hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2011-05-23

■ #756. 世界からの借用語 [loan_word][lexicology][pde_characteristic][world_languages]

　現代英語の最大の特徴の1つである cosmopolitan vocabulary については pde_characteristic を始めとする記事で，また時にそれを "asset" とみなす見方については批判的に[2009-09-27-1], [2010-05-22-1]の記事などで扱ってきた．関連して，現代英語語彙が借用語に満たされていることについては，[2010-05-16-1]にリンクを張った諸記事や loan_word の各記事で話題にしてきた．
　英語の語彙がいかに世界的かをざっと知るには，[2009-11-14-1]の記事「現代英語の借用語の起源と割合 (2)」のグラフをみるのが手っ取り早いが，単語とその借用元言語を具体的にリスト化しておけば，なお手っ取り早い．そこで，主として Crystal ( The English Language, p. 40 and Encyclopedia, pp. 126--27 ) に基づき，他の例も多少付け加えながら，借用元言語で世界一周ツアーしてみたい．

Language	Words
Afrikaans	apartheid, gnu, impala, indri, kraal, mamba, trek, tse-tse
Aleutian	parka
American Indian	chipmunk, moccasin, pow wow, skunk, squaw, totem, wigwam
Anglo-Saxon	God, Sunday, beer, crafty, gospel, house, rain, rainbow, sea, sheep, understand, wisdom
Arabic	algebra, assassin, azimuth, emir, ghoul, harem, hashish, intifada, mohair, sheikh, sherbet, sultan, zero
Araucanian	coypu, poncho
Australian	boomerang, budgerigar, dingo, kangaroo, koala, wallaroo, wombat
Brazilian	abouti, ai, birimbao, bossa nova, favela, jaguar, manioc, piranha
Canadian Indian	pecan, toboggan
Chinese	chopsuey, chow mein, cumquat, kaolin, ketchup, kung fu, litchi, sampan, tea, tycoon, typhoon, yen (=desire)
Czech	howitzer, pistol, robot
Dutch	bluff, cruise, easel, frolic, knapsack, landscape, poppycock, roster, slim
Eskimo	anorak, igloo, kayak
Finnish	sauna
French	anatomy, aunt, brochure, castle, cellar, challenge, chocolate, crocodile, cushion, debt, dinner, entrance, fruit, garage, grotesque, increase, jewel, justice, languish, medicine, montage, moustache, passport, police, precious, prince, sacrifice, sculpture, sergeant, table, trespass, unique, venison, victory, vogue, voyeur
Gaelic	banshee, brogue, galore, leprechaun
German	angst, dachshund, gimmick, hamburger, hamster, kindergarten, lager, nix, paraffin, plunder, poodle, sauerkraut, snorkel, strafe, waltz, yodel, zinc
Greek	anonymous, catastrophe, climax, coma, crisis, dogma, euphoria, lexicon, moussaka, neurosis, ouzo, pylon, schizophrenia, stigma, therm, thermometer, tonic, topic
Haitian	barbecue, cannibal, canoe, peccary, potato, yucca
Hawaiian	aloha, hula, lei, nene, ukulele
Hebrew	bar mitzvah, kibbutz, kosher, menorah, shalom, shibboleth, targum, yom kippur, ziggurat
Hindi	bungalow, chutney, dekko, dungaree, guru, gymkhana, jungle, pundit, pyjamas, sari, shampoo, thug
Hungarian	cimbalom, goulash, hussar, paprika
Icelandic	geyser, mumps, saga
Irish	blarney, brat, garda, taoiseach, whiskey
Italian	arcade, balcony, ballot, bandit, ciao, concerto, falsetto, fiasco, giraffe, lava, mafia, opera, scampi, sonnet, soprano, studio, timpani, traffic, violin
Japanese	bonsai, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, judo, kamikaze, karate, kimono, shogun, tycoon, zaitech
Javanese	batik, gamelan, lahar
Korean	hangul, kimchi, makkoli, ondol, won
Latin	alibi, altar circus, aquarium, circus, compact, diocese, discuss, equator, focus, frustrate, genius, include, index, interim, legal, monk, nervous, onus, orbit, quiet, ulcer, ultimatum, vertigo
Malagasy	raffia
Malay	amok, caddy, gong, kapok, orang-outang, sago, sarong
Maori	haka, hongi, kakapo, kiwi, pakeha, whare
Nahuatl	axolotl, coyote, mescal, tomato, tortilla
Norwegian	cosy, fjord, krill, lemming, ski, slalom
Old Norse	both, egg, knife, low, sky, take, they, want
Persian	bazaar, caravan, divan, shah, shawl, sofa
Peruvian	condor, inca, llama, maté, puma, quinine
Polish	horde, mazurka, zloty
Polynesian	kava, poe, taboo, tapa, taro, tattoo
Portuguese	buffalo, flamingo, marmalade, pagoda, veranda
Quechuan	llama
Russian	agitprop, borsch, czar, glasnost, intelligentsia, perestroika, rouble, samovar, sputnik, steppe, troika
Sanskrit	swastika, yoga
Scottish	caber, cairn, clan, lock, slogan
Serbo-Croat	cravat, silvovitz
Spanish	albatross, banana, bonanza, cafeteria, cannibal, canyon, cigar, cobra, cork, dodo, guitar, hacienda, hammock, junta, marijuana, marmalade, molasses, mosquito, potato, rodeo, sherry, sombrero, stampede, supremo
Swahili	bongo, bwana, harmattan, marimba, safari, voodoo
Swedish	ombudsman, tungsten, verve
Tagalog	boondock, buntal, ylang-ylang
Tamil	bandicoot, catamaran, curry, mulligatawny, pariah
Tibetan	Koumiss, argali, lama, polo, shaman, sherpa, yak, yeti
Tongan	taboo
Turkish	aga, bosh, caftan, caviare, coffee, fez, jackal, kiosk, shish kebab, yoghurt
Vietnamese	ao dai, nuoc mam
Welsh	coracle, corgi, crag, eisteddfod, hwyl, penguin
Yiddish	chutzpah, gelt, kosher, nosh, oy vay, schemozzle, schmaltz, schmuk

　・ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
　・ Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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