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̤ˡѸưϲʬηˡˤ礭§ѲưԵ§Ѳưʬ롥ζʬϡñ˷ֲŪ1Τߤܤ롥ʬθ <-ed> ղä뤫ݤȤǤ롥θȤƤ /-d, -t, -ɪd/ 3ब뤬δΤˤ줫Τޤղä뤫ʵ§Ѳưˡ뤤ϤʳԵ§ѲưˤȤ绨ĤʶʬǤ롥ԤϤ˷ֲŪ˺ʬΤ̤ǤϺˤΩʤˡ-<ed> ̵ͭˤ붦Ūʬˡפ̾դʲΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| -ed ʵ§Ѳ | called, looked, visited |
| non-ed Ե§Ѳ | bought, came, got, made, sent, set, went |
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Ѳ | bought, called, looked, made, sent, set, visited, went |
| Ѳ | came, got |
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| ̵Ѱ | set |
| ԴѰ | called, looked, visited; bought, came, got, made; sent |
| ???????? | went |
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| ̵Ѱ | carp, fish, hundred, sheep |
| ԴѰ | books, dogs, watches; children, oxen; feet, men; alumni, phenomena |
| ???????? | people (for persons) |
ε֥ꥶ٥Ūʥˬ ([2011-05-29-1]) ǥ BBC ε ˡøФäѥꥶ٥μ̿ǺܤƤФϥɤħ뿧ǤꡤɰդʧäƤǤ롥

ɤФȷӤĤΤϡФ硤Ȥ櫓 shamrock Ǥ롥shamrock ܸǤϡ֥ĥĥ֥ĥפʤɤȸƤФƤꡤŪ˸륯СʤɤλդοʪؤǤ롥shamrock ϥɤι֤ǤꡤϤˤѤƤ̱Ūʿʪ

shamrock ۤɤޤǤ˹̱ŪʤΤϡɤμ St. Patrick (389?--461?) ⤬ؤäƤ롥St. Patrick ϡ5˥ɤإꥹȶ֥ƥпȤοʪǤ롥㤤Ȥ˥ɤȤƤ졤֥ƥƨäȤиĤ˥ɤΤȤ˺줺붵դȤƺƤϰȤ롥ɤؤɤʧäʸߤºݤ˼ؤ©ƤʤˤʤɿĤƤ뤬äͭ̾ʤΤ shamrock λդˤäƻ̰Τζ⤤Ȥˤꡤshamrock ŪꥹȶɤξħȤ褦ˤʤä
ɿͤΥɷϰ̱ˤȤä St. Patrick ۤɰƤͤϤʤ317 St. Patrick's Day ȤƽŪ¯ŪʽˤȤʤäƤꡤä˥ɷϰ̱礭ŪȯϤäƤ륢ꥫǤϲޤ祤٥ȤȲƤ롥ǤϤ٤ƤФ˺̿ʲϤӡޤǤˡ shamrock ȤˤĤ롥
shamrock θ츻ϡɸǥСؤ seamar ˻ؾդ줿 seamróg Ǥ롥줬16Ⱦ˱ѸäƤѸäΤʤ˥ɸ줫μѸ¿Ϥʤ ([2011-05-23-1]) shamrock ϺǤ⥢ɤ餷Ѹ1ĤȤΤƤ롥
ʤߤˡɶ¹ιˤФޤޤƤ뤬ФϥȥåȤƤΥɤħƤ롥ϥˤʤǥץƥȤξħϤδ֤ˤäξꥹȶ²δ˾ɽǤ롥

51720ˡѥꥶ٥ֶƱץɤؤˬ̤Ūˤϡ¦ˤⴿޤ졤ŪˬȤʤäBBC Ǥ "Queen makes 'giant leap for British-Irish relations'" Ϥ¿εǺˬ䤬ƻ줿ä˾ħŪäΤϥ֥ǤջǤνΥԡ"Queen offers sympathy to Irish victims of troubles" ư褬뤬ꥶ٥ϡƻؤäۤƤץȤˤϤʤɸΰǥԡڤФΤǤ롥Mary McAleese Τβ "Wow" ȱѸδϢȯƤΤŪǤ롥
ѹΥˬϡ George V 1911ǯˬ䤷ư衤100ǯ֤ΤȤǤ롥ɶ¹Ω衤ƤΤȤˬϡξŤȶˤ˥ԥꥪɤǤĤˤϱȤɤ⡤ޤۤɤζڤȤʤäǽϤ롥
ȤιȤƤΥɤˤϡ12衤ɤβۤФ륲Ωˤä1166ǯǥޥޥɤ Henry II ˱Τθ800ǯˤ錄륢ɤζˤ볫äHenry II β˥Υޥ²ˤ륢ɻۤʤΤϻۤεڤϰϤȾüˤȤɤޤäƤ14˥ɤʩʤɤƤ֤˥뤬βǺǤϤĤΤϥɲμ硤åؤäξ̱²ĤʤѥפǤ⤢äǥɤȾüƱξħǤ⤢ä
ꡤ1541ǯ Henry VIII ̾¤Ȥ˥ɲ¨̤ȡɤδۤ˾ФElizabeth I ޤ³ Tudor īϡɤˤ륢ɴۤˤŤ³ Stuart īʹߤ⤳Ƨä James I ϥɤؤο̱夹뤳ȤǡƱ䤷ʤʤ륹ؤο̱夵줿ᡤ̥ɤȤϰȤοкѡˤ뺹
ѹˤƱϡ1801ǯѥϢˡˤϢ粦Ω˷¤롥ϢˤäƻϤޤä19ϡɤˤȤäƤΩνȤʤä1921ǯΩ襤ϱѥäƽ©ɤϡּͳã뤿μͳפ1949ǯĤ˼ͳã졤ɶ¹
ѹΥɻۤˤϡɤؤαѸοƩˤǤ⤢롥ɤˤѸѤ13ȾФ˻Ϥޤ뤬Τ Dublin դ쳤˸ꤵƤ礬ܳʲΤϡƱȤ줿16Ⱦаʹߡä17 James I ˤ륤ɤȥåȥɤο̱ʹߤΤȤǤ롥åؤηкŪ奲ο͡ƴŪȤʤֱѸθפȤռΩΤȹͤ롥19ȾФˤϿȾѸüԤȤʤäƤȤ롥1845ǯΥ㥬絲 ( Great Irish [Potato] Famine ) κ顤ɸϵ®˿षߥɸϱѸ¤ǥɶ¹θѸξüԤϼȤ the Gaeltacht ˸ꤵƤ롥
ɤ˱Ѹ줬դƿɴǯΥɸˤ륹ԡڤФϡħŪȤǤϸɽ碌ʤۤɤ˿ħŪǤ롥
ɱѸ˴ؤƤϡ[2010-03-20-1], [2010-03-21-1]εȡ
¿ ͵¤ʪ쥢ɤˡ١ҡӡ1994ǯ.
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 144--49.
̤˸űѸθ ( composition ) ( derivation ) ħդȤ롥ԤˤĤƤ[2011-02-04-1], [2010-08-12-1]ʤɤεǡԤˤĤƤ[2009-10-31-1], [2009-05-18-1]ʤɤεǸڤƤ
ȤԤ derivation ˤĤ Bradley ۤʤ븫Ҥ٤Ƥ롥űѸϡ¤ϸűѸ˳ΩƤΤǤꡤderivation ȤβΤΤűѸŪǤä櫓ǤϤʤȤ⤷줬¤ȤȡѸˤγϸäʾʤȤ˼ĥ֤ƤȤȤˤʤ롥뤤ϻ䤬ñ˸ƤȤȤȤƤȷ̤ȤƤȤ㤤ƤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Old English was considerably less rich than Modern English in methods of making new words by derivation. It is true that a large portion of the Old English vocabulary consists of words derived from other words that existed in the language. But very many of these derivatives had been already formed before the English came over from the continent, and the processes by which they were made had become obsolete before the date of the earliest Old English literature. (91)
The Old English language, at the earliest period at which it is known to us, had already lost one of the most useful of the means for word-making which it originally possessed. . . . Almost all those modes of derivation which were actually current in Old English have continued in constant use down to the present time. (93)
derivation űѸħŪʸ1ĤȤƼ夲ݤˤդɬפȤȤϢơderivation ( productivity ) ˤ¬ꤹ뤫Ȥϡ[2011-04-28-1]ε -dom ̻̾ŪʬۡפǤ줿ȤꡤŪˤǤ뤳ȤٻŦƤ
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
Celt 䤽 Celtic θƬҲˤ /k/ /s/ 2̤ȯ롥ܸǤ̱²̾ȤƤΡ֥ȡפ夷Ƥ뤬ѸǤɤ줬롥
̱²ˤϸŤCelt ̱²̾ȤƱѸäƤΤϰƳ٤16ȾФǤ롥奮ꥷͤϥ ( the Gauls ) ؤ Κελτοί ȸƤӡͤ Celtæ ȸƤǤͤϡ֥ƥˤȷϥ֥ȥ ( the Britons ) ؤΤˤϤθȤʤä褦Ǥ롥
ơθϥե Celte Ȥ줿եǤϥ֥륿˥ ( Brittany; see [2011-05-01-1] ) Υȿͤ䥱ȸؤƤȷطˤ륤ꥹ˽ޤȿͤ䥱ȸΰ̾ΤȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäơΥեѸ Celt ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ѸǤϥ֥륿˥ΥȿͤؤƤե˲ Pezron ظ奱̱²ˡ٤α (1706) ʹߤ˰̾ΤȤƤΡ֥ȡפθϤޤäƤ롥ƻ Celtic ۤƱаޤǤ롥
θƬҲȯꥷƥβȤƤ /k/ եβȤƤ /s/ Ǥ롥ֻ Kelt(ic) Ǥ /k/ ȯ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤΰֻϤޤǤ롥ǤϡOED Ǥ /sɛlt, kɛlt/ ȤʤäƤ뤬μפʳؽԱѱѼǤ /kɛlt, sɛlt/ ȽžƤ롥ǤŪȤ⤤ OALD8 Ǥϡ/kɛlt/ ƤʤLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ˤȡξҲʬۤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥

̱²ˤˤϰŪ /k/ ̾䥹åȥɱѸȤƤ /s/ ѤȳФƤ̤ꤽǤ롥Scotland Glasgow ܵϤȤ륵å Celtic Football Club ϡŵŪ /s/ ȤȤˤʤ
ʸ嵭2019/07/25(Thu)Ĺˤϡ֥åפȸƤǤ Წ ݡˡإȤܡ١Ź2000ǯp. 22
2011ǯ53դǹϢ World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision ɽ줿ץ쥹PDF
ˤȡϺǯ10ޤǤ70ͤã2050ǯˤ93͡2100ǯˤ101ͤãȤ롥夲Ϲ⤤Ψǡˤϥեꥫ399˥6ƥꥫ4ޤޤȤ
ʹοͤȡܤο2010ǯ12600ͤ2100ǯˤ9130ͤظο1925ǯ139500ͤԡˡ2100ǯˤ94100ͤظɤοϡ1925ǯɤȴ1960ǯˤ171796ͤã2100ǯˤ155000ͤظ
絬Ϥʿͽ¬ˤ¿ޤޤƤ롥㤨Сץ쥹ɸˤ⤢褦 "if Fertility in all Countries Converges to Replacement Level" Ȥ롥äƲˤդפ뤬ѸüԿפǤ⡤Τ褦ͤϺǽפǤ롥[2010-05-07-1]εּ ENLESL οΨפǼ夲ENL7ͤȤܤɲáˤESL13ˤˤĤơ2100ǯޤǤοܡ medium variant ˴ŤˤղƤߤ


ENLϥꥫƺ¤ͽ¬ESLϺȾФˤƿĹȾꤨˤɤͤȴƤꡤʥꥢѥ˥ܤĥΤ롥
̤οͽ¬Ȥ̤αѸüԤοͽ¬뤳ȤñʺȤǤϤʤʤȤESLοȯϤŪͽ¬˴ŤƻŪ˳ǧ줿ȤϤ
ѸüԿˤĤƤϡ[2010-06-28-1], [2010-06-15-1], [2010-05-29-1]ε⻲ȡ
[2010-07-08-1]ε֤ˤƸŲꤹ뤫פűѸβɤ뵡ɬʤϡʤűѸβۤɤγοäΤȤǤ롥Ͽ郎ʤäʾ塤ΤȯꤹȤȤܼŪ speculative Ǥ롥ʸĤäƤʾ塤б벻ꤷʤȤȤϤʤŲꤹݤΤäȤŪ°ǤʸοפˤĤƹͤƤߤ
θŤʳʸˤϡȯΤΤˤäȤˤʤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤäʸե٥åȤ䲾̾Τ褦ɽʸǤкǹǤ롥ʤȤ˸ŤѸϥޥե٥åȤˤäƵҤƤꡤ줬ŸβηϤꤹΤˤäȤΩäƤ롥
ʾΤȤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϤۤɼǤϤʤ㤨С<a> Ȥ줬 /a/ ȤɽȤȤϤɤΤ褦˳ΤΤѸǤϡ<a> ñȤǤ /eɪ/ ɤޤ뤷ñǤ /æ/, /ə/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/ ʤ͡ʲб롥ѸǤϤʸ벻˰абȤȤɬѤǤʸȲδطˤϴʬΡͷӡפΤǤ롥ơˤƤ⤳Τ褦ʡͷӡפʤäȤϸڤʤʸȲδ֤˴طʤȵΤϹԤǤ100%бꤹΤϴ
˽Ҥ٤ͷӡפβǽʬ˹θǤСϤʸϲꤹݤ˺νˤʤ뤳ȤϵʤޤʸˤƤäѤ˲ȿꤷΡͷӡפϤΤĤɲ褷Ƥ椯ȤäȤ̵ʤʸפȤ⤫Ϥʤ¤ꡤ⤽ŲԲǽ
1796ǯ919ꥫ罰ν George Washington (1732--99) οä farewell address ֤̤ΥԡפɤվΡرʸˡΤäƤޤ (252--53) ˤȡθФʬѸϤλФˤʤȤΤǡɤ뵡äʲαʸǤ롥
FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS. The period for a new election of a citizen, to administer the executive government of the United States, being not far distant, and the time actually arrived, when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.
Τɤ߱ΤʸǤ롥դ٤ʸˡΥݥȤϤ뤬ǸΤۤ decline Ǥʤư̾줬³ŦƤ줿ϸƨƤΤ;פ˴ؿäΤdecline ˡؽѱѱѼĴ٤ȡư̾줬³빽ʸϿƤʤ礭ʱ¼ǤϡŪǤϤʤȤʤ⡤ư̾줬³ȵҤƤ롥ޤOED Ĵ٤ decline, v. θ 13b ˵Ƥ17ʹߤοǡư̾θ³빽ʸǧ롥äơWashington ư̾ѤƤΤŪˤʤʸǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
Washington ƵʹʸѤΤϤʤstyle formality ʤΤ뤤 decline μ빽ʸμ٤鸽ߤޤǤδ֤̻ŪѲƤȤȤʤΤɤܻؤˤϡˤʤäܳŪˤ̻ѥʤɤĴ٤ɬפ뤬ޤ BNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
줬³빽ʸФΤˡ"{decline/V} (_{ADV})* _TO0" Ǹȡ769㤬ҥåȡư̾줬³빽ʸ "{decline/V} (_{ADV})* _VVG" ǼФҥåȤ9Τºݤˤ3Τ߳Ǥ뤳ȤȽ饤
- FTT 821: . . . but with proper delicacy to this subject they decline making application at Present and till it is ascertained how cattle markets may go in June next . . .
- FTT 839: The Presses of this meeting, as being part owner of the Steam Boat, declines allowing the assessment for the Steam Boat to be charged for this year.
- HW8 831: Dosh and Freddie didn't take much persuading but Chase thankfully declined saying that parties didn't like him.
FTT ʤŵAn Islay Notebook Ȥ non-academic prose and biographyˤ2㤬ڤȤΤϡʤʤΤWashington ư̾λˤĤƤȽǤʤޤޤߤޤǤ˸뤤ϳʼĥäȤ˸ꤵƤǽ̻Ū٤äƤǽϤꤽ
졡رʸˡΤäƤޤ١ʸ麽սʸտӡ2003ǯ
Ѹκħ1ĤǤ cosmopolitan vocabulary ˤĤƤ pde_characteristic ϤȤ뵭ǡޤˤ "asset" ȤߤʤˤĤƤȽŪ[2009-09-27-1], [2010-05-22-1]εʤɤǰäƤϢơѸäѸƤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ[2010-05-16-1]˥ĥä loan_word γƵˤƤ
ѸθäŪäΤˤϡ[2009-11-14-1]εָѸμѸεȳ (2)פΥդߤΤüᤤñȤμѸŪ˥ꥹȲƤСʤüᤤǡȤ Crystal ( The English Language, p. 40 and Encyclopedia, pp. 126--27 ) ˴Ť¾¿դäʤ顤ѸĥƤߤ
| Language | Words |
|---|---|
| Afrikaans | apartheid, gnu, impala, indri, kraal, mamba, trek, tse-tse |
| Aleutian | parka |
| American Indian | chipmunk, moccasin, pow wow, skunk, squaw, totem, wigwam |
| Anglo-Saxon | God, Sunday, beer, crafty, gospel, house, rain, rainbow, sea, sheep, understand, wisdom |
| Arabic | algebra, assassin, azimuth, emir, ghoul, harem, hashish, intifada, mohair, sheikh, sherbet, sultan, zero |
| Araucanian | coypu, poncho |
| Australian | boomerang, budgerigar, dingo, kangaroo, koala, wallaroo, wombat |
| Brazilian | abouti, ai, birimbao, bossa nova, favela, jaguar, manioc, piranha |
| Canadian Indian | pecan, toboggan |
| Chinese | chopsuey, chow mein, cumquat, kaolin, ketchup, kung fu, litchi, sampan, tea, tycoon, typhoon, yen (=desire) |
| Czech | howitzer, pistol, robot |
| Dutch | bluff, cruise, easel, frolic, knapsack, landscape, poppycock, roster, slim |
| Eskimo | anorak, igloo, kayak |
| Finnish | sauna |
| French | anatomy, aunt, brochure, castle, cellar, challenge, chocolate, crocodile, cushion, debt, dinner, entrance, fruit, garage, grotesque, increase, jewel, justice, languish, medicine, montage, moustache, passport, police, precious, prince, sacrifice, sculpture, sergeant, table, trespass, unique, venison, victory, vogue, voyeur |
| Gaelic | banshee, brogue, galore, leprechaun |
| German | angst, dachshund, gimmick, hamburger, hamster, kindergarten, lager, nix, paraffin, plunder, poodle, sauerkraut, snorkel, strafe, waltz, yodel, zinc |
| Greek | anonymous, catastrophe, climax, coma, crisis, dogma, euphoria, lexicon, moussaka, neurosis, ouzo, pylon, schizophrenia, stigma, therm, thermometer, tonic, topic |
| Haitian | barbecue, cannibal, canoe, peccary, potato, yucca |
| Hawaiian | aloha, hula, lei, nene, ukulele |
| Hebrew | bar mitzvah, kibbutz, kosher, menorah, shalom, shibboleth, targum, yom kippur, ziggurat |
| Hindi | bungalow, chutney, dekko, dungaree, guru, gymkhana, jungle, pundit, pyjamas, sari, shampoo, thug |
| Hungarian | cimbalom, goulash, hussar, paprika |
| Icelandic | geyser, mumps, saga |
| Irish | blarney, brat, garda, taoiseach, whiskey |
| Italian | arcade, balcony, ballot, bandit, ciao, concerto, falsetto, fiasco, giraffe, lava, mafia, opera, scampi, sonnet, soprano, studio, timpani, traffic, violin |
| Japanese | bonsai, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, judo, kamikaze, karate, kimono, shogun, tycoon, zaitech |
| Javanese | batik, gamelan, lahar |
| Korean | hangul, kimchi, makkoli, ondol, won |
| Latin | alibi, altar circus, aquarium, circus, compact, diocese, discuss, equator, focus, frustrate, genius, include, index, interim, legal, monk, nervous, onus, orbit, quiet, ulcer, ultimatum, vertigo |
| Malagasy | raffia |
| Malay | amok, caddy, gong, kapok, orang-outang, sago, sarong |
| Maori | haka, hongi, kakapo, kiwi, pakeha, whare |
| Nahuatl | axolotl, coyote, mescal, tomato, tortilla |
| Norwegian | cosy, fjord, krill, lemming, ski, slalom |
| Old Norse | both, egg, knife, low, sky, take, they, want |
| Persian | bazaar, caravan, divan, shah, shawl, sofa |
| Peruvian | condor, inca, llama, maté, puma, quinine |
| Polish | horde, mazurka, zloty |
| Polynesian | kava, poe, taboo, tapa, taro, tattoo |
| Portuguese | buffalo, flamingo, marmalade, pagoda, veranda |
| Quechuan | llama |
| Russian | agitprop, borsch, czar, glasnost, intelligentsia, perestroika, rouble, samovar, sputnik, steppe, troika |
| Sanskrit | swastika, yoga |
| Scottish | caber, cairn, clan, lock, slogan |
| Serbo-Croat | cravat, silvovitz |
| Spanish | albatross, banana, bonanza, cafeteria, cannibal, canyon, cigar, cobra, cork, dodo, guitar, hacienda, hammock, junta, marijuana, marmalade, molasses, mosquito, potato, rodeo, sherry, sombrero, stampede, supremo |
| Swahili | bongo, bwana, harmattan, marimba, safari, voodoo |
| Swedish | ombudsman, tungsten, verve |
| Tagalog | boondock, buntal, ylang-ylang |
| Tamil | bandicoot, catamaran, curry, mulligatawny, pariah |
| Tibetan | Koumiss, argali, lama, polo, shaman, sherpa, yak, yeti |
| Tongan | taboo |
| Turkish | aga, bosh, caftan, caviare, coffee, fez, jackal, kiosk, shish kebab, yoghurt |
| Vietnamese | ao dai, nuoc mam |
| Welsh | coracle, corgi, crag, eisteddfod, hwyl, penguin |
| Yiddish | chutzpah, gelt, kosher, nosh, oy vay, schemozzle, schmaltz, schmuk |
contronym ˤĤ[2010-11-14-1]εˤ1Ĥ literally 롥Ѹλä The Web of Language ε "A literal paradox" ȤƤ⤷Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥literally ȤϤƤ "figuratively" ѤȤ
ʤۤɡΤ˼Τ褦ʸǤϡΤʪŪȯȲ᤹ʸ̤פɤߤ̤Ūˡַ㹷פɤߤʤ
When I told him the news he literally exploded.
¿μǤϡΤ褦Ūʰ̣Ǥ literally ˡϸѤʤȤɸŪˡȤƤ롥㤨 OED Ǥϡliterally 3b θ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
b. Used to indicate that the following word or phrase must be taken in its literal sense.
Now often improperly used to indicate that some conventional metaphorical or hyperbolical phrase is to be taken in the strongest admissible sense.
ؽѱѱѼǤϵŪ٤ζ٤ϤޤޤΤ褦ǡϷޤ Oxford Longman ǤϤˡϸΤۤθǿƤŪŪʼ갷Ū Cobuild, Cambridge, Macmillan Ǥ1Ȥ硹Ūˡʡ˼夲Ƥ롥
literally ΤˡϵŪˤȤ뤬٤Ȥ19ȾǧƤꡤߤθǤϹѤƤ롥¾Ƥߤ褦
- It literally rained cats and dogs.
- I literally jumped out of my skin.
- The views are literally breath-taking.
- I was literally bowled over by the news.
- Steam was literally coming out of his ears.
ʸΤˤƤʸ̤ˡפǤ뤳Ȥʬ褦ˡܸΡʸ̤ˡפ literally Ʊͤΰ̣ۣ椵ʸ̤ˡפʸ̤Ѥ뤳ȤϤޤʤŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ롥
Ѹ literally ǤܸΡʸ̤ˡפǤ⡤ɽ letter ʥƥ littera ͳˡʸפȷӤĤƤΤ⤷äդ˴Ťȯ̤ˡפָˤ̤ˡפǤϤʤդ˴Ťʸ̤ˡפȤɽȤʤäƤΤ϶ΰפ
䡤϶ǤϤޤ̤ʸļҲǤϡդäդ֤餤פΤȸʤƤ[2011-05-15-1]εäפȡˡͳ1Ĥϡʸդ줿Τϱ³ȴ뤫ʸΤˤꡤʸդ줿ˤ̵ɵͳȤä餬ޤȤĤüԤϤɽʸ̤ˡפȤǸꤹ뤳ȤˤäơɽΤỊ̇ν褵äԡ뤷ƤΤǤϤʤǡȯ̤ˡפȸꤷƤ⡤ۤɤϤ⤿ʤΤǤϤʤ
literally Τ褦ʷаޤȯŸƤǤΤʤС literally ΰ̣ʸ̤ΰ̣ǤʤʤäƤƤȤΤϡȤʰ̣ѲǤ롥
ǯܸǤϸʶġֻ̡פäơֽءפˡֽաפȤ̾Ūʹ褦ˤʤäֻ̡פϡֳءפȤϡֽѡפ뤤ϡֿ͵פפ⤫Фؤ1ʬȤƤΡֽءפ⡤ŤäΤȤտ路Ƥ롥κŪʶ椨ˡʿ̾ȤƤѤʤʤäƤ롥
ѸǤ⡤λŻؤȤơŤŪʶͭ midwifery ֻ̽ѡפȶؤΥɺ obstetrics ֻʳءפ2줬ꡤܸξȻƤʤʤ
OED ˤȡmidwife 1303ǯmidwifery 1483ǯФǡѸǤλѤˤĹmidwife wife ϡֺʡפǤϤʤֽפΰ̣Ǥ롥ޤƬ mid- ϸŤֻ mid "with" ȹͤ졤ΤȤ "(a woman) with a mother at the birth" ۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯ѸθǤϤ뤬ǤȤ߹碌ǥޥŪʸǤ롥
obstetrics νФ1819ǯǡˤʤäƤʸǤ midwifery פʬȤƸڤƤ롧 "the doctrines or practice of midwifery. . . Employed in a larger signification than midwifery in its usual sense." ƻ obstetric 1742ǯȳиƤ롥obstetric θ츻ϥƥ obstetrīcius ǡob- + stāre + -trīx "a woman who stands before" ֡ʤˡΩפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥ۤƱǡΩϤԡפȤ obstacle ѸäƤ롥
midwifery obstetrics ŤᤫΤϡWalker (39) ˤȡθ츻ȤطƤȤ
'Midwifery' is a word which derives from Old English rather than Latin or Greek, implying that historically it has been given a lower status than other branches of medicine. It is no coincidence that it has been predominantly practised by women.
Ϣơȡʿ̾͡˥ޥϼѸ줬¿ȤˤĤƤϡ߷ (66) ǤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥Τ뿦Ȥξ硤ϱѸ̾ϼѸǤ뤳Ȥ¿ϡưʪȤɽñפԤϱѸǸԤϼѸˤȤطƤ ([2010-03-24-1], [2010-03-25-1]) ΥޥˤꥤɼҲ˥ե͡ʸ˾̡͡ʸ˲̤Ȥ줿Ū¤θäθ츻ʬۤȿǤƤȸƤ롥
| ̾ | Ǻࡦ |
|---|---|
| carpenter 繩 | wood ں |
| mason й | stone С |
| tailor ֻΩ | cloth ۡ |
| fletcher 𱩿͡ | arrow |
| barber ־ | hair Ƭȱ |
| butcher | meat ֿ |
[2011-05-12-1], [2011-05-13-1]εǤ줾졤뺧 Amen ȯ夲θ줬ݼŪʿ¤ΰüźˤޤĤѡȤŵθ䵷θݼŪǤꡤѲФΤǤ롥ꥹȶඵʩǤꡥǤϡʤθϸŤޤݤΤ
ʲפĤޤޤ˲ǽΤװ֥쥹ȤƤߤ¾ˤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ
Ťޤޤθ줢뤤ǽθΤۤŪʿ꤬ߤ뤫
б٤ɽ魯ѡפǤʤФʤʤ
ĤθդΤޤޤ뤳Ȥפ
ŵ䵷ʸʤɤäʸ줿ȤǤϡ˽դǤݼͿΤǤ
θˤϸ˸褦ʥȥåѤƤ礬¿Τ褦ʥȥåϸ뤳Ȥ
ȿˤƤϡ̱ˤȤäǽʸǤۤθȤʤԳ餬Ҥݤ䤹
װȤ߹蘆äơθѲʤʤȤѲ®٤ˤȤȤˤʤΤǤϤʤѲ®٤ˤĤƤ speed_of_change γƵˤƤäˡָѲ˳װפε[2010-07-01-1]Ǹ줬ѲˤĶˤĤˤѤǤϤǤ롥
㤨С[2010-07-01-1]εǸѲ˳װ3ܤȤƵ "political and social stability" ϡҲȤƤνˤĤƤΤޤƤϤޤ4ܤ "attitudes of ethnic and linguistic purism" ˤĤƤϡ "religious purism" ޤƤ⼫ʸ̮Ǥ롥Ū purism ɵ᤹ΤǤС purism ɵ᤹뤳ȤˤʤѸˤǤ⡤פλǸŪ purism ε5ܤ "a strong written tradition" ˿줿̤Ǥ롥
1ܡ2ܤ "isolation", "separation" ΤϡǤ롥æƤʷϵ⤹ˤϡŤΤüᤤƱˡ꤬ߤ⤹ȤǤ롥
⡤ȤħפȤߤ˴طƤ롥θθŤϡߤħθȸΤǤϤʤ
¾ưβʬƻ줬Ȥΰ̣ˤʤ뤳ȤϡʸˡδܻǤ롥a satisfied customer, a surprised look, written language ʤɡ㳰¸ߤ롥¾ưβʬƻǤˤ⤫餺ǽưŪʰ̣Ȥʤ뾯㤬롥
a drunken fellow ( = a fellow who has drunk much )
a well-read man ( = a man who has read much )
an out-spoken gentleman ( = a gentleman who speaks out his opinions )
¾ưβʬƻϼȤΰ̣ˤʤפȤ§ФǤϤʤȤʬ롥ǤϡּȡפǤϤʤִλפˡǤ롥
ϢơưβʬƻˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥ưȤˤʤ뤳ȤǤʤΤǡưβʬƻ줬ȤȤϰ츫ԲIJ⤷ʤ٤⾯ʤΤdzعʸˡŪ˼夲뤳ȤϤʤʲ̤ꡤΤˤ롥
a gone case ( = a case which has gone too far )
a departed guest ( = a guest who has departed )
a faded flower ( = a flower which has faded )
a fallen city ( = a city which has fallen )
a grown man ( = a man who has grown up )
a learned scholar ( = a scholar who has learned much )
a retired officer ( = an officer who has retired )
a returned soldier ( = a soldier who has returned )
a risen sun ( = a sun which has risen )
a well-behaved child ( = a child who behaves well )
a withered flower ( = a flower which has withered )
ط̾ѤƸɽߤ餫ʤȤꡤǤβʬƻϡִλפˡȤƵǽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥μư¿ϱȯ֤Ѳɽ魯ưǤꡤŤ have ǤϤʤ be ˤ괰λääơa fallen city Ȥ a city which is fallen Ṳ̄ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
βʬƻˤĤƤϡٹ (46--48) ȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
[2009-06-08-1]εָʸˤפǤϡΤߤˤƸˤϡॹѥϼŪˤޤǰФϵΤ46ǯˤȸˤĴľǤȤ館褦ˡ46ǯ1ǯ֤Ȥ˽̤ɽƤߤ
1ä146ǯ롥糢ϲɽˤñ̤ޤǼ600ǯۥ⥵ԥ20ǯȯ10ǯȤȤ˷Ƥ롥ܤɽϤΥڡHTMLȡ
| ʻʬá | |
|---|---|
| 01/01 | ۤϵ夬ޤ |
| 01/08 | Ǥ |
| 01/16 | Ǥ |
| 02/17 -- 03/04 | ʤФϵƳȯθդӳǤ |
| 03/04 | ǸŤ̿ |
| 05/30 | ???????????????????????????????????????? |
| 06/24 -- 07/09 | δ֤Τɤǡ絬Ϥɹϻ |
| 07/17 | ʪʺ˦ΰҤޤƤʪˤо |
| 08/02 | ̡ĶΦǤ |
| 09/27 | ¿˦ʪȯŸ |
| 09/27 -- 10/29 | ǥ˥ĶΦλ |
| 10/30 -- 11/13 | δ֤Τɤǡ絬Ϥɹϻ |
| 11/14 | ǥʪо |
| 11/19 | ̵ĤưʪμबȯŪ |
| 11/25 -- 11/27 | ʪξΦ |
| 11/30 | о |
| 12/11 | ڥ |
| 12/15 -- 12/26 | ε˱ |
| 12/26 | |
| 12/31 12:34:26 | |
| 12/31 23:37:08 | ۥ⥵ԥ |
| 12/31 23:48:34 | ȯ |
| 12/31 23:58:03 | 饹ɲ |
| 12/31 23:59:18 | ĸλ |
| 12/31 23:59:22 | ʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:23 | ץʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:25 | ݥߥʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:36 | ҥåʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:42 | ޥʸڥ륷ʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:44 | 奤ʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:48 | Ѹε |
| 12/31 23:59:56 | ѸλϤޤ |
[2011-05-06-1]εglide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragogeפ錄겻 (glide) ޤ1ĤȤƿ줿 number ȡξάɽ no., No., no, No ˤĤơ̾ number ϥƥ numerus ͳ褷ե no(u)mbre ͳ1300ǯޤǤ˱Ѹ˼ѤƤư number ۤƱ˱ѸäƤƤ롥ʻˤƤ⡤錄겻 /b/ ϥեʳǵäƤ
ƥ numerus åʷ numerō "in number" ΰ̣ѤƤξάɽ no., No. 17ȾФ˱ѸäƤȯϱѸ˴Ťޤ /ˈnʌmbə/ Ǥ롥ʣ Nos., nos. ֤ꡤɽǤ "#" Ѥʤε number sign 뤤 hash (sign) ȸƤФ뤬ԤϳʻҾͤɽ魯 hatch(ing) Ϣۤˤָ̱츻ȸˡեǤ noɥĸǤ Nr. ֤롥
Ĥޤ긽Ѹ number no. ϸ츻Ūˤϸ̩˴ȾάδطǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥षƥ numerus ˵ˤ2Ÿ ( doublet ) ȸƤ֤٤
ʤ錄겻 /b/ Ƥʤ֤ϡƥ numerus ȤDZѸˤ¿ѤƤ롥
denumerable, enumerate, enumeration, innumerable, numerable, numeral, numeration, numerator, numerical, supernumerary
ܥ֥ǤϡűѸ졤Ѹ졤եΰѤ䡤IPA ݲɸʸפʤɤȯϤ뵡¿Τ̤¿ȡüʸü쵭Ǥߤ路ʤäƤ롥κݤȻפASCIIʸϤǤ뵭ˡŪʸѴġƤߤѸˤμդѤ뤳Ȥ¿ʸѴоݤˤΤǡ̾դ hel typist͡㡤ˡ
ƥ uerba uolant, scripta manent äդӵꡤդϻĤפȸȤꡤäդϿʤ¤֤DzȤȤήäƤޤդġ桤ʤɤΤ¸³¤ͭǤ롥
ʸļҲˤƤϡդϤλ³Ū椨äդ⤤ϰ̤ͿƤаޤ롥դĸθ춦ƱΤǤ⡤ʸΤۤƬͭʤΤȤͥ롥ȡ֤餯פʤΤǤ롥
ؤθоݤä (speech) Ǥꡤ (writing) δؿŪǤ롥ε [2011-05-14-1] ǡؤҤϤͥ褵뤳ȤˤĤˤƱͤ˸ؤäդդͥ褵Τ縶§Ǥ롥ͥŤϡʲ̤ꡤäդΤۤ꺬ŪܼŪǤ뤳Ȥ˴Ť
ҥȤθϡäդȤȯդˤ[2009-06-08-1]εָʸˤפȡ
ȯͤƤ⡤ĻϤޤäդ롥˴ؤơäդϾ˽դΩġ
äդǽϤϥҥȤȤŷŪդϾ˸ŷŪ˳ؽ롥
ˤ⸽ߤˤ⡤ʸ⤿ʤΤۤʸĸ¿
ؤˤäդͥˤĤơƱ͡Martinet ȤȤ˰Ѥ롥ҲˤդνŦľǤ롥
Ceci ne doit pas faire oublier que les signes du langage humain sont en priorité vocaux, que, pendant des centaines de milliers d'années, ces signes ont été exclusivement vocaux, et qu'aujourd'hui encore les êtres humains en majoriteé savent parler sans savoir lire. On apprend à parler avant d'apprendre à lire : la lecture vient doubler la parole, jamais l'inverse. L'étude de l'écriture représente une discipline distincte de la linguistique, enore que, pratiquement, une de ses annexes. Le linguiste fait donc par principe abstraction des faits de graphie. Il ne les considère que dans la mesure, au total restreinte, où les faits de graphie influencent la form des signes vocaux.
ΤȤ椨ˡʹ֤θεͥŪ˲˴ؤΤǤ뤳ȡǯΤεϤäѤ鲻ǤäȡǤȾɤʤȤä뤳Ȥ˺뤳ȤäƤϤʤʤͤɤळȤФޤäȤФ롥ɤळȤäȤɤۤ褦ˤʤΤǤäơ褷ƤεդǤϤʤդθϡºݾϸؤ°ʬ1ĤǤϤ뤬Ω1ʬɽ路Ƥ롥äơؼԤϸ§Ȥƽˡλ¤ξݤ롥ˡλ¤ϡΤȤƸ¤줿ϰϤˤơ줬ȯ뵭η֤˱ƶڤܤϰϤˤƤΤ߹θоݤȤʤ롥
̸ؤδϡ嵭ä̤ͥθ§˰¸ϤʤѸˤδϡ褯мषǤθ§ɬפ롥Ѹˤʤ˸ؤʬǤϡषǸΡֽˡλ¤ϡΤȤƸ¤줿ϰϤˤơ줬ȯ뵭η֤˱ƶڤܤϰϤˤƤΤ߹θоݤȤʤפʬפǤ롥Ĥ줿ʸ̤ƤθǤʤ˸ؤˤƤϡŻȤäƤʤ¤ꡤʸȲδطιͻȤ櫓פȤʤ롥ºݤˡǯѸ츦Ǥϡȯֻδطξܺ٤ľϤޤäƤ롥ʸˤĤưȸäƤܿͤν֤Ǥϡ̩˻פäƤ뤬ɤ
Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
ѸǯֳؤؤؤƤؤμȤǺǽ˽Ȥ1Ĥ (description) (prescription) ΰ㤤롥ؤˤơʸˡ (descriptive grammar) ʸˡ (prescriptive grammar) ζ̤ϺǽܤǤ롥
ҤȤϸΤ뤬ޤޤλѤϿ뤳ȤǤꡤϤȤϸΤ٤ѤꤹΤǤ롥ؤϸθ¤ѻƵϿ뤳Ȥ̿ȤʳؤʤΤǡ֤٤פȤŪʥե륿̤ƸȤʤʸˡˡ֤ƤסƤסָäƤפȤȽǤϤ褽ʸˡ°ؤΩȤ̵Ǥ롥ΤˡʸˡΤΤ춵ѸؤΰϤ뤷ѸˤǤѸ쵬ʸˡΩβϽפǤ (prescriptive_grammar) ؤϸ§ȤƵҤȵϤ̤§ȤԤ˴ؿȤȤƤɬפ롥
ҤϤͥ褵ͳȤƤϡʲͤȤ褤
̤˲ʳؤϤ٤ѤΤǤϤʤ¤λѤѻʵҡˤ褦ȤΤǤ롥ؤ㳰ǤϤʤ
ʤҲʤޤҤƤʤȤƤ˵Ҥ٤ʸˡäƤ뤬٤ƤθҲʸˡäƤȤϸ¤ʤ뤤ɬפȤƤȤϸ¤ʤºݤˡʸˡäƤʤҲ¿¸ߤ롥Ѹεʸˡ18λʪˤʤ
ϤϲʹѤޤƻפ˶ᤤΤǤꡤϰˤäƤư롥ĿŪŪʿ̤ƻפϲʳؤˤʤޤʤ
Ȥ櫓ѸؤؤֱʸʤγϡҤȵϤζ̤ΤƤʤФʤʤȤΤϡּʸˡפʤɤμѱѸμȡʵʸˡˤ뤫ȻפСλ֤ˡֱѸسפʤɤαѸؤμȡʵʸˡˤƤꤹ뤫2ĤϱѸФ⡼ɤޤǰۤʤΤǡƬ180ڤ괹ʤФʤʤ
ҤȵϤν̤ˤĤƤϤɤθˤƤ뤳ȤMartinet (31) ˤ̸ؤ̾ƬȤȤ˰Ѥ褦
La linguistique est l'étude scientifique du langage humain. Une étude est dite scientifique lorsqu'elle se fonde sur l'observation des fait et s'abstient de proposer un choix parmi ces faits au nom de certains principes esthétiques ou moraux. «Scientifique» s'oppose donc à «prescriptif». Dans le cas de la linguistique, il est particulièrement important d'insister sur le caractère scientifique et non prescriptif de l'étude : l'objet de cette science étant une activité humaine, la tentation est grande de quitter le domaine de l'observation impartiale pour recommander un certain comportement, de ne plus noter ce qu'on dit réellement, mais d'édicter ce qu'il faut dire. La difficulté qu'il y a à dégager la linguistique scientifique de la grammaire normative rappelle celle qúil y a à dégager de la morale une véritable science des mœurs.
ؤϿʹ֤θβʳŪǤ롥
븦椬ʳŪȸΤϡ줬¤δѻˤȤŤƤꡤ뿳Ū뤤ƻŪʵϤ̾ΤȤ˻¤μƤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥äơֲʳŪפϡֵŪפΩ롥ؤˤƤϡβʳŪŪĴ뤳ȤȤ櫓פǤ롥βʳؤоݤϿʹֳưǤ뤿ᡤʿ̵ʴѻΰΥƤư˿ʤߡºݤ˸Ƥ뤳ȤˤϤαդ٤ȵꤷȤˤʤ꤬Ǥ롥ʳŪؤ鵬ʸˡȤϡ转˴ؤ뿿βʳؤƻ۵롥
Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
ε[2011-05-12-1]ˡWilliam & Catherine marriage vows ΥץȤǺܤꥹȶεȤ Amen ǤꡤǤⲿ٤ Amen ȾƤ뤬θȯˤĤ23Ȥ٤Ȥ롥
(1) Ѹˤ Amen ȯˤ2ब̤롥1Ĥ첻 /eɪˈmɛn/ ⤦1ĤĹ첻 /ɑːˈmɛn/ Ǥ롥Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ˤȡBrE ǤϡץƥȤδ֤ǤĹ첻̤ǡȥåδ֤ʾ ( ex. Amen Corner ) Ǥ첻ޤȤAmE ǤŪˤ첻̤ΤˤƤĹ첻ѤȤFowler's Modern English Usage ǤϰʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
I was brought up to pronounce the word /ˌɑːˈmen/ and was puzzled to hear others saying /ˌeɪˈmen/. Speakers are probably equally divided in the matter.
(2) 嵭Ĺ첻첻κϡ첻 ([2009-11-18-1]) ŬѤ̵ͭ˵롥ȯĹ첻ä̾βȯãˤ첻ܤФ첻Ϥäºݤ첻ȯ첻ܤȴĹ첻ȯĤä첻ܤȴΤϡŤ褷Ȥ뽡Ūʸ̮λȤŪʸ̮ѤΤȤüʸ
(3) ŵϼǰ1첻ɡ첻ȯ뤳ȤȤ³2ҲɡʤΤĴͼƱ (assimilation) Ƥȹͤ롥ޤλ첻ɡ뤳Ȥ̾Ǥ롥Ǥ⡤Amen λȤüʴĶüȯ߽ФƤȹͤ롥
Amen θ츻ϡHebrew ΡֳΤʤˡˡ¡ʤˡˡפ̣ǡƱդɽ魯줢뤤ϴȤѤƤ줬Greek, Latin ꡤ˼ޤ줿ѸؤϤǤ˸űѸ˼ѤƤ뤬űѸǤ Amen Sōþlice "soothly, verily" Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿Amen.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
William & Catherine royal wedding Ρַ뺧 (marriage vows) ˤĤơtranscript BBC: Royal wedding: Transcript of marriage service ˷ǺܤƤܵ˺Ʒǡˡξ̤ϡ Youtube ưɤ
뺧ޤཡŪθϡŤɽ˭٤˻ĤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ѹ marriage vows ϡ1549ǯ˽Ǥ줿 The Book of Common Prayer ȤʤäƤꡤʹߡʲѤϤäΤΡۤܤΤޤޤηǸߤˤޤäƤ롥äơ⸽ѸѸθƤȤۤŬڤǤꡤɽƤ롥θƱ͡˱ѸˤϤäƤĤζ
ơѹĹ the Archbishop of Canterbury Ѥɽ1Ĥˡַ뺧ʤƤ֡ˡפɽ魯 wedlock 롥holy wedlock ȻȤƤ褦ˡŪǧ줿طؤȤ¿ߤ¤ꡤlock ־פȷӤĤΤǤϤʤȹͤΤ̤Ϻؤ "till death us do part" äƤ褦ˡؤΰΤ褦˸ǤӤĤȤްդʤХޥåԤ¿ַ뺧ξפȤϡΤ䤳¤ΤȤ"Wedlock is a padlock." ʤ̤Ǥ롥еˤϡȿȼԤϥƥ solutus 줿ĤʤƤʤפɽ줿褯Ǥ롥
wedlock 嵭Τ褦ˡַ뺧ȤפȲ᤹츻ϸ̯ɨԤ⾯ʤʤȻפ뤬Ϥ褯Ǥָ̱츻 ( folk etymology ) Ǥ롥츻ؤ˽СԤϾ롥wedlock ϸűѸȤƤǡ wedlāc Ȥ֤ä-lāc ư̾ǡwed פȹ碌ơϡι١פۤɤΰ̣äַ뺧פθѸˤϡַ뺧ʤƤ֡ˡפɽ魯褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥 -lāc ϡűѸǤ¾ˤʲΤ褦˸줿ˤޤǻĤäΤ wedlock ΤߤǤ롥
brȳdlāc "nuptials", beadolāc "warfare", feohtlāc "warfare", heaðolāc "warfare", hǣmedlāc "carnal intercourse", wiflāc "carnal intercourse", rēaflāc "robbery", wītelāc "punishment", wrōhtlāc "calumny"
wedlock marriage 줬¿Visuwords marriage wedlock δطޤȡ뺧ƼҲŪ١ҲŪʹ«ϤΤι١פǤ뤳Ȥ´뤳ȤǤ롥λвġȤƤϡ[2010-08-11-1]εtoilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords ǤߤפǾҲ𤷤 Visual Thesaurus ⻲ͤޤǤˡ
Archbishop to Prince William: William Arthur Philip Louis, wilt thou have this woman to thy wedded wife, to live together according to God's law in the holy estate of matrimony?
Wilt thou love her, comfort her, honour and keep her, in sickness and in health; and, forsaking all other, keep thee only unto her, so long as ye both shall live?
He answers: I will.
Archbishop to Catherine: Catherine Elizabeth, wilt thou have this man to thy wedded husband, to live together according to God's law in the holy estate of matrimony? Wilt thou love him, comfort him, honour and keep him, in sickness and in health; and, forsaking all other, keep thee only unto him, so long as ye both shall live?
She answers: I will.
The Archbishop continues: Who giveth this woman to be married to this man?
The Archbishop receives Catherine from her father's hand. Taking Catherine's right hand, Prince William says after the Archbishop: I, William Arthur Philip Louis, take thee, Catherine Elizabeth to my wedded wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse: for richer, for poorer; in sickness and in health; to love and to cherish, till death us do part, according to God's holy law; and thereto I give thee my troth.
They loose hands. Catherine, taking Prince William by his right hand, says after the Archbishop: I, Catherine Elizabeth, take thee, William Arthur Philip Louis, to my wedded husband, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse: for richer, for poorer; in sickness and in health; to love and to cherish, till death us do part, according to God's holy law; and thereto I give thee my troth.
They loose hands. The Archbishop blesses the ring: Bless, O Lord, this ring, and grant that he who gives it and she who shall wear it may remain faithful to each other, and abide in thy peace and favour, and live together in love until their lives' end. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Prince William takes the ring and places it upon the fourth finger of Catherine's left hand. Prince William says after the Archbishop: With this ring I thee wed; with my body I thee honour; and all my worldly goods with thee I share: in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.
The congregation remains standing as the couple kneels. The Archbishop says: Let us pray.
O Eternal God, Creator and Preserver of all mankind, giver of all spiritual grace, the author of everlasting life: send thy blessing upon these thy servants, this man and this woman, whom we bless in thy name; that, living faithfully together, they may surely perform and keep the vow and covenant betwixt them made, whereof this ring given and received is a token and pledge; and may ever remain in perfect love and peace together, and live according to thy laws; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
The Archbishop joins their right hands together and says: Those whom God hath joined together let no man put asunder.
The Archbishop addresses the congregation: Forasmuch as William and Catherine have consented together in holy wedlock, and have witnessed the same before God and this company, and thereto have given and pledged their troth either to other, and have declared the same by giving and receiving of a ring, and by joining of hands; I pronounce that they be man and wife together, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.
The Archbishop blesses the couple: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Ghost, bless, preserve, and keep you; the Lord mercifully with his favour look upon you; and so fill you with all spiritual benediction and grace, that ye may so live together in this life, that in the world to come ye may have life everlasting. Amen.
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
The Auchinleck Manuscript (National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1) ϡɤθءʸءܡɽʸʤɤݤ˺Ǥפʼܤ1ĤȤäƤϡμܤνŦʲϡPearsall and Cunningham Υȥ "LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANUSCRIPT" (vii--xi) ȴФƥΡȤΤǤ롥
1330--40ǯȤᤤ˺Ƥꡤ͡ʥΥƥȤܤȤƤϡȴƺǽΤΤǤ롥
ǼƤƥȤ¿ƥƥȤθ¸ǸŤΥƤ롥㳰ϡnos. 4, 7, 8, 13, 19, 29, 34, 35, 40 ΤߤǤ롥
ƥȤΤۤȤɤѸǽƤ롥㳰ϡno. 20 Anglo-Norman κΤ nos. 8, 10, 36 Latin ΤߤǤ롥Auchinleck MS Ի (Jesus College, Oxford, MS. 29; British Library Cotton Caligula A.ix; Trinity College, Cambridge, MS. 323; Bodleian Library Digby 2; Bodleian Library Digby 85; British Library Harley 2253) ˤϡAnglo-Norman Latin ΥƥȤ̤˸줿
ԻμܤˤϡȤƳؼؤоݤȤƥȤޤޤƤAuchinleck MS ˤ¯ŪƤʤƥȤ¿ޤޤƤꡤפɼؤ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥
ƥȤΥ44ƥȡˡno. 21 ʳϤ٤ƱʸǽƤ롥
- saint's legends: nos. 1, 4, 5, 12
- other types of religious narrative: nos. 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 29
- religious debates: nos. 7, 34
- homiletic and monitory pieces: nos. 10, 35, 39
- poems of religious instruction: nos. 14, 15, 36
- a chronicle: no. 40
- a list of names of Norman barons: no. 21 (not in verse)
- humorous tales: nos. 27, 28
- poems of satire and complaint: nos. 20, 42, 44
- romances: nos. 2, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43 (accounting for three-quarters of the bulk of MS)
ޥ26ƥȤΤ15ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥ롥
ޥ18ƥȤΤ8ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥꡤ9ƥȤ¸ǤŤ̤Ǥ롥Ĥ1ƥ (no. 19 = Floris ) Τߤ㳰
оɼؤ "popular" ȤޤǤϤʤ"the aspirant middle-class citizen, perhaps a wealthy merchant" (viii) äꤵ롥
ɥ "bookshop" ǡʣμ̻ƱȤǺ夲ȹͤ롥ƱȤϹ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ٤ȿƤ
6ͤμ̻ʲʬۤǶƱܺ˹Ƥ롥scribe 1 Τ72%ôƤ롥
| Gatherings | Item nos. | Texts | Scribe |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1--6 | 1--9 | Religious poems (incl. King of Tars) | 1 |
| 7--10 | 10 | Speculum Gy de Warewyke | 2 |
| 11--13 | Religious poems (incl. Amis) | 1 | |
| 11--16 | 14--19 | Miscellaneous | 3 |
| 20 | Sayings of the Four Philosophers | 2 | |
| 21 | List of names of Norman barons | 4 | |
| 17(?)--25 | 22--23 | Guy of Warwick and continuation | 1 |
| 24 | Reinbrun | 5 | |
| 26--36 | 25 | Beues of Hamtoun | 5 |
| 26--29 | Arthour and Merlin plus 3 fillers | 1 | |
| 37 | 30--31 | Lay le freine, Roland and Vernagu | 1 |
| 38--[?] | 32 | Otuel (and other poems?) | 6 |
| [?]--41 | 33--36 | Kyng Alisaunder plus 3 fillers | 1 |
| 42--44 | 37--39 | Tristrem and Orfeo plus 1 filler | 1 |
| 45--47 | 40--42 | Chronicle and Horn childe plus 1 filler | 1 |
| 48--[?] | 43 | Richard | 1 |
| 52 | 44 | The Simonie | 2 |
ѸǤϡֻθˤ̾礬ȤΤ§Ǥ롥㳰ꡤŪʤФʤʤ㳰1ĤɸΡfor + ʬޤ˷ƻפȤĤʤǤ롥ʲ롥
- She seemed to take it for granted that I would go with her to New York.
- The soldier was given up for dead.
- I really want to go and see the film, but I don't think I'd pass for 18.
for λʡˡȸƤ٤ΤǽȤƤ as ˶ᤤas ʬޤƻŪȤƤȤʤΤǡfor Τ˻ͤˤʤ롥
- I accepted the report as trustworthy.
- We regarded the document as belonging to her brother.
˵ for ˸³ƻϡ[2011-05-07-1]εֽϸˤƻ̾ˡפǿ줿褦ʷƻ̾ˡǤϤʤΩθǤƻȹͤ٤Ǥꡤ̤פ롥
Mustanoja "equivalence" (379--80) ȸƤ for ˡϡѸˤ⸫졤 for certain, for sure, forsooth, for real ʤɤδɽˤĤʤäƤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
429William Ҥ Catherine Middleton η뺧椬ä20ͤͤȤ顤ѹο͵ꤨƤʤȤǧ줿

royal wedding ϿȤäȤֲǤ Middleton ²Ǥʤʿ̱ǤȤȤˡǤ롥̷ѾͭϸԤʿ̱пȤνʤȤƷޤΤϡ1660ǯ James II (1633--1701) Фλ Anne Hyde (1637--71) ȷ뺧ư衤ѹˤǤ350ǯ֤ΤȤȤThe Telegraph on 29 April 2011 εꡥ
Catherine Middleton was the first untitled woman to marry a prince in close proximity to the throne in more than 350 years, since Anne Hyde wed the Duke of York, later James II, in 1660.
James Anne Ƥ⡤ʿ̱Ǥ뤳Ȥ뺧Ф餯ƤȤ2ͤϷ̤Ȥ˷뺧Ĺ CharlesĹ Mary Anne ⤦Charles ޤ2̼ͤϡJames λ塤꼡ǥɲ̤Ѿ뤳ȤȤʤäʿ̱ Anne ϤΤ褦ˤääJames ϸˤ Anne λä Arabera Churchill ʤӤνȺƺΥޤˤϤηη줬äƤʿ, pp. 438--40ˡ
ơ Westminster Abbey Ǥη뺧ϹˤȤäƤϤԴѤäJames II λ˥ɥԴѤˤƤΤ Saint Paul's Cathedral ä16νס17Ⱦγ̿1666ǯΥɥФʤɤˤäƤҤɤ»äƤ Cathedral ϡ۲ Christopher Wrenn (1632--1723) ߷פˤꡤ1675--1710ǯδ֤ۤʤƤJames Ͽ Cathedral ƸȤɸηƻǴòƤ롥ʰʲβ Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite ꡥ
James amusing, awful, and artificial ȤƻǰտޤƤΤ "pleasing to look at, deserving of awe, and full of skillful artifice" (Simeon Potter ˤڤȤ Bryson, p. 71 ˵ҤˤȤɾäΤѸθ촶餤ȡ־ФäƤޤҤɤŪʤ̵̣ˤʡפȤʤꡤषŪ˶ƤޤΤ⤷James ǰƬˤạ̈ϡ줾츻¤ʡֶä٤ݤŤ롤٤פȤä3Ȥ⸽ޤǤˡְذ̣ѲƤޤä[2010-09-14-1], [2010-08-13-1]Ṇ̀ΰ (pejoration) Τ⤦1ĤȤơȤ櫓ŪǤϤʤ
"royal wedding" ζ Charles ҤΥƺˤäƤ pejorative ˤʤäƤεʤ2ͤη뺧ˤ ameliorative ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤʤˡ
رѹá16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
and ϸѸǺѤ³Ǥ롥BNC ٥ꥹȤˤȡ桤Ʋ4̤٤ؤ (Frequency Sorter) ߤǤϤäѤ³ (coordinate conjunction) ȤƵǽ뤬ŤѸǤϽ°³ (subordinate conjunction) ȤơŪˤ if Ʊξ³ ȤѤƤȤϡޤΤƤʤ㤨Сand it please you ȸ if you please ̣
OED Ǥϡand, conj.1 C ιǡˡꤢƤ롥MED Ǥ and (conj. (& adv.)) 5 ǰƤ롥and if ( = if ) and but if ( = but if ) Ȥ߹碌Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ (Mustanoja, p. 469) an 1600ǯ˸롥
and ΤˡεԾܤǤ롥Middle High German unde Old Norse enda бˡ뤬ѸΤΤϤθ줫αƶȤΩȯãȹͤۤʤ褦űѸ줢뤤ϽѸѤƤߤѤȤʤäƤ롥ѸϾ嵭 MED ΥڡȤƤ餦Ȥ褤Kyng Alisaunder 齦㤬äʬ䤹ȻפäΤǡʲ2ȤѤSmithers ǤꡥֻϰѼԡˡBƥȤLƥȤȤǥӤǤand θˡʬ䤹
He wolde al Perce habbe yȝiue
And he miȝth haue had his lyue. (B 4645--46)
Y wolde Y hadde al Perce y ȝeue
Wiþ þat Y myȝte haue þy lif (L 4614--15)
And þou dude hym ouȝth bot good,
He wolde sen þine herte blood, (B 7754--55)
Hadestow don him ouȝt bote gode
He wolde seo þyn heorte blode (L 6475--76)
2Ȥ⡤BƥȤǤ And ѤƤ뤬LƥȤǤ̤³줢뤤֤ˤɽ路Ƥ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Smithers, G. V. ed. Kyng Alisaunder. 2 vols. EETS os 227 and 237. 1952--57.
ϸ䴷Ѹ (idiom) ϸġιǤΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΤȤ̤ʰ̣ͭñ̤ǤꡤʬϤ褦ȤƤ̣ŪˤŪˤ̵롥ϸϤޤŪ˰ޤΤǤꡤŤˡݤäƤΤ¿ΤǡʸˡǤˤ
㤨СѸνϸˤֻθ˷ƻ줬ǸΤʤʤɸ go from bad to worse Τۤat last, in earnest, in vain ʤɤפ⤫֡оɽ young and old, rich and poor ʤɤ̵Ѥ롥Ѹˤơ괧ܷƻפ̾ȤѤΤϵ§̵ܷƻפ̾ȤѤȤΤϴɽʳǤϸʤ
űѸѸǤϡΥݡȤʤȤƻ줬̾ȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿äƻʤˤäʣ˶ޤƤΤǡñȤǤ̤̾ȤǤΤǤ롥̵ñ̾ΰ̣ɽ魯ˡ嵭Τ褦ʡֻܷƻפνϸ줬ޤ졤ʣղäƽ̾ȤƵǽƤ֤嵭Τ褦оɽޤ줿˻Ĥ뤳δѸϡѸθˡ̾ĤǤ롥
Ѹʹߤˤʤȷƻζޤܾۤü̵̾ˡϾʤʤäƤ椭̾ˡȤƤϼˡ괧ܷƻפ˸ꤵ˻äʾѸˤƻ̾ˡˤĤƤϡMustanoja, pp. 643--47 ˳⤵Ƥ롥Ϣơٹpp 35--37 ⻲ȡ
ʤѤˤä괧̵ͭϰۤʤꡤ괧ΤĤϸȤ夷Ƥ on the whole, in the main ʤɤ⤢롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
[2011-04-21-1]εthumb ֤ȯ (2) פǡthumb <b> Ĥȯ줿ǽ뤳Ȥˤ<b> ֻѸκǤᤤϿȤơ̾ Thomley ɽ魯 Tvmbeleia ʸڤƤ뤬 <b> Ƥ뤳ȤΤ錄겻 (glide) ȤѸƳ錄ʲˤȤϡֲﴱ벻Ĵ¾βĴؤȰܹԤݤɬŪˤȤ뱿ưӤˤä벻סʡؿѸؼŵ, p. 496 ˡ
/m/ /l/ ³ĶǤϡ/m/ νФ錄 (off-glide) /l/ 錄 (on-glide) ŪɬȤͭξ /b/ ȯ롥Tvmbeleia ξˤϡ<e> 첻֤˲ߤƤ뤬岻ˤۣ첻ʤΤǡĴθ̤ȤƤ̵ȹͤ롥פȤơthimble ֻؤ̤פ롥θϡűѸǤ þȳmel ( þūma "thumb" + -el "small" ) Ȥ֤ä15ˤ錄겻 /b/ Ƹߤη֤Ȥ褦ˤʤäΤ褦ϡbramble, mumble, nimble, shamble ʤɾʤʤ/r/ ľǤ number ʤɤ㤬롥þūma ñȤǤϡ/b/ 錄겻ȤǽϤʤTvmbeleia ʤɤ㤬ñȷ˱ƶͿȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤ
錄겻ˤ벻ϡź (addition) Υᥫ˥1ĤǤ롥֤Ȥźäʬȡ3ʬ롥
(1) Ƭź (prosthesis) Ѹˤ¿ʤOE cwȳsann > ME queisen > ModE squeeze ˤ /s/ źä롥եѸǤ츻ŪʸƬ e 㤬¿ (ex. especial, escalade )
(2) 治ź (epenthesis) ŵϡ嵭 thimble ¾ˤ /b/ Ǥ롥OE ǣmettig > ME empty ʤɤ⤢롥
(3) ź (paragoge) /n/ /s/ θ /t/ /d/ 㤬¿[2010-09-17-1]εDracula ˸ whilstפǿ줿褦 against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst 䡤¾ ancient, tyrant, parchment, sound ʤɤ㤬롥
ĤǤ˴ϢѸƳȡźä줿ϡ;Ū (excrescent) Ū (parasitic) 뤤ͭŪ (inorganic) Ȥ롥ޤźäȿФæ (elision) Ǥ롥
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
εֹʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ǺǸ˼夲 "inclusive superlative" ˤĤơBNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ƥߤ"(most _AJ0 | _AJS) (_{N})* of (any)? other" Ǹȡʲ7ФȤǤֻϰѼԡˡ
- Chang's speed was the best of any other player.
- Perhaps the most notable of other attempts to describe parents in this fashion was undertaken by Earl S. Schaefer.
- This percentage is the largest of any other constituency in England.
- But centuries of migration, conquest, occupation, intermarriage, trade and cultural exchange - not to mention the tendency of artists to copy or reinterpret the most successful facets of other artists' work - have eroded much of this exclusivity.
- Commander Keen has the largest fan club of any other shareware game available.
- 'In proportion to the kiwi's size the egg is the largest of any other bird.
- I say in particular our union because everyone here knows we probably have the largest and best training programme of any other union in Britain today.
Ѹˤ⸫줿ȤȤʤΤǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ǤäĴ٤ƤߤȡJohn Fryer (b. c1650, d. 1733) ʤʪιԵ˼1㤬ä
They yet retain a Warlike Disposition, being still accounted the best Gunners here of any other places in Persia;
̯ʹʸεˤõˤϡΤȤȤʤäƤ2Ĥιʸ comparative + than any other superlative + of all ٤ʸ̮ޤФɬפ
[2011-01-17-1] blend פˤݤ˾줿 contamination פ롥ξԤϰռŪݤȤ̤뤳Ȥ뤬ä˶̤ƱͤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̾ϸβȤª뤬[2011-01-17-1]εǿ줿褦˹ʸΥ٥ǤǤⵯꤦ롥㤨СεǤϡ"Why did you do that for?" "different than"
Graddol ˹ʸ contamination ˽вäֻϰѼԡˡ
English is remarkable for its diversity, its propensity to change and be changed. This has resulted in both a variety of forms of English, but also a diversity of cultural contexts within which English is used in daily life. (5)
Ǥϡboth . . . and . . . not only . . . but also . . . ιʸƤ롥BNCweb 긡 "both +** but also" õƤߤȡ6ۤɤĤäֻϰѼԡˡ
- Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu's chief intelligence officer who defected in 1978, takes particular pleasure in his memoirs in exposing Stefan Andrei as both corrupt but also as well aware of the absurdity of the Ceausescus' pretensions, especially Elena's academic titles.
- Their economy and population were both suffering, but also they were becoming wary of the Dzhungars' increasing strength.
- In fitting statistical models to study relationships, it is important to take account of such hierarchies, both for technical reasons but also because influential factors can be present at any or all levels of aggregation.
- The changes that have been introduced into South Africa [pause] forced upon the white minority government by both international pressure but also by the magnificent work at the A N C in Cosatu [pause] must be supported as well but we cannot treat South Africa as anything but a pariah [pause] a, a, a national pariah [pause] until we see one person one vote, and a black majority government in South Africa.
- 'Committees' means both actual committees but also individuals or organisers listed as committees.
- I mean that can be both pleasurable, but also make somebody feel uncomfortable.
contamination ϡŪˤüԤȯû2ĤδϢʸκȤƲᤵ뤬줬ƱΤ˹äƤ٤ǧ٤ȡʸȤΩ夹뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʾˤϡcontamination ̻Ūʴ饢ץ뤳ȤǤʲϸѸ˸빽ʸ contamination 餬ĺ˸졤ߤޤǤˤɤ٤ǧ٤ƤȤϡѸˤǤ롥
(1) these kinds of things: these things this kind of things κ
(2) different than: different from other than κ
(3) different to: different from opposed to κsimilar to ȤȤͤ롥
(4) cannot help but do: cannot help doing cannot but do κ
(5) It is no good for us complaining about it.: It is no good for us to complain about it. It is no good we complaining about it. κ
(6) no sooner . . . when: no sooner . . . than scarcely . . . when κ
(7) I am friends with him.: I am friendly with him. He and I are friends. κ
(8) a man whom she thought was a murderer: a man who she thought was a murderer a man whom she thought to be a murderer κ
(9) the cleverest of all the other boys: cleverer than the other boys the cleverest of all the boys κ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȤȤ褦(9) Τ褦Ͼʤʤ褦ǡж (127) ϼΤ褦˥ȤƤ롥ȤƤ⤷
Sunday's action was the most brilliant and fruitful of any fought up to that date by the fighters of the Royal Air Force. [the most . . . of (all) + (more . . . than) any]---W. Churchill / This is the greatest error of all the rest. [the greatest . . . of (all) + (a greater . . . than) all the rest]---Sh., Mids. N. D. v. i. 250. ǸΤ褦ˡǾ˽̣̾ϤޤޤʤϤΡ֤¾פ礵ɽȤǾ (Inclusive superlative) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥϶αѸˤȤɤ롥
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
Graddol ɤǤơѸˤˤĤƤƬǼʸ˽Ф路
The English language has been associated with migration since its first origins --- the language came into being in the 5th century with patterns of people movement and resettlement. (6)
ǡ"its first origins" ʣȤƤ뤳ȤܤʪΡֵפñǤȤΤŪεäƤΤ褦ʣѤ뤳ȤϾʤʤ褦Ǥ롥Ǥϡthe Angles, Saxons, Jutes ޥ3²Ȥθʤ뤤ˤԤǰƬˤȹͤʡAngles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽפˤĤƤ[2010-05-21-1]εȡˡ
Ʊͤʸ̮ȤơViney αѸˤ2Ϥɽ "The beginnings of English" ˼ǤֵפʣǤ롥ξϤκǸ˼Τ褦ʸꡤɽʣΰ̣餫ˤ롥"From the various Germanic dialects used by these people ['Anglo-Saxons'], English developed" (6)
˴ؤñ쵯 ( monogenesis ) ¿ ( polygenesis ) ˤΤФȤǤʤϢȤơ줽ΤΤεˤĤ origin_of_language ǡԥ䥯쥪ˤĤ[2010-07-16-1]ǡե٥åȤεˤĤ[2010-06-24-1], [2010-06-23-1]γƵˤƤ "origin" ꤹ뤫 "origins" ꤹ뤫Ȥϡˤ䤤Ǥ롥εˤѸεˤ衤ĸ줬ŪɬƱŪǤϤʤǤϾʤȤ٥κۤäȤΤ˸ؤξQǤ롥"the origin" ȸڤΤǤгΤ˵Ϥ褤Τ⤷ʤ¤¿ͤǤ롥ȤƤΰĸ⡤ǤϺǽǤ餹Ǥ˸ŪʬƤƤȤפְͤʰĸפȤϼ³βˤʤ˴ؤ Bloomfield (311) Ѥ褦
The earlier students of Indo-European did not realize that the family-tree diagram was merely a statement of their method; they accepted the uniform parent languages and their sudden and clear-cut splitting, as historical realities.
In actual observation, however, no speech-community is ever quite uniform . . . .
ֵפɽ魯Ȥơroot(s) 롥θñǤŪñ쵯Ūʴްդǡֺפ̣뤬ʣǤϤܤ䤫¿ͤʴްդġֿͤޤäĶΤդ뤵ȡפ̣롥ܸǤѸȤơ֥롼ȡפȡ֥롼ġפ12Ÿ ( doublet ) Ƥ롥Ρñ˵ȸŪʡʣ˵δ֤˲ϡɭʤΤϻˤäƤѤ뤬ϡ¿λפǤ롥
ѸϤĤѸˤʤäȤ䤤ϡѲϢ³ȤƱ˺ǽ餫ŪŪ¿ä椨ˡäȤʤäƤΤǤ롥
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
Viney, Brigit. The History of the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 2008.
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
ưΤʤǤŪƤΤ used to 롥[2011-04-22-1]εuse --- Ǥ٤ι⤤եѸפ[2009-07-01-1]εˡưʤ³ȡפ used to ˴Ϣ夲Ϥʤ߷ʤȤͤ
νưϡνɽ路ơ֡ʰϡˤ褯ĤΤפ䡤ξ֤ɽ路ơ֡ʤĤƤϡˡĤäפỌ̇̄롥ʸʸκ䡤ˤƤ̯ʿưä˴̯ʤΤϸߤ礤Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥ֲפŪɽ魯ưǤꡤ߷礤ƤΤϤषȤͤ⤢ߤνɽ路ơ֤褯Ĥפ䡤ߤξ֤ɽ路ơ֡ʸߤϡˡĤפȸĴ *use to ʤˡäƤ褤ȵ뤳ȤǤ롥¤ΤȤ߷ˡ14Ѹˤޤڤ ( OED, use, v., 21 뤤 MED, ūsen (v.), 14a ȡˡ
Ѹʹߡɽϲˡ˸ꤵƤ椭ʤİư줫ưؤŪѲƤäĤƤϸʬǤѤ줿ˡʤʤäʬ礱ƤȤħ must need ǤƱͤǤꡤƽưŪħǤ뤳Ȥդ줿use(d) to ˵äȤϡư첽깭ʸˡ ( grammaticalisation ) θݤǤȤ롥
ǤϡѸʹߡߤˡѤ줿ΤϤʤ̲ʸˡϤäƯƤȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽľŪˤȯ꤬ؤäƤȹͤ롥 used to [juːstə] ȯ졤¾塤߷ *use to ƱȯȤʤ롥ֻθȤƤ⡤He use(d)n't to . . . Did he use(d) to . . .? ʤɤΤ褦˲ <d> 뤳ȤϡԱάơդǤϤ褯롥ˤȸ߷δ֤˰Ʊ۵ ( homonymic clash ) 뤳ȤˤʤꡤˡवȤʤäΤǤϤʤ
ˤĤơ[2011-04-22-1]εuse --- Ǥ٤ι⤤եѸפǤ줿 Menner (241fn) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
B. Trnka explained the modern limitation of the idiom use to to the present tense by the development of homophony with the preterite, On the Syntax of the English Verb from Caxton to Dryden, Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 3.36 (Prague, 1930). For the Middle English and Early Modern English I use to go we are now obliged to substitute such periphrases as 'I usually go', 'I am in the habit of going', 'I am accustomed to go'.
Menner, Robert J. "The Conflict of Homonyms in English." Language 12 (1936): 229--44.
ʿβϿ̤ˤƤʤäƤޤä褳νդ˥֥쥤ϤäΤϡưʪ˿äƤѥȥǤ롥䡤ºݤ˾˽Фȡλ⥢䲣Ĥϥѥ쿧Ǥ롥
panda θ츻ϥͥѡбưʪ̾ǡեͳ19Ⱦ˱ѸäƤ餳ñϥѥʥåѥ° (Ailurus fulgens) ưʪʤ lesser panda ֥åѥפ̣ƤΤ褦ʥѥʥ㥤ȥѥ° (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) ưʪʤ giant panda ֥㥤ȥѥפؼ褦ˤʤäΤϡOED Ǥ1901ǯǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ19ˤ panda ȤåѥΤȤؤƤ20˥㥤ȥѥˤäơξԤ̤뤿ˡ줾 lesser panda giant panda Ȥ̾ΤƤ줿ΤǤ롥ˡʹߡñ panda ȤХ㥤ȥѥؼ褦ˤʤäˤϡpanda ΰ̣Ѳȡۣ椵νΤηƻղäȤѲƼ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ȥƻפ⤫֤Τ Great Britain ȤƾΤǤ롥 Britain ȤСѹμפڤǤ֥ƥؤϡȷϸ̱ Briton ֥֥ȥ͡פˤʤ̾Ǥ롥5ʹߡ֥ƥ˰ܽƤ the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes ޥ²ɤ ([2010-05-21-1])ꥹۤƥեϤä֥ȥͤ夤Ϥ֥֥ƥפȸƤФ뤳ȤʤäᡤϤ2ĤΡ֥֥ƥפ¸褦ˤʤä̱²Υ롼Ĥ1ĤȤϤۤʤϤƱƾΤǤؤäᡤŷϤǤեȾӡʤߤ Brittany ʥե Bretagneܸǡ֥֥륿˥סˤ Little Britain Britain the less ʤɤȾΤ졤̤褦ˤʤäζǤ֥ƥ1707ǯ England Scotland Ϣ粦Ȥ Great Britain ̿̾줿ʰʾηаޤˤĤƤ߷ pp. 26--28 ȡˡpanda ξƱ͡ˤ Britain λؼоݤγȼۣ椵ŪǤηƻղäȤƼ롥ʰʲϿޤϡإϥѸ켭ŵ٤ꡥ
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