椷ƤΤפռ褦ˤʤäΤФƤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤ⼫伫뵡¿ʤä
ˡȥư̤ơؤӤ並ϡϤ켫Τڤ餹ΤǤꡤۤΡŪˤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤŪˤϤǤϤʤȤȤǧ뵡⤷鸦椹ΤΤ⤷¾ο͡ʬ礤Τ줬Ūˡ֥ȥưפˤʤäƤ롤Ȥ֤Ƥ롥
ޤýޤȤʡĻˤԽ嵭 (164) θդŪä
αΡᤵޤޤΩο͡ߤ˱ƶͿ礦Ϥǡΰ̣Ҳ¦䤤Ω夬äƤΤޤɼԤγޤˤ⡤ý̤ơϤ뤭äĤƤйǤ
֥ȥưפ̤ơϤƲǽȤʤäή롥θήФƤϤƵŤΰյ롥ưƤʤä褷ƵŤʤäȻפ븦β͡ͽۤǤʤäȻפ븦βǽ褦ˤʤäƤǤ⽽ʬ礭ʼϤ̤˸ƴ˾θ
֥ȥưפȻפ⤤뤫⤷ʤäȴؿ롤äƤߤȤ⤤Ǥ˼¼Ū˳ưƤȤ⤤ɼԤˤȤäƤ⡤ýγƵϡƶͿƤϤǤ롥
ýȥư¿ͤʸסɾ334774ˡ2026ǯ23
225˴Ԥ줿ظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ1Ⱦۤɿ䤷˿䤷Ƥޤܽ˴ؤ븦ҤθHPˤϡܽơܼɤߥʡʤɤߤƤޤڡβˤϡִϢפִϢҡפΰ⤢ޤܽ˼¿ϹѸˤ˴ؿΤǤϤʤȻפޤΤǡϤؤͭѤʾȤʤϤǤ
Ȥ櫓ִϢפ1ĤȤƵƤֱѸ˴ϢҤΰåפޤ227դǸˤϤǤΥ褫ɤǤ PDF եˤϡҤ鴩ԤƤ15αѸ˼սҤΰƤޤ *
ΰϡΰĤȤƸҤޤȤ줿ΤǤ¤Ϥˤ khelfʷѸ˥եˤhel褬ؤäƤޤǯ913ˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤ helwa μŤ벻ۿ٥ȡֱѸ˥饤2025פŤ졤夬ޤcf. #5984. ΡֱѸ˥饤2025פ夬ޤ ([2025-09-14-1])ˡ٥ϡŸΤ˸Ҥô˲ˤۤΤǤ٥ȤΩäơŸˤդ路Ѹ˴Ϣ̤٤khelf رС˴ؤäƤΤǤѸˤ칶رäƤꡤ伫Ȥ˳ǧƤνҤΰ٥Ȥۤ줿ȤǤ
ơΤӡظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ǤȤʤޤεªơȾǯ˽줿ΰѤǤʤȻפΩҤôǿǤȤΤ褦ʷǸ˻äȤǤ
ʤ˴ޤޤƤҤΤ5ˤĤƤϡkhelf ΥС濴ȤѸˤ칶̤Voicy heldio ǤƤҲ𤹤νɾ (voice_review) ȤֱѸ˥饤2025פˤƼ»ܤޤۿϥȤƻĤäƤޤΤǡʲ hellog ͳƤİФȻפޤ
#6005. khelf οhelνɾפϤޤޤ --- khelf ƣ蘆Ҳ𤹤ػԲϻ١ ([2025-10-05-1])
#6006. νɾ --- khelf ڸҤҲ𤹤رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ ([2025-10-06-1])
#6007. νɾ --- khelf ߷Ҳ𤹤αѸθ١ ([2025-10-07-1])
#6008. νɾ --- khelf ྰҲ𤹤إѥȱʸˡ١ ([2025-10-08-1])
#6012. νɾ --- Ͻؤ khelf ɥij̴Ҳ𤹤رѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ ([2025-10-12-1])
Ф줿Ѹ˴ϢҤΰǤѸˤγؤӤΤˡҤѤؤΥΥڡɤ
ε#6158. Powell ˤʸʬ ([2026-03-07-1]) ǻȡѤ Powell ϡʸˤˤž3ĤäȵƤ롥ʸʬ⤷ľˡʸϤ³ (51--52)
Although this is a structural description, it is also a rough outline of the history of writing, understood as a technology that underwent broad and radical changes over millennia and came to serve ever more efficient and complex forms of communication and thought. The major changes were three.
First was the discovery of the phonetic principle, the representation of the sounds of speech by graphic means. This discovery appears to have been applied three times in a more or less systematic way: in southern Mesopotamia, in China, and in Mesoamerica. But all these systems are only partly phonetic.
The second major discovery was of a wholly phonetic writing. We cannot date the discovery, but perhaps as early as 1800 BC in the Near East and rather earlier in Crete, c.2100 BC (for the earliest "Cretan hieroglyphs"). While such writings are wholly phonetic, that is, most signs refer to sound and are not meaningful, they still cannot be pronounced except by a native speaker. Wholly phonetic writings made possible an immense constriction in the number of signs over the earlier logosyllabaries (made up of logograms and syllabograms) by focusing on a single semantic aspect of communication, namely sounds of the human voice speaking some "language." This advantageous constriction was gained at the loss of clarity provided by the many semantic nonphonetic elements of the earlier logosyllabaries.
The third major shift was the invention of the Greek alphabet around 800 BC, a system that atomized the sounds of human speech, utilized symbols for these sounds, and made possible the approximate reconstruction of the sound of human speech, even by someone who does not speak the language.
In studying the history of writing we must remember that a continuity of forms can mask an extreme shift in inner structure, while two sets of completely differing forms can function in the same way.
1Ĥνפʶ̤ϡɽΤΤȯס2Ĥϡִɽʸȯס3ĤϡֲʸδѤȯפƤƤ褤Powell ʸʸѤƶƤ롥ʸηкѹ¦̤ΤߤܤƤ褦˸롥
2Ρִɽʸȯפζ̤ˤĤơǤΥե٥åȤȯǤʤᤤʳǤΥ쥿ΥҥդˤڤƤΤϱԤ
Powell, Barry B. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

嵭ϡPowell ʸܤ礭Ƥ "THE CATEGORIES OF WRITING" Ǥ롥ʸʬ1Ĥιͤʬβϡp. 52 ˤޤȤƤ롥
1 Semasiography: Writing in which the signs are not attached to necessary forms of speech. Sematograms, the elements of semasiography, may be arranged in any conventional way.
2 Lexigoraphy: Writing in which the signs are attached to necessary forms of speech. They are (usually) arranged in a linear sequence corresponding to sounds in speech. There are two divisions.
(i) Logography: the signs represent words (but not sounds), significant segments of speech. A logography would be a system in which logograms, the elements of logography, predominate (sometimes logograms do not follow the same order as words in speech).
(ii) Phonography: the signs represent sounds. Such sounds are ordinarily nonsignificant elements of speech. There are two kinds of phonographic systems.
Syllabography: the signs represent syllables, the smallest apprehensible elements of speech. A Syllabography would be a system in which syllabograms predominate.
Alphabetic writing: the signs represent elements of speech smaller than syllables, although such sounds do not exist in nature as separable elements of speech. In alphabetic writing letters predominate.
ǸΥե٥åȡñʸˤβˤơñʤɤȤñ̤ϼˤ¸ߤʤΤפȤ˥ϥäȤ줿ñʸפȤϡֲʸפªۤ褤Τ (phoneme) Ͽʹ֤ˤݲλʪǤꡤʸƤȤȤˡե٥åȤκθŪʰյȲͤΤȻפ
Powell, Barry B. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
126224ޤǤ1֡Xʵ TwitterˤˤŸƤָѸ30Ϣȯϡ̵˴ޤδϡ225ظűѸ졦ѸοǰűѸѸ̥Ϥ11ͥľҲ𤷤ƤȤߤǤϡ30֤ߤ֤ꡤɤΤ褦ƤƤ˶ΤΥǡʬϤη̤ͭȻפޤ
ޤŪʷȤƶä줿ΤϡʾȿǤ30ܤƤ줿֤͡פ1,480ץåϼ¤31ĶޤʿѤ1Ƥ1ӥ塼ʾȤϡѸˤȤȤ⤹ХޥʡȻפ줬ʬФƤǤ⡤ؿޤ뤳ȤƤޤ
ʬϤη̡äȿ礭äΤ3ĤΥƥ˽ޤ1ѸоȤƤƤǤŪ1̡440͡ˤϿ No.11 ֱѸθäϡ3ơפι¤פϡŵǤѸä3ع¤ϡܥ֥Ǥ֤ⷫ夲ƤơޤǤܸȤоȤ⤷Ǥ⤢ޤѸؽԤγñŵǺߤ˥ȥ졼Ȥ˻ɤäȤȤ⤢ä⤷ޤ
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ޤĤˤĤơֱѸפⳫŤޤǤϥץ饤ѥݥȤ꼡赤Τήޤޤ㤨 No.14 Ρ֤ݤʺˡפξͥȤˤǤϡܸ줫λǤϤޤ¿νʺ줬ޤꡤؤ襤ޤSNS ȤΤϡñʤȯξαޤ餺ФԤѻɼԤγäǤ뵮Ťʶ֤Ǥ뤳ȤǧǤ
δ̤ơѸˤȤʬġֲϡפƼ´ޤˤΤ뤳ȤϡѸΡ֤ʤפȤʤΤǤ30֤Ƥξܺ٤ϡʲΥơ֥ˤޤȤƤޤΤạ̇̄ΤϤҳƤǤߤƤ
ǸˡϢƴˤդ礤եγ͡ƴθưϤȤʤäظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤˴ؿƤ꤬͡Ȥޤ³͡ˡDZѸˤγڤȯƤޤΤǡդ礤Τۤɡꤤޤ
| ͥ | ȥ | ݥ | ֿ | ֥åޡ | ӥ塼 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | ȯ æ Ϥɤ褿Ρ | 01/26 | 64 | 17 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 14422 |
| 02 | ʤ climb b ȯʤΡ | 01/27 | 43 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4654 |
| 03 | űѸϸαѸͥƥǤǤʤۤɤʤΤˡֱѸפȸƤ٤Ρ | 01/28 | 104 | 29 | 11 | 3 | 18 | 53230 |
| 04 | ѸΤñɤޤyhurght | 01/29 | 21 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 5860 |
| 05 | Ѹʸ̾ϡɤʲɽ魯 | 01/30 | 20 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3415 |
| 06 | ִաפűѸǸäƤߤ褦Wes hal! | 01/31 | 29 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3608 |
| 07 | 3ñ -s ϸѸˤ⤢äΡ | 02/01 | 23 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2234 |
| 08 | ʤ Wednesday ϡ֥ɥͥǥפߤ֤Ρ | 02/02 | 160 | 59 | 11 | 1 | 26 | 17612 |
| 09 | Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday -s- ޤʤ Friday ˤ -s- ʤΤǤ | 02/03 | 64 | 22 | 4 | 1 | 12 | 6342 |
| 10 | ʤ old ˤ elder Ȥäӵ餬Ρ | 02/04 | 38 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 3056 |
| 11 | Ѹθäϡ3ơפι¤ | 02/05 | 440 | 62 | 5 | 2 | 100 | 39972 |
| 12 | ѸϸűѸλ夫Ѹ줬¿äΡ | 02/06 | 36 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4093 |
| 13 | Ѹáּ뼫פ¾ܴפؤβʤžȡ | 02/07 | 29 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3035 |
| 14 | Ѹܸݤʺˤ | 02/08 | 32 | 10 | 2 | 11 | 6 | 5289 |
| 15 | a six-foot manʤ feet ʤΡ | 02/09 | 41 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4432 |
| 16 | ֽפΥȤϤɤäaddréss / áddress | 02/10 | 15 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2319 |
| 17 | űѸϥɥĸΤ褦ˡư2ΰ֡פ§ä | 02/11 | 73 | 19 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 4330 |
| 18 | űѸ <y> ʸϥɥĸ <ü> 롩 | 02/12 | 56 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4696 |
| 19 | north Ǥ <th> 餺 northern ǤΤϤʤ | 02/13 | 19 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1841 |
| 20 | ڤѸθϫ¿Ƹ | 02/14 | 20 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3138 |
| 21 | űѸ̾Ρ־ѲפäפԵ§̾Τȡ | 02/15 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2346 |
| 22 | daisy ֥ҥʥפθ츻űѸ dæges ēage "day's eye" ΤäƤޤ | 02/16 | 22 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5614 |
| 23 | ʤ sheep deer ϤΤޤޤηʣˤʤΡ | 02/17 | 14 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2028 |
| 24 | whilom ְΡΤΡ -om äƤɤʸ | 02/18 | 14 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1974 |
| 25 | hound ĸפϸűѸǤ̤Ρָפΰ̣ä | 02/19 | 18 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3008 |
| 26 | ɸѸפϤΩΡ | 02/20 | 21 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2108 |
| 27 | Ѹˡʸػˤͤɬ롪 Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote | 02/21 | 51 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8090 |
| 28 | ڥɸಽʤƤʤαѸμϤɤΡ | 02/22 | 14 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3429 |
| 29 | Ѹθ֤ƤޤűѸѸμɬפǤ | 02/23 | 13 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2056 |
| 30 | ظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ܤΥƥȤȳؤɤ褦ˤʤ롩 | 02/24 | 16 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1568 |

2026ǯ2ϡμͭץåȥե mond ˴줿10䤤˲ޤѸˤαԤ䤬¤ӡ¦ȤƤŪʻɷ¿1Ȥʤޤ
2β֤äƤߤȡʬ¿ˤ錄äƤޤ䤤¾ȤоȤ졤¿ͤǻɷŪȤʤޤȤ櫓ȷؤ꤬¿ä褦˻פޤ
ʲ2ʬ10䤤ȡб mond βؤΥǼޤ̤ɤΤΤޤ顤ѸˤɤʪȤƳڤǤС
1. foremost, hindmost most Ϥʤˤ椨ˤĤƤΤǤ礦23
2. 2;̾οƾ thou ȷɾ ye λȤʬޤߤǤäαѸǤϡꥹȶο˸ڤȤˤ thou ye ΤɤѤޤ25
3. ֤ͤפ֤ͤ͡פˤʤ褦Ƭ12꤫פ̾ϱѸˤϤޤ28
4. ҡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤơdusk ֲפιȡME duskʲž < OE dox < Gmc *duskaz ȽƤޤäƤĤޤꡤŤ˲žäơҤä֤äΤ˸äȤȤʤΤǤ礦1βžϤ褯ʹޤ2Ϣ³ȤΤϤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦213
5. ѸǤϸ -ng, -mb g, b ȯ줺ɡˤʤäƤޤ-nd ⤤ä [n] ˤʤɤǤ215
6. ɥĸǤ̾ + -ig ˤƻ -en Ĥư첽뤳ȤǤޤѸ̾ + -y ǤϤǤޤϥɥĸ줬ŪǤΤѸΤۤѤ줿ΤɤʤΤǤ礦217
7. ʤѸǤľˡˡ餤ˡפȤĤΤʤΤǤ礦219
8. ma'am 2Ĥ a δ֤ d æǤѸ첻δ֤ d ƤȯΤϤǤ d æ§ˤĤŪ˲ꤤޤ221
9. Say say that SV say "~" Τ褦ȯƤŪˤȤ뤳ȤǤޤsay me Τ褦˿ͤŪˤȤ뤳ȤϤǤޤäơͤˤư֤ʸϺʤȤˤʤޤ~ȸƤפȤ̣ǡS is said to V ȤɽϵƤƤޤ㡧She is said to be a nurse. ϴǸդȸƤ롥סϤʤǤ礦223
10. people person ʣñʤѤˤʤäΤϤĤǤ225
Ȥ櫓ŪäΤϡ4ܤ dusk ˤ2Ťβž (metathesis) ˴ؤǤޥĸ *duskaz űѸޤǤ dox ȲžѸʹߤ˺Ƥ dusk ؤȲžץϡ츫ȸä褦ǡȹͤ뤫⤷ޤǤϡºݤˤϤۤȤǤϤʤȤ䡤ѲѰۤʣˤڤӤޤºݡҲ𤷤 X 10ΤʤǺǤ¿ȿޤϡѲε˴ؤȯŸheldio ˤ#1731. ϼΤǤϤʤߤ롤κؤ١#1730. ABפȤѲΤʤȡ̥Τä˻ޤҤ⤪İ
ޤ2ܤοФ thou ye ΤѤΤȤ⡤Ѹˤˤ̾οƾΡɾΤˤͤǷ礫ʤǡؿޤޤ
7ܤΡѸˤˡפξʤ˴ؤܤޤ¾δѸߤȡäƤ⤷Ǥ͡
#6150. ֱѸˤפäƤޤ ([2026-02-27-1]) ˤơֱѸˤ (tower_of_hel) äаޤˤĤƿޤ츫ȡҤǤƤѸ˴ϢδѤ߾夲μ̿Ȼפ줿⤷ޤ4¤ӤįƤߤȡˤϱѸˤȤʬǡ¤˹Ūʹ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤεǤϡι¤ˤĤƲƤߤȻפޤ
ѸˤȤΰƧݡϷ褷ưĤǤϤޤؽԤδؿư˱ơ礭ʬ2ĤΥ롼Ȥ¸ߤޤ
1Υ롼ȤϡΤץץǤΥץȤʤΤ2016ǯ˽Ǥ줿رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡǤܽǤϡѸ̻ˤ1ϤǤäȳѤˤȤɤᡤĤϥȥԥå̤ˡʤֻˡʸˡˡûˡѸҲˤȤäʬ̤ˤ̤ơѸŪʡ֤ΤθפȤ뤳Ȥ˼֤ƤޤܤαѸǺۤΤǤϤʤѲη̤ȤªͤΥե졼ۤ뤿1ȸޤ
2Υ롼Ȥϡñ줫ץץǤŬƤΤǯ6˴Ԥ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åǤȶʸθ츻ˤޤĤ륨ԥɤϡ켫ΤΩƤ⤷ɤǤɤϤ뤳ȤǤޤ11طʤˤɥޤ˿뤦ˡѸȤ줬¿ͤˤäƤ뤫ȩȤǼ´뤳Ȥˤʤޤñ֤βΤĤʤˤⵤŤ¿Ǥ礦
ܤǤϡޤפƤϸƤޤ餵˰Ƨ߹िοΥץɬפǤ
ѸˤѸˤθȤʤؽԤ˿ʤ٤ϡθȤƤαѸˤǤϤȯΤ225˴Ԥ줿ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡǤ̤μºݤθűѸѸθʸˤ֤ĤƤߤ롥ܤdzΤȤ̤ơˤŪμ顤ΤʼȼŪʷиؤȾڤޤ
ǡñȸ츻Τ⤷ܳФؽԤõĤ˷겼ȻפäȤɬܤȤʤΤرѸ츻ŵٿ2024ǯˤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤̣ѷϩѲξܺ١̤ʸʬϤؤȤĤʤƤ11ظɴǯλ֤ŰŪ˷겼뤳κȤϡޤ˳Ụ̄˰Ƥޤ
4δطȡʲΤ褦ˤʤޤ
Υ롼ȡͤΥʡؤϤƤαѸˡ١ ʸǿβʡظűѸ졦Ѹ١
ñ롼ȡ츻Τ⤷ΤʡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ 11ŰŪ˿ꤹʡرѸ츻ŵ١
̣ΤϡɤΥ롼ȤФϤƤ⡤ɤϤ⤦Υ롼ȤȸˤޤñɤɬΤŪطʤ˹Ԥ夭ޤΤؤ٤ɬŪʸѲȤ¤Ω֤뤳ȤˤʤޤѸˤγؤӤϡʿŪʰưǤϤʤ˾徺Ƥ۴ŤǤˡפ餷ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
εǾҲ𤷤̿ϡޤˤΩŪʳؤӤι¤Ļ벽Τª뤳ȤǤޤ椬ꡤι꤬ꡤĤι⤵ȿ롥餬Ȥ߹蘆äƽơֱѸˤפϰꤷƼΩޤ
ɤ餳ФϤ뤫ϡɼԤγǤʲˤޤȤޤ
1. ޤѸˤפʤؤϤƤαѸˡ٤
2. ñθ츻äΤĤʤ˼椫ʤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤
3. αѸζľİʤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤
4. ñθ츻ܳŪ˿ꤷʤرѸ츻ŵ٤
ѸˤԤǤ12ᤷޤǤ˳ؤӤϤƤϡ뤯ޤޤˤɤϤƤޤ4ϸߤ䴰礤Ԥ褹뤳ȤdzΡֱѸˡפΩŪʤΤˤƤϤǤ
ϡֱѸˤδ֤ˡפåȡȤƤޤɵȿƤߤ䤹ϡ褷̷⤹ΤǤϤޤֱѸˤפ4ϡۤ1ĤηǤį뤿ξǤϤʤ꿼ϤξǤҡȤ˹äФĤѸȤοʿڤǤФȻפޤ
4ؤΥϡҸΤHPǤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

228ڡˡѸˤμϤ˽ޤ֤ͭˤ֥ޥ Helvillian 317ޤդ뺣⡤Ūʥܥ塼¿Ūʻͤޤä1ȤʤäƤޤ
Ρ1. ɽΤȤСפϡ䡤ĤôƤޤںιԻԥܥήīʤǤ¿Ҳ餷ƤߤƴȤ֤äƤޤ
³ɮؤϤĤΤ褦˹ڤǤ2. ariפϡ2εᴶդ륯䡤AI ȤǿαѸ춵ġ롤˵ʣ holiday ᤰޤǡȬϻ群γ¿ĤɤͥõƤΤԻĤʤۤɤǤ͡
3. GraceפϡʸܤɤߤʤפĤȤ̾⤤ʡ literal դθä4. lacolacoפΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡפ D ¤˿ʤǤޤ
ûںߤ𤬳ڤߤʡ5. mozhi gengoפϡϤưʪ𤫤űѸ2θƤ̾ SolmonaðơظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ɽǥԥ졼ޤǡä٤ϰϤιƤޤ
Ϣܤ䶵鸽줫⽼¤Ƥޤ6. soramiפˤ츻ϡإᥤȤˤ뤳1helΤʤǤҥåȤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦11. ߡפ1饷ϤޤäƤ־ȳؤֱѸˡפϡ˱ѸˤѸ츻γڤ餷ߤǤ10. פˤѸθŪʥɥХޤᡤHelvillian γưϤĤ˹̣ǤhelϾΤ٤ƤС˻äƤޤ7. umisioפΡ˸ץϡʽڤǤꡤɮߤޤޤ
8. ykagataפȱѸӥϡsafe take ʤɤδܸȤ¿ǤΤۤƻ饸βԤȤäͥѶŪ˼夲Ƥޤ9. ޤͤפϡnote Ƥʤ顤ʵΤ褤 Wes hal! ʤɤǥѥȤͿϤƤޤ
12. ~ߤפΡܥΥåϡ䤬ܥΥå̤ƲƤΤʬǤ̣ʬäƤʤäȤˡ1ĤΥҥȤͿƤ줿Ǥ13. ״֡פˤ鸫AI⡤ɤ߱ޤɤǤ٤Ǥ͡
14. פϡѸˤɤ˹˯Ǥϥ쥮顼Ρ֤äƤޤ̿פΤۤƥήŪطʤȤȤԤǾܽҤƤޤ15. ġפΥǤϡܥǤΡֳεפֱѸˤߤˤĤƿƤޤ
Ǹϡ16. Graceפˤ뤳1 helwa ưȡ17. umisioפˤԽ嵭ǤԽѰǤ⤢뤪23礬ʤȤ⤪⤷2̤ơhelȴƤȤ褯狼ȤʤäƤޤ
⡤ƼԳơαѸ˰ȯȤʤäƤޤҤäȤɤߤФȻפޤ
hellog ɼԤγ⡤Τ褦hel襳ߥ˥ƥ˲ääƤߤޤؿΤϡҵڤ˥ץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤǤ轵Сڡڤθ6ˡheldio ѤǮ̤Ǥޤ礦

31ˤīʹīĹˡҤǤƤ4Ǻܤޤǽ2ϡФ餯伫Ȥ䤷˿䤷ƤظűѸ졦ѸҿӡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åǤԤϤĤ225˴Ԥ줿ФܡԤϺǯ615˴Ԥ3ǤȤʤäƤܤǤ
2¤ǷǺܤ줿ȤˤϡֱѸˤδ֤ˡϤ褦helŸƤԤȤơФޤȤΤϡ2ϰ츫̡Ūܤ˸뤫⤷ޤ¤ϱѸˤȤפФạ̇̄طǷФƤ뤫Ǥcf. #6150. ֱѸˤפäƤޤ ([2026-02-27-1])ˡ
εǾܤͽǤѸˤؤˤϡΤ롼ȡפȡñ줫롼ȡפ2ĤȹͤƤޤ.رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ϡȶñΥԥɤñ롼ȡפζϤʰͤǤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ϡѸˤιʤؤԤ˿ʤ٤Υ롼ȡפοץʤʸ̤Ūи1Ǥ
2ɤ˸ޤإϥɥ֥å٤ñθ츻̥λ줿ΤǤСθ줬ޤ줿ˤäơɤΤ褦ʶäƤΤΤꤿʤϤǤȡȡؽ٤θʸؤƳƤǤ礦
դˡؽ٤ǸűѸγѲѸֻ˰ƮƤؽԤġθطʤˤɥޤΤСγؽϺ̤˭ʤΤؤѤޤ
Ĥޤꡤ2ϡ츻ȤפμʸȤ̡פηиؤȷҤ뤤ϤεդؤȶϤطˤޤߥޥءƥޥߥءΥСѸˤγؤӤΩŪʤΤˤƤΤǤ
ˤޤƤϡʾδطռĤġ2δ֤ҹԤ褷ƤߤƤѸˤΤʤ̥Ϥ˵ŤȤˤʤϤǤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
216ʷˤ˻ X @chariderryu ˤơ3Ѹ (hel_ogiri) ŤޤΤϡ⤷ʣ (disguised_compound) ƤȤΤǤ礦ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡΥȥָѸ30Ϣȯ No. 22 Ȥdaisy ֥ҥʥפθ츻űѸ dæges ēage "day's eye" ΤäƤޤƤľˡⳫŤޤ
ŤζϼԤǤ⤢ heldio/helwa ꥹʡ ari Υ桼饹ηäˤꡤϡͷӿơ֤äΤ긢̿̾ޤͥϪΥեߥȤơΡ֤ʸפ X Ӹޤ
Daisy֤ Day () Eye () äΤġ
2١ʤ٤ι⤤ǤѸ츻ԼԤ¿ɼƤޤĤΤ褦˻Ǥиǡ⤷äΡٶˤʤäΤĤǺܤޤ
Gospel֤ Good (ɤ) Spell (Τ餻) äΤġ
Curfew֤ Cover (ä) Fire () äΤġ
But֤ By (Ф) Out () äΤġ
About֤ On () By (Ф) Out () äΤġ
Kitchen֤ Cook () -ina () äΤġ
Don֤ Do (롤֤) On () äΤġ
Lapwing֤ Leap (ķͤ) Wink () äΤġ
Answer֤ And (Ф) Swear () äΤġ
Worship֤ Worth () -ship (뤳) äΤġ
Chameleon֤ Khamaí (Ϥ礦) Léōn () äΤġ
Zebra֤ Equus () Ferus () äΤġ
Giraffe֤ Zurn (å) Py () äΤġ
Pyjamas֤ Pāy () Jāma () äΤġ
Philip֥եåס Philéō () Híppos () äΤġ
Barn֤ Bere () Ærn (Ȳ) äΤġ
ơari ޤˤΥեޥåȤ11Ϣȯ
bridal eleven ηޤ꤬ä11neighbor Marshal alarm Ĥ餹ȡɤ squirrel vinegar garlic ɤ handkerchief åä dismal ʸʤầФΤ answer ä
ʤˤ㤬ޤȤϡұñ츻ؽȥܥӥˤѤ
ƤΤϡʬѸ줫ǤʲϴƤܸ줫ǤܸȤѤʤȤˤʤꤽǤ͡
ʤҤˡ֤ () Τ () äΤġ
ҡʤ䤷ˡ֤ () () äΤġ
ʩʤۤȤˡ֤ (դȡ֥å) () äΤġסʽ⤢
ܵƱݤǡ227 heldio ˤ #1734. ֵʣ --- ηȯɽϤޤҤ⤪İ
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2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
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2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
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2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
ǽ: 2026-07-08 17:50
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